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41P11 010
REPORT ON GROUND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYSON THE GOLDEYE PROPERTYON THE HARE f OWL LAKE GRIDOf TYRRELL TOWNSHIP, GOWGANDA AREALARDER LAKE MINING DIVISION,NORTHERN ONTARIO
NTS 41 P 11CLAIM MAP - M253LONG 81 DBG 02 MIN 7 LAT 47 DBG 37 MM
On Behalf Of :
Goldeye Explorations Ltd.Blaine Webster.27 Blue Spruce LaneThornhill, OntarioL3T 3W8
Contact: Blaine Webster. W*
O OTel: (905) 731-0972 * K. ** \/ ^ Pax: (905) 731-9312
By:
Blaine Webster 27 Blue Spruce Lane Thornhill, Ontario L3T 3W8
Contact: Blaine Webster Tel.: (905) 731-0972 Pax.: (905) 731-9312
Ref: TYRRELL - IP April 10th, 1994
TABLE OP CONTENTS
41P11NEOOS8 2.15406 TYRRELL 01 OC
Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION l
2. SURVEY LOCATION l
3. SURVEY GRID AND COVERAGE 2
4. PERSONNEL 3
5. INSTRUMENTATION 3
5.1 IP Receiver 35.2 IP Transmitter 45.3 Magnetometer/VLF System 45.4 Data Processing 4
6. SURVEY METHOD 4
6.1 Exploration Target 46.2 Quantities Measured (IP/Resistivity) 46.3 Field Procedures (IP/Resistivity) 66.4 Field Procedures (Mag/VLF) 6
7. DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION 6
7.1 Summary 67.2 Spectral Analysis 77.3 Anomaly Selection and Classification 87.4 Compilation Map 9
8. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 108.1 General Comments 10
9. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 20
' jure 1: Location Map, scale 1: 18,000,000 ( approx.)
Figure 2: Hare Lake - Owl Lake Grid scale: 1: 25,000
Figure 3: Claim Map l : 25,000
Figure 4: Pole-Dipole Array
Figure 5: Theoretical IP/Resistivity Responses
Figure 6: Airborne magnetic/ GEOTEM map with Hare Lake - Owl Lake ground geophysical grid plotted.
Figure 7: Tabular Model Showing Dimensions and Field Parameters
Figure 8: Model of Magnetic Anomaly 00/2E
Figure 9: Model of Magnetic Anomaly 15S/1125E
Figure 10: Model of Magnetic Anomaly 15S/950E
TABLES
Table 1: Table 2:
Production Summary (IP/Resistivity) Production Summary (Mag/VLF)
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Instrument Specification Sheets
Appendix 2: Plates l to 4
Plate l Compilation/Anomaly Plan Map, Scale l : 5000Magnetometer
Plate 2 Magnetometer Profiles and posted values with VLPProfiles
Plate 3 VLF Profiles with posted VLF values
Plate 4a IP psuedo section Line 9N; Scale l : 2500Plate 4 b IP psuedo section Line 00; Scale l : 2500Plate 4c IP psuedo section Line 3S; Scale l : 2500Plate 4d IP psuedo section Line 13S; Scale l : 2500Plate 4e IP psuedo section Line 15S; Scale l : 2500
Appendix 3:
Appendix 4:
Spectral PsuedoseclionsL-9N, L-00, L-3S, L-13S, L-15S
Mag/VLF ProfilesL-9N, L-00, L-3S, L-5S, L-13S, L-15S, L-17S
Appendix 5: Literature
Spectra] TP parameters as determined through Time Domain Measurements by I.M. Johnson, Scintrex Limited, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1984.
Time Domain Spectral IP Examples from Western Canada by I.M. Johnson, JVX Ltd., Steve McMullan, Cameco Ltd. and Rlaine Webster, JVX Ltd. Richmond Hill, Ontario, 1988.
Time domain Spectral Induced Polarization, some recent examples for gold, by lan M. Johnson and Blaine Webster, JVX Limited, Thornhill, Ontario, Canada, 1987. Prepared for delegates to Exploration 87, 1987, Toronto, Canada
~ AN INTERPRETIVE AND LOGISTICAL REPORT ONMAGNETIC 7 VLF, INDUCED POLARIZATION f RESISTIVITY, SURVEYS
TYRRELL TWP, HARE LAKE - OWL LAKE, GOWGANDA AREA LARDER LAKE MINING DIVISION, ONTARIO
On Behalf Of
GOLDEYE EXPLORATIONS LTD.
1. INTRODUCTION
From March I2th Lo April 2 nd the grid lines were cut just before the the lines were surveyed with magnetics, VLF electromagnetics, Time Domain Spectral Induced Polarization / Resistivity surveys were conducted by Blaine Webster on behalf of Goldeye Explorations Ltd. 27 Blue Spruce Lane, Thornhill, Ontario, L3T 3W8). The property is located approximately 25 km west of Gowganda, approximately 2 km south of highway # 560. Two logging roads lead south onto the property, the first approximately 0.5 km east of the Tyranite Mine road. Once on the claim group, numerous secondary logging roads lead to most parts of the property.
The grid is located on the northeastern part of the claim block between Hare Lake and Owl Lake in west central Tyrrell township.
The objective of the IP survey was to outline zones of disseminated sulphide which may be associated with gold mineralization. The associated resistivity data will map silicification zones which may also be associated with gold mineralization.
Recommendations are made on the observed IP anomalies.
The IP survey employed the pole-dipole array with six potential dipoles (nzl to 6) on line I3S and (n^l to 4 ) on lines 9N, 00, 3S, and 15S with a dipole spacing of 25 meters. The Magnetometer f VLF data was collected with 12.5 m reading interval; a total of 8.625 kilometers of cross line and baseline was read.
IP was conducted on lines 900N, 00, 300S, 1300S, and 1500S with an electrode separation of 25 meters over a length of 5.5 kms.
This report describes the survey logistics, field procedures, and data processing/presentation. An interpretation of the 1994 IP f resistivity, and magnetic l VLF results is included. The results are presented as a compilation/anomaly map, contour plan maps, offset profiles and contoured pseudosections.
2. SURVEY LOCATION AND CLAIM GROUP.
2.1 SURVEY LOCATION
The Hare Lake - Owl Lake Grid is located approximately 25 km west of Gowganda, in West Central Tyrrell township. Figure l shows the survey area with respect to nearby population centres at a scale of 1:18,000,000. The grid is on claim map f 253, NTS 41 PH, Lat: 47 deg. 37 rain, Long: 81 deg. 2 min. ( Fig. 2 )
MANITOBA X
QUEBEC
O'"x*~\
. •HtMLO l
A WEBSTER 7 GOLDEYE PROPERTY"
U.S.A
2 RJK.ABESN:..;. 5
so*
FIGURE l
LOCATION MAPTYRELL- MacMURCHY TWP PROPERTIES
SHINING TREE AREA
WEBSTER 7 GOLDEYE
r
GRID MAPWEBSTER 7 GOLDEYE PROPERTY
SHINING TREE AREA Tyrrell Twp., Ontario
590metres
1OOO
FIGURE 2
1151491 l 1 1514S2 j 1151
115145* l 1151456 | 1151456 | 11^1457
CLAIM MAPWEBSTER f GOLDEYE PROPERTY
SHINING TREE AREA Tyrrell Twp., Ontario
500 1OOOmetres
ncURE a
-2-
2.2 CLAIM GBOUP
The grid area is composed of 41 claims as numbered on claim map (Figure 3). A list of the claims in the survey area are:
1151466, 1151465, 1151464, 1151463, 1151462, 1134001, 1134002,1134003,1134004, 1133979, 1133980, 1147140, 1147139, 1147119, 1151444, 1151445,1151446, 1151447, 1151448, 1151449, 1151450, 1151451, 1151452,1151453, 1147098, 1146677, 1147120, 1147088, 1146676, 1133993, 1131923,1131924, 1133994, 1147097, 1147098, 1151454, 1151455, 1151456, 1151457.1134005, 1134261.
3. SURVEY Cam) AND COVERAGE
From March 12th to April 2cnd, 1994 approximately 5.5 km of IP/resistivity coverage was achieved over the grid shown in Figure 2 { Scale l: 25,000 ). A detailed production summary of the IP coverage is given in Table l below.
TABLE l
IP/RBSISTTVTTY PRODUCTION SUMMARY
"a" r 25 meters
LINE
L- 900N L- 00 L- 300S L-1300S L-1500S
meters
COVERAGE FROM TO
200W 475W 500W 975W 325W
Total:
275E 375E 375E
1100E 900E
LINE LENGTH (meters)
475850875
2075 1225
5.500 meters 5.5 kms
MEASUREMENT POINTS N
74 140 138 494 197
1043 points
44464
A total of approximately 7.1625 kms of magnetometer/VLF coverage was achieved over the grid. The station spacing for the magnetometer/VLF survey was 12.5 meters. All lines were read with the VLF transmitter frequency of 24.0 kHz generated from Cutler, Maine (NAA). A detailed production summary of the magnetometer/VLF coverage is given in Table 2 below.
-3-
LINE
TABLE 2
MAGNBTOMBTER/VLF PRODUCTION SUMMARYHare Lake - Owl Lake Grid
Station interval = 12.5 m
VLF transmitter - Cutler 24.0 kHz
COVERAGEFROM TO
L- 900N (Cutler)I.- 00 (Cutler)L- 300S (Cutler)L- 500S (Cutler)L-1300S (Cutler)L-1500S (Cutler)RASELTNB(Cutler)
400W400W400W400W975W800W00
LINE LENGTH (METERS)
400E400E400E001200E1387.51500S
TOTAL..
80080080040021752187.51500.00
. . ... .8.6625 k
4. PERSONNEL
Mr. Fred Moher - Party Chief. Mr. Moher operated the IP receiver and compiled the data with the 486 notebook and Scintrex Soft II program.
Mr. Dave Dagget - Geophysical Technician. Mr. Dagget supervised the linecutting, operated the IP transmitter and receiver, and the magnetometer and the VLF receiver and assisted in data compilation.
Mr. Dean Fraser - Geophysicist. Mr. Fraser operated the magnetometer and VLF receiver and compiled the data.
Mr. Blaine Webster - Sr.Geophysicist. Mr. Webster supervised the project, assisted in the field work, compiled the data in the office and prepared this report.
Three field assistants were employed for the IP survey and the line cutting.
5. INSTRUMENTATION
5.1 TP Receiver
The Scintrex IPR—11 time domain microprocessor-based receiver was employed. This unit operates on a square wave primary voltage and samples the decay curve at ten gates or slices. The instrument continuously averages primary voltage and chargeability until convergence takes place. At this point, the averaging process is stopped. Data is stored internally in solid-state memory.
-4-
5.2 IP Transmitter
The survey employed the Scintrex IPC-7/2.5 kW time domain transmitter powered by a motor generator. This instrument is capable of putting out a square wave of 2, 4 or 8 seconds 'on-off time. The current output was accurately monitored with a digital multimeter placed in series with the current loop.
5.3 Magnetometer/VLP
A Scintrex IGS-2/MP-4/VLF-4 proton precession magnetometer/VLP system was used to make readings of the total magnetic field and VLF field components (vertical in-phase, vertical quadrature and horizontal field) over the grid. An additional Scintrex IGS-2/MP-3 magnetometer was used as a base station magnetometer. Doth units are microprocessor controlled and record readings with clock time on internal memory. The survey data from the field unit is corrected for ambient field changes at the end of every survey day by connecting field and base station magnetometers.
5.4 Data Processing
The survey data were archived, processed and plotted with a Compaq 286 microcomputer using an Epson FX-80 dot matrix printer. The system was configured to run the Scintrex Soft II software system, a suite of programs that was written specifically to interface with the IPR-11 receiver and to calculate the spectral parameters. At the conclusion of each day's data collection, data resident in the receiver's memory was transferred, via serial communication link, to the computer - thereby facilitating editing, processing and presentation operations. All data was archived on floppy disk.
In the Toronto office the data were ink-plotted in contour plan map and pseudosection form on a Nicolet Zeta drum plotter interfaced to an IBM PC/486 microcomputer.
The instrumentation is described in detail in the specification sheets appended to this report.
6.SURVBY MBTHOD
6.1 Exploration Target
Gold mineralization associated with non conducting sulphide zones were the target of this survey. Induced Polarization anomalies will result from disseminated metallic sulphides if they are of sufficient concentration and volume. Gold and or base metals may in turn be found in association with the sulphides. The resistivity data is useful in mapping lithologic units and zones of alteration, shearing or silicification, all of which may help define the geological / geophysical character of the area.
Resistivity lows may aslo be associated with kimberlites.
B.2 Quantities Measured (IP/resistivity)
-5-
The phenomenon of the IP effect, which in the time domain can be likened to the voltage relaxation effect of a discharging capacitor, is caused by electrical polarization at the rock or soil interstitial fluid boundary with metallic or clay particles lying within pore spaces. The polarization occurs when a voltage is applied across these boundaries. It can be measured quantitatively by applying a time varying sinusoidal wave (as in the frequency domain measurement) or by an interrupted square wave (as in the time domain measurement). In the time domain the IP effect is manifested by an exponential type decrease in voltage with time.
The direct current apparent resistivity is a measure of the bulk electrical resistivity of the subsurface. Electricity flows in the ground primarily through the groundwaters present in rocks either lying within fractures or pore spaces or both. Silicates which form the bulk of the rock forming minerals are very poor conductors of electricity. Minerals that are good conductors are the sulphide minerals, some oxides and graphite where the current flow is electronic rather than electrolytic.
Measurements are made by applying a current across the ground using two electrodes (current dipole). The current is in the form of an interrupted square wave with on-off periods of 2 seconds. The primary voltage and IP effect is mapped in an area around the current source using what is essentially a sensitive voltmeter connected to a second electrode pair (potential dipole). The primary voltage determines the apparent resistivity after corrections for transmitter current and array geometry. (See Figure 3).
For any array, the value of resistivity is a true value of subsurface resistivity only if the earth is homogeneous and isotropic. In nature, this is very seldom the case and apparent resistivity is a qualitative result used to locate relative changes in subsurface resistivity only.
The IPR-11 also measures the secondary or transient relaxation voltage during the two second off cycle. Ten slices of the decay curve are measured at semi—logarithmically spaced intervals between 45 and 1590 milliseconds after turn-off. The measured transient voltage when normalized for the width of the slice and the amplitude of the primary voltage yields a measure of the polarizability called chargeability in units of millivolts/volt.
For a 2 second transmit and receive time the slices are located as follows:
SLICE
MO Ml M2 M3 M4 MS M6 M7 M8 M9
DURATION msec
30303030180180180360360360
FROM msec
30609012015033051069010501410
TO msec
6090120150330510690105014101770
MIDPOINT msec
457510513524042060087012301590
-6-
Traditionally, the M7 slice (from 690 to 1050 ms after shut-off) is chosen to represent chargeability in pseudosection form.
6.3 Field Procedures (IP/Resistivity)
The IP/resiativily survey employed the time domain method with a pole-dipole electrode array. The geometry of the pole-dipole array is shown in Figure 't.
The electrodes marked CI and C2 are the current electrodes. Those marked as PI, P2, etc., are the potential electrodes. The receiver measures the voltage across adjacent pairs of potential electrodes; e.g. P1-P2, P2-P3, .... P6-P7. These potential pairs are labelled by an integer 'n* which indicates the multiple of the dipole width that the given dipole lies away from the near current electrode.
The further the potential dipole lies from the current dipole the greater is the depth of investigation. Resolution of the survey is increased by decreasing the 'a' separation. The current survey employed dipole spacings of 25m spacing.
6.4 Field Procedures - Magnetics t VLP
The Total Field component of the Magnetic field was measured along line at 12.5m intervals. The base station monitor was taking readings at a fixed locale at 10 second intervals. At the completion of each days work the two magnetometers were linked and the diurnal correction proceeded automatically.
The Inphase and Quadrature componants of the Vertical Field and the Horizontal Field strength (Primary Field) were read along line at 100 ft intervals. The transmitter used on the survey lines was Cutler, Maine (NAA) with a frequency of 24.0 kHz was used.
7.DATA PROCESSING AMD PRESENTATION
7.1 Summary
To allow for the computer processing of the survey data, the raw data stored internally in the IPR-11, and IGS/MP-4/VLF-4 were transferred at the end of a survey day to floppy diskettes. The raw data were filed on diskette in ASCII character format using an IBM compatible (MS-DOS) microcomputer.
An archived edited data file, in binary format, was created in the field from the raw data file by the operator removing repeat or unacceptable readings and correcting any header errors such as station or line numbers. The spectral parameters (c, lau and MIP) are derived from the IPR-ll data with the Soft IT software. The edited data were then dumped to a printer as formatted data listings and contoured pseudosections.
After completing the survey, contour plan maps, offset profiles (VLF), and contoured pseuodosections were machine drawn on mylar in Thornhill. In general, the maps show the grid lines and stations along with contours or profiles of the geophysical results.
It*
4 ———————————————— T*
Ci
\
fi
—— LyL1I111•**— * * im m t** a t ** t *'t o * *t t ——
ARRAY GEOMETRY
Apparent Resistivity:
s 2-nr na(n-H) Vp/I
where /\i z apparent resitivity (ohm.m)n = dipole number (dimensionless)a ^ dipole spacing (m)Vp - primary voltage (mV)I 2 primary current (mA)
Pole-Dipole Array Array Geometry and Formula for Apparent Resistivity
Figure 4
-7-
The results of the survey are presented on the following plates:
Plate l
Plate 2
Plate 3
Plate 4a Plate 4 b Plate 4c Plate 4d Plate 4e
Compilation/Anomaly Plan Map, Scale l : 5000Mag ne tome ter
Magnetometer Profiles and posted values with VLFProfiles
VLF Profiles with posted VLF values
IP psuedo section Line 9N IP psuedo section Line 00 IP psuedo section Line 3S IP psuedo section Line 13S IP psuedo section Line 15S
Elements of the data processing are discussed in greater detail below.
7.2 Spectral Analysis
Historically the time domain IP response was simply a measure of the amplitude of the decay curve, usually integrated over a given period of time. Over the last decade, advances have made it possible to measure the decay curve at a number of points, thus allowing the reconstruction of the shape of the curve. By measuring the complete decay curve in the time domain, the spectral characteristics of the IP response may be derived.
Recent studies have shown there is a relationship between the decay form and the texture or grain size of the polarizable minerals, i.e. the IP response is not only a function of the amount of the polarizable material. This could be important when it comes to ranking anomalies of equal amplitude or discriminating between economic and non-economic sources.
IP decay forms are quantified using the Cole—Cole model developed by Pelton et al (1978). Pelton was one of the first to use the term Spectral IP. The Cole—Cole model is determined by the resistivity and three spectral parameters , m, tau and c. These parameters are interpreted as follows;
m (or MIP)Chargeability Amplitude (mV/V). This is related to the volume percent metallic sulphides (although there is no simple quantitative relationship between the two).
tau - Time Constant (sec).A short time constant (e.g. 0.01 to 0.3s) suggests a fine grained source.A long time constant (e.g. 10 to 100 s) suggests a coarse grained (or interconnected or massive) source, c - Exponent (dimensionless). A high c value (e.g. 0.5) implies one
uniform polarizable source. A low c value (e.g. 0.1 ) implies amixture of sources.
