Rosids – Part 1:Basal Rosids and Eurosids I

Spring 2011

“Lower”Core tricolpates

Rosids

(Eurosids II)

(Eurosids I)

“Basal” rosids

Figure 9.3 from the text

Rosids – Major Points

• Has three main groups plus Myrtales is of uncertain placement:- “Basal” Rosids (Vitales, Geraniales)- Eurosid I Clade (Fabids)- Eurosid II Clade (Malvids)

• Comprises about 25% of all angiosperms• Main support for monophyly from molecular data• Extreme variation in habit (trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, etc.) as well

as extensive proliferation of floral syndromes, including wind, insect, bird, and bat pollination.

• Transition from apocarpy to syncarpy as seen before; fusion and embellishment of floral parts.

BRosidsBRosidsCaryCary Eurosid 1Eurosid 1 Eurosid 2Eurosid 2 Asterid 2Asterid 2Asterid 1Asterid 1

Core Eudicots: The Rosids“Basal” Rosids:

Order VitalesEurosids I (Fabids):

Order Malpighiales Order Cucurbitales Order Fabales Order Rosales Order Fagales Order Myrtales (uncertain placement)

Eurosids II (Malvids): Order Brassicales Order Malvales Order Sapindales

Core Eudicots: Rosids“Basal” Rosids:

Order Vitales Eurosids I (Fabids):

Order Malpighiales Order Cucurbitales Order Fabales Order Rosales Order Fagales Order Myrtales

Eurosids II (Malvids): Order Brassicales Order Malvales Order Sapindales

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Lecture 3(after spring break!)

Core Eudicots: The Rosids Lecture 1“Basal” Rosids:

Order VitalesVitaceae – Grapes

Eurosids I (Fabids):Order Malpighiales

Euphorbiaceae – SpurgesViolaceae – VioletsSalicaceae – Willows and poplars

Order CucurbitalesCucurbitaceae – Cucumbers and squashesBegoniaceae – Begonias

Order FabalesFabaceae – Beans

Order RosalesOrder FagalesOrder Myrtales

Eurosids II (Malvids)

“Basal” Rosids:

Vitales: Vitaceae(The Grape Family)

• Widely distributed; maximal diversity in tropical regions

• Lianas (vines) with tendrils oppositely arranged from leaves

• Diversity: 725 species in 14 genera• Flowers: Sepals 4-6, small; petals 4-6; stamens

opposite the petals; carpels 2, connate, superior ovary; nectar disk well developed; fruit a berry containing 4 seeds

• Significant features: Tendrils are modified inflorescences

• Special uses: grapes (Vitis) form the basis of the wine industry; also table grapes and raisins; some ornamentals

• Required taxa: Vitis

Vitaceae

Vitaceae: Vitis

-bark without lenticels-pith brown-leaves simple, mostly rounded/cordate-inflorescence cymose, compound-flowers 5-merous-petals separating at the base and falling without expanding as a cap-seeds usually pyriform

Eurosids I:

Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae(The Spurge Family)

• Widespread, but most diverse in tropical regions• Trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines, sometimes

succulent; leaves usually alternate• Diversity: ca. 6,100 species in 222 genera• Flowers: Unisexual; sepals 2-6; petals 0-5; carpels

usually 3, ovule 1 per locule; styles usually 3 and each usually divided; inflorescences often highly modified; fruit a schizocarp, seeds usually arillate

• Significant features: Often with latex/laticifers (toxic)

• Special uses: rubber (Hevea), cassava/manioc (Manihot), poinsettia (Euphorbia), ornamentals

• Required taxa: Euphorbia

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia

• Ca. 2,400 species

• White latex (usually)

• One female and few to many male flowers aggregated into a cyathium (false flower or pseudanthium)

• Cyathium subtended by modified leaves (cyathophylls)

Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia cyathium

http://www.euphorbiaceae.org/pages/about_euphorbia.html

Euphorbiaceae

Ricinus communiscastor bean ~ poisonous seeds

•Castor oil (Ricinus; extracted from foliage)

Euphorbiaceae

•Rubber (Hevea)

Euphorbiaceae

•Tapioca, Cassava (Manihot)

Manihot esculentacassava, tapioca

Euphorbiaceae

•Tung oil (Aleurites)

Aleurites fordiitung-oil tree

Eurosids I:

Malpighiales: Violaceae(The Violet Family)

• Widespread, but predominantly herbs of temperate regions

• Herbs, shrubs, or trees• Diversity: 950 species in 22 genera• Flowers: Sepals 5; petals 5; modified

androecium; carpels usually 3, connate, superior ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule

• Significant features: Zygomprphy, nectar spurs; floral cleistogamy

• Special uses: Violets grown primarily as ornamentals

• Required taxa: Viola

Violaceae: modified androecium

Violaceae: Viola

-mostly herbs, some shrubs-flowers zygomorphic-lower petal spurred-spring flowers open-pollinated, summer flowers remaining closed (cleistogamous)

Violaceae: Hybanthus

Eurosids I:

Malpighiales: Salicaceae(The Willow or Poplar Family)

• Widespread, from tropical to north temperate and boreal regions

• Trees or shrubs

• Diversity: 1,210 species in 58 genera

• Flowers: bisexual or unisexual; sepals 3-8; petals 3-8; stamens 2-∞; carpels 2-4, connate, in superior ovary; fruit variable

