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Naxalism: The state of Non- State Actor
Profile, potential & Way Ahead
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Understanding the Maoists & their Agenda
Understanding the state of Development in the region
Maoists Ability
Indias Strategy & Response to the Internal Security Threat
Long Term Prospect of Armed Struggle
Dynamics of Development vs. Marginalization
Presentation Focus
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Poverty Map of India
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Mineral Resources and Forest Cover Map of India
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Naxal Organization & Strategy
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Naxal Bari, WB ,
1967
Naxal Bari Village
now Peaceful
Naxal
Organization
1969
Group called India Committee
of Communist Revolutionaries
(CRC) led by Ideologue CharuMazumdar Formed CPI (ML)
Kanhai Chatterjee, Group
Formed Dakshin Desh.
Later became Maoist
Communist Centre (MCC)
National
Emergency
/ end of 1stphase
1978 Revival
Attempt. 1991
CRC-CPI (ML)
Liquidated
1980
Naxalite leader Kondappally
Seetharamaiah founded theCPI-(ML) Peoples War Group
CRC CPI-ML disappeared.
The MCC & CPI-ML (PWG)
remained Major Groups of theidea of Armed Struggle
2004
Grand Merger of MCC + CPI (ML)to become CPI (Maoist).
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The immediate aim of the party is to accomplish the New
Democratic Revolution in India by overthrowing imperialism,
feudalism and comprador bureaucratic capitalism only through
the Protracted Peoples War and establish the peoples
democratic dictatorship under the leadership of the proletariat.
It will further fight for the establishment of socialism.
Maoist Objective
Visible Contradictions in the Objective. However, seems to have
grown around strong Ideological base, Poverty & Marginalization,
Unequal Resource Distribution, Corruption & Trust Deficit on the
Govt. etc.
Article: 4, Party Constitution
Central Committee CPI (Maoist
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.
Immediate Goal
To accomplish New Democratic Revolution.
Distant Goal To Establish the Peoples Democratic Dictatorship under the
leadership of the proletariat.
Fight for the establishment of Communist Society or
socialism.
Method
- Through Armed Agrarian Protracted War.- The Area wise seizure of power.
- Encircling the cities from country side
Fighting to
1- Overthrow Imperialism/Feudalism /Bureaucratic Capitalism.
2 - Further fighting for the establishment of socialism
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Implication Of 2004 Merger
-The Merger Strengthened CPI (Maoist)
- Provided Assessment of earlier Failure
-Revised Strategy Documents
-
2004, (STIR) Strategy And Tactics of Indian Revolution
2007,(UPUA) The Urban Perspective: Our Work in Urban Areas
Both the Documents Demand Govt. of India to re-read Maoists
Strategy and their End Objective
Maoists Strategic Focus
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Assess that the Rebels are still basing theirrevolutionary tactics on the Lower Middle Class of
Indian Society. French Revolution Model.
In the absence of a strong Revolutionary Urban
Movement, the growth of the Peoples War willface limitations in its advancement.
What STIR Proposes
Reminds of the Dialectical Relationship between the
development of the Urban Movement and
Development of Armed Agrarian Revolutionary War
The shift from Rural Guerilla Strategy to Urban Areas call for
serious attention
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2007 UPUA
Working Class leadership is indispensible for New
Democratic Revolution in India. Working Class has to send
advanced detachments to Rural Areas.
Being Centers of Concentration of Industrial Proletariats,
Urban Areas play important role in the political strategy
of NDR to mobilize the proletariat
Establishing Revolutionary Base Areas first in Countryside where
the enemy (i.e. Govt.) is militarily weak. Then gradually
surround/capture the Cities which are bastions of Enemy Forces.
Mao Tse-tung -
Final Objective of Revolution is capture of Cities, the Enemys
main bases and this objective can not be achieved without
adequate work in cities.
Che Guevara- Importance of Urban struggle is Extraordinary.