-8-
Conventional chargeability is a mixture of these spectral parameters and a change in any one parameter will produce a change in the apparent chargeability. In the absence of spectral analysis, such changes are always ascribed to a change in the volume percent metallic sulphides, even though the cause may be a shift from fine to coarse grained material.
In practice, the spectral parameters are used to characterise and priorize IP anomalies which have been picked from the pseudosections of conventional single slice (or average) chargeability. In this regard, the chargeability amplitude (MIP) and the time constant are the most useful. IP anomalies which are similar in all other respects may be separated based on their spectral characteristics.
Spectral parameters are extracted from all measured decay curves by finding a best fit between the measured decay and a suite of master curves. The process yields a fit parameter which is the root mean square difference (expressed as per cent) between the ten values of the measured and best fit master decays. The fit parameter is low (i.e. less than I TL) for high quality data of moderate to high amplitude. The fit parameter is high (i.e. greater than 107&) for poor quality or low amplitude data.
Normally fit values in excess of 5X are considered too high and spectral values are not posted on the pseudosections. This condition may be waived however if chargeability amplitudes are low and the data appears to be of good quality.
7.3 Anomaly Selection and Classification
IP anomalies are picked off the chargeability pseudosections. The identification is based in part on some idea of what a true bedrock IP or resistivity anomaly should look like in contoured pseudosection form. The assignment of location, width and depth to top follows.
Standard IP/resistivity anomaly shapes are shown in contoured pseudo—section form in Figure 5. These are theoretical results for a pole-dipole survey over a near surface tabular body. The body has a width which is two times the dipole spacing.
Of note in these results is the change in IP anomaly shape as the target changes from being more conductive than the host to being more resistive. In the latter case, the IP response is very much to one side of the target (the current side) and of reduced amplitude and breadth. All IP anomalies of the form seen in Figure 5 (and intermediate forms), regardless of amplitude, are selected. Characteristics such as location, peak amplitude, MIP value and time constant are estimated or assigned and entered on the pseudosection R and compilation map.
t 3
J 3!
Ill
'"f 5
3sl| ?
iMH
!'ji
Jt!
l *
a M
*
i "
•^ I
- a
o " I? i l
c? i
S
M
l* f I
^
^ S
J
H g. -
IS
-i
ar
o
DI
Res
istiv
e Ta
rget
Con
duct
ive
Targ
et Di
i-O •o •o
-9-
Areas of high resistivity have been noted with an H(n) where the *n' represents the dipole in which the peak value occurs; accompanying arrows symbolize the high resistive blocks.
Chargeability anomalies are represented on the pseudosections and plan maps by anomaly bars that take the following form:
very strong chargeability high; > 30 mV/V and well defined
strong chargeability high; 20-30 mV/V and well defined
moderate chargeability high; 10 - 20 mV/V
weak chargeability high; 5-10 mV/V
very weak chargeability high; < 5 mV/V
Anomaly amplitude limits are for the average chargeability. These are somewhat subjective categories and can only be used as qualitative descriptions of the IP anomalies. The amplitude limits of each category are guidelines only: individual anomalies may be rated higher or lower depending on clarity and confidence.
If a given IP anomaly has a resolvable peak then the dipole in which the peak value occurs is indicated by the notation "n^l" or "n-4", etc., beside the anomaly bar. The dipole in which the peak IP response occurs suggests in a very qualitative way the depth to the top of the source. The location of the notation with respect to the anomaly bar represents the interpreted centre of the source body.
The numerical value of the chargeability amplitude (MIP) of the peak response and the time constant range value (S(hort),M(edium),or L(ong)) are shown beside the IP anomaly bar. S(hort), M(edium) and L(ong) indicate values between .01 and .3 s, l and 10 s and 30 and 100 s respectively.
7.4 Compilation Map
The IP and resistivity anomalies are fine drawn onto a grid map using letters and anomaly bar symbols. IP anomalies are shown to the left of the grid lines; resistivity anomalies are shown to the right of the grid lines.
IP anomalies showing good line to line correlation have been grouped into anomalous zones and labelled with a letter. Resistivity highs (or lows) which show good line to line correlation may be grouped into anomalous zones. Defineable resistivity peak highs (or lows) which show good line to line correlation may be joined as axes.
-10-
Inlerpreted axes (or areas) of high magnetic features and VLP conductors are included in the compilation map. Axes are used to suggest geologic strike (as an assist in connecting IP/resistivity anomalies into zones) and to point to areas of low magnetic relief (as areas thought more favourable for gold). An obvious break or change in magnetic character may be shown as a suggested fault.
8. DISCUSSION OP RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1 General comments
The survey grid was established with a wide line interval making line to line correlation difficult. The lines will be discussed on an individual basis then general comments will be made on the compilation map.
The IP survey located 20 chargeability responses ranging from very weak to very strong. Several of the responses had high to very high associated resistivities which make them high priority drill targets.
8.2 Survey Results on a line to line basis.
LINE 9N
Three chargeability responses were located on line 9N and are labelled IP-9N-1, IP-9N-2, and IP-9N-3.
IP anomaly IP-9N-1(100W-50W) ( n-2 ) is a moderate TP anomaly associated with a high resistivity and a very weak magnetic anomaly. The anomaly appears to be fine grained sulphides associated with silicification which makes this a good target.
IP anomaly IP-9S-2( 25F to 75E ), ( n-3 ) is a weak deep IP anomaly associated with a weak resistivity high anomaly and a strong VLP conductor.
IP anomaly IP-911-3 ( 150E - 250E ), n-3, nrl is a very strong deep anomaly from 175E to 200E where it correlates with a strong resistivity high ( 28,000 ohm-m ) and a magnetic anomaly. The anomaly continues to 250-275E where it is shallow and correlates with a weak VLP conductor.
The deep target looks like a zone with a high volume of very fine grained sulphides in a silicfied zone. The short time constant clearly identifies the anomaly source to be fine grained. The very high MI P ( 900 Mv/v ) indicates a large volume of chargeable material is present. The high narrow magnetic anomaly may be associated with a diabase dike.
Recommendations: The anomalies should be sampled and mapped geologically. Anomalies IP 9N l A 3 should be drilled.
-11-
LINB 00
Five chargeability responses were located on line 9N and are labelled IP-00-1, IP-00-2, IP-00-2A, IP-00-3 and IP-00-4.
IP anomaly IP-00-1 (450W-425W) ( nr] ) ( Mo r 92 TAU - .01) is a very weak to weak chargeability response associated with a high resistivity ( 20,000 ohm-m ) anomaly. The anomaly is likely associated with a very low volume X of sulphides in a silicified material. The anomaly should be sampled and explained.
Recommendation: { Moderate priority ) Sample and Explain
IP anomaly IP-00-2 ( 175W to 7WE ), ( n:l ) ( 1*0=236; TAUr.Ol )
The weak IP anomaly is associated with a moderate resistivity high ( 8,000 ohm-m) which is located under a swamp therefore the real resistivity is significantly higher. IP-00-2 is located on the western flank of a 500 nanotesla magnetic high. The magnetic anomaly is weaker on its western contact indicating the magnetite has been destroyed showing that alteration is present.
Recommendation: IP-00-2 is a high priority drill target.
IP anomaly IP-OO—2A is a very weak chargeability response which is located on the eastern flank of a weak resistivity high. If anomaly 2 is drilled anomaly 2A could be explained in the same hole.
Recommendation: ( High Priority ), Anomaly 2, Possible Drill Target
IP anomaly IP-00-3( 125E to 200E ), ( nr3 ) ( 1*0=210; TAUz 1 .0 )
A weak IP anomaly is associated with a weak to moderate resistivity high { 3,000 ohm-m). IP-00-3 is located on the western flank of a 1,500 nanotesla magnetic high. The magnetic anomaly dips steeply to the west { Figure xx) This magnetic anomaly appears to be the southwestern corner of the TYRANITE magnetic anomaly. The IP anomaly is located in a complicated structural area which makes it a high priority for follow—up.
IP anomaly IP-OO-4 ( 225E to 300E ), ( n -Z ) ( Mor266; TAUr .01 )
A weak IP anomaly is associated with a weak to moderate shallow- resistivity high ( 6,000 ohm-m). IP-00-4 is located between two magnetic anomalies: a 1500 nanotesla response is located on its west side and a 750 nanotesla response is located on its east side. IP-00-4 is in a structurally complex area therfore it warrants detailed follow-up. ( High Priority target )
Recommendation Anomalies 3ft4 are high priority drill targets.
VLF - A strong VLF conductor (VLF-1) occurs at 300W at a creek. The resistivity shows a wide resistivity low which correlates to a poosible bedrock low. The surface resistivities drop to 500 ohm-m.
A weak VLF conductor occurs at SOW which appears to be a small shear zone between IP anomalies IP-00-2 and IP-00-2A.
-12-
MAGNBTIC MODELING: ( Figure 7: Tabular Model Showing Dimensions and Field Parameters) Figure 8: A model of the magnetic anomaly at 00 X 200E was done using the mag-mod program. The anomaly fit a steeply dipping tabular body with a width of 11.6 meters and a 5.2 meter depth dipping at 7 degrees to the west.
LINE 3S
Four chargeability responses were located on line 3S and are labelled IP-3S-1, IP-3S-2, IP-3S-3, and IP-3S-4.
IP anomaly IP-3S-1 (400W-500W) ( n^3 ) ( Mo r 254, TAU - .01) is a moderate chargeability response associated with very high resistivities. The source is likely to be very fine grained sulphide in a very high resistivity environment which would be caused by silicification.
Recoamendation: ( High Priority ), Drill Target.
IP anomaly IP-3S-2( 25R to SOB ), ( nr3 ) ( MosN.A. TAUr N.A.)
The weak IP anomaly is associated with a deep resistivity low which also correlates directly with a strong VLF conductor.
Recommendation: ( Low Priority ), Prospect.
IP anomaly IP-3S-3 ( 225K Lo 300R ), ( n-2 ) ( MorN.A. TAUr N.A.)
A strong IP anomaly is associated with a weak to moderate resistivity high ( 4,000 ohm-m). The IP anomaly warrants detailed prospecting to explain the anomaly source. The IP anomaly has a 200 nanotesla magnetic response.
Recommendation: ( High Priority ), Drill Target.
IP anomaly IP-3S-4 ( 325E to 375E ), ( n=2 ) ( Mo = 218, TAU r .01)
A moderate IP anomaly is associated with a moderate resistivity high { 6,000 ohm-m). The IP anomaly warrants detailed prospecting to explain the anomaly source. The IP anomaly has a magnetic low associated with it which may indicate alteration.
Recommendation: ( High Priority ), Drill Target.
LINE 5S ( VLF ELECTROMAGNETICS AND MAGNETICS ONLY )
Line 5S has a strong VLF conductor located at 100W. The magnetics are very flat along the line.
Tabu
lar
Mod
el
show
ing
dim
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ons
B fie
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aram
eter
s
Figu
re 7
Mod
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Line
00
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5960
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59200
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-400
-200
200
400
GEOMAGNETIC
FIEL
D:Fi
eld
Strength
580!
Incl
inat
ion
Decl
inat
ion
PLAN
DIRECTIONS:
Strike P
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Li
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tion
Sensor H
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MODE
L PA
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:
Widt
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Dec!
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TABU
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ixed
, L-
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limit)
Figu
re 8
Geosoft
MAGM
OD-3
Modelling R
esult
94/0
4/15
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X11
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T)
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100
200
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600
Obs
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400
800
1200
GEOM
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FIELD:
Strength
580Q[
nation
nation
PLAN D
IRECTIONS:
Stri
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Line
Direction
Sens
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MODE
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Modelling R
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5920
0
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O 100 200
300
400
500
600
Mod
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Mag
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A
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Line
15
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-IT
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rlKR
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irec
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2
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Figu
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0
Geos
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MAGM
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Modelling R
esult
94/0
4/15
-13-
LINE 13S
Twelve chargeability responses were located on line 13S across its 2,075 meter strike length and are labelled IP-13S-1 to IP-13S-12.
IP anomaly IP-13S-1A (875W-950W) ( nr3 ) ( Mo r 214, TAU = .01) is adeep moderate chargeability response associated with -a weak resistivitylow.The anomaly should be drill tested in conjunction with anomaly IP-13S-1B.
IP anomaly IP-13S-1B( 800W to 850W ), ( nzl ) ( 1*0=568. TAU: .30.)
The moderate IP anomaly correlates with a moderate resistivity high( 4,100 ohm-ra ) which is adjacent to a weak shear zone and a 200 nanoteslamagnetic response.
(High Priority Drill Target) Anomaly IP-13S-1B warrants a drill hole which will explain the anomaly source. The source appears to be a moderate amount ( 10X ? ) of fine grained sulphides associated with alteration or silicification over a narrow (5m) width.
IP anomaly IP-13S-2;( 700W to 625W ), ( nz2 ) { Mo z 475, TAU - 30)
A strong IP anomaly is associated with a weak resistivity high ( 2,000 ohm-m). The source appears to be a coarse grained sulphide / graphite source which may be fine grained on its east side. The IP anomaly warrants detailed prospecting f drilling to explain the anomaly source. The IP anomaly has a magnetic low associated with it which may indicate alteration.
A weak VLP conductor occurs at 625W which correlates with the east contact of IP-13S-2.
Recommendation: (Moderate priority drill target) moderate chargeability response associated with very high resistivities. The source is likely to be very fine grained sulphide in a very high resistivity environment which would be caused by silicification.
IP anomaly IP-13S-3 ( 575W to 475B ), ( n-3 ) ( Mor 310, TAU: .03 )
The moderate IP anomaly is associated with a resistivity low that goes to depth. The anomaly is located at depth under a swamp. The resistivity low which goes to depth may indicate a shear zone which correlates with the IP anomaly. The short time constants indicate the sulphides are not linked thereby indicating the resistivity low is caused by shearing.
A 200 nanotesla magnetic anomaly correlates directly with the IP anomaly.
Recommendation: (High priority drill target) moderate chargeability response with a short time constant indicating fine grained sulphides.
-14-
IP anomaly IP-13S-4 ( 375W to 450W), ( nr4 ) ( 110=297 TAUr .01.)
A weak chargeability anomaly is located on the eastern flank of anomaly IP-13S-3 and correlates with a weak resistivity high. The anomaly is interesting because it looks like a sulphide system adjacent to a sulphide zone which means it may be different than IP-13S-3 and hence gold could be concentrated in it. IP-13S-4 should be drilled in conjunction with the drilling of IP-13S-3.
(High priority drill target) should be drilled in conjunction with anomaly IP-13S-3.rospecting to explain the anomaly source. The IP anomaly has a 200 nanotesla magnetic response.
IP anomaly IP-3S-4 ( 325B to 375B ), ( nr2 ) ( Mo r 218, TAU r .01)
A moderate IP anomaly is associated with a moderate resistivity high ( 6,000 ohm-m). The IP anomaly warrants detailed prospecting to explain the anomaly source. The IP anomaly has a magnetic low associated with it which may indicate alteration.
Recommendation: (Moderate priority) - the anomaly may be drilled if an adjacent target is drilled.
IP anomaly IP-13S-5A A SB (125W to 250W),5A( nr4 )( 110=307; TAUr .01 ) SB ( nr2 ),( Morl85; TAUr 100 )
A weak to moderate IP anomaly with two sources designated IP—13S-5A A. SB. The anomaly is located on a ridge between a swamp and a lake. The anomalies are divided by a narrow resistivity high which is also a topographic high. Anomaly 5A is deeper with a short time constant indicating a fine grained source. Anomaly SB is a shallow chargeability response which has a long time constant. The anomaly is likely caused by coarse grained sulphides which may be associated with pillow volcanics. Anomaly SB appears to be the higher priority target.
lfrn naimtnulnlimi' (Moderate Priority) The outcrop ridge should be prospected and sampled in detail.
IP anomaly IP-13S-6 ( O to 25B ), ( n*2 ) ,( 1*0=249; TAUr 1OO )
A weak IP anomaly with an associated weak increase in resistivity. The spectral data indicates a weak ip resp[onse with long time costant indicating a coarse grained source. The anomaly should be explained if a drill section is completed down the line.
(Moderate to High Priority); Anomaly should be explainedif a drill section is made.
-15-
IP -~*—ir IP-13S-7 ( 100W to 125B ),( n-2 },( MorN.A. TAUr N.A.)
A weak IP anomaly correlates with a weak resistivity high which is located on the west side of a creek. The anomaly correlates with a weak magnetic low indicating alteration may be present. It is interesting to note that the anomalies increase in strength at depth ( n-6). The deep source has an MIP of 372 and a TAU of .10 indicating a fine grained source. The anomaly should be drilled in conjunction with IP-13S-8A.
(Moderate priority) Drill in conjunction with anomaly IP-13S-8A.
IP anomaly IP-13S-SA ft. 8B( 175B to 225B ),8A( ns3 ),( 110=321; TAUr .01 ) 8B ( 0=2 ),( 1*0=309; TAU- . 10 ); Strong VLF Conductor 200B; Weak VLF Conductor 312.5B.
A moderate IP anomaly with two sources designated IP-13S-8A ft 8B. The anomaly is located on the east side of a creek and the west side of a beaver dam. The anomalies correlate with a weak ( 3,500 ohm-m) resistivity high. The VLP conductors occur on the west and east edges of the anomaly. The anomaly is coincident with a weak magnetic low. The anomalies have short time constant thereby indicating a fine grained sulphide source.
(High priority drill target) The anomaly is a high priority target. The swamp will decrease the observed resistivity response therefore significant silicification could be associated with the anomaly.
IP anomaly IP-13S-9 ( 500 to 575B ), ( nr3 ),( 1(0=370; TAU^ .10 )
A moderate IP anomaly occuring at the edge of a beaver pond. The anomaly appears to be caused by fine grained sulphide however some contact problems may have occured therefore ther anOmaly should be prospected in conjunction with anomaly IP-13S-10.
Recommendation: (Moderate Priority Target) Anomaly should be explained if a drill section is made or if IP-13S-10 is drilled.
IP anomaly IP-13S-11 ( 825H to 900B ), ( 11=3 ),( 1*0=290; TAUs .01 )
A weak IP anomaly associated with high resistivities ( 11,000 ohm-m ). A weak shear zone is indicated by a weak resistivity low from 800E to 825E. indicates a possible shear zone. The IP response is located between a 1000 nT and a 500 nT magnetic anomalies. The source is likely fine grained sulphides located between two intermediate silicified volcanic units. The anomaly is a high priority for follow-up.
Recommendation: (High Priority) The target should be thoroughly prospected and drilled. The resistivity high should also be drilled. A hole could be collared at 725B to 900E to examine the possible shearing in the resistivity high, the magnetic responses and the IP anomaly.
