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Rosaceae
279A New Flora of Devon
VC4
SS42 Old railway cutting at Landcross, SS459237, 1997,
W.H.Tucker det. J.Fryer (DA 1998).
SS44 Windcutter Hill, SS487461, 1997, W.H.Tucker &
E.Stenger det. J.Fryer (DA 1998).
l Cotoneaster franchetii Bois
Franchet’s Cotoneaster
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southwest
China.
1987 onwards (2).
VC3
SX45 Stonehouse, Plymouth, SX459543, 2009, P.D.Pullen
det. J.Fryer (DA 2010).
VC4
SS42 Roadside at Landcross, SS460240, 1997, W.H.Tucker
(requires confirmation).
l Cotoneaster mairei H.Lév.
Maire’s Cotoneaster
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern
China.
1987 onwards (2).
VC3
SX99 Near Pinhoe Church, SX9594, 1997, L.J.Margetts det.
J.Fryer (DA 1998).
ST10 Luppitt, ST178051, 1997, L.J.Margetts det. J.Fryer
(DA 1998).
l Cotoneaster vilmorinianus G.Klotz
Vilmorin’s Cotoneaster
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southwest
China.
1987 onwards (2).
VC3
SX96 Babbacombe, 1999, R.Fitter conf. J.Fryer.
SS80 Upton Hellions, SS840031, 1997, L.J.Margetts &
L.M.Spalton det. J.Fryer (DA 1999).
SX68 In a hedge at Ford Park, SX677861, 1958,
R.J.Skerrett. Yeo Farm, SX678864, 1958, R.J.Skerrett.
SX79 Disused railway siding at Yeoford, SX7898, 1994,
L.J.Margetts, L.M.Spalton & W.H.Tucker det. J.Fryer
(LJM).
SX87 In conifer woodland, Great Plantation, SX824752,
2010, R.E.N.Smith det. J.Fryer.
SX97 Roadside car park on Little Haldon, SX917761, 2011,
R.E.N.Smith.
ST00 Cullompton, ST0207, 1997, L.J.Margetts &
L.M.Spalton det. J.Fryer.
VC4
SX59 Sourton, tetrad SX5290, 2007, R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS21 Meddon Plantation, SS281189, 1997, W.H.Tucker det.
J.Fryer (DA 1998).
SS42 Bideford, tetrad SS4426, 2006, R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS51 Torrington, SS505193, 2004, W.H.Tucker.
SS60 In village, Sampford Courtenay, tetrad SS6201,
2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS73 Hedgebank at Molland Cross, SS707338, 2011,
R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS74 Barbrook, SS7147, 2011, NDBG det. R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS92 Bampton, SS969221, M.Greenwood det. J.R.Palmer.
Also recorded from VC3: SY09, ST10 (BSBI Atlas).
l Cotoneaster rehderi Pojark.
Bullate Cotoneaster
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in western
China.
1987 onwards (5).
VC3
SX46 In woodland, Southway Valley NR, SX494607, 2013,
P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA 2014).
SX56 Edge of woodland near houses, Glenholt,
Plymouth, SX5060, 2009, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA
2010).
SX58 By layby near Dartmoor Inn, Lydford, SX523853,
1994, L.J.Margetts, L.M.Spalton & W.H.Tucker det.
J.Fryer (LJM).
SX98 Little Silver, SX9288, 1996, L.J.Margetts det. J.Fryer
(DA 1998).
Hollyberry Cotoneaster Cotoneaster bullatus Bullate Cotoneaster Cotoneaster rehderi
Rosaceae
Plymouth, SX4657, 2009, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA
2010). Cattedown, Plymouth, SX4953, 2009,
P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA 2010).
SX55 On limestone near Laira Bridge, Plymouth,
SX505541, 2009, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA 2010).
Radford Quarry, Plymouth, SX504530, 2013,
P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer.
SX78 Holy Street, Chagford, SX7087, 1967, R.J.Skerrett
conf. J.E.Lousley (DA 1968); 1974, J.Palmer conf.
J.Fryer.