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- Spread of the Threat- Organizational Strength
- Funding Source and Size
- Mass Support
- Political Support
Naxal Ability ?
- 09 States of India are Official Red Corridor of India.
- Spreads over 165 Districts.
- Strong Funding through various Methods.
- Mass Support at the grass root level has been the strength.
- International Supply Connectivity & Ideological Support.
- Political Parties willy-nilly Signal for narrow political gains.
- Receives Intellectual Support within India & Abroad.
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Chidamberam Puts it as 20 States in the context of
various groups adhering to this ideology or benefiting
from this offensive.
223 Districts in these 20 States are affected at
varying degree
Spreads over 2000 Police station Areas
The CPI(Maoist) remains the most potent of the
Naxal groups with a presence in 17 States and a
90% share in Naxal violence.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh & Home Minister P.
Chidamberam assess the internal security threat as
the biggest threat to India
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Additionally
- Acts of Train Derailment.
- Attacks on the Police Posts.- Civilian Violent Executions.
- Village level Atrocities.
- Low Intensity Hits against States.
Violence Profile
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Naxal violence Statement of Causalities
Year Fatalities
1996 -156
1997 -428
1998 -270
1999 -363
2000 -50
2001 -100 2002 -140
2003 -451
2004 -500
2005 -700
2006 -750 2007 -650
2008 -794
2009 -1134
BBC puts the losses at
6000 lives in 20 years.
The Times of India of
11 October 2009 puts
the number of dead in
three years at 2600.
They were all
killed by the Naxal
guerillas including a
number of civilians.
The largest number ofviolent activities
occurred in 04 states of
Chhattisgarh, Bihar,
Jharkhand and Orissa.
January 2006 - August 2009 the
number of people killed was2212.
During this period, 5800 violent
events took place.
Out of them, in 715 attacks inChhattisgarh, the number of
dead was 388 in 2006; 369 in
2007; 242 in 2008 and 180 up to
August 2009.
In Jharkhand the number of deadwas 124 in 2006, 157 in 2007,
207 in 2008 and 150 up to August
2009.
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Naxal Striking Potential therefore is real and can
pose serious strategic threat to India.
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Given the Maoists ability and escalation in target
causality, Maoists ability can not be undermined.
More over, there have been many recent arrests ofMaoists form Urban Areas which further speak of
their parallel net working in cities and its vulnerable
underbelly which is signal point
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Terror Economy Profile
Maoists Extort over Rs. 14 Billion Annually,
G K Pillai, Home Secretary, Govt. of India,
Red Money , Out Look, 5 April, 2010
Maoists Annually Extort up to Rs. 20 Billion from across
India. DGP, Vishwa Ranjan, Chhattisgarh. 29 Nov. 2009.
South Asia Monitor, April 2010
Naxal Strength Further Expands with their Economic Power toOrganize, Recruit & Perpetuate their Strength & Violence to
Force Submission. Size of Naxal Economy is indeed frightening
Chhattisgarh Chief Minister Raman Singh recently said that it is
between Rs 1,000 crore (Rs 10 billion) & Rs 1,200 crore (Rs.12
billion) per year.
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Bogus Naxal Extortion
Naxal extortion Gadchiroli: Aheri police arrested educationist and social
worker Shriniwas Ganmukulwar and his three aides for extortion in the
name of Naxalites in Gadchiroli on Friday.
This gang of pseudo Naxals used to threaten contractors and other
businessmen in Aheri, Alapalli and surrounding areas.
They have reportedly extorted lakhs over the last many years.
Sources said that Ganmukulwar is president of social organizationAntarashtriya Manavta Parishad and Sant Manav Dayal Education Society.
His society runs three schools for tribals in interior parts of Gadchiroli
district. The Times of India
Mon, Feb 11, 2013
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Extortions
Misir Mishra, Central Committee Member, CPI-Maoist- Arrested inJharkhand, March 2008, Confessed that the CPI-Maoists collected over
Rs.10 billion in 2007 through State Committees and had set a target of Rs.