-16-
IP anomaly IP-13S-12A, IP-13S-12B, IP-13S-12C ( 925E to 1100E IP-13S-12A ( 11=2 ) ,( 1*0=7; TAtt 30 ) IP-13S-12B ( 11=3 ) ,( 1*0=500; TAU: 30 ) IP-13S-12C ( 11=2 ) f ( 1*0=375; TA^ .01 )
IP-13S-12A ( nr2 ),( 1*0=7; TAU: 30 ); 950E - 975E.
A moderate IP anomaly correlates with a moderate resistivity low which appears to be a shear zone between the very high resitivities to the west and the weak resistivity high from 100E to 1100B. A weak VLP conductor occurs on the west margin of the anomaly at 925E. The anomaly should be drilled.
IP-13S-12B ( ns3 ),( 1*0=500; TAUz 30 )
A moderate to strong IP anomaly correlates with a moderate resistivity high and a strong VLP conductor. The spectral data indicates the source of the response is a high volume of very fine grained sulphides. The anomaly correlates with an airborne GEOTElf conductor which may indicate the anomaly has a deep source. The anomaly is a very high priority drill target.
IP-13S-12C ( nzl ),( 1*0=375; TAl^ .01 )
The anomaly is a moderate chargeability response which correlates with a weak resistivity low. The anomaly is shallow and it appears to be trenchable. The anomaly is a high priority target.
(Very High Priority ) Anomaly IP 12 is a very high priority drill target. All three anomalies should be drill tested.
LINE 1SS
Nine chargeability responses were located on line 15S across the lines 1225 meter strike length and are labelled IP-15S-1 to IP-13S-9.
IP anomaly IP-15S-1;( 00 to SOW ), ( 11=2 ) ( Ua = N.A. TAU = N.A.
A very weak IP anomaly is associated with a weak resistivity low ( 11=2 ) and a 1,000 nT magnetic anomaly.
S (Low Priority) The anomaly should be prospected.
IP anomaly IP-15S-2;(2OOE to 125B ), ( 11=3 ) ( Uo = 458. TAU = .01).
The anomaly is a moderate chargeability response which correlates with a resistivity low and on the western flank of a high resistivity zone from 200E to 450E. A lOOOnT magnetic anomaly occurs on 125E and appeares to be steeply dipping to the west. The resistivity low appears to be more conductive at depth. The anomaly is a high priority drill target.
ltemmmendation:(High Priority) IP-15S-2 is a high priority drill target. It should be prospected prior to drilling.
-17-
IP anomaly IP-15S-3;(250E to 2OOE )f ( n:3 ) ( Ifo r 286. TAU r .01).
The anomaly is a weak chargeability response which correlates with a resistivity high and is on the western flank of a magnetic anomaly. ( 500 nT)
Rnrommrinflnlinn:(Hitfh Priority) IP-15S-3 is a high priority drill target. It should be prospected prior to drilling.
IP anomaly IP-15S-4;(35OE to 275B ), ( nrl ) ( Mo ^ 289. TAU = .01).
The anomaly is a moderate chargeability response which correlates with a resistivity low on the western flank of a resistivity high and is coincident with a magnetic low.
:(Very High Priority) IP-15S-4 is a very high priority drill target. It should be prospected prior to drilling.
IP anomaly DP-15S-5; (425B to 350E ), ( nr3 ) ( Mo r 393. TAU s .01).
The anomaly is a moderate chargeability response which correlates with a resistivity high and is coincident with a weak magnetic high. ( 100 nT )
(High Priority) IP-15S-5 is a high priority target for follow-up. It should be prospected prior to drilling.
IP anomaly IP-15S-6; (SOOB to 425B ), ( n-2 j ( Mo s 282. TAU - .01).
The anomaly is a weak chargeability response which correlates with a resistivity low on the eastern flank of a large zone of high resistivity. The IP anomaly appears to be caused by disseminated sulphides in a shear zone. A strong VLP conductor is located at 550B.
i: (Moderate Priority) IP-15S-6 is a moderate priority target for follow-up. It should be prospected prior to drilling.
IP anomaly EP-15S-7; (775B to 8OOE ), ( nrl ) ( Mo r 296. TAU r .01).
The anomaly is a weak chargeability response which correlates with a 400nT magnetic anomaly on the western flank of a resistivity high.
Becommendation: (Low Priority) IP-15S-7 is a moderate priority target for follow-up. It should be prospected.
IP anomaly IP-15S-8; (825E to 850B ), ( n?3 ) ( Mo - 207. TAU z .01).
The anomaly is a weak chargeability response which correlates with a high resistivity zone with an associated magnetic low. The source is likely finely disseminated sulphides in a silicified environment. The target is a high priority for follow-up.
Becommendation: (High Priority) IP-15S-8 is a high priority drill target. It should be prospected prior to drilling.
-18-
IP anomaly IP-15S-9; (900B to 875B ), ( nr2 ) ( Mo r N.A. TAU r N.A.)
The anomaly is a weak chargeability response which correlates with a high resistivity zone with an associated magnetic low on the western flank of a 1500 nT magnetic anomaly. The magnetic anomaly which was modeled ( Figure 9 ) is dipping steeply to the west.
MAGNETIC MODBLING: Figure 9: A model of the magnetic anomaly at 15S f 950B was done using the mag-mod program. The anomaly fit a steeply dipping tabular body with a width of 19 meters and a 17 meter depth dipping at 7 degrees to the west. Figure 10: A model of the magnetic anomaly at 15S / 1125B was done using the mag-mod program. The anomaly fit a steeply dipping tabular body with a width of 18 meters and a 8.8 meter depth dipping vertically.
The source is likely finely disseminated sulphides in a silicified environment. The target is a high priority for follow-up.
Hli ii i •••""'***i"p:(High Priority) IP-15S-9 is a high priority drill target. It should be prospected prior to drilling.
UNB 17S; VLP ft MAG ONLY
The VLF survey located strong conductors at 17S / 775B and at 875B. The conductor at 775B designated VLF 2 on the compilation map is the stronger conductor and correlates with some magnetics having an amplitude of 200 nT. The second VLF conductor correlates with a magnetic low which could be silicification.
IP should be done over both of these anomalies.
The compilation map attempts to show the line to line correlation of some of the larger anomalies observed.
8.3.1 VLP CONDUCTORS
Conductor VLF-1 extends from Line 00 to line 1500S appears to follow some structure which may be the Hare Lake fault developed along a lithologic contact. The conductor appears to correlate with a wide deep resistivity low.
Conductor VLP—2 is a conductor extending across 13OOS to 1700S which appears to parallel a creek. Conductor VLF - 3 is a conductor which is parallel to conductor VLF-3 which may also be associated with the creek.
Conductor VLP-4 is a strong VLF which extends from 15S/1075E to 13S/1000B where it correlates with a strong IP anomaly occurring with a moderate resistivities. Conductor VLF-4 may correlate with an airborne GBOTBM electromagnetic conductor.
Conductor VLP-5 is a weak to strong VLF conductor extending from 15S/500W to 13S/625W which correlates with a high priority IP anomaly. The resistivity high to the west, RH-2 may contribute to the location of VLF-5 due to the large resistivity contrast.
-19-
8.3.2 MAJOR RESISTIVITY HIGH ANOMALIES
RESISTIVITY HIGH 1( RH-1 ) - ( 300S/275W-500W)
RH-1 is a major resistivity high with resistivities of up to 40,000 ohm-m is indicative of a major silicified zone which has been recommended for detailed evaluation.
RESISTIVITY HIGH 2( RH-2 ) - ( 1300S/825W-875W )
RH-2 is a 10,000 ohm-m resistivity high which occurs on the west flank of a high priority target.
RESISTIVITY HIGH 3( RH-3 ) - ( 1300S/550B-900B )
RH-3A ( 550E-725E ) is a 10,000 to 40,000 ohm-m resistivity high which appears to be associated with a highly silicified environment with some fine grained sulphides IP-13S-9 t 10. The combination of silicification with sulphides
ikes this target a high priority for follow-up.
RH-3B ( 725B-900B ) is 7,500 to 15,000 ohm-m resistivity high which has some shearing present and a weak IP anomaly IP-13S-11 at 875E. RH-3B is a high priority for prospecting.
RESISTIVITY HIGH 4( RH-4 ) - ( 1500S/200E-450E )
RH-4 is a 6,000 to 18,000 ohm-m resistivity high which appears to be associated with a highly silicified environment with some fine and coarse grained sulphides IP-lSS-2,3,4 ft 5. The combination of silicification with sulphides makes this target a high priority for follow-up.
8.3.3 MAJOR INDUCED POLARIZATION ZONES
The IP anomalies are labelled on the compilation map and the larger anoamlies that are shown line to line correlation is made for stratigraphic / structural reasons as the anomalies have already been discussed on a line by line basis.
IP ZONE-1:( 00/150E; 3S/250E ) ( COMPOSED OF IP-O-3, IP-3S-3 )
The lines are 300m apart therefore correlation is difficult. The zone appears to be located on the west flank of a 5,000-7,500 ohm-m resistivity high. The zone is a high priority follow-up.
IP ZONE-2: ( 00/225E; 3S/325E ) ( COMPOSED OF IP-0-4, IP-3S-4 )
The lines are 300m apart therefore correlation is difficult. The zone correlates directly with a resistivity high and also is a high priority for follow—up.
IP ZONES l and 2 are a high priority for follow-up because it is located in a structurally significant area which is the southwestern corner of the Hare Lake magnetic anomaly.
-20-
IP ZONE-3: ( 13S/175E-300E; to 15S/ 275-350E ) ( COMPOSED OP IP-13S-8A.8B;IP-15S-4)
The lines are 200m apart therefore correlation across the lines is difficult . The zone correlates with moderate, (line 13S - 3,500 ohm-m) resistivities to high resistivities ( 19,000 ohm-m ). The anomalies are high priority for follow-up.
IP ZONB-4:( 13S/500R-700E; to 15S/ 775E-900E ) ( COMPOSED OP IP-13S-9.10;IP-15S-7,8,9.)
The lines are 200m apart therefore correlation across the lines is difficult . The zone correlates with high, (line 15S - 17,000 ohm-m) resistivities to very high resistivities ( line 13-40,000 ohm-m ). The anomalies are high priority for follow—up because the source looks like fine grained sulphides in a highly silicified environment.
90) RECOMMENDATIONS AMD CONCLUSIONS:
The reconaissance IP surveys located several interesting induced polarization targets which may strike at a different direction than the regional geology. Therefore one must be careful in line to line correlation of geophysical and geological trends.
The resistivity anomalies are very high and could be associated with silicified environments. The resistivity anomalies should be prospected for quartz veins and 7 or quartz rich intrusives.
The magnetic anomalies may correlate with diabase dikes. The VLF conductors appear to be associated with resistivity lows that could be associated with regional shears or faults. Conductor VLF -l may be associated with a regional shear or fault zone.
Additional lines should be surveyed between lines 00 and 13S to improve line to line correlation. Lines 00, 3S, 13S, and 15S should be extended to the east. The IP/ Resistivity anomalies should be sampled and explained.
In general the ground geophysical surveys indicate there is a good geological environment for gold. The grid could be expanded to try to locate nonconductive sulphide horizons. This could be done by extending two lines 200 meters apart across the company's entire claim block to try to locate new sulphide horizons which are not conductive. The airborne magnetometer or electromagnetic resistivity maps could be used to locate interesting structures which could be crossed by the extended IP lines.
If there are any questions with regard to the survey or the reporting, please call the undersigned at JVX Limited.
Respectfully submitted,
akwr
CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFICATION
I Blaine Webster, residing at 27 Blue Spruce Lane Thorn hill, Ontario, do hereby certify that:
I am a graduate of the University of British Columbia, 1970 located in Vancouver, British Columbia and that I have been practising my profession since graduation. I have written reports and supervised many other geophysical surveys in northern Ontario.
I supervised the program from Toronto and in the field, including researching the properties previous work,laying out survey parameters, instructing the field geophysical technicians and debriefing them upon their return.
To the best of my knowledge all of the information contained within the report is factual.
As a consulting Geophysicist to Golds y e Explorations Ltd. T have a beneficial interest in the claims.
I hereby consent to the filing of this report by Goldeye Explorations Ltd.for assessment purposes.
Dated at Thornhill, Ontario, Canada this 25th day of April 1994.
r, BSc Thornhill, Ontario
Appendix l
Specification Sheets
IPR-11Broadband Time Domain IP Receiver
The microprocessor-based IPR-11 is the heart of a highly efficient system for measuring, recording and processing spectral IP data. More features than any remotely similar instrument will help you enhance signal/noise, reduce errors and improve data interpretation On top of all this, tests have shown that survey time may be cut in half, compared with the instrument you may now be using
T^.- P3 11 B'oadbana T r-e Ccrrair IP 3ece:.er 13 p' rcipa 'y ^secl r e .ec -f ic\i (E P: ana magnet c iMiP: induced poia( zatc" surveys fo- dissemratec basr- •-f:'a occurrences sjcn as porp-yfy c:,; p*:--1- acidic rt-jsr-.es anci ead zinc
deposes in ca'bora!e -ocks i r adcit or :his rece ver is used r geoe ec:'ica sur- .-eyng \ or deep gro^nc.vater or geone'- ~ai fesoj-ces For :nese lane- :arge:s t^e itaoced coiarizai or measL-'eme'':s ^•ay be as useful as :he i gh accj'acy resisi v :/ results s -'ce 'i 3f:ei "acpe^s '"•s', geciogicai "ra\e' a s ^ave l p cor'rasi .vhen 'eS'Stivity coivasts a^e absent A r'-rdacDtcat'OTG^neiPPM 1 s r inai.cec noianzai or research D'Ojecis SoCh as The s'.i^y os c-r-ys cai trooen-es •*, ' ^
Di.e re 's 'rMeya'e:r.ased aesig-v ne 3R-ii cro-.ic:esa large ::moj-i: of inriuced poianzato- ''a^se-r: C o'v-.- S" ciCe 1'ilorrr'a'iCi from a •e™~arK- aoiy cc'^cact re tab*e ard He^. o e format Data f-c-n up to s - peter! al c coles e a'; bc- i ne::i.i'ec s 'f.j :a:ieojs'y a" ::
recorded n so id-sta:e-^ennory Then lPP-11 oupLj:s cata as i) visual aig :a a sp ay 2! digita* prner prof le y pse^ sec-ion cicts 3i digital pnmer list '-g 4) a casseite taceo' 'icpcy OISK 'eco-o 5; tc a mic'ocomoure' o- 6j to a moce;' urr. (cr rarsmissior o-,- teiepnoie Us--- soft.vare avaiiac !e frcm Sc^nrrex a'i sp ra! i 0 ard EM ccup^-g cara^iere's ca- - be caicu'a'.ea c-i a ^ c'OCompL.:er
The ' DR 11 is des-gred 'cr jse /.fh the Scir-uex re of ''ans-niUe's pn—a''iy v- ISO series of c^'?e-": a :iG ,va-.-efo'^ stac-iiizeG moae s Scn:rex has bee-, active in rduced pc ar za'io- resea-cr se-.-eiopnien: -Tiari-'3C!iire cc'~s-.. t -': : ana surveying '-y o*ef :nny yea's a:.u ct'ersa ti-'i range o' 'ime and 'rerjjenc, dcmair inst'j^en:a: or as Aei as anaccessories necessarv 'O' iPs.ir.Ovri-:
and Commutated DC Resistivity Transmitter System
Function
The iPC-7'2.5 kW is a medium power transmitter system designed fof lime do- Ta"" educed polarization or commutated DC -esislcvity work it is the standard power transmitting system used or most surveys unce- a wide variety of geophysical toc:-G'aphicai and climatic conditions
Tie svstem consists ol tnree modules A Tra-snmer Console containing a tia'siormer and electronics. a Motor Ge-eralor and a Di.mmy Load mounted in the T-ansmitter Console cover The purpose c' '-e Dummy Load is lo accept tfe Molo' Gere-ato? output during :^cse pans ol tr-e Cyt ~ .-/hen current :s no: transmittec mo t^e j'r'unc -n orae' to mciove pc*er out ! M' :-.~~ prolong engine I'te
POACI v.e gM 'at-o and coir, :"sr~ jesign ol this systeT make -: ^ d- : - ghly versatile for us--* v. i:h a .vide -i' - '. ol
Features
Maximum motor generator output. 2.5 kW. maximum power output. 1.85 kW: maximum cur'eni output. 10 amperes: maximum voltage output. 1210 volts DC
Removable circuit boards lor ease in servic mg
Automatic on o'f and polarity cycling with selectable cycling rates so that the op nmum ouise time (frequency) can be selected for each survey
The overload protection circuit protects the irstruTiem from carnage "i case ot an overload or short si the current dipole ci'
The open OOP c^cu'l protects workers by auto^iaticaiiy cutting oil t^e h:gh voltage i case o 1 a D'eak ir ine currer-.i dipole circu'
Both the primary and secondary of the transformer are switch selectable tor powe' matching to the ground load. This ensures maximum power efficiency
The built-in ohmmeter is used lor checking the external circuit resistance to ensure (hat the current dipole circuit is grounded properly before the high voltage is turned on This is a safety feature and also aHows the operator to select the proper output vollage required to give an adequate current for a proper signal a: the receiver
Trie programmer is crystal controlled lo' ii^e ve'y hign stability required 'or troadca^d (spectral) mduceo polarization measurements using the Scmtrex IPR 11 Broadband Time Domain Receiver
Scintrex has used low power con sumption microprocessors and high
— density memory chips to create the IGS Integrated Portable Geophysical System; instrumentation which will
— change the way you do ground geophysics.
— Here are the main benefits which you will derive from the IGS family of in strumentation:
1 Depending on your choice of optional sensors you can make one.
— two or all of: magnetic. VLF and electromagnetic measurements. Thus, you may optimize the IGS system for different geophysical
~~ conditions and production requirements.
— 2. You will save time and money in the acquisition, processing and presen tation of ground geophysical survey
^ data.
3. You will achieve an improvement in the quality of data through enhanced
— reading resolution, an increase in the number of different parameters measured and/or a higher density of
— observations. Further, errors which occur in manual transcription and calculation will be eliminated.
"~ 4. Your operator will appreciate the simplicity of operation achieved through automation.
5. Since add-on sensors are relatively less expensive, your investment in a
— range of IGS instrumentation may be much less than it would be with a number of different instruments, each dedicated to a different
— measurement.
The Scinnex IGS 2/MP 4/VLF-4/EM-4 permits one operator lo elticientty measure magnetic VLF ana EM fields and lo record data in computer compatible solid-state memory
Appendix 2
Plates l to 4e
Plate l : Compilation/Anomaly Plan Map, Scale l : 5000Magnetometer
Plate 2 : Magnetometer Profiles and posted values with VLPProfiles
Plate 3 : VLP Profiles with posted VLP values
Plate 4a: IP psuedo section Line 9N; Scale l : 2500 Plate 4b: IP psuedo section Line 00; Scale l : 2500 Plate 4c: IP psuedo section Line 3S; Scale l : 2500 Plate 4d: IP psuedo section Line 13S; Scale l : 2500 Plate 4e: IP psuedo section Line 15S; Scale l : 2500
Appendix 3:
Spectral Psuedoseciions
L-9N, L-00, L-3S, L-13S, L-15S
Appendix 4:
Mag/VLF Profiles
I.-9N, L-00, L-3S, L-5S, L-13S, L-15S, L-17S
Appendix 5
Literature
Spectral IP parameters as determined through Time Domain Measurements by I.M. Johnson, Scintrex Limited, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1984.