SX85 Kingswear, SX8850, 1996, L.J.Margetts det. J.Fryer
(DA 1998).
SX96 Lincombe Drive, Torquay, SX9363, 1997,
L.M.Spalton det. J.Fryer (DA 1998). Established on
cliffs at Babbacombe, SX9265, 1963, M.C.Hockaday
det. D.McClintock (DA 1964).
SY08 Large bush on edge of Harpford Common,
SY056896, 2011, R.E.N.Smith (DA 2012, RENS).
SY09 Self-sown seedlings, Venn Ottery Reserve, SY0692,
1997, G.Gush (DA 1998).
SS80 Upham, SS8808, 1997, L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton
det. J.Fryer (DA 1998).
VC4
SS43 Bideford, 1978, M.Tulloh (BSBI Atlas).
l Cotoneaster fangianus T.T.Yu
Fang’s Cotoneaster
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in central China.
1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SX55 Radford Quarry, Plymouth, SX504531, P.D.Pullen
det. J.Fryer (DA 2014).
l Pyracantha coccinea M.Roem.
Firethorn
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern
Europe and southwest Asia.
1987 onwards (6).
280 A New Flora of Devon
l Cotoneaster sternianus (Turrill) Boom
Stern’s Cotoneaster
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southwest China.
1987 onwards (19).
VC3
SX45 Bull Point, Plymouth, SX4357, 2009, P.D.Pullen.
Weston Mill Creek, SX4457, 2009, P.D.Pullen.
Plymouth Hoe, SX4753, 2009 and SX480537, 2013,
P.D.Pullen. Ham Woods, Plymouth, SX4657, 2009,
P.D.Pullen. Manadon, Plymouth, SX476588,
SX480586, SX484579 and SX480586, 2013, P.D.Pullen.
SX46 Southway Valley NR, SX493607 and SX492606,
2013, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer.
SX47 Tavistock, SX4773, 2009, P.D.Pullen.
SX55 Radford Quarry, Plymouth, SX504530, 2009,
P.D.Pullen. Near Laira Bridge, Plymouth, SX505541,
2009, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer.
SX56 Yelverton, SX517679, 2013, P.D.Pullen.
SX65 Tod Moor, SX623538, 1997, L.J.Margetts &
L.M.Spalton det. J.Fryer (DA 1999).
SX96 Lummaton Quarry, Torquay, SX911665, 2009,
R.E.N.Smith det. P.D.Pullen (DA 2010).
SX97 Dawlish Warren LNR, SX9879, 2002, N.F.Stewart
conf. J.Fryer.
VC4
SS21 Upper Tamar Lake, 1996, SS287123, W.H.Tucker (DA
1997).
SS43 Instow, SS4730, 1979, O.M.Stewart (BSBI Atlas, E).
SS74 On wall above Hillsford Bridge, SS742478, 1984,
1993, W.H.Tucker det. J.R.Palmer (DA 1994); 2007,
R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS91 Ledge of railway-bridge spanning River Exe,
Tiverton, 1969, A.Leslie det. J.Fryer.
l Cotoneaster dielsianus E.Pritz. ex Diels
Diels’ Cotoneaster
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in China.
1987 onwards (11).
VC3
SX45 On a wall top, Mount Wise, Plymouth, SX4553,
2009, P.D.Pullen det. J.Fryer (DA 2010). Ham Lane,
Stern’s Cotoneaster Cotoneaster sternianus
Diel’s Cotoneaster Cotoneaster dielsianus
Rosaceae
VC3
SX55 Plymstock, SX512532, 2007, D.Fenwick.
SX98 Countess Wear, SX952886, 2009, J.J.Ison.
VC4
SS42 Weare Giffard, SS477221, 1995, W.H.Tucker.
Also recorded from VC3: SX45, SX87, SY28 (BSBI Atlas).
l Pyracantha rogersiana (A.B.Jacks) Coltm.-Rog.
Asian Firethorn
Very rare, Introduced, a neophyte; native in China.
1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SX55 Radford Quarry, Plymouth, SX505531, 2013,
P.D.Pullen det. E.J.Clement.
l Mespilus germanica L.