11.25 billion for Y-2008. Corresponding levies seemed to have been imposed
on the State Committees.
The seized documents showed that Andhra Pradesh had gone
down in the fund raising ranking from 2nd to 3rd spot, after
Bihar & Chhattisgarh.
While Bihar raised Rs.2billion in 2007
Andhra Pradesh collections came down from
Rs.3billion to Rs.1 billion
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- Maoists Major Funding source is poppy / opium Cultivation.
Cultivation Areas
- Jharkhand - Gumla District Ghagra Area.
- Bihar - Parts of Gumla, Kishanganj & Purnia Districts.
- West Bengal - Mursidabad & Nadia Districts.- Orissa - Ganja (Cannabis) Cultivation, Ganjam,
Gajapati, Badgad & Malkangiri Districts. Badgad Epicentre
The above locations under the patronage of Maoists are
Known pockets of poppy cultivation exploited by Maoists.
(Union Finance Ministry Annual Report 2009-10)
Justice P K Mohanty Commission Report for Orissa
Drug Money
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Forces claim that opium fields are screened / hidden
behind peripheral maize cultivation.
- 2007- 6,000 hectares of illicit Opium grown destroyed in
Murshidabad & Nadia .
- 2009- Illicit Opium Destruction Operations on 1,443 hectors.
- Valued over Rs 12 billion.
Central Bureau of Narcotics (CBN)
Maoists as a whole worth around
Rs.20Billion or Rs.2000cr.
- It is more than double Govt. of Orissas Expenditure on Higher
Education/ Agriculture Sector etc.
- More than 5 Times of Orissas Energy Sector Expenditure
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Govt. Of India Response
"We must meet the challenge to fight againstMaoists and terrorism in the next two to three
years."P. Chidambaram
Strategy:
- Choking the flow of financial Resources
- Bolstering Strategic Ability
- Centre-State unified Intelligence Gathering & Sharing
- Ensuring Development in the strategic Areas throughroad net work connectivity, employment, etc.
- Above all wining the trust of the people who feel
marginalized
-
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Govt. Internal Security Allocation
Budget Estimates
2008 Y - Rs.23,700 cr. or Rs.23.7 billion
2009 Y Rs.36,841 cr. or Rs. 36.8 billion
P Chidambaram, DGP Conference
Need 65,000/ Troops to fight counter Terrorism Menace.
Top Army Brass, Indian Express, 4 Dec. 2011
With recent success in the Kishanjis encounter, there is agrowing feeling that Maoists are in the loosing ground. With
mounted security operations, the Govt. may be able to
impinge serious pressure on the Maoists
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Security
Spending
Profile:India
India
DefenceBudget
2012-13
US$ 40.44
Billion
Indias
Education
Outlay 4%
of GDP
Global Homeland Security Market to Worth $544.02 Billion by 2018
=$32.6billion
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Development Alienation & Maoism
- Around 49.5% of Tribals live under the official poverty line.
- 76.2% are illiterate.
- Almost 30% have no access to any medical facility or basic
amenities.
- Displaced from their land and discriminated against in theindustrial job market.
- They are now fighting to keep their land, their only
remaining resource.
- Orissa has70% of India's bauxite reserves -worlds 6th
largest- 90% of India's Chrome Ore and Nickel
-24% of its coal.
But the people in the Region continue to be poor
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Posco Orissa - 12 Million TPA
Mittal Steel Jharkhand 12 million tpa
Magnitogorsk Steel Orissa 10 million tpa
Tata Steel Orissa and Jharkhand 15 million tpa
Essar Steel Orissa, Chhattisgarh & Jharkhand 12 million tpaMittal Steel Orissa. 12 million tpa
It is a development dilemma
Mining Extraction Profile
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- Forest Act 1980 dissociated Tribal / traditional forestdependent communities from the forests.
- To protect flora, the Act restricted their interface with forests.