Time Domain Spectral IP Examples from Western Canada by T.M. Johnson, JVX Ltd., Steve McMullan, Cameco Ltd. and Blaine Webster, JVX Ltd. Richmond Hill, Ontario, 1968.
Time domain Spectral Induced Polarization, some recent examples for gold, by lan M. Johnson and Blaine Webster, JVX Limited, Thornhill, Ontario, Canada, 1987. Prepared for delegates to Exploration 87, 1987, Toronto, Canada
Spectral induced polarization parameters as determined through time-domain measurements
lan M. Johnson*
ABSTRACT
A method for the extraction of Cole-Cole spectral parameters from time-domain induced polarization data is demonstrated. The instrumentation required to cflTect the measurement and analysis is described. The Cole- Cole impedance model is shown to work equally well in the time domain as in the frequency domain. Field trials show the time-domain method to generate spectral pa rameters consistent with those generated by frequency- domain surveys. This is shown to be possible without significant alteration to field procedures. Cole-Cole time constants of up to 100 s are shown to be resolvable given a transmitted current of a 2 s pulse-time. The process proves to have added usefulness as the Cole- Cole forward solution proves an excellent basis for quantifying noise in the measured decay.
INTRODUCTION
The induced polarization (IP) phenomenon was first ob served as a relaxation or decay voltage as a response to the shut-off of an impressed de current This decay was seen to be quasi-exponential with measurable effects several seconds after shut-oft*. Differences in the shape of decay curves seen for different polarizable targets have been recognized from the start (Wait. 1959). A systematic method of analyzing time- domain responses in order to generate an unbiased measure of source character has, until recently, been lacking. Devel opments in the frequency domain have been more pronounced.
In an attempt to improve our understanding of time-domain IP phenomenon, the Cole-Cole impedance model, developed and tested in the frequency domain, is used to generate the equivalent time-domain responses. Time-domain field data are then analyzed for Cole-Cole parameters and the results used to interpret differences in the character of the source.
The theoretical basis for the work will be presented. The instrumentation required to effect the measurement and analy sis will be described. Field examples will be discussed.
SPECTRAL IP
The term "spectral IP" has been used to designate a variety of methods which look beyond the familiar resistivity and chargeability (or "percent frequency effect") as measured in electrical surveys. A number of geophysical instrument manu facturers/contractors have developed instrumentation and methodologies which, in essence, collect and analyze data from electrical surveys at a number of frequencies or delay times. The data analysis produces a set of quantities which characterize the information gained. These quantities or parameters are promoted by the sponsor for application in a variety of search problems for mineral and hydrocarbon resources.
In recognition of the pioneering work of Pelton (Pelton et al, I978X the Cole-Cole impedance model has been adopted. The model has been extensively field tested and found tp be reliable (Pelton et aL, 1978). Pelton suggested that the complex im pedance (transfer function) of a simple polarizable source may be best expressed as
{'"['-ITS
whereZ(co) — complex impedance (in fl-mX
#o - the de resistivity fm 11 - mX m - the chargeability (in volts/voItX T B the time constant (in secondsX
ea ~ the angular frequency (in seconds"'Xc ^ the exponent (or frequency dependence),
(dimensionless)
and
The de resistivity (RJ is related to the apparent resistivity
Johnson
calculate/""^ ?n conventional electrical methods. The chargeabi. ^ (m) is the relative residual voltage which would bc seen immediately after shut-olTofan infinitely long transmitted pulse (Siegel. 1959). It is related to the traditional chargeability as measured some time after the shut-off of a series of pulses of finite duration. The time constant (T) and exponent (c) are those newly measurable physical properties which describe the shape of the decay curve in time domain or the phase spectrum in frequency domain. For conventional IP targets, the time con- slant has been shown to range from approximately 0.01 s lo greater than 100 s and is thought of as a measure of grain size. The exponent has been shown to have a range of interest from 0.1 to 0.5 or greater and is diagnostic of the uniformity of the grain size of the target (Pclton et al, 1978).
Selection of the Cole-Cole model is the primary step in simulating the response of a single polarizable target. A number of other effects are present to a greater or lesser extent depend ing upon the geoelectric environment Multiple targets ofdiffer- ing characteristics will cause overlapping effects. Measurements may contain an appreciable component due solely to inductive coupling effects. In very conductive terrain, this contribution may be large enough to dominate the IP effects (Hallof and Pelton. 1980). The inductive effect itself may be a valued measurement in its own right (Wynn and Zonge. 1977).
SPECTRAL IP IN THE TIME DOMAIN
The earlier work is well summarized in Wait (1959). By that time enough data had been gathered to point to differences in measured decay curves and a number of decay curve modeling schemes had been tried. Developments in instrumentation were less pronounced. In 1967 the Newmont Standard IP decay was introduced (Dolan and McLaughlin, 1967). Induced polariza tion receivers were subsequently introduced which used the Newmont Standard as a basis for IP measurements. The so- called L/M parameter was used for a number of years as a sensitive measure of agreement with the Newmont Standard and of source character (Swift, 1973).
IP receivers evolved in the mid 1970s through single dipole instruments which could be programmed to measure a number of points on the decay. Decay curve analysis was possible (Vogelsang. 198IX if tedious and inexact. Extremely long pulse times were suggested as a means of effecting some type of time-domain spectral discrimination given the equipment then available (Halverson et al, 1978). The late 1970s saw the intro duction of time-domain IP receivers which could measure and record digitally a number of points on the decay. The per formance of both transmitters and receivers was improving in parallel.
The first studies of the shape of the time-domain decay given a Cole-Cole impedance model were made by Jain (1981) and Tombs (1981). Both authors show a number of numerically generated decay curves as the steady-state response to a con ventional J+, 0. —, 0) pulse train. Measured decays were com pared to master curves with uncertain results.
Both contributions slopped short of routine application. Having generated a set of standard decays, the differences in curve shape could be quantified. A measure of the accuracy in the field measurement required to effect a reasonable resolution in spectral character could be gained. Routine application
would beller define the limitations of the method under average field conditions.
Although the master-curve approach is considered the most practical one for routine spectral IP work, other approaches are possible. The time-domain decay may be modeled as a series of decaying exponentials from which the frequency- domain phase spectrum is easily calculated (Gupla Sarnia el al.. 1981). Bolh input current and output voltage may be expressed as transform pairs of lime-domain signals. The Iransfer function may be extracled directly.
NUMERICAL MODELING
From Tombs (1981). the 1 +, 0. -, 0) transmitted current of amplitude J0 and of pulse time T s used in conventional time domain IP may be expressed in Fourier series form as
A homogeneous earth whose electrical properties may be modeled by a single Cole-Cole impedance of Z(w) is assumed. Ignoring the effect of array geometry, the steady-state voltage as measured at the receiving dipole pair is
For conventional time-domain IP receivers, it is common to sample the decay through a sequence of N slices or windows. The value recorded for each slice is
10* f"*' ",('.*i-'i)l
V(t) dt (mV/V). (4)
where t,, f,* , are the limits on the integration and Vf is the time average of measured voltage during the current on-time. In addition, it is common to average S, over a number of cycles and to filter out those signals at frequencies well below the transmitled fundamental/,^ 1/4T).
For ease of presentation, we define a function C(f,, f,* t. T. c. T\ This function describes the t, T. c. and T dependence of S, and is derived by inserting the expression for the Cole-Cole impedance from equation (1) and V(t) from equation (3) into the right-hand side of equation (4) as follows:
l rn.i * 2C(t,. i,.,, T. c. T) **- — — - Im Z ~ ('i+i-'JjL, .-i nlt
3mc
" dt. (5)
Combining equations (3) and (4) and using the notation of equation (5). the theoretical decay during the off-lime is given by
S, ** f*** m,, r,* ,. T. c. T). (6)
The measured theoretical primary voltage may be expressed
TIME DOMAIN COLE-COLE MASTER CURVES
Ti-2.
Spectral IP ParametersmC(t,. t,*,. T. c. T) ^ me C(f,. t,* ,. t. c. T)
1-m-f mG((..(t. T. c. T)~ C(f.. ft . t. c. T)
FIG. 1. Theoretical time-domain decay curves for fixed c and variable T. A typical IPR-11 measured decay is shown as a series of dots (0.2 s receiver mode) and x's (2 s receiver mode).
asVr K0 - /0 R0 m -l- I0 R0 mG(tm , it . t, c. T). (7)
where i.. ft are the limits of integration during the current on-time.
Combining equations (6) and (7), the theoretical decay is given by
103 niC(f,.r,^,.T.c. T) - BI + mC(f., f*, t, c, T) (m V/V), i - 1. N. (8)
Preferred Cole-Cole spectral parameters may be determined by a "best-fit" match of measured data to a suite bf master curves. The process used may be summarized as follows.
The master-curve set is numerically generated through equa tion (8) by allowing c and T to vary in discrete steps over ranges of interest The chargeability is set to l V/V and the pulse time to 2 s. Both 5, and G((., tt . T, c, T) are retained in the master- curve set.
If the measured decay is given by M, m V/V (i — l. N). an observed chargeability m0 V/V is defined as the weighted average amplitude shift in log amplitude space between mea sured and master curves, i.e..
llog "o - TT Z Cog Mt - log SJH-. N ,., (9)
Observed chargeability values are determined for all master curves. The weighting factors w, bias the averaging to late delay times where integration intervals are longest
The "best-fit" master curve is selected by minimizing
SD - Y. Dog M, - log {f (10)
where the m0 used is that value appropriate to the master curve under consideration.
The true chargeability m may be found by setting
(H)
Hence.m0 x 101
G(lm , tt . T. c. T) -l- Bio[l - C(tm , ff . T. c. T)]mV/V.
(12)Confidence in the spectral parameters so determined is relat
ed to the agreement between measured data and the selected master curve. This agreement is quantified by the root-mean- square (rms) deviation defined as
*
The process outlined above wfll yield spectral parameters which are only apparent Polarizable targets of interest are most often of finite size and embedded in a medium which may itself possess characteristic impedances. The theoretical prob lem of greater generality is a complex one with no reasonably general forward solution yet available.
Pelton et aL (1978) presented the case of a simple polarizable target buried in a nonpolarizing host They showed that as the relative size of the target, as defined by the dilution factor decreases, the exponent is effectively unchanged. The time con stant is similarly unaffected as long as the true chargeability is not large. The apparent resistivity and apparent chargeability are, however, not as stable under large changes in the dilution factor.
This implies that the shape of the time-domain decay and therefore the apparent time constant T and exponent c are relatively stable under large changes in the dilution factor. The apparent chargeability is not
By inspection,
C(t,. i,* ,. t, c. T) . ne,* ,. nt. c, iiT). (14)
If for example, the receiver timing, pulse time, and Cole-Cole time constant are all doubled, the master-curve values are unaffected. This is a useful result for predicting the pulse length required to resolve spectral parameters given that one already has a complete understanding of the resolution capabilities of the method for one pulse time (e.g, T ~ 2 s). As an example, let us assume that time-domain IP surveys using a pulse time of 2 s are known to result in spectral discrimination (i.e., decay curve shape differences) for time constants up to 100 s. If it is sus pected that it may be important to resolve -time constants of l 000 s. for example, all other things being equal, a pulse time of 20 s would be required.
All of the above applies for a homogeneous earth whose behavior is described by a single Cole-Cole impedance. Mea sured decays may be the result of the superposition of effects due to more than one source type. Resolution of more than one impedance type should be possible if all types are sufficiently different in time constant (Major and Silic, 1981). If this con dition is met, the net impedance may be expressed as the sum of impedances of each type. This implies that measured voltages may be modeled as the sum of voltages due to both IP and inductive coupling effects and the mathematical summary
Johnsonshown ab^ . will apply equally well to both. At a minimum, any analysis should be capable of measuring and resolving H* elTects (relatively low c, large T) and inductive coupling (1C) effects (relatively high c, small T).
Further developments are based on the timing characteristics of the IP receiver involved. The Scintrex IPR-11 receiver is assumed through the remainder of the paper and all results are specific to this receiver.
IPR-11 MODEL CURVES
The Scintrex IPR-11 time-domain IP receiver is a microprocessor-controlled unit which measures ten semi- logarithmically spaced points on the decay for up to six dipoles simultaneously. Receiver slice-timing can be reset to fill in other parts of the decay curve in 10 point sets. The measured decay is recorded to a resolution of 0.1 mV/V.
The master curves are numerically generated per equation (8). In the calculation of G(f,. rltl , t. c. T) the integration is done before the summation. The coding used is taken in part from that published by Tombs (1980).
The master curves are generated assuming m ^ l V/V and T "s 2 s. The exponent c is allowed the values O.I. 0.2.0.3.0.4. 0.5. 0.6. 0.7. 0.8. and 1.0. The time constant T is allowed the values 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 6.3. 1.0. 3.0, 10.0. 30.0, and 100.0 s. The exponent values reflect the expected range for polarizable tar gets (0.1 to 0.8) and inductive coupling effects (c ~ 1.0) (Pelton et al, 1978). The time-constant values are limited at the low end by the minimum sampling interval (3 ms) and at the high end by what curve shape differences can reasonably be resolved given a pulse time of 2 s. The time constant values chosen are thought to give reasonably uniform rms deviations between different master curves.
Master curve data Tor longer pulse times is immediately available given the identity of equation (14).
The weighting factors used in equations (9) and (10) have the values 0.773,0.800.0.823,0843.0.897.0.978.1.048,1.143.1J06, and 1.389.
Figure l shows simulated IP decays for variable time con stant and fixed exponent A simulated decay as sampled by the IPR-11 is shown, assuming that both 0.2 and 2 s I PR-11 receive modes have been used.
Figure 2 shows simulated IP decays for variable c and fixed T. Also shown is the Newmont Standard curve (Dolan and McLaughlin, 1967) for a pulse time of 2 s. It has been found to fit best to the master curve given by a time constant of l s and c value of 0.1. The rms deviation of the fit is 0.3 percent. A time constant of l s is consistent with the fact that the Newmont Standard was influenced by the average of a large number of measured decays. With regard to the c values. Pelton (1978) noted an average value for c of 0.25 as seen in most field surveys. The c value of 0.1 for the Newmont Standard decay is. however, understandable. Averaging time-domain decay curves rf fixed c and variable T will generally result in a curve with an exponent value less than that of the individual decays.
Numerical experiments have been conducted lo examine the stability of the curve-matching proxss. In essence, the mea sured decay is set to one of the master curves. The rms devi ation between this decay and each of the master curves is then calculated. The master curves are arranged in order of increas-
FIG. 2. Theoretical time-domain decay curves for fixed T and variable c. The Newmont Standard decay for a 2 s pulse time is shown with fitted time constant arid exponent
0-
RMS
DEV
1 iAT
10 N
tuf
2-
i
l
C , 3W.).2 1 t
1 31 1
1 33 1i too
.1 .1
.1 3O
.1 .01 .1 1OO
.4 1
.2 .3
.1 .01i
\
C . 3W)t . 5 1
.4 1
.C 1
FIG. 3. Curve shape differences (or rms deviation) between selected master curves. Arranged in order of increasing devi ation from the c = 0.2. T = l and the c — 0.5. T = l curves.
Spectral IP Parameter!
Vl/Vp
Cote -Cote*i - 9U.I -v/v f - 30 -tc - ai o
Time fins)
FIG. 4. Measured data (10 point), best-fit master decay curve, and calculated spectral parameters. Array is pole-dipole with a — 10 m, n ^ 6 with K, — 1.2 mV. Rms deviation ^ 0.6S per cent, y, designates the voltage measured during the transmitter off-time.
Tima (msl
FIG. S. Measured data (20 point compositeX best-fit master curves, and calculated spectral parameters. Both IP and induc tive coupling (1C) effects are modeled. Array is dipole-dipole with a = 100m.il ^ 6 with Vr = 2.6 mV.
ing rnu deviation. The results for part of this work are shown in Figure 3. The left-hand column shows the ranking in order of increasing curve shape difference away from a measured decay as given by the c = .2, t = l s master curve. The right-hand column shows the ranking away from a measured decay as given by the c = .5, t = Is master curve. These results serve to illustrate the following.
(1) As c is reduced from 0.5 to 0.2. the differences in the shape of the curve between master curves of different T are reduced and the confidence in the time-constant determination is lessened. This is no more than the familiar result obtained in the frequency domain. That is. as c approaches 0.1, the phase spectrum flattens, the peak in the phase spectrum becomes less distinct, and the time constant becomes more poorly determined.
(2) Figure 3 gives an indication of the order of rim deviation required to achieve reasonably reliable spectral parameters. An rms deviation between the measured and master curve data on the order of l percent is indicated.
An important consideration in any lime-domain spectral IP approach is the maximum resolvable lime constant given a fixed transmitted pulse time. Resolution will be in part a func tion of the differences in master curves as quantified by the rms deviation. The differences measured between the T = 30 s and the T — 100 s master curves are 3.06 percent for c ^ 0.5 and 0.12 percent for c **0.1.
A number of unknown factors will be introduced when the method is taken into the field. The performance of various IP transmitters under the normal variety of joad conditions is not precisely known. Measured decays will display a reliability which is a complex function of the design of (he receiver, field
procedures, natural noise, etc. Most conventional IP targets are not well modeled as a homogeneous earth. The role of spectral IP parameters in minerals exploration is still in debate.
Given all of these factors, the method described herein has been designed with reasonable compromise such that basic spectral parameters can be determined using traditional field procedures. Through such a scheme, spectral data over a wide variety of targets may be collected to improve understanding of the method reliability and function and to modify strategy to best fit the exploration problem at hand.
FIELD WORK
The results shown below have been taken from a variety of field IP surveys. Most of these surveys have been undertaken without modification or special consideration for the determi nation of spectral parameters. The IPR-11 receiver was used exclusively. All of the data were gathered with a pulse lime of 2 s. A variety of crystal-controlled transmitters were used. Analysis was, in all cases, effected by a specially prepared application software set which is resident on a microcomputer of common manufacture.
Decay curve analysis
Measured decays are shown in Figures 4 and S.The time-domain decay shown in Figure 4 is taken from a
survey over a near-surface Canadian volcanogenic sulfide zone. Array geometry was pole-dipole with a spacing of 10 m and n ss l to 6. The decay shown is from the n = 6 dipole. The measured primary voltages were 3 685 mV (n ^ 1) and 1.2 mV (n — 6). Apparent resistivity for the sixth dipole was 290 n - m. Eight transmit cycles were stacked or averaged to make the reading.
Johnson
The f. quite good with a deviation of 0.65 percent. The observed chargeability (mo) is 283.1 mV/V. The Cole-Cole spec tral parameters are given as 582 mV/V (m). 30s (t), and 0.3 (c).