Medlar
Very rare. Introduced, an archaeophyte; native in
southwest Asia. There are old records of plants found in
hedges and thickets from both vice-counties (Flora). There
is one localised record of an old tree on the Axmouth-Lyme
Regis Undercliff.
Flora p.325, Atlas p.78 (1), 1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SY39 An old tree near East Cliff Cottage, SY321911, anon.
(Atlas); 2009, D.J.Allen.
Also recorded from VC3: SX55, SS90 and VC4: SX48, SS43,
SS52, SS53, SS70 (BSBI Atlas).
281A New Flora of Devon
l Crataegus submollis Sarg.
Hairy Cockspurthorn
Extinct. Introduced, a neophyte; native in North America.
1987 onwards (0).
VC3
SX45 In a hedge at Eggbuckland, 1941, comm. Seale
Hayne Agricultural College det. A.B.Jackson (DA 1941,
TOR).
l Crataegus coccinea L.
Pear-fruited Cockspurthorn
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in eastern North
America.
1987 onwards (1).
VC3: SX99 (BSBI Atlas).
l Crataegus crus-galli L.
Cockspurthorn
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in North
America. Probably only a relic of cultivation. Recent
records are listed.
Flora p.326, Atlas p.78, 1987 onwards (2).
VC3
SX99 Five bushes in derelict hedge by railway buildings,
Stoke Canon Bridge, SX933975, 2005, J.J.Ison.
VC4
SS43 By entrance to old power station at Lower Yelland,
SS483323, 1993, W.H.Tucker & M.Tulloh.
Hawthorn Crataegus monogyna, p.282
Rosaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Rhamnaceae
places to reduce erosion on sand dunes, especially on
Braunton Burrows where it became very invasive in the
1970s but has been extensively cleared since that time. Also
planted in a few places as part of landscaping features
elsewhere in Devon, usually near the coast, but rarely
spreading from the site of the original introduction.
Flora p.572, Atlas p.104 (10), 1987 onwards (26).
l Elaeagnus macrophylla Thunb.
Broad-leaved Oleaster
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Japan and
Korea.
1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SX95 Naturalised on coast, St. Mary’s Bay, Brixham,
SX9355, 2005, R.E.N.Smith.
Rhamnaceae
l Rhamnus cathartica L.
Buckthorn
Very rare. Native. In woods, scrub and hedges on base-rich
soils. More or less dismissed as a part of the Devon flora
by 1939 (Flora) although Polwhele (1797) describes it as
abundant near Brixton. By 1984 (Atlas) it had been reliably
recorded just once, in East Devon, on Charton Cliff. In 1998
it was found as a hedgerow shrub in a hedge near Yeoford.
It has not been relocated at any of these sites. In 2008 four
old bushes were located on limestone at Kerswell Down
and in 2009 four more on the neighbouring Whilborough
Common. Since then more plants have been found
scattered through the scrub in this area. The lack of fruit on
many of the bushes may account for the absence of earlier
records in this area which has been visited regularly over
many years.
Flora p.190, Atlas p.102 (1) 1987 onwards (2).
282 A New Flora of Devon
l Crataegus persimilis Sarg.
Broad-leaved Cockspurthorn
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; probably originated as a
hybrid between two North American species. Perhaps
confused with C. crus-galli and overlooked.
1987 onwards (2).
VC4
SS41 Torrington, tetrad SS4818, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS42 Foot of railway embankment at Torrington, 2002,
W.H.Tucker (DA 2003).
Also recorded from VC3: SX65, SS80, SY29 (BSBI Atlas).
l Crataegus succulenta Schrad.
Round-fruited Cockspurthorn
Extinct. Introduced, a neophyte; native in eastern North
America. There are no recent records and none from South
Devon.
1987 onwards (0).
VC4
SS53 One tree on woodland edge above Birch Valley,
Landkey, SS5931, 1960, C.M.A.Cadell det. J.E.Lousley
(DA 1961). Two trees in hedge on Blatchford Hill,
Shirwell and one in woods just under a kilometre
away, SS5937, 1960, C.M.A.Cadell det. J.E.Lousley
(DA 1961).
l Crataegus monogyna Jacq.
