RPB_Yaounde2011_final.ppt

8/11/2019 RPB_Yaounde2011_final.ppt

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Prevention (not cure!)Pest problems

Where are pesticides used? A Manual

Good Agricultural & Warehouse PracticesIPM (and RPU)What to Apply?How to apply pesticides?When to apply?MRLs: case studies and communicationPolicy issues


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Cocoa pesticides are therefor a reason

Black pod diseases:Phytophthora spp. especially

P. megakarya

losses of ~90% if left untreated

respond well to chemicalcontrol coupled with good culturalpractices (crop sanitation,shade management, etc. )


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Phytophthora disease controlTraditionally: copper (oxide,hydroxide, oxychloride etc .)protective: since 1760senhanced control with

copper mixed withmetalaxyl (1977; ~M: 1996)other new(ish) AIs promoted(e.g . Carboxylic Acid Amidecompounds: 1990s)- but are they whatfarmers want to use?


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Mirid blast (tree die back) Crop loss estimates (Ghana ann.of about 100,000 T)

Insects

so they are sprayed with insecticides


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Cl

H

Cl

Cl

H

Cl

Cl

HHH

Cl

P h o

t o :

G A M a t t h e w s

Originally with insecticides such asHCH (lindane): 1950s - 2001

Long residualcontact actionSome fumigantactivityBroad spectrum

Now recommended:- pyrethroids- neo-nicotinoids


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Storage pests

I n s e c

t P h o

t o s c o u r t e s y

F E R A

, U K


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Insects or residues?

Possibly an important source of high residuesespecially sprays to sacks?

Phasing out of methyl bromide, heavy

reliance on phostoxin:resistance issues?


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all of which may leave residues

New regulations for residues on commoditiesin the EU, Japan & USA.Shipments of cocoa have been rejected byJapan (including herbicide residues).September 2008: EC/396/2005 came intoforce

MRLs first published as Regulation 149/2008/EC

residue tolerances of obsolete compounds (not Annex I,II) at default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg (ppm)Improved analytical methods?


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Specific advicerequested from ICCOmember countries

Neglected subject, noexisting manualfocusing on pesticide

issues in cocoaResponsiblepesticide use and itsrole in IPM

Complicated and inter-disciplinary, so


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Context

GAP, GWP: Good Agricultural

(& Warehouse) Practices

IPM: Integrated

Pest Management

ResponsibleUse of

Pesticides


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Good Agricultural PracticeGood Warehouse Practice

Frequently quoted: must beproduced according to GAP FAO - practices that addressenvironmental, economic andsocial sustainability for on-farmprocesses, and result in safeand quality food and non-foodagricultural product What does this mean inpractice?


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Responsible Pesticide Use (RPU)a sub-set of GAP and IPM:

How to apply?

What to apply?When to

apply?

targeting


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Overall objectives of manualSharing information on pesticide scienceConnecting interests of cocoa and otherstakeholders

Emphasisingsafety issues

Practices:in the field

and warehouse

Policies: residuerequirements inconsumer countries

Need s for:- extension

- R&D


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What do we mean by safety?

starting in the field


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Full protective clothing should always beworn when using pesticides


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The reality?

P h o

t o s :

G A M

a t t h e w s


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Contents A. Introduction (regulatory)B. Pesticides and their propertiesC. Safety, residues (and how to manage them)D. Good agricultural practicesE. Good crop storage practicesF. Recommendations

Appendices(including positive andnegative AI lists)

Back-ground

How to do?

Case study boxes


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Introduction and background

Update on legislation ( e.g . 91/414/EEC to berepealed 14 June 2011 and replaced by EC1107/2009 )

Message - stay ahead of the game Pesticide names and formulations: importance ofaccuracy

Biological activity,modes of transfer

Modes of actionTechnical problems resistance, resurgence


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Good Agricultural Practice starts in the pesticide store: pesticide selection

Lists are unavoidable(?)


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Pesticide lists: Appendix 3(1 st Edition had 2 categories)

A. Strategic list for key pests: EU/Japanese/USimport tolerances and evidence of efficacy

B. Compounds to be used with great CAUTION(limited time remaining, etc )

C. Lists of experimental and other potentially

useful control agentsD. Pesticides that MUST NOT BE USED for

cocoa


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Criteria for inclusion on Strategic list

EU, Japanese, (US) import tolerances;EU MRLs and their status should be checkedregularly; those listed here refer to Cocoa(fermented beans) as in Reg. (EC) No 396/2005.

show acceptable levels of low mammaliantoxicity and environmental impact d o n o t belong to the highest toxicity groupWHO/EPA Class.I.have proven efficacious against animportant pest species of cocoa, as publishedin (preferably refereed) literature


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Legal and practical notice

Manual stresses the need for accuracyand specificity, so for practical reasonsindividual compounds are discussed:

sometimes in detail, but Inclusion of compounds or products in thetext is for illustration only and does notimply recommendation or otherwiseNevertheless, an attempt is made toidentify strategic pesticides for cocoa


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Pesticide labels:(Trade names are for Marketing!)

Should be part of the registration process


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Labels in China


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National organisations primarilyresponsible for pesticide registration

Cameroon :Department of Regulation and Quality Control of Inputs and

Agricultural Products (MINADER) Cte dIvoire :Direction de la Protection des Vgtaux, du Contrle et de laQualit, (DPVCQ/MINAGRI), Abidjan Ghana :Environmental Protection Agency (Ministry of Food and

Agriculture), Accra Nigeria :National Agency for Food and Drug Administration andControl (NAFDAC) HQ: Abuja; cocoa issues: Lagos office Togo:Laboratoire de lInstitut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique(ITRA)


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Contents (continued)What are MRLs?

Not measures of safety!How to avoid exceedingthem

Hazards and risksEnvironmental safety Assessment of residues

Standard methods in

future editions?Good agriculturalpractices

Double rateLabel rateHalf rate

time after application PHI

MRL

d o s a g e


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Application, starting with suggesting tofarmers that tall trees are difficult:

to spray

to monitor

to harvest

c o u r t e s y

J .

C o o p e r


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Application: the importance of nozzles!

seeing spray to run -off as wasteful - costs money!


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Modern pesticides are too expensive

Spraying less by improving efficiencyConflict of interest with suppliers ofpesticides (main source of profit) alsoselling sprayers


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High herbicide residues

Most unlikely tooriginate from

cocoa fielde.g. 2,4-D: volatileFocus on qualityalong the wholesupply chain


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Drying:

also aboutPAH,M-OTA, etc .


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RecommendationsHarmonisation of standards byimporting countriesStrategic cocoa pesticides

Regional recommendations?

Strengthening of registrationR&D, communication: puttingresponsible pesticide use backon the agenda (in FFS etc .)Developing skills in pesticidescience


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http://www dropdata org

Next generationof pesticidescientists?

many thanks in

advance for yourfurther ideas andcomments (for 3 rd edition end 2011)websites:

Download from:http://www icco org/sps

/cocoa

Documents

RPB_Yaounde2011_final.ppt