Given the array style, a spacing, and a relatively resistive host, no significant 1C component was expected (Dey and Morrison. 1973). Figure 5 shows a measured decay from dipole- dipole survey in an area of Australia with a considerable thick ness of conductive cover. More than 100 m of 50 Q- m ground are involved. The a spacing (100 m) and the n value (6) were additional reasons to measure the early-time portion of the decay. The decay shown is measured by sampling both early- and late-time 10 point decays to give a composite 20 point decay.
For the early-time measurement, 8 cycles were averaged with
a Vr of 2.6 mV. For the late-time measurement. 10 cycles were averaged with a Vr of 2.6 mV. Acceptable data quality is possi ble for such low primary voltages in large part because the IPR-ll receiver timing is triggered off the signal from the first potential dipole pair. Primary voltages in the n - l dipole in both cases were greater than 400 mV.
For the 1C component a c value of l was assumed. The fitted parameters for both IP and 1C effects are shown on Figure 5. The theoretical decays for IP, 1C, and the summed responses are superimposed.
The IP fit is based on the 10 points of the late-time measure ment. The 1C component decayed rapidly and had no measur able influence after 40 ms following shut-off. The theoretical 1C curve is a good approximation to the early-time decay after
APPARENT RESISTIVITY X100 (ohm-m)3011 JOB O* •l IM 301 401 90S tot IDS tOI M! DOS not not HOI aos 001
Ul a* XX lU 13t 3* HI 293 l*f IV
T47IICSMlttlT(3*3tT3tOMO
UT (IT 141 303 IM 314 mo 3TO M X
3Ct Oil IM MO JtT Mi 1030 4tl M0~^ —
nari* t* 4n no i4t K* wo t. f J*\
8 CHARGEABILITY ( 69O - IO5O ms ) - mWV -
f 9•l " ti t* at vi n ti CT a
U (.4 0.1 U (t TT t* IS 10 *l
•T 14 Tt (.1 Tl T.I tt tt 01 131
•t (J Tl tl (l IT li 01 "4 03 4
1.1 (.t t.* II (.1 tt It Tt *T it
ri 4t it ii 4t li li 'J l' ti o
TIME CONSTANT - T - l Mconds)
aa aa aa 0.01 aa 003 ea a i aa oa o* aa 01 oa 01 0.01
oa oa ooi aa oa oa oa o- oa oa oa 003 oa ou oa oa oa
o.a oa oa oa oa oa
EXPONENT - C
03 01 01 01 03 03 03 01 Ol 02 OI Ot 01 at 03 O3 03 OJ Ol O.J
at ai ot ai 01 01 01 ot 01 01 01 ot 02 01 os os ai 01 01 ot 01 at os 01 oj 01 01 01 ot 02 01 01 os os 0.4 os os 03 as os
os ei 01 ai 01 01 01 01 ot oi ot ot 01 04 i 04 01 ei at ai OJ 01 oi at 01 01 at ot 01 o- 01 * * * * * 01 ot 01 01
ci 01 01 01 01 01 ot o) oi oi 01 ot ' * * * ' ot ot oj
FIG. 6. Segment of results from an IPR-ll survey using the pole-dipole array with a ^ 10 m and n ^ l to 6. Shown are apparent resistivity/100 (H - m) eighth-slice chargeability (mV/V). Cole-Cole lime constant (seconds) and exponent (c). Near-current electrode is to the left of the potential electrode string.
Spectral IP Parameters
O * WU
Vp(mV)
FIG. 7. Rms deviation as a function of primary voltage (VJ for spectral fits from data shown in part in Figure 6.
subtraction of the IP effect The first measuring point at 4.5 ms after shut-oft" shows an anomalously high value. This value causes the large rais deviation seen for the 1C component
It was remarked earlier that impedances could be summed without excessive error if lime constants were sufficiently differ ent Figure 5 shows the effective decomposition of a decay curve into IP and 1C components where respective time con stants are less than one order of magnitude apart. The differ ence in c values is influential in giving recognizably different forms.
In the example cited, the 1C component has died out before seriously affecting the 10 point IP measurement from which the spectral IP parameters are determined. In extreme cases, induc tive effects may persist and the early sample points of the 10 point IP decay will be corrupted. Spectral parameters deter mined without removal of such inductive effects may be unre liable. In such cases, the early-time measurement is important to the proper definition of 1C effects, separation of IP and 1C decays, and determination of spectral parameters.
Pseudosection plots
The results of a portion of a time-domain induced polariza tion survey are shown in Figure 6. Shown are the apparent resistivity (divided by 100) in O-m. the 8lh slice chargeability (690 to l OSO ms) in mV/V, the time constant in seconds, and the exponent c. Array geometry was pole-dipole, with a = 1 0m. The current trailed the potential electrode string, the whole advancing to the right. The standard 10 point decay of the 2 s receive mode was used throughout.
The area is one of very resistive Precambrian basic volcanics with little or no overburden. The line segment shown passes into a broad zone of near-surface metallic sulfides of which pyrite is the most common.
Two distinct zones are seen in the pseudoseciions. The left- hand portion or host rock is an area of high resistivities and low chargeabilities. The right-hand portion is an area of ex-
Table l. Spectral parameters, average values. Spectral parameter sum mary for different array geometries. The data sel for the survey line is a
portion of that shown in Figure 6.
C T D
Array Host Anomaly Total Agreement (V0) ("/o)
Pole-dipole 0.26 0.27 0.27 100 2.17Dipole-dipole 0.27 0.29 0.28 88 2.S9Gradient 0.10 0.17 0.13 75 2.40
tremely low resistivities and high chargeabilities. The ground is indeed so conductive under the "anomaly** as to reduce pri mary voltages below that point at which a reliable IP measure ment can be made.
The time constant shows a strong correlation with the two zones. The time constant is uniformly low in areas of the host rock and uniformly high over the anomaly. The spatial stability of the calculated time constant is promising given the low inherent chargeabilities of the host and the sometimes low primary voltages over the anomaly.
The e values averaged 0.26 for the host and 0.27 for the anomaly. These exponent values compare well with the 0.2S value suggested by Pelton et al. (1978) as the most expected value.
The distribution of rms deviations as a function of primary voltages is shown in Figure 7. In this example, the spectral fits are equally good down to primary voltages of l mV below which the rms deviations have become large, and the spectral IP results are judged unreliable.
The same line segment was surveyed with both dipole-dipole and gradient arrays. Average values of the c value for the three arrays used, for host and anomalous regions, are shown in Table 1. The time-constant agreement column shows the per centage of calculated lime constants which are within a factor of three of those calculated using the pole-dipole array. The gradient array time constants are compared with the nearest plotted vertical average of time constants as determined using the pole-dipole array.
The calculated time constants are reasonably stable and independent of array geometry. The gradient array gives con sistently lower c values. This is a reasonable result given thai the primary field in the gradient array will, in general, energize a wider variety of polarizable targets. The measured decay may be the result of the superposition of responses of possibly different time constants from more than one source.
Comparison with frequency-domain spectral results
In 1981. Sclco Mining Corporation contracted Scintrex Ltd. and Phoenix Geophysics Ltd. to conduct spectral IP surveys on five selected lines over the Detour deposit. Cole-Cole parame ters were determined independently by Scintrex working in the lime domain and by Phoenix working in the frequency domain Array setups were in each case dipole-dipole with a = 1 00 m. n = l to 6. Surveys were completed within one month of each other over the same grid.
Johnson
TIME DOMAINTIME CONSTANT - T - ( seconds)
oat 01 eo OJ ei
EXPONENT-C
J Vi/ J
FREQUENCY DOMAINTIME CONSTANT -T- (seconds)
•S_________*S_________M_________BL
EXPONENT-C
FIG. 8. Cole-Cole parameters as determined through time-domain (by Scinlrcx) and frequency-domain (by Phoenix) measurements over line 8 W of the Detour deposit. Spectral parameters are omitted in the lime-domain data where the rms deviation exceeds 1.5 percent.
Spectral IP Parameters
APPARENT RESISTIVITY (ohm-m)
CHARGEABILITY (69O-IOSOra) mV/V
TIME CONSTAKT - T-(MCOndt)
CHARGEABILITY - m -(mV/V)
•o*______n*i too.
EXPONENT - C
" . V/1 . 1 . * . * s•i i- rt 01 *l .'l .'l *l .1 *I ij
Fia 9. Time-domain spectral IP results over a known gold producer. Deposit is centered some 50 m below station 450 S. An ironformation is located near the baseline.
Johnson
The L Jf zinc-copper-silvcr deposit is situated in the Abi tibi volcanic bell in northwestern Quebec. Three mineralized zones have been identified. Most prominent metallic sulfides are sphalerite, pyrite, and lo some extent chalcopyrite. The distribution patterns of zinc, copper, and silver are irregular at limes and inconsistent.
The Cole-Cole parameters c and T as determined by both methods for a portion of line 8 W are shown in pseudoseciion form in Figure 8. The line was traversed from north to south with the current dipole trailing. Economic mineralization is known at depths of 10 lo ISO m and from stations l S to 3 N. Both methods produced a coincident apparent chargeability high/apparent resistivity low with anomalous values from S S to 7 N. From the lime-domain data, average apparent chargeabilities (610 to l OSO ms) were up to 3 mV/V away from the anomaly and. over 100 mV/V near station l N. Apparent resistivities were on the order of l 000 lo 3 000 CI-m (host) and less than 100 fi - m over limited segments of the anomaly.
Both pseudosection pairs in Figure 8 show relatively higher lime constants and exponent values over the center of the deposit A detailed comparison reveals a number of differences, some of which may be caused by the following. The time- domain data by current standards are noisy. Spectral parame ters were not plotted when the rms deviation exceeded 7.5 percent. Even with this rather high cut-off a number of plot points in the time-domain pseudosection remain blank. Fixing the exponent in the frequency-domain analysis may affect the comparison.
This comparison suggests that both methods will produce spectral parameters which are al least roughly equivalent. Re sults of this type would be more informative if they were of better quality and more extensive. The work cited is. however, the only controlled in-field comparison of the two methods available at this time.
An exploration application
In 1983. the Ontario Geological Survey sponsored a series of geophysical surveys by Sdntrex Limited over known gold de posits in the Beardmore-Geraldton greenstone belt. The results of this work are described in the open file report by Marcotte and Webster (1983). Part of this work involved an IPR-ll survey on five lines over the Jellicoe deposit Earlier gold pro duction came from a sheared silicified and brecciated zone of quartz stringers and veinlels hosted by arkose. Mineralization consists of gold and disseminated sulfides (pyrite, arsenopyrite, and sphalerite) up to 10 percent locally. The deposit is centered some SO m subsurface. Overburden is moderately conductive and of 10 to 20 m thickness. The host rocks are Precambrian metasediment! including arkose and greywacke. The deposit is some 200 m south of an extensive and prominent iron oxide formation.
The IP survey was carried out using a pole-dipole array with an a spacing of 25 m and n — l to 5. The results over one survey line are shown in pseudosection form in Figure 9. The apparent resistivity, eighth-slice chargeability. Cole-Cole lime-constant, chargeability, and c value are shown in contoured pseudo section form.
The deposit is centered at station 4SO S and is seen as a broad chargeability high. The apparent resistivity section shows no marked coincident low. Al the extreme north end of the line a
resistivity low and strong chargeability high are indicated. This is most probably an area of barren sulfides. probably pyrite associated with the iron formation.
The spectral IP results are interesting from a number of points of view. The lime constant of the deposit is higher than the host and yet noticeably lower than that indicated by the barren sulfides near the baseline. The true chargeability pseudosection has amplified the anomaly over the deposit. The c values show an average value consistent with expectations. The low c values of 0.1 over the deposit suggest more than one Cote-Cole dispersion may be present
CONCLUSIONS
A method for extracting Cole-Cole spectral parameters from routine time-domain IP measurements was developed, exer cised, and applied. Resolution over a broad range of lime constants was shown lo be possible given time-domain decays from transmitted waveforms with a pulse time of 2 s. The apparent c values are governed in part by the type of array geometry used. Limited field tests demonstrated a coarse agree ment with results seen in the frequency domain.
Independent of the direct use of the spectral parameters, the analysis procedure using the Cole-Cole model was found lo give a number of useful side effects. The agreement between measured and theoretical decay curves is an excellent way to quantify the noise quality of the measured decay. Method performance using a 2 s pulse lime suggests a maximum resolv able time constant of approximately 100 s. This may be used to predict pulse limes required to resolve targets of longer lime constants.
Further developments could make good use of a forward solution which can more adequately predict the spectral re sponse of more complex geologic models. More field work involving both the time- and the frequency-domain spectral IP methods is required. More spectral IP data from surface and downhole surveys would extend our understanding of the method and would contribute to its evolution.
The method appears a promising one for systematic appli cation to a variety of exploration problems. Field experience with the method should suggest the best uses of the information gained. Spectral IP results may be most useful when judged on a prospect-by-prospect basis. In-field spectral calibration through downhole and small-scale array studies and close liai son between geologists and geophysicist! will bc important.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The cooperation of Selco. Campbell Resources. Geopeko. and the Ontario Geological Survey is greatly appreciated.
REFERENCESDey. A, and Morrison. H. F, 1973. Electromagnetic coupling in fre
quency and lime domain induced polarization surveys over a multi- layered earth: Geophysics. 38.380-403.
Dolan. W. M, and McLaughlin. G. H, 1967. Considerations con cerning measurement standards and design of IP equipment, pans I and II. in Proc of the symposium on induced electrical polarization: Univ. of California. Berkeley. 2-31.
Gupta Sarnia. D, Jain. S. C, and Reddy. B. S, 1981. True and apparent spectra of buried polarizable targets: Rep. no. IND/74/OIM8. Nat. Gcophys. Res. Insl.. Hyderabad. India.
10
Spectral IP ParametersI f. P. G, and Pellon. W. H.. 1980. The removal of inductive
coupling effects from spectral IP data: Presented at the SOih Annual International SEC Meeting. November, in Houston.
Halverson. M. O, Zinn. W. G, McAlisler. E. O, Ellis. R, and Yates. W. C, 1978. Some results of a series of geologically controlled licit! tests of broadband spectral induced polarization: Presented at the 48th Annual International SEG Meeting. November l in San Fran cisco.
Jain. S. C, 1981. Master curves for derivation of Cole-Cole parameters from multichannel lime domain data: Rep. no. 1ND/74/012-20. Nat. Geophys. Res. Insu Hyderabad. India.
Major. J, and Silic, J, 1981, Restrictions on the use of Cole-Cole dispersion models in complex resistivity interpretation: Geophysics, v. 46.916-931.
Marcotte. D, and Webster. B, 1983. A report on geophysical surveys conducted in the Beardmore-Geraldton greenstone belt: Ontario Geol. Survey open-file rep. S469.
Pelton. W. H, Ward. S. H, Hallof. P. G, Sill. W. P, and Nelson. P. H,
1978. Mineral discrimination and removal of inductive coupling with multifrequency IP: Geophysics. 43.588-609.
Seigel. H. O, 1959. Mathematical formulation and type curves for induced polarization: Geophysics. 24.547-565.
Swift. C. M.. 1973. The L/M parameter of lime domain IP measurements—A computational analysis: Geophysics. 38.61-67.
Tombs. J. M. C, 1980. A study of induced polarization decay curves: Rep. no. 102. Inst. Geol. Sci. (London). Appl. Geophys. Unit. London.
———— 1981. The feasibility of making spectral IP measurements in the lime domain: Geoexpl, 19.91-102.
Wait. J. R, Ed, 1959. Overvoltage research and geophysical appli cations: Pergammon Press.
Voglesang. D, 1981. Relations of IP decay curve statistics and geolog}: Geophys. Prosp, 29.288-297.
Wynn. J. C, and Zonge. K. L.. 1977. Electromagnetic coupling: Geo phys. Prosp, 25.29-51.
JVX LTD.CO WEST WILMOT SOTCH. UNIT 22MMMNDMU. WMHO US IMS
(416) 731-0872
Time Domain Spectral IP Examples from Western Canada
by
lan M. Johnson JVX Limited
Steve McMullan Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation
Blaine Webster JVX Limited
Ron Matthews Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation
Prepared for delegates to the 90th Annual General Meeting of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, May 8-12,1988, Edmonton,
Alberta
ABSTRACT
In the case of time domain spectral induced polarization surveys, the spectral parameters are extracted from the measured decays. The result is a better understanding of the physical character of any IP targets and hence a better interpretation.
The spectral information has been found useful in gold exploration where it may be important to distinguish between disseminated and massive metallic sulphides. The method is described and illustrated with model and survey examples. Advantages and costs are discussed.
Survey results are shown from three Saskatchewan gold deposits: Laurel, Jojay and Tower Lakes. These examples include spectral IP results from both pole-dipole and gradient arrays. An interpretation method based on the spectral IP, resistivity and magnetics results is demonstrated over each deposit.
TIME DOMAIN SPECTRAL IP EXAMPLES FROM WESTERN CANADA
INTRODUCTION
Induced polarization l resistivity surveys are a common ingredient in Canadian gold exploration programs. This is because the IP method is effective in detecting disseminated metallic sulphides which are often found associated with gold. Other common geophysical survey methods such as magnetics. VLF and EM are not generally capable of direct detection of disseminated sulphides.
Since the introduction of the IP method in the 1950s, it has undergone continuous improvement. The most recent is the development of time domain receivers which record the full decay. A more complete measure of the response is obtained making it possible to analyse and enhance the quality of the data and derive parameters which characterise the measured decay. This extension of conventional time domain IP methods is called spectral IP. Time domain spectral IP surveys are attractive because they allow the possibility of separating IP responses which have similar amplitudes but are due to dissimilar geologic causes. The separation may be important in selecting IP anomalies for follow-up.
Time domain spectral IP survey results are presented over three known gold deposits in northern Saskatchewan - Tower Lake. Jojay Lake and Laurel Lake. The surveys were initiated and supported by the Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation (SMDC) and were carried out by JVX Limited using the Scintrex IPR-11 receiver and attendant spectral analysis software.
TIME DOMAIN SPECTRAL IP
In conventional time domain IP/resistivity surveys, the chargeability is recorded as an average value of the residual voltage after shut-off of an interrupted square wave. In spectral IP. the receiver samples the decay at a number of points. Each measured decay is then characterised
-2-
using simple models. The model most commonly used in spectral IP is the Cole-Cole model (1). This model is defined by four parameters. They are
1. R - the resistivity in ohm-meters2. MIP - the chargeability amplitude in mV/V3. tau - the time constant in seconds4. c - the exponent (dimensionless)
Theoretical decays for different Cole-Cole models are shown in Figure 1 (2). In practice measured decays are compared against a full set of such model curves. The best agreement yields the spectral parameters MIP, tau and c. The Newmont standard decay is shown as defined by the standard IPR-11 sampling points or slices.
The derived spectral parameters are used to supplement the conventional IP/resistivity survey results. Pseudosections of apparent resistivity and the eighth slice chargeability are often the basic presentation from profile type surveys. IP anomalies are picked from the chargeability pseudosections. The spectral parameters are also presented in pseudosection form so that they may be correlated with the picked IP anomalies. The parameters MIP and tau are the most useful in separating anomalies with similar resistivity and chargeability characteristics. The chargeability amplitude MIP is the most accurate measure of the volume percent metallic sulphides. The time constant is a measure of grain size. Finely disseminated sulphides will give a short time constant. Interconnected or more massive sulphides give a long time constant. The exponent c is a measure of the uniformity of grain size.