Hawthorn
Very common. Native. Throughout most of the county in
woodland, scrub and widely planted as ‘quickthorn’ in
hedges. Absent only from the highest parts of Dartmoor.
Flora p.325, Atlas p.78 (1753), 1987 onwards (1591).
l Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC.
Midland Hawthorn
Extinct. Native in central and eastern England, introduced
in Devon. All records must be of planted trees. Fraser’s
records listed in the Flora must be viewed with some
suspicion as his specimen in TOR from a collection made
in 1941 at Coombe Cellars (DA 1940) is C. monogyna. There
is no voucher for the record made by Mrs. Adams at
Torquay in 1946 (DA 1946). However there are specimens
of this species in TOR collected by G.H.Douglas at
Dittisham, SX85, in 1926 and 1927.
Flora as C. oxyacanthoides Thuill. p.325, Atlas p.78, 1987
onwards (0).
Elaeagnaceae
l Hippophae rhamnoides L.
Sea-buckthorn – Map 175
Rare. Introduced in Devon although native on the east
coast of England where it occurs in sand dunes and other
sandy maritime areas. Recorded once in the 19th century as
probably planted at Torquay (Keys 1866). Next recorded at
Dawlish Warren by A.Adams (DA1926) and in the 1930s in
the grounds of Dartmouth College and the dunes at
Thurlestone (Flora). It has since been planted in several
Map 175. Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea-buckthorn)
Rhamnaceae, Ulmaceae
VC3
SX79 Yeoford, SX7899, 1998, M.Bristow det. W.H.Tucker.
SX86 Four bushes Kerswell Down, SX8767, 2008,
W.Deakin conf. R.E.N.Smith. Four bushes
Whilborough Common, SX8667, 2009, W.Deakin,
R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith; 26 bushes, 2012, W.Deakin.
SY08 Possibly introduced at Withycombe Wood,
Exmouth, J.P.Jones (Flora, RAMM).
SY29 Tetrad SY2890, 1969 and 1975, T.J.Wallace (Atlas);
Rousdon, Charton Cliff, SY2990, 1976, T.J.Wallace
(DA 1977).
Also recorded from VC3: SX64 (BSBI Atlas).
l Frangula alnus Mill.
Alder Buckthorn – Map 176
Frequent. Native. Damp heaths, woodlands, hedges and
damp valleys. Scattered throughout the county.
Flora as Rhamnus frangula p.190, Atlas p.102 (277), 1987
onwards (186).
Ulmaceae
There was a time when parts of Devon, including the
Exeter area, the country between the River Teign and the
River Dart, and the neighbourhoods of Yealmpton and
Brixton were all famous for the elms which thrived in
those areas (Polwhele 1797). In particular, Polwhele talks
of a great number of fine elms at Mowlish in the parish of
Kenton (SX9581) with girths of up to 14 feet, and of a tree
at Torquay with a girth of 23 feet! A virulent form of Dutch
elm disease (caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
Brasier) arrived in Britain from North America in about
1967. It proved both highly infectious and lethal to all
European native elms (Gibbs, Brasier & Webber 1994). Our
commonest elm, Ulmus procera, is particularly susceptible
to the disease and the majority of our trees have been
reduced to hedgerow suckers. The absence of mature trees
283A New Flora of Devon
makes this a very difficult genus to identify partly due to
variation and hybridisation. However, more recent and
practical treatments of the genus, by Stace (1991, 1997,
2010) and by Coleman (2002), show that discrimination is
possible where mature adult shoots are available.
l Ulmus glabra Huds.
Wych Elm – Map 177
Common. Native. Widely distributed in the county in
woods and hedgerows. Generally rather scattered but
sometimes more concentrated populations are found as in
the Lyn valley. Although U. glabra is considered to be even
more susceptible to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi than is U. procera,
it does not sucker and spread disease via root transmission
and is much less favoured by the bark beetles for feeding.