- The Scheduled Tribes and other Traditional Forest Dwellers
(Recognition of Rights) Act, 2006 was enacted to reduce
unrest among tribes due to eviction from forest.
- The government announced that all title deeds in respect of
occupations of forest land shall be distributed by the end of
2009 which is yet to be implemented effectively.
The Issue of Land
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The Expert Group on Prevention of Alienation of Tribal Land and
its Restoration Noting
- There have been serious procedure and practice related
anomalies in disposal of cases.
- The scale of pendency (more than 10 years)
Judicial Records, Govt. of India
3.75 lakh tribal land alienation cases by the non- tribals
registered for restoration.
Covering 8.5 lakh acres which is a small fraction of actual area.
Only in 1.62 lakh cases, the claims were decided in favor of tribals
covering an area of 4.47 lakh acres.
1.55 lakh Cases Rejected by Revenue Courts on various grounds
covering an area of 3.63 lakh acres.
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Employment provided
to households:
Persondays [in Lakh]:
Total: 842.47
SCs: 135.15 [16.04%]
STs: 362.14 [42.99%]
Women : 288.52 [34.25%]
Others: 345.18 [40.97%]
Total fund: 1916.29 Crore.
Expenditure: 1379.7 Crore.
Total works taken up: 1,60,813
Works completed: 75,767
Works in progress : 85046
MGNREGA Statistics
Jharkhand
17.02599
Lakhs
Employment
provided tohouseholds:
Persondays [in
Lakh]:
Total: 687.27
SCs: 76.82 [11.18%]STs: 215.85 [31.41%]
Women : 317.29 [46.17%]
Others: 394.6 [57.42%]
Total fund: 2013.87 Crore.
Expenditure: 1141.05 Crore.
Total works taken
up:1,79,987
Works completed: 21,094
Works in progress : 1,58,893
MGNREGA Statistics
CHHATTISGARH
Employment
Issue
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Employment
provided tohouseholds:
Person days [in
Lakh]:
Total: 1136.91
SCs: 515.06 [45.3%]STs: 24.59 [2.16%]
Women : 341.49 [30.04%]
Others: 597.26 [52.53%]
Total fund: 2213.59 Crore.
Expenditure: 1816.88 Crore.
Total works taken
up:158740
Works completed: 72587
Works in progress : 86153
Employment
provided tohouseholds:
Person days [in
Lakh]:
Total: 976.56
SCs: 177.02 [18.13%]STs: 347.19 [35.55%]
Women : 384.81 [39.4%]
Others: 452.35 [46.32%]
Total fund: Rs. 1789.95 Crore.
Expenditure: Rs. 1533.14 Crore.
Total works taken up: 2,20,906
Works completed: 59,278
Works in progress : 1,61,628
41.2733Lakhs
MGNREGA Statistics
Orissa
20.04815
Lakhs
MGNREGA Statistics
BIHAR
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Naxalism : Trust Deficit manifested
2007 NREGA Audit in Orissa Over Rs.700 cr. Allocated for
NREGA Schemes didn't reach targeted beneficiaries.
FICCI Task Force Report, 2008
UP Govt. Pays for 403 days of work to workersin a 365 days Year.
Times of India, 28th Nov.2011
Govt. as a whole admits serious lapses in
Development Schemes.
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Salwa Judum campaign: A guide on how to mainstream
peripheral armed conflicts
The real meaning of Salwa Judum, a language of Gondi
Adivasis, is shrouded in controversy.
The supporters of this campaign translate its meaning as peace
campaign.
The Naxalites on their part stated that Salwa means group and
Judum means hunting;
And therefore, they say, Salwa Judum is a group hunting of the
innocent Adivasis supporting the peoples movement, the
movement of the Naxalites.
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Until the launch of Salwa Judum campaign in June 2005, the Naxalite problem
was considered peripheral in Chhattisgarh.
Andhra Pradesh and Bihar were considered the centers of Naxalite conflict.Prior to June 2005, there were very few reports of Naxal violence from
Chhattisgarh.