An example of the use of spectral IP surveys for gold exploration is shown in Figure 2 (3). Two distinct but similar IP l resistivity anomalies are seen in the pseudosections of apparent resistivity and chargeability. The time constant is however alternately short and long. The IP target showing the short time constant is the preferred target. Both anomalies have been drilled. The anomaly showing the short time constants was confirmed to be caused by fine grain disseminated sulphides. The long time constant anomaly was found to be caused by more coarse grained sulphides. Economic gold was found in association with the fine grained sulphides whereas only small amounts of gold were found in the area of the long time constant IP anomaly.
Time domain spectral IP is favoured for reasons additional to that of source discrimination. The extra information is gained at no penalty in survey speed. The analysis returns a measurement of data quality which can be used by the operator to improve survey procedures. The results of
-3-
surveys using different IP methods can be compared through the spectral IP model. The time domain IP method should evolve in the direction of spectral IP and instrument manufacturers will build receivers and transmitters which perform better under the added demands of spectral IP.
REGIONAL SETTING OF THE TOWER LAKE, JOJAY LAKE AND LAUREL LAKE
DEPOSITS
Figure 3 shows the location of these deposits relative to the regional geology of northeast Saskatchewan (4).
Current gold exploration in northern Saskatchewan has focused on known gold showings and their immediate surroundings in the Central Metavoteanic Belt of the La Ronge Domain particularly in the Sulphide Lake, Star Lake and Waddy-Tower Lakes areas. The Jojay Lake deposit is located approximately eight km north of the Star Lake mine. Most gold deposits in this area are structurally controlled and of quartz-vein type. Controlling structures may be high-temperature shear zones (Jojay Lake), or late low-temperature regional fault structures such as the Byers Lake fault (Tower Lake) (4).
Another major auriferous area is the Flin-Flon - Amisk Lake area in the Flin Flon Domain. Early generation gold occurences (e.g. Laurel Lake) in the West Channel of Amisk Lake are typified by quartz-vein systems surrounded by extensive alteration haloes of carbonate, sericite and silica (4).
TOWER LAKE PROJECT
The Tower Lake Project is a gold exploration joint venture operated by Golden Rule Resources Ltd. in partnership with Golds!) Resources Ltd. and the Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation. The project is located approximately 170 km northeast of La Ronge. Saskatchewan.
Geologic reserves of the Tower East deposit are 1.36 million tonnes at 3.4 g/tonne gold (1.5 million tons at 0.1 oz/ton). Definition diamond drilling of the deposit is currently in progress.
-4-
Geology
The project is within the Central Volcanic Belt of the La Ronge Domain which hosts most of the major gold occurences in the La Ronge area. The Tower East deposit is hosted by quartz diorite of the Brindson Lake Pluton and is associated with the regional Byers Fault system. Gold is associated with pyrite (H-/- pyrrhotite) which occurs most commonly as pervasive fine grained disseminations and stringers (5).
Gold varies directly with pyrite concentration and occurs as fine grained inclusions in pyrite with a few grains intergrown with calcite/quartz microveining. Pyrite concentrations vary between l y, and 57o in the mineralized zone. The pyrite mineralization occurs as fine grained disseminations and stringers as well as clusters of coarse grained euhedral crystals. The occurence of minor amounts of fine grained chalcopyrite typically marks areas of higher grade gold values (visible gold). The mineralized zones are 10 to 40 m wide and are covered with a variable thickness of sandy boulder till and minor glaciolacustrine clay.
Geophysical Setting
The Tower Lake deposit is outlined on the contoured magnetic map in Figure 4. The minimum contour interval is 100 nT. The Byers Lake Fault which marks the contact between mafic volcanics to the north and quartz diorite intrusive rocks to the south is seen as a break in the isomagnetic contours. IP/resistivity surveys were conducted over lines 0. 1W and 2W. The pole-dipole array with six dipoles and an 'a' spacing of 25 was used.
The geophysical signature of the deposit is that of a weak IP response. There is no direct magnetic or electromagnetic response associated with the deposit.
IP Survey Results
The IP/resistivity results for line 1 W are shown in contoured pseudosection form in Figure 5.
South of station 0+25 S bedrock responses are masked by conductive lake sediments. Mineralization in the Pat, A, and B zones correlate to a broad low resistivity zone of apparent resistivities less than 3000 ohm-m and anomalous M7 chargeabilities from 0+25 N to
-5-
2+OON (5.5 to 6.5 mV/V with background values of 1 to 4 mV/V). A local resistivity high at stations 1+25 N to 1+50 N may indicate an area of silicification. The Byers fault is interpreted at 2+25 N and is shown by a 125 m wide zone of low changeabilities. A contrasting basement rock type is evident north of 3+25 N shown by apparent resistivities greater than 3000 ohm-m and higher chargeabilities.
The lower two pseudosections show the spectral time constant and chargeability amplitude. Plot positions with no data are where the IP decay has been judged too noisy for reliable determination of spectral parameters.
The time constant is consistently short in the area of the deposit indicating fine grained texture. The spectral chargeability amplitude may be used to pick the zones of highest metallic sulphide concentrations. The pseudosection shows three chargeability amplitude anomalies. These correspond to the three mineralized zones when proper allowance is made for a shift of about one 'a' spacing between the chargeability high and the causative body - the IP anomaly is one 'a' spacing before the target. This is the expected result when passing over a polarizable source which is more resistive than the host rock.
This is illustrated in the model results shown in Figure 6. Theoretical apparent resistivities and chargeabilities for a pole-dipole array passing over both a conductive-chargeable and a resistive-chargeable body are shown. The anomalies are centered over the target when it is more conductive than the host. For a resistive target, the anomalies are shifted and of less relative amplitude. This behavior is important when interpreting pole-dipole IP survey results for gold where resistive targets are the more common.
JOJAY LAKE PROJECT
The Jojay Lake project is a gold exploration joint venture operated by the Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation in partnership with Claude Resources Ltd and Shore Gold Fund Inc. The Jojay deposit is located approximately 150 km northeast of La Ronge, Saskatchewan. The deposit is within the Central Volcanic Belt of the La Ronge Domain.
Geologic reserves of the Jojay deposit are 281,227 tonnes at 8.9 g/tonne gold (310,000 tons at 0.26 oz/ton). The deposit is currently being considered for development.
-6-
Geology
The deposit is hosted by intermediate volcanics close to the fault contact with clastic metasediments. Pyrrhotite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite and quartz occur in a quartz-carbonate vein stockwork which is probably structurally controlled (6). Metallic sulphides range from O to 15*34. and average 2"fc of the rock volume. The deposit is 0.5 to 10 m wide and is covered with O to 10 m of sandy boulder till.
Geophysical Setting
The deposit is outlined on the contoured magnetics map in Figure 7. The minimum contour interval is 25 nT. The Gnat Lake fault is seen as a break in the isomagnetic contours. The Jojay Lake fault marks the contact between clastic metasediments to the west and mafic to intermediate volcanics to the east.
IP/resistivity surveys were carried out using both gradient ('a' - 25 m) and pole-dipole (six dipoles with an 'a* spacing of 25m) arrays. As gradient surveys are often two to three times less expensive than pole-dipole surveys, they are used initially to establish the regional IP l resistivity character. Profile surveys are scheduled later to provide detail in areas of interest.
The geophysical signature of the deposit is a strong magnetic anomaly with a strong IP response. Galvanic resistivity and electromagnetic surveys are dominated by surficial conductivity.
IP Survey Results
The apparent resistivities and chargeabilities from the pole-dipole suvey are shown as offset pseudosections in Figures 8 and 9 respectively. The resistivities are low (2000 to 5000 ohm-m) in the area of the Jojay fault relative to the volcanics to the east which show resistivities greater than 20,000 ohm-m. The resistivities to the west of the Jojay fault are on the same order as those seen in the area of the fault. This may be due to the overburden cover which consists of swamp and muskeg.
The chargeability pseudosections are dominated by strong responses which correlate with the mineralized area. IP response amplitudes in M7 are from 25 to 35 mV/V with background values of 5 mV/V. The IP anomalies do not separate mineralized zones. This might be expected given that the array spacing is twice their separation.
-7-
The spectral results for line 12+50 S are shown in Figure 10. The time constant is relatively long over the deposit suggesting coarse grained or at least somewhat connected sulphides. The chargeability amplitude suggests that there may be significant concentrations of metallic sulphides to the west of the Jojay fault. The spectral 'c' value is included for completeness. In theory, a high 'c' value suggests a single target - a low 'c' value suggests a mixture of polarizable sources is being measured.
The pole-dipole and gradient data is presented as contour plan maps in Figures 11 and 12 respectively. Both sets of maps show a low resistivity zone just west of a chargeabiltiy anomaly and as such the gradient array appears to have provided a reliable picture of the regional resistivity and IP character. Both survey methods gave a strong IP response over the deposit. The pole-dipole results give better resolution and a larger relative anomaly amplitude of the IP response which marks the deposit.
Spectral parameters may also be taken from the gradient array data. Results are usually less diagnostic as the array is less focused onto one polarizable source. This is seen in this case as well where the average 'c' values for line 12+50 S are 0.19 - gradient array and 0.26 - pole-dipole array. The time constant from the two arrays are in total disagreement east of the Jojay fault: the gradient array time constant is short (.01 to 1 s) - the pole-dipole array time constant is long (30 to 100 s).
LAUREL LAKE PROJECT
The Laurel Lake deposit is part of the Amisk Lake project operated by the Saskatchewan Mining Development Corporation in partnership with Husky Oil. The deposit is located on Missi Island of Amisk Lake approximately 25 km southwest of Flin Fton, Manitoba. The deposit is located within the Amisk Group volcanics which hosts all of the major base metal deposits in the Flin Flon area.
Geologic reserves of the Laurel Lake deposit are 255,800 tonnes at 15.1 g/tonne gold and 75.7 g/tonne silver (281.970 tons at 0.44 oz/ton Au and 2.21 oz/ton Ag). Underground exploration of the deposit will start in the spring of 1988 as part of an economic feasibility study.
-8-
Geology
The deposit is hosted by quartz-feldspar porphyry, part of an interpreted intrusive-flow complex. Mineralization is synvolcanic in origin. Metallic minerals include pyrite.tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena which occur as disseminations and veins in a broad sericite alteration zone (7).
Gold occurs as fine specks of free gold in and along intergranular boundaries between sulphide grains. Sulphides occur as veins, stockworks, disseminations and irregular masses. Mineralization occurs in discrete sub-zones which are distinguishable by their dominant ancillary sulphide species. Sulphide concentrations vary from 10^G to 30^* of the rock volume in a zone 1 to 2 m wide. Overburden cover is variable from O to 20 m thick consisting of glaciolacustrine clay and boulder till.
Geophysical Setting
The outline of the deposit is shown on the contoured magnetics map in Figure 13. The area of the deposit was surveyed with the gradient array and selected lines using the pole-dipole array. Electromagnetic or magnetic surveys have not been effective in outlining mineralization although they are useful for regional mapping. The most useful survey in mapping the deposit directly has been IP/resistivity.
IP Survey Results
The spectral IP l resistiviy results for line 1+25 W are shown in Figure 14. The mineralized zone correlates with a well defined chargeability high (anomly amplitudes in M7 og 6 to 9 mV/V with background values of 3 to 4 mV/V). A resistivity low with apparent resistivities from 300 to 1000 ohm-m from stations 1+25 S to 0+75 N may outline the zone of alteration which contains the deposit. The chargeability high which maps the deposit has somewhat higher resistivities within this resistivity tow. This could be interpreted as an area of silicification. The shape and location of the IP l resistivity anomalies are consistent with the model results shown in the tower half of Figure 6.
The time constant is uniformly short over the entire survey line. No significant difference in the texture of the polarizable material has been detected. The deposit appears to be due to fine grained material. The IP data set is of good quality as most of the spectral results have been
- 9 -
posted. The chargeability amplitude data defines the target zone somewhat better than the M7 results as the anomaly is some four to five times background.
Gradient surveys were conducted in two directions. The chargeabiltiy high seen in the pole-dipole survey which correlates with the deposit was noted in some of the gradient IP data. The results are however less distinct.
CONCLUSIONS
Time domain spectral IP l resistivity surveys were conducted over three known gold deposits in northern Saskatchewan. In all cases the deposits were seen as chargeability highs. IP anomaly amplitudes varied from weak (Tower Lake), through moderate (Laurel Lake) to strong (Jojay Lake). The spectral data (time constant and chargeability amplitude) were most useful! in the Tower Lake area where the conventional IP response was weak. This illustrates the role of the spectral IP method in providing better quality and more diagnostic IP data needed to better select anomalies for follow-up.
The apparent resistivity mapped the faults and alteration zones as resistivity lows. No clear correlation was seen with the mineralized zones but local resistivity highs may indicate areas of greater silicification and hence areas more promising for gold.
There is no consistent magnetics signature to the deposits. Magnetic anomalies in the Jojay area are probably due to high concentrations of pyrrhotite. This pattern is not apparent in the Tower Lake and Laurel Lake area. Electromagnetic methods are not used for direct detection as the deposits are associated with disseminated sulphides which are normally only detectable using IP methods.
The gradient surveys gave mixed results. The method worked well in the Jojay area. The gradient array results were less definite in the Laurel Lake area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The cooperation of Claude Resources Inc., Golden Rule Resources Ltd.. Goldsil Resources Ltd., Husky Oil and Shore Gold Fund Inc. is greatfully acknowledged.
-10-
REFERENCES
1. PELTON. W.H.. WARD, S.H.. HALLOF, P.G., SILL. W.P.. and NELSON.P.H., Mineral
discrimination and removal of inductive coupling with multifrequency IP; Geophysics: Vol 43. pp.588-609; 1978.
2. JOHNSON, l.M., Spectral induced polarization parameters as determined through time domain measurements; Geophysics: Vol. 49. No. 11; pp. 1993-2003; 1984.
3. JOHNSON, I.M. and WEBSTER, B.. Time domain spectral induced polarization: some recent examples for gold; presented at Exploration 87, Toronto. 1987.
4. SIBBALD, T.I.I.. Overview of the precambrian geology and aspects of the metalogenesis of northern Saskatchewan; Economic Minerals of Saskatchewan; C.F. Gilboy and LW. Vigrass eds.. Saskatchewan Geological Society special publication No. 8; pp. 1-16; 1987.
5. LAHUSEN, L. Geology and gold mineralization of the Tower Lake Project, Saskatchewan; presented at Geological Association of Canada - Mining Association of Canada Joint Annual Meeting, Saskatoon. 1987.
6. COOMBE, W.. Gold in Saskatchewan; Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Open File Report Number 84-1.
7. WALKER, T. and MCDOUGALL. F., Geology of the Laurel Lake gold-silver deposit; Economic Minerals of Saskatchewan; C.F. Gilboy and L.W. Vigrass eds.. Saskatchewan Geological Society, special publication No. 8; pp. 44-53; 1987.
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FIGURE CAPTIONS
Figure 1. Theoretical time domain IP decay curves for a fixed time constant and variable exponent. The Newmont Standard decay for a 2 s pulse time is shown with fitted time constant and exponent.
Figure 2. Time domain spectral IP results from near Chibougamau, Quebec. Shown in pseudosecion form are the apparent resistivity l 1 00. the eighth slice chargeability (690 to 1050 ms window), time constant and chargeability amplitude (MlP). Traverse direction is from right to left.
Figure 3. Regional geologic map of northeast Saskatchewan showing the position of the Tower. Jojay and Laurel Lake deposits.
Figure 4. Contoured magnetic map for the Tower Lake area. Minimum contour interval - 100 nT. The shaded areas outline the mineralized zones.
Figure 5. Contoured pseudosections of the spectral IP/resistivity results for line 1 W of the Tower Lake grid. Shown are the apparent resistivity (RHO) in ohm-m divided by 100. the eighth slice chargeability in mV/V (M7). the spectral time constant (tau) in seconds and the spectral chargeability amplitude in mV/V (MIP). B. A and PAT indicate mineralized zones. Traverse direction is from south to north.
Figure 6. Theoretical resistivity l I P pseudosections for a vertical tabular body at surface. Results are for a pole-dipole array traversing from left to right. Model host has resistivity of 100 and chargeabiltiy of 1. Model target has resistivities of 10 and 1000 respectively and a chargeability of 10.
Figure 7. Contoured magnetic map for the Jojay Lake area. Minimum contour interval ~ 25 nT. The shaded areas outline the mineralized zones, the Gnat and Jojay Lake faults and lines of pole-dipole survey coverage.
Figure 8. Offset pseudosections of the apparent resistivity from the pole-dipole survey over the Jojay Lake deposit. Traverse direction is from west to east. Faults are marked as F (Gnat Lake fault) and FI (Jojay Lake fault). Stars are positioned over mineralized zones. Vertical scale is 1:1250.
-12-
Figure 9. Offset pseudosections of the chargeability (M7) from the pole-dipole survey over the Jojay Lake deposit. Vertical scale is 1:1250.
Figure 10. Stacked pseudosections for line 12+50 S of the pole-dipole survey over the Jojay Lake deposit. Shown are the apparent resistivity in ohm-m divided by 100 (RHO). the chargeability in mV/V (M7). the spectral time constant in seconds (tau). the chargeability amplitude in mV/V (MIP) and the exponent 'c'.
Figure 11. Contour plan maps of the apparent resistivity and chargeability (M7) from the pole-dipole survey over the Jojay Lake deposit. Values from the second dipole have been used.
Figure 12. Contour plan maps of the apparent resistivity and chargeability (M7) from the gradient survey over the Jojay Lake deposit.
Figure 13. Contoured magnetics map for the Laurel Lake area. The minimum contour interval is 10 nT. The shaded area outlines the deposit.
Figure 14. Stacked pseudosections for line 1+25 W over the Laurel Lake deposit. Shown are the apparent resistivity in ohm-m divided by 100 (RHO). the eighth slice chargeability in mV/V (M7). the time constant in seconds (tau) and the chargeability amplitude in mV/V (MIP). Stars are positioned over the deposit. Traverse direction is from south to north.
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4
TIME DOMAIN SPECTRAL INDUCED POLARIZATION SOME RECENT EXAMPLES FOR GOLD
by
lan M. Johnson
and
Blaine Webster
JVX Limited Thornhffl, Ontario
Canada
Prepared for delegates to Exploration 87, September 27 to October l, 1987, Toronto, Canada
TIME DOMAIN SPECTRAL INDUCED POLARIZATION SOME RECENT EXAMPLES FOR GOLD
Spectral induced polarization was developed for the frequency domain in the 1970s. An early development was the establishment of the Cole-Cole model as that which best fit field results. The advantage to spectral IP was the ability to extract more usefull physical properties from survey data by way of the Cole-Cole model parameters. Among those are the time constant which is related to grain size and the chargeability amplitude which is related to the volume percent metallic sulphides. Application was not routine however because of the need to make sequential measurements of phase at a number of frequencies. This was and is too time consuming for most surveys.