• Significant features: leaves simple, teeth salicoid; salicin in most; includes what was formerly called the “Flacourtiaceae”

• Special uses: lumber, shade trees, ornamentals

• Required taxa: Populus, Salix

Salicaceae: Salix

-bud scale single-catkins usually erect or ascending-flowers unisexual-each flower with 1-4 basal nectar glands-stamens 1-12

Salicaceae: Populus

-bud scales several, overlapping-catkins arching or drooping-each flower with a basal cup-like disk-stamens 8-numerous

Eurosids I:

Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae(The Cucumber or Squash Family)

• Widespread in the tropics and subtropics, a few in temperate regions

• Herbaceous or soft woody vines with scabrous stems and leaves and usually with tendrils

• Diversity: 825 species in 118 genera• Flowers: hypanthium present; sepals & petals 5, usually

connate; stamens 3-5; carpels usually 3; ovary half-inferior or inferior; fruit a berry (with hardened rind a pepo); seeds flattened, the seed coat with several layers

• Significant features: wide range of floral diversity, “toothed” leaves lacking stipules

• Special uses: cucumbers (Cucumis), pumpkins, gourds, and squashes (Cucurbita), watermelons (Citrullus) etc. are eaten for fruits and seeds; Luffa, some ornamentals

• Required taxa: family only

Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita

-trailing herbs-leaves large, cordate- angled or lobed-flowers large, solitary in axils-corolla campanulate, deeply 5-lobed-ovaries and fruits smooth or hairy, not prickly-fruits large, with a firm rind-gourds, squashes, pumpkin

Eurosids I:

Cucurbitales: Begoniaceae(The Begonia Family)

• Widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics

• Herbs or soft woody shrubs

• Diversity: 920 in 2 genera

• Flowers: Unisexual; tepals petaloid, 2-10 but usually 4 in 2 whorls (staminate) and 5 in 1 whorl (pistillate); carpels usually 3, connate; inferior ovary; fruit a loculicidal capsule, usually winged

• Significant features: Soft herbs, typically of shaded habitats; stigmas elongated, twisted, yellow, papillose

• Special uses: primarily ornamentals

• Required taxa: Begonia

Begoniaceae: Begonia

Staminate FlowersCarpellate Flowers

-winged ovaries

Eurosids I:

Fabales: Fabaceae(The Legume Family)

• Nearly cosmopolitan• Herbs, vines, trees, shrubs with usually alternate, pinnately to palmately

compound leaves• Diversity: 18,000 species in 630 genera – THIRD LARGEST FAMILY of

angiosperms• Flowers: a short, cup-like hypanthium present; sepals & petals usually 5,

more commonly connate; petals all alike or the uppermost 1 differentiated (banner), the lower 2 forming a keel or flaring apart; stamens usually 10, if connate then monadelphous or diadelphous; carpel 1, on a short stalk (gynophore); fruit is a legume (Duh!) but sometimes modified

• Significant features: High nitrogen metabolism w/ unusual amino acids, often with root nodules with N-fixing bacteria; leaf and leaflet pulvinuses well developed; endosperm often lacking; wide range of floral diversity; 3 subfamilies but 1 is not monophyletic

• Special uses: Many!! Beans, peas, peanuts, soybean, clover, ornamentals (Mimosa, Bauhinia); lumber, dyes, resins

• Required taxa: Glycine, Trifolium, Mimosa, Cercis, Gleditsia

Fabaceae vegetative characters

root nodules pulvinus

pinnately to palmately compound leaves

Fabaceae floral charactersDiadelphous stamens: 9 + 1

Parietal placentation

Perigynous flower, short hypanthium

Fabaceae fruit and seed characters

non-endospermous seeds

legumes,loments,

etc.

Table 9.2 from the text: Subfamilies of Fabaceae

Fabaceae: Mimosoideae

Actinomorphictubular flowers in heads

many stamens, not fused

Albizia julibrissinmimosa, silktree

Fabaceae: Mimosoideae: Mimosa

-woody or herbaceous-often armed (with prickles)-leafstalk without glands-flowers in heads or rarely racemes or spikes-stamens 10 or fewer-fruits

Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae

Senna obtusifoliasicklepod

pulvinus

Stamens not fused-10 or fewer

zygomorphic flower

Fabaceae: “Cesalpinoideae”: Cercis

Cercis canadensis - redbud

-unarmed-leaves simple, palmately veined-flowers clustered, appearing before leaves-corolla rose to pink-purple

Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”: Gleditsia

-armed (with thorns)-leaves 1- or 2-pinnate-flowers small, unisexual or bisexual-staminate inflorescences catkin-like, pendent-fertile inflorescences with bisexual or carpellate flowers

Honey locust

Fabaceae: Faboideae

Crotalaria spectabilis

showy rattleboxbacterial root nodule

monadelphous stamensor more

commonlydiadelphous

stamens

Petals unequal:•banner•wings•keel

Fabaceae: Faboideae

Crotalaria spectabilisshowy rattlebox

Petals unequal:

•banner

•wings

•keel

Fabaceae: Faboideae: Glycine

-leaves pinnately 3-foliolate-inflorescence a raceme-stamens diadelphous-seeds few per pod

Fabaceae: Faboideae: Trifolium

-leaves palmately (or pinnately) foliolate with usually 3 leaflets-inflorescences racemose but often appearing head-like-stamens diadelphous-fruits enclosed by the persistent corolla-seeds 1-6 per pod

Next time:

More Eurosids…