However, displacement of 43,740 persons as on 31st December 2006/
involvement of the civilians in direct conflict with the Naxalites since June2005/ human rights violations committed by the security forces and the Salwa
Judum cadres in the process of bringing the villages under the Salwa Judum
fold/ and chilling massacre of the civilians participating in the Salwa Judum
campaign by the Naxalites/ virtually ensured that the Naxalite conflict no
longer remained a peripheral one.
The experiences of the Salwa Judum campaign came to mean how to
mainstream peripheral armed conflict for effectively implementing some of
the Donts in armed conflict situations.
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According to the estimates of Asian Centre for Human
Rights, the security forces and the Salwa Judum cadres
have killed 330 persons during 2006.
Of them, 114 persons were killed in Chhattisgarh, 108 in
Andhra Pradesh, 36 in Maharashtra, 27 in Jharkhand, 21 in
Bihar, 17 in Orissa, 4 in West Bengal, 2 in Uttar Pradesh and
1 in Karnataka.
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ACHRs representatives visited the IDP camps again on 1-5 Janaury 2007 and were informed that
there were 43,740 internally displaced persons in 20 relief camps as given below:
List of inmates in Salwa Judum Camps
Sl No. Name oftheDevelopment Block
Name of ReliefCamp No. ofIDPs
1 Bijapur Bijapur 5204
2 Cherpal 746
3 Gangalur 1456
4 Usur Awapalli 196
5 Basagura 870
6 Usur 943
7 Geedam Bangapal 480
8 Kasoli 280
9 Bhairamgarh Bhairamgarh 2979
10 Pharsegarh 390
11 Maatwara 1314
12 Nelsanar (Newly established) 827
13 Jangla 1362
14 Kutroo 1312
15 Mirtur 763
16 Vedare 364
17 Konta Dornapal 13692
18 Erabore 4425
19 Injaram 3116
20 Konta 3021
Total 43740
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Task Force Reports
In July 2006, the Planning Commission set up a 16-member
expert group headed by D. Bandhopadhyay, Chairman of Council for Social Development, to study the causes of Naxalism
and suggest remedial measures.
Mandate - To look into issues like widespread displacement/insecure tenancies/ other forms of exploitation like usury & land
alienation
& suggest measures to improve the abysmally low social and
human development indicators/ appropriate strategy for
ensuring peace and life with dignity/ up gradation of levels ofgovernance/ & strengthen public delivery system/ health &
food security vis-a-vis the existing Central & state legislations/
steps to ensure efficient implementation of Panchayats in
scheduled areas.
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The Ministry of Tribal Affairs in its revised draft
National Tribal Policy released on 21 July 2006 stated -The
Scheduled Tribes, over a period of several years, have begun tofeel a deep sense of exclusion and alienation, which has been
manifesting itself in the form of tribal unrest in various tribal
pockets.
The increasing violence is due to a variety of reasons - social, political and
economic, which combined together have created a sense of severe
dissatisfaction, a feeling of having been neglected and deprived of what is
rightfully theirs.
The factors leading to the spread of the violent movements include theexistence of acute poverty, severe disparities in living standards, lack of
economic and livelihood opportunities and being treated as offenders and
even criminals when they exercise their traditional rights.
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The draft Tribal Policy suggested that The solution lies in
giving rights to the ST communities over natural and
financial resources and addressing the issue of economicdeprivation in a prompt and time bound manner.
It is therefore officially agreed that deprivation,
marginalization etc. are root cause and some minimal work
towards it is happening but ridden with lot of corruption
Various affected States also have offered attractive surrender
policies.
However, unless there is an improvement in the governance
policy, the issue is unlikely to be addressed
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Road Ahead
While Security bolstering might win a battle, winningthe war needs to win the people.
Wining involves serious development on the ground.
Anna Hazares Movement is towards greateraccountability which not the Maoists but the whole ofIndian common man wants.
Either the Govt. does it or the people in variousmodes shall achieve it.
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Thank you