The time domain equivalent was established in the early 1980s. In this case, the spectral parameters are extracted from the measured decays. This was an improvement on the frequency domain based method as all of the information needed for spectral IP is in a single measurement: survey production rates are unaffected.
The result has been the routine use by some of time domain spectral IP and the collection of a wide range of field experience. Methods of intepretation based on this experience have been developed. The spectral information has been found to be of particular use in gold exploration where the interest is often in fine grained disseminated sulphides. Coarse grained or massive sulphides may not be of interest. The spectral parameters may be the only indicators as to which is which.
The adoption of spectral analysis techniques for properly sampled time domain decays is a natural evolution of the IP method. IP receivers and transmitters, survey methods and analysis schemes are expected to evolve with time in response to the greater accuracy demands of spectral IP.
Spectral IP results from five areas in Ontario and Quebec are presented. AU of the data has been collected in exploration projects for gold. The Scintrex IPR-11 receiver and IPC-7 or TSQ-3 transmitter has been used throughout. The data have been collected by JVX survey crews using the pole-dipole array and a 2 second pulse time.
- 8 -
The spectral parameters may be used to separate cultural responses from those due to bedrock sources. The ratio of slices from time domain surveys is not equivalent to spectral analysis and the use of ratios will lead to errors where the ratio is related to the time constant or grain size. In addition, the ratio ignores the true chargeability amplitude which is used to indicate the concentration of disseminated sulphides.
The type of source discrimination seen with time domain spectral IP is not possible when measuring a single IP quantity such as a particular slice, PPB or phase at one frequency. These methods are restricted to a measurement of a quantity which is a mixture of source characteristics such as volume percent metallic sulphides and grain size. There is no way to extract each separately and the interpretation of such data is done and recommendations made while lacking important information.
The time domain spectral IP method does not suffer this limitation. The argument for spectral IP is particularly strong given that there is little effect on production rates when using the instrumentation, analysis software and field methods used for the results shown herein.
- 2 -
1. CfflBOUGAMAU AREA. QUEBEC
Figure l shows the results from part of a survey conducted in the Chibougamau area of Quebec. The data was collected with an a spacing of 25 meters and six potential dipoles. The survey area is covered with up to 10 meters of sand and clay overburden.
The contoured pseudosections show the apparent resistivity divided by 100. The chargeability is that of the eighth slice (IPR-11 designation - 117) which is taken over the period from 690 to 1050 milliseconds after shut-off. The unit of measurement is millivolts per volt (mV/V). The spectral parameters tau (time constant) and M are derived by comparing the measured decay curve with a library of known curves. The best fit between the measured curve and the chosen master curve is often better than 2 X rms deviation. The time constant is shown in seconds. The Cole-Cole amplitude factor M is shown in mV/V.
The IP survey mapped two anomalous zones. The northern zone, Zone A, at station 825N is characterised by M7 chargeability values of 30 to 33 mV/V. There is a slight decrease in the coincident apparent resistivity. The southern zone, Zone B-l, at station SOON to 575N exhibits slightly higher M7 changeabilities at from 33 to 39 mV/V and a resistivity response lower than background.
The most notable feature of these results is the clear difference in the derived time constant associated with the two zones. The spectral computation returned a high tau (time constant) for Zone A and a low tau for Zone B-l. The time constant is considered to be a semi-quantitative measure of grain size of the polarizable source. A high tau indicates a coarse grained source and a low tau indicates a fine grained source.
Diamond drilling has confirmed this interpretation. Drill testing of Zone B-l encountered a wide zone of fine grained disseminated sulphides with a ten foot section running 0.5 oz Au/ton. Zone A was tested 200 meters along strike from the profile and barren course grained sulphides were intersected.
It should be noted that without the spectral information, the zone A anomaly might have been selected as the more promising drill target. This would have been based on the higher apparent resistivities as a possible indicator of silicification.
- 3 -
This case history demonstrates the capability of the time domain special IP method to discriminate between anomalies that exhibit similar values of chargeability amd resistivity. In this project, the spectral parameters proved to be a valuable diagnostic in separating IP anomalies with associated gold from those without.
2. RATIOS vs. SPECTRAL IP
The ratio of selected slices has been suggested as an alternative to the time constant derived from spectral analysis. The idea is that polarizable sources which are fine grained will show a faster decay than that from course grained or massive sources. The ratio of chargeabilities from early and late times would therefore be greatest for fine grained and least for course grained sources.
This is correct in a rough sense only. The routine use of ratios as a substitute for the Cole-Cole model time constant is an error. Some reasons are:
1. All of the work which has been done on spectral IP (time of frequency domain) supports the Cole-Cole model. This is a three parameter model for chargeability with one parameter for amplitude and two parameters to describe decay curve shape. These two parameters are the time constant (tau) and the exponent (c). They are linked in a complicated way and there is no simple method in the time domain to separate their effects.
Characterizing the decay with a ratio assumes a two parameter model; amplitude and decay ratio. The ratio (or decay rate) is a mixture of time co""**p*- and exponent. Variations in the ratio can be due to variations in either time constant (ie. grain size) or exponent (ie uniformity of grain size).
The assumption that the decay can be characterised by a ratio is equivalent to setting the exponent to a value of 1.0 (ie. modelling the decay as a negative exponential). AU of the spectral IP work done to date suggests this is not the case. Exponent values between 0.1 and 0.5 are expected.
- 4 -
2. Spectral analysis uses a least squares fit over the whole measured decay. Ratios use two slices one of which is normally taken in the early part of the decay. Such slices arise from a short window width for which noise is greatest. Using one of the first four slices from the IPR-11 for example means the ratio is limited by data collected over 30 milliseconds. The spectral parameters are determined from data taken over almost 2 seconds.
3. For low exponent values (eg. 0=0.1), the differences in ratios is least pronounced. This is the expected value of c however (the Newmont standard decay fits best to a c value of 0.1). The following table lists the theoretical ratios of the IPR-11 M3 (fourth slice centered at 135ms after shut off) to 117 (eighth slice centered at 870ms after shut off). A Oole-Cole exponent of 0.1 and time constants of 0.01 to 100 seconds are used.
Cole-ColeTime
Constant (Sec) M3/M7
0.01 2.610.03 2.590.10 2.580.30 2.571.00 2.563.00 2.54
. 10.00 2.5330.00 2.51
100.00 2.50
The difference in the ratio between time constants for 0.01 and 100 seconds is only 4.2X. Assuming that MSrlO.OmV/V and M7r3.9mV7V and that M7 is error free, the full range of ratios is found within the range for M3 of 10.0 -l-/- 0.4mVXV.
Spectral analysis using the whole decay is not so dependent upon the quality of chargeability values for a single slice.
- 5 -
A field example of ratios vs. Spectral IP is shown in figure 2. The data is taken from figure 1. Reading from top to bottom, pseudosections show the Cole-Cole time constant, the exponent and the M3/M7 ratio. It is clear from this example that variations in the ratio may be explained by either a change in time constant (ie grain size) or a charge in exponent (uniformity of grain size). The ratio alone cannot be relied upon to discriminate between coarse and fine grained metallic sulphides.
3. POWER LINE RESPONSE
Figure 3 shows the measured apparent resistivity, eighth slice chargeability and time constant. These results are from a survey in Joutel area. A pole-dipole array with an "a" spacing of 25m was used.
A power line is located at station 975N. The pseudosection of chargeability shows a distinct anomaly which could pass for that due to bedrock sources.
The time constant is uniformly long under the power line. This pattern was repeated at all points where the survey passed under the power line. This result might be expected given the nature of the cause of the response. This same signature can be seen for fences.
The spectral parameters have been determined in an area of only modest chargeabilities. Away from the power line, background chargeabilities are low. The rms deviation between the measured and theoretical decays is greater than 5X due mostly to the resolution limit of the IPR-11 (0.1 mV/V). Five percent is the limit beyond which spectral parameters are not plotted.
The long time constant characteristic of cultural sources could be exploited when exploring for fine grained sulphides in their vicinity. Identification might be made on the basis of time constant alone.
4. SUFFIELD. QUEBEC
Figure 4 shows the IP/resistivity results for one line in the area of the Suffield mine, Sherbrooke, Quebec. A pole-dipole array with an "a" spacing of 100 feet was used.
The resistivity low and associated chargeability high west of the base line suggest massive conductor. This is supported by the long time constant. This interpretation is correct. This is the area where a graphitic phyllite outcrops. This unit is known to be conductive and may be mapped using EM techniques.
- 6 -
There is a subtle IP response in the area of station 300B. There is no parallel variation in apparent resistivities and an interpretation without access to the spectal information might have passed over this part of the pseudosection.
The spectral parameters however suggest that this may be an area of fine grained disseminated sulphides. The Cole-Cole amplitude M is as large at 300E as over the graphities. This suggests an equal amount of polarizable material. This information is not available from single slice (or phase or PPE) presentation. The M7 results at 300E are as uninteresting as they appear because the time constant is so short. The decay is faster than would be seen with a long time constant source. The amplitude is depressed at 117.
The area around station 300B was identified as one for further investigation. Drilling immediately to the north of station 300E revealed fine grained disseminated sulphides. The locally high resistivities were explained by silicification.
5. JELLICOE DEPOSIT. ONTARIO
In 1983, the Ontario Geological Survey sponsored a series of geophysical surveys over known gold deposits in the Beardmore-Geraldton greenstone belt. Part of this work involved IP surveys on five lines over the Jellicoe deposit. Earlier gold production came from a sheared silicified and brecciated zone of quartz stringers and veinlets hosted by arkose. Mineralization consists of gold and disseminated sulfides (pyrite, arsenopyrite, and sphalerite) up to 10 percent locally. The deposit is centered some 50m subsurface. Overburden is moderately conductive and of 10 to 20 m thickness. The host rocks are Precambrian metasediments including arkose and greywacke. The deposit is some 20O m south of an extensive andprominent iron oxide formation.The IP survey was carried out using a pole-dipole array with an a spacing of 25m and n^ to 5. The results over one survey line are shown in pseudosection form in Figure 5. The apparent resistivity, eighth-slice chargeability, Cole-Cole time-constant, chargeability amplitude, and exponent values are shown in contoured pseudosection form.
The deposit is centered at station 450S and is seen as a broad chargeability high. The apparent resistivity section shows no marked coincident low. At the extreme north end of the line a resistivity low and strong chargeability high are indicated. This is most probably an area of barren sulfides, probably pyrite, associated with the iron formation.
- 7 -
The spectral IP results are interesting from a number of points of view. The time constant of the deposit is higher than the host and yet noticeably lower than that indicated by the barren sulfides near the baseline. The chargeability amplitude has amplified the anomaly over the deposit. As in the earlier examples, the amplitude M is a more reliable indicator of the volume percent metallic sulphides. The single slice (or phase or PFE) is less reliable. Variations therein can be caused by changes in grain size alone.
6. AVERAGE CHARGEABILITY
Figure 6 shows the results from a survey in the Casa Berardi area in which the M7 presentation showed little obvious variation and therfore no clear indication of areas of greater interest.
The lowest pseudosection shows the average of all ten slices. Where the eighth slice (M7) is of 380ms width, all ten lices occupy a window width of 1760ms. This is more than a fourfold increase in time averaging. A two times increase in signal to noise results. Subtle variations in chargeability are amplified and areas of possible interest are more easily identified.
In some ways, the average chargeability shown here is the chargeability parameter with the greatest signal to noise ratio possible. The survey operator is concerned with noise in the decay. Power or measuring time requirements are hence more severe than would be seen if looking at the average alone. The high quality of the average chargeability data is a result of the care needed to make IP measurements accurate enough to be used for spectral analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
The spectral paramters have been shown to be useful! compliment to the traditional chargeability data. This is particularly true where it is important to separate fine grain disseminated sulphides from their coarse grained equivalents. This is important in gold ezplortion as it is common to find gold associated with fine grained sulphides.
The calculated spectral parameter M is a more reliable indicator of the presence of metallic sulphides. The time constant reflects grain size. Fine grained disseminated sulphides may yield little or no IP response when viewed through the non-spectral measurement of single slice (or PFE or phase). Spectral analysis corrects this problem and the risk of missing interesting targets is less.
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MK'-siryoi Northern Dev and Mines
Ontario
Report of worn uonouciea After Recording Claim
MMng Act /Personal i^TUjttonMftocted on thto forni to obtah^urtder^thto cosec. . should be dtaacted to the Provincial Mannar. MHng Unda. Mintotnj o( Northern Devetarjmenl Sudbury. Ontario. P3E 8A5. telephone (705) 670-7264.
Instructions: - Please type or print and submit in dupicate.- Refer to the Mining Act and Regulations for reg
Recorder.- A separate copy of this form must be complete*- Technical reports and maps must accompany tt- A sketch, showing the claims the work is asskji
2. 1 5406
41P11NBIOS6 2.15408 TYRREU. 900
Wofk Performed (Check One Work Group Only)
Total Assessment Work Claimed on the Attached Statement of CostsNotsc The Minister may rojoct for onuooBnionl work crodH all or part of the assessment work submitted if the recorded
holder cannot verify expenditures claimed in the statement of costs within 30 days of a request for verification.
Pereona and Survey Company Who Performed the Work (Give Name and Address of Author of Report)
t*,//,
— m *^— — — * — *— * |^^^.Mt^.^A01 Denencav merea* ^ gfc^^. UJ^A fca— 4 — — MnAx^.^^b^see woie NO. i on reversel certify that at the time the tha ctafcra covered in thto work
certify Qist l have s personal knowledge of the facts sal forth in thto Work report, having pai Ra completion and annexed report to true.
ed the work or
-W6-73/-M7&For Office Use Only
RECEIVEDLARDER LAKE
MINING DIVISION
APR 27 .W4
liOsi 1
CmKtt you are claiming in this report may be cut back. In order to minimize the adverse effects ol such deletions, pteasc indicate from which chirm you wish to priorize the deletion of credits. Please mark (^) one of the following:1. D Credits are to be cut back starting with the claim listed last, working backwards.2. D Credits are to be cut back equafly over aH claims contained in this report of work.3. D Credits are to be cut back as priorized on the attached appendix.
In the event that you have not specified your choice of priority, option one wffl be implemented.
Hotel: Example* of beneficial Interest are unrecorded transfers, option agreement*, memorandum of agreements, etc., with respect to the mining i ~
Note 2: H woifc has been performed on patented or leased land, please complete the following:
l cwttfy ttut th* recontod holder had a beneficial (merest in ilw patented or teased land at the tbm the work was performed.
Signature
il fr (A)C: \. \*
J^^
o Ci
Iffill*
5X1
S S Q C 8 o
Qilt
A*
o
Credits you are claiming in this report may be cut back. In order to minimize the adverse effects of such deletions, please indicate from which claims you wish to priorize the deletion of credits. Ptoase mark (^) one of the following:1. D Credits are to be cut back starting with the claim listed last, working backwards.2. G Credits are to be cut back equally over an claims contained in this report of work.3. D Credits are to be cut back as priorized on the attached appendix.
In the event that you have not specified your choice of priority, option one wHI be implemented.
t unrecorded transfer*, option agr i., wHIi respect
Note 2: H work l l on patented] or tend, pit
l certify thai the recorded holder had a beneficial interest in or toned land at the thm the work was performed.
Signature Date
I
Cox.
*rNl V
{iir"
t
rru
Si•1*0
™
Credits you are claiming inithis report maybe cut back. In order to minimize the adverse effects of such deletions, please indicate from which claims you wish to pnonze the deletion of credits. Please mark (*^) one of the following:1. D Credits are to be cut back starting with the claim listed last, working backwards.2. D Credits are to be cut back equally over an claims contained in this report of work.3. D Credte are to be cut back as priorized on the attached appendix.
In the event that you have not specified your choice of priority, option one will be implemented.
otel: ExampleeofbeneflclaJlntereeten)iinreco4dedtransfers,oi)tkMiagnM to the mining claims.
fits, memorandum of agreements, etc., with respect
ote 2: If work has beam performed on patented or leased land, please complete the following:
l certify AatttMrwx)ntedhoMw had a beneficial interest bi Ilw palemed I^Bnature or leased land at the time Hw work was performed.
Date
MlnMryofNorthern Development
Ontario.lire du
•k*at daei
Statement off Costs for Assessment CreditEtat des couts aux flns du credit devaluationMining ActAol mir tee
DOCUMENT No.9480 NoJN'de
Peraonal Mbrmatton cotectad on into form to obtained under the authority of tha MMng Act Thto inforrnatton wH be used to matateto a record and ongoing alatua of the mining cMmfe). QuMttora about Into caeactton should bcdbwMdtotrwPnMnctollytonaow. iMMngBUnd^lAttotryofNo Dmtoproanl and Mlnaa. 4to Boor. 189 Cedar Straat. Sudbury. Ontario P3E 6AS. tatophona (7O5) 670-7264.
envartudatoLolaurtoeto pflfMnto foniNeto i
at aervbont a tar* a Jour un regtotre
renaaionBnients au chef provincial daa teneJna rnkaafs. rrdntotare du Devetoppemant du Nord at daa Mnaa. 159. ma Cedar. 4* etoga. Sudbury (Ontario) P3E 6A5. tfUphone (706) 670-7284.
1. Directwork Indaect costa are not
Field Supervision Supervision sur to terrain
NofeK The recorded hoktor wN be required to verity axpamtturea cWrmdki
vertllcsJion to not mads, Ihs Mbitoter may reject for i el or pert dine •Bsenment work submitted.
to present elat daa coots dana toe 30 tours auVant una damanda a cat eftot. Si to verMcetton n eat pea eftoctuao, to irentotre paut ratolar tout ou una partto daa travaux d'eveluetlon preeanata.
1. Work fitod within two years of completion to ctaimed et lOOTfc of the above Total Value of Assessment Credit
2. Work fitod three, four or five years after completion is ctaimed at 50* of the above Total Value of Assessment CredL See
1. Let trevaux dftpoafa dana toe deux ens renfcouratsa100*4dsto ducrtdl
l AIMx 0.50
2. Lee travaux depoasstroto.quetfeouclnq ana apres tour iaont remboureas a 50 H de to vetour totato du credtt tfeVakjaaon suamentionnA. Vdr toe caJcuto cMessoue.
x 0.50 -
U^kflMkolflM^Hvefnyincj
l hereby certify:that the amounts shown are as accurate as possible and these costs were Incurred wtiHo conducting assessment work on the lands shown on the accompanying Report of \
that ae •W) outnortZBG
que tosmontants JndTquee aont to plus exact poaafcto et que ces depenees orrt ett enoagees pour effectuer toe travaux d evatuation sur lee terrains indtojuesdans taformuto de rapport detravaJcHoint
•inil-unmil ^n.^ -ASSt*"1*186Et qu'a tttre de
(HbWr* cn
4 tn1mtn ^^nMi^ ^kH^^aA^kA&Wrik raire cene anesuunn.
0012(04*1) Mom: Dent o*Ot farmuto. toraqu'a Diilgni du pmMnnaa. to—————MnT
OntarioMinistry ofNorthern Developmentand Mines
Ministere du Developpement du Nord et des Mines
933 Ramsey Lake Rd., 6th Floor Sudbury, Ontario P3E 6B5
Telephone: (705) 670-5853 Fax: (705) 670-5863
Our File: 2.15406 Transaction f: W9480.00212
July 28, 1994
MINING RECORDER Ministry of Northern Development and Mines 4 Government Road East Kirkland Lake, Ontario P2N 1A2
Dear Mr. Spooner:
RES APPROVAL OF ASSESSMENT IV TYRRELL
WORK SUBMITTED OH CLAIMS L 1151466 ET AL.
A Notice of Deficiency was not issued on these Reports of Work prior to the 90 day deemed approval date and as outlined in subsection 6(5) of the Mining Act Regulations this Report of Work is deemed approved as of July 26, 1994. The Assessment credits are as listed on the original submission.
Please indicate this approval on the claim record sheets.
If you require further information please contact Dale Me (705) 670-5858.
Yours sincerely,
anger at
Ron C. GashinskiSenior Manager, Mining Lands Section Mining and Land Management Branch Nines and Minerals Division
tJ/DElEM/dl
cc: Assessment Files Of f i Sudbury, Ontario
Resident Geologist Kirkland Lake, Ontario
MKC.stry oi j \ \j Northern Development and Mines
Ontario
Report of work lanauciea After Recording Claim
Mining Act
bCCOMENT NO.
li- ~ -nation collected on this term Is obtained under the authority of the Mning Act. This Infonnaflonwil be used foe conesporxlem*. Question about this ootac. should be directed to the Provincial Manager. Mining Lands. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. Fourth Floor. 159 Cedar Street. Sudbury. Ontario. P3E 6A5, telephone (705) 670-7264.
Instructions: - Please type or print and submit in duplicate.- Refer to the Mining Act and Regulations for req
Recorder.- A separate copy of this form must be complete*- Technical reports and maps must accompany tt- A sketch, showing the claims the work is assigi
2. 15406
41P11NE0056 2 15406 TYRRELL 900Recorded HoUsr(s) ^ ,
h /St o t ATI OMS LID./5/iife
M or G No.
To:
Work Performed (Check One Work Group Only)
Total Assessment Work Claimed on the Attached Statement of CostsNote: The Minister may reject for assessment work credit all or part of the assessment work submitted if the recorded
holder cannot verify expenditures claimed in the statement of costs within 30 days of a request for verification.
Persons and Survey Company Who Performed the Work (Give Name and Address of Author of Report)Name Address
(aw) o?7 /O/
(attach a schedule If necessary)
Certification of Beneficial Interest * See Note No. 1 on reverse sidel certify that at the time the work was performed, the claims covered in mis work report were recorded in the current holder's name or held under a benofcial interest oy the current recorded holder.
Certification of Work Deportl certify that l have a personal knowledge of the facts set forth in this Work report, having performed the work or witnessed tts completion and annexed report is true.
during and** alta
Office Use Only *SBafrRECEIVED
LARDER LAKE MINING DIVISION
0041(03*1)
!
i!t
-c:A
i
eg iIrSai
Credits you are claiming in this report may be cut back. In order to minimize the adverse effects of such deletions, please indicate from which claims you wish to priorize the deletion of credits. Please mark (^) one of the following:
1. D Credits are to be cut back starling with the claim listed last, working backwards.2. D Credits are to be cut back equally over all claims contained in this report of work.3. D Credits are to be cut back as priorized on the attached appendix.
In the event that you have not specified your choice of priority, option one will be implemented.
lNote 1: Examples of beneficial Interest are unrecorded transfers, option agreements, memorandum of agreements, etc., with respect
to the mining claims.
Note 2: If work has been performed on patented or leased land, please complete the following:
l certify thai the recorded holder had a beneficial interest in the patented or leased land at the time the work was performed.
Signature Date
(AtA)
O
li
J*
AJ
C7V?
Os g- Ci
C
SY
CiG
fQC
1fi
[ffi
O o-no:
O
UCredits you are daiming in this report may be cut back. In order to minimize the adverse effects of such deletions, please indicate from which claims you wish to priorize the deletion of credits. Ptease mark (^) one of the following:1. G Credits are to be cut back starting with the claim listed last, working backwards.2. D Credits are to be cut back equally over all claims contained in this report of work.3. D Credits are to be cut back as priorized on the attached appendix.
In the event that you have not specified your choice of priority, option one will be implemented.
Hotel: Example* of beneficial interest are unrecorded transfers, to tne mining claims*
Note 2: If work ha* been performed on patented or
on agreement*, memorandum of agreements, etc., with respect
land, please complete the foNowtng:
l certify that the recorded holder had a beneficial interest in the patented or leased land at the time the work was performed.
Signature Date
^l
fi Co fi
**lvl
•fi
lil!
Msill l
U
M M*u
Credits you are claiming in this report may be cut back. In order to minimize the adverse effects of such deletions, please indicate from which claims you wish to prlorize the deletion of credits. Please mark (^) one of the following:1. D Credits are to be cut back starting with the claim listed last, working backwards.2. Q Credits are to be cut back equally over all claims contained in this report of work.3. D Credits are to be cut back as priorized on the attached appendix.
l In the event that you have not specified your choice of priority, option one will be implemented.
ote 1: Example* of beneficial Interest ara unracorded transfers, option agreements, memorandum of agreements, etc., with respect
ote 2: If work has been performed on patented or leased land, please complete the following:
l cwWy thai the recorded hoktor had a beneficial interest in the patented or iMMd land at Ilw time the work was performed.
si9nature Dale
Ontario
Ministry ofNorthern Developmentand Mines
- .teredo/etoppement du Moid
6t (toft (IMAM
Statement off Costs for Assessment Credttttat des coOts aux fins du credit d'evaluationMining Act/Lot sur tos mine*
DOCUMENT No.M80
Pereonal information collected on this form is obtained under the authorily o* the MMng Act. This information wM be used to maintain a record and ongoing status of the mining daim(8). Questions about this cosec lion should be directed to the Provincial Manager. Minings Lands. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, 4th Floor. ISO Cedar Street. Sudbury. Ontario P3E 6A5. telephone (705) 670-7264.
Lee lonsoigneiiMNiti personnels contenus dans la pntoonts fm mute sort recueMs en vertu de la Lot sur lee mines ei serviront a tenlr a Jour un registre des concessions mMeres. Adresser toute ojueetton sur la oolece de cee rensoignemonuj au chef provincial des terrains mWen. ministere du Devetoppement du Nord et des Mines. 158. rue Cedar. 4* etage. Sudbury (Ontario) P3E 6A5. telephone (705) 670-7264.
1. Direct Costs/Gouts direct*
Field Supervision Supervision sur to terrain
Contractor's and Coneuttanfe
TUP* ifjtJSTiSt.*t*
Total Direct Cods Total de* coot* direct*
2. Indirect Costs/CoOte Indirect*ctoMngRehaM
Pour to mnbouvMiMfll (tot tfwwix do rMu*biMflliont tosoouts (nonetd'evaluatton.
Type
NeunNureet
J^aanHr^ina*uncnpoon Amount Montant
Totab Total global
Sub Total of Total psrttal
(net (a'exctdantpasM*
ToM Value of (Tett ef Ofeect
Note: The recorded holder wH be required to verify expenditures daimed in this statement of coats within 30 days of a request for verification. If verification is not made, the Minister may reject for i aH or part of the assessment work submitted.
i tenu de verifier tos (to present etat des coOts dans toe 30 jours sufvant une demands a eel effet. Si to. verification n'est pas effectuee. to mMstre pent retoto ou une partto des travaux d'evaluation prosentei.
Fling Discounts
1. Work fitod within two years of completion is daimed at 10Mb of the above Total Value of Assessment Credit.
1. Lee travaux deposes dans toe deux ans auivant tour achovemont
2. Work fitod three, four or five years alter completion is daimed at 50** of the above Total Value of Assessment Credit. See
Total Value of Assessment Creditx 0.50 -
2. Les travaux deposes trots, quatreoutinq ans apres tour achevement sort rembourses a 50 H de to vatour totato du credt devaluation susrmntionne. Voir tos ceJcuto CKtossous.
x 0.50
CwUflcatlon Verifying Statement of Coste
l hereby certify:that the amounts shown are as accurate as possible and these costs were incurred white conducting assessment work on the lands shown on the accoeipanjring Report of \
that as , ___(Recorded Holder. AgwM.
to make this certification
in Company)
Attestation de I'etat dM coOts
J'atteste par la present* :que lee mordants indiques sont le plus exact possible et que ces depenses ont ete engagees pour effectuer toe travaux d'evaluation sur toe terrains indiques dans la formute de rapport de travai ci-joint
am authorized Et qu'a titre de je suisautorise
a faire cette attestation.
0212 (OW91) Nota:Oans
OntarioOf f X. -. , . . j .Ministry of Ministere du 933 Ramsey Lake Rd. , 6th Floor
Northern Development Developpement du Nord Sudbury, Ontarioand Mines et des Mines P3E 6B5
Telephone: (705) 670-5853 Fax: (705) 670-5863
Our File: 2.15406 Transaction f: W9480. 00212
July 28, 1994
MINING RECORDER Ministry of Northern Development and Mines 4 Government Road East Kirkland Lake, Ontario P2N 1A2
Dear Mr. Spooner:
RK: APPROVAL OF ASSESSMENT WORK SUBMITTED OM MINING CLAIMS L 1151466 BT AL. IH TYRRELL TOWNSHIP.
A Notice of Deficiency was not issued on these Reports of Work prior to the 90 day deemed approval date and as outlined in subsection 6(5) of the Mining Act Regulations this Report of Work is deemed approved as of July 26, 1994. The Assessment credits are as listed on the original submission.
Please indicate this approval on the claim record sheets.
If you require further information please contact Dale Messenger at (705) 670-5858.
Yours sincerely,
Ron C. GashinskiSenior Manager, Mining Lands Section Mining and Land Management Branch Mines and Minerals Division
EM/dl
cc: Assessment Files Office/ y Resident GeologistSudbury, Ontario ^ Kirkland Lake, Ontario
geology rcferencc-COBALTRESIDENT GEO.Knight Twp. - M 228
Jt+l yC ia**^ A,
s I 'I**'* l
i f \ v-"T1147087 JI|4TO*8 |\ " •L *""~""""
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SHOWS THE APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF THE BOUNDAI
Leonard Twp - M. 232NOTICE OF FORESTRY ACTIVITYINK TOWNSHT ; ARM FALL* WITHN THE __
ELK LAKE MANA4CMCNT j^NlT
COPY OF l HIS MY', AR ARCHIVuP NOV ' .i'" 1.
-OPY Of THIS MYUAM ARCWVtO rfcB
THIS
THE TOWNSHIP OF
TYRRELLDISTRICT OF TIMISKAMING
LARDER LAKE vMINING DIVISION
( ' SCALE: 1-INCH 4O CHAINS
LEGEND
PATENTED LANDCROWN LAND SALELEASESLOCATED LANDLICENSE OF OCCUPATIONMINING RIGHTS ONLYSURFACE RIGHTS ONLYROADSIMPROVED ROADSKINO'S HIGHWAYSRAILWAYSPOWER LINESMARSH OR MUSKEGMINES 'CANCELLEDPATENTED FOR SURFACE RIGHTS ONLY
MCTKS400' Surface Rights Reservation p long theshores of ali lakes 8. rivers
Areas withdiawi. (tom \tnkiMq ur*H*r Section 43 of the Mini. 19 Ac M R S O I97O) Order No File Date Disposition
20,4/78 S HOWZO/7B 87848
Surf^M and Mining Rights wall Crovn Lind in this township Uithdrawn froa prospecting, staking out, salt or lease
, Itftion 36 R.B.O. 19BO Thi Mining Act. Order WU li l 82 effictivi October IB, 1982 at 2:00 pi.
•H Par^ of or*tr PI tl 7 82 RE-OPENED hv ordtrIH|LOi-80 m iffertivi April 3.1MO it 7lOO AU I.8.T -~- *- - v
Burfati and Mining Rights Uitftrawfroj •taking tett^pn tf of tkt Mining Act R.B.O. 1980. Order U-L2-90 MER jfftctivi ' on April 3,1990 at 7i01 AN E.S.T.
.. .. Part of ord.r W-L2-9O NW REOPENED by ord.r ~v 0-ONT-O6/92 NER/CR •ffvcllv* March 18 I9M ol 4.IS pm E.8.T
*w* Part of ord.r W-L2-90 NCR REOPENED by ord*r O-ONT-07/92 NER/CR dal*4 March 2* 1992 af 8:45 am E.S.T. Thli OHM com** Inla .ff.cl at 7:OO AM E4.T on JUNE 1. 1992.
Township closed lu stoking effective MayS/7^, Section 38( f) of the Mining Act.
PLAN NO.-
ONTARIO
MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCESSURVEYS AND MAPPWG BRANCH
, THE INFORM* APPEARS ON HAS BEEN i FROM VARIOUS AND ACCURA( GUARANTEE! WISHING TC* ! ING CCAIM6 Sh SULT WITH Tl RECORDER, Ml NORTHERN ,
*MENT AND MIN
LANDS N
SUBJECT OF CURRENT LITIGATION. THE EXACT LOCATION WILL BE SHOWN FOLLOWING
P.O. POX 129 SWASTIKA, ONTARIO POKITO 700,^42-32*2
41P11NEQQ562 15406 TYRREU 200 PARTIES TOTHE
UJ
41P11NE0056 2 15406 TYRRELL
2. 15406
WEBSTER 7 GOLDEYE PROPERTY SHINING TREE AREA
TYRRELL TWP., ONT. ___________N.T.S. 41 P/ll__________
CLAIM MAP
M.N.R. CLAIM MAP No. M 253
100 100 800 800
METRES
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TOTAL MAGNETIC FIELD :
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. 15406
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TYRRELL TWP., ONT. N.T.S. 41 P/ll
MAG. PROFILE SCALE : l cm rep. 500 nT (POSITIVE N Se W)MAG. BASE LEVEL : 58 000 nT
VLF PROFILE SCALE : l cm rep. 25 ?S (POSITIVE N fie W) TRANSMITTER STATION : NAA (CUTLER, MAINE) 24.0 kHz
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DflTE : WINTER 1994 REF : 9411
SCflLE :: 1: 2500
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INDUCED POLflRIZflTION SURVEY
POLE-DIPOLE flRRflY475H ,45PM ,42SH , 40pH ,37SH 17SE .2006 ,22SE .2506 ,27SE ,30pE ,325E ,35pE , 375E
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2-5 2-3 2.4 2.2 2.8 2.6 2.4
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SCflLE = l: 2500
LINE : -300 S
INDUCED POLRRIZflTION SURVEY
POLE-DIPOLE flRRflY325 M ,30pU ,275U ,25flU 25pE ,275E ,30pE ,325E ,35pE ,375E50QW ,475M , 450H , 425M
RESISTIVITY-0234.0225.0220-0232.0257.0 • 8K3.4K 5.6IC 4.0K 5.9KN:l 23.6K 48-OK42.8K.17.-8K 16.9K 16-5K 9-7K
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WEBSTER/GOLDEYE PROPERTY57500 L 50pM,475H 2006 ,225E ,25pE ,275E ,30pE ,325E275K .2SpM ,225W , 20pH 15M 125M 10H 75,6 , IQpE , 125E , 150E425H , 40pM , 375H ,35pW , 325H
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4 1.7 1-4 1.1 l
DflTE : WINTER 1994
SCflLE = 1: 2500
325E ,3SpE ,375E , 425E /SDE , 475E97SU 95pK 925MSISTIVITY RESISTIVITY
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SHININO TREE flREfl TYRRELL TWP., ONT.
5.2 ^.5 3.1 2-8 *
REF : 9411DflTE : WINTER 1994
SCflLE - 1 : 2500
\
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i
Plate 541P11NE0056 2.15406 TYRRELL 360
.IS* 0
LINE : -1500 S
INDUCED POLRRIZRTIQN SURVEY
POLE-DIPOLE RRRflY
PERTH POINT
N - l . 2. 3. 4. .. .
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BLRINE
TYRELLDflTE : 3/15/94
SCRLE - l: 2500
IPR-11
RESISTIVITY,30pH
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INDUCED POLRRIZflTION SURVEY
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o00 CO
DEPTH POINT
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BLRINE WEBSTER, ,,
TYRELL TOWTE : 3/15/94 1EF
SCRLE r l ; 2500
IPR-11
Plate 4 d
RESISTIVITY
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INDUCED POLnRIZflTION SURVEY
POLE-DIPOLE RRRflY37pH ^SpH .3Z5H ^DpH .275H ,25PM ^ZZSM t20pn ,17pH , ISpH , IZpH , LOpHl 75^ 5qn t Z^H | OE i Z^E , 5CJE 7^E ^OpE^Z^Ert ,5 '.-'.j l ' ~^" !
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INDUCED POLflRIZflTION SURVEY
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BLfllNE HEBSJSR
TYRELLJRTE : 3/15/94 REF :
SCflLE - l : 2500
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POSTED VALUES:
IN PHASE TO SOUTH AND EAST
OUT OF PHASE TO NORTH AND WEST
. 1 54061700 S
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TYRRELL TWP., ONT. ____N.T.S. 41 P/ll
VLF PROFILESPROFILE SCALE : l cm rep. 25 7. (I'OSITIVE N fie W)
TRANSMITTER STATION : NAA (CUTLER, MAINE) 24.0 kHz
SURVEYED USINGSCINTREX IGS-2/VLF-4
WINTER 1994
PLOTTED BYBtame Wetater
APR. 1994SCALE 1:500
JVX r*f. no 9411
41P11NE0066 2 16406 TYRRELL 420 ' 1 54
*
LINE 900 N
INDUCED POLRRIZRTION SURVEY
POLE-DIPOLE flRRRY
N z l . 2 . 3 , 4 . . . . *fl" SPRCING ^ 25-0 METRES
TYRELLDflTE : 3/15/94 RTF :
SCflLE ^ l : 2500
Plate 4 a
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N 4
MHJ f* r)
RESISTIVITY
M8 CMC
TOTAL MAGNETIC FIELD :
VLF IN PHASE :VLF OUT OF PHASE :
POSTED VALUES ARE TOTAL MAGNETIC FIELD1500 S
. 15406
1700 S
D O CD
O O CD
OO
O O CM
UJ
CD (X CD
UJ
O CD CNJ
D O
O O CD
O O CO
O O O
LU
O O CM
WEBSTER f GOLDEYE PROPERTYSHINING TREE AREA
TYRRELL TWP., ONT. ____N.T.S. 41 P/ll ——
VLF AND MAGNETIC FIELDMAG PROFILE SCALE . l cm rep. 500 nT (POSITIVE N fit W)
MAG. BASE LEVEL : 58 000 nTVLF PROFILE SCALE - l cm rep. 25 % (POSITIVE N 8t W)
TRANSMITTER STATION NAA (CUTLER. MAINE) 24.0 kHzSURVEYED USING
SCINTREX IGS-2 SYSTEM (MP-4 AND VtF-4) - WINTER 1994
100 100
PLOTTED BYBlame Weljslur
APR 1994PLATE 2
JVX raf no 0411