In addition, another fungus, Phomopsis oblonga (Desm.)
Trav., is a common, rapid invader of the bark of newly
dying Wych Elm and competes with the elm bark beetles
which normally breed in the bark (Gibbs, Brasier &
Webber 1994).
Flora p.577, Atlas p.18 (627), 1987 onwards (353).
Map 176. Frangula alnus (Alder Buckthorn) Map 177. Ulmus glabra (Wych Elm)
Buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica
Ulmaceae, Cannabaceae
which point the disease returns and kills the regrowth
(Brasier 1983). Brasier suggests there will be a 15-20 year
cycle of regeneration and disease in southern England. As
a result elms can be very difficult to identify to a species
level. Nevertheless, records of Ulmus species based on
immature or leafless suckers, made during the winter,
suggest it is still likely to be as widely distributed as
before, and commonest in the south and east of the county.
Flora p.578, Atlas p.18 (898), 1987 onwards (578).
l Ulmus minor Mill. sensu lato
subsp. angustifolia (Weston) Stace
Cornish Elm – Map 179
Frequent. Native. Most U. minor in Devon probably belong
to this subspecies. Known to have arisen from a single
widespread clone (unpublished data quoted by Coleman
2002) it is widespread in Cornwall and extends into
western Devon. Like U. procera it has been greatly affected
by Dutch elm disease. It is found in hedgerows and
woods.
Flora as Ulmus stricta Lindl. p.578, Atlas p.18 (107), 1987
onwards (47).
Cannabaceae
l Cannabis sativa L.
Hemp
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in south and west
Asia. Formerly grown for fibre and more recently, illicitly,
for drug use. Occurs in Devon as a casual mainly from bird
seed on waste ground and rubbish tips.
Flora p.579, Atlas p.19, 1987 onwards (11).
VC3
SX47 Tavistock area, SX4772, 1969, A.J.C.Beddow.
SX55 Plymouth, Boringdon, tetrad SX5258, 2006,
P.D.Pullen.
SX78 Chagford, 1932, C.E.Larter (DA 1941).
284 A New Flora of Devon
l Ulmus × vegeta (Loudon) Ley
U. glabra × U. minor
Huntingdon Elm
Very rare. Planted. All trees are known to belong to a
single clone derived from a chance hybrid grown from
seed collected in Hinchingbrook Park, Cambs, in 1760
(Coleman 2002).
Atlas p.18, 1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SY08 1987, L.M.Spalton (BSBI Atlas).
l Ulmus × hollandica Mill.
Dutch Elm (U. glabra × U. minor or U. glabra × U. minor ×
U. plotii Druce)
Rare. Native. A few scattered records for this hybrid,
mostly from the south of the county.
Atlas p.18, 1987 onwards (17).
VC3
SX45 Ham Woods, Keyham, tetrad SX4456, 2009,
P.D.Pullen.
SX54 Lane fromWembury beach, SX5148, 2009,
P.D.Pullen.
SX55 Plympton, sewage works SX5156 and Woodford,
SX5357, 2005, P.D.Pullen. By Plym estuary,
Plymouth, SX5054, SX5055 and Blackpool Farm,
Plympton, SX5654, all 2009, P.D.Pullen.
SX66 South Brent, 1910, J.Ley det. J.V.Armstrong (CGE).
SX87 Teign Estuary, south side, SX8872, 2010, P.D.Pullen.
VC4
SS41 Torrington Common, SS4919, 1995, W.H.Tucker.
Also recorded from VC3: SX46, SX75, SX78, SX83, SX88,
SX98, SY08, SY18, SS80, SS90, ST10, ST11 (BSBI Atlas).
l Ulmus procera Salisb.
English Elm – Map 178
Common. Native. The mature trees were all killed by
Dutch elm disease in the 1970s. Regeneration from root
suckers can reach a height of 10 metres in 10 years at
English Elm Ulmus procera
Map 178. Ulmus procera (English Elm)
Cannabaceae, Moraceae, Urticaceae
SX87 Wolborough, on rubbish dump, 1937, E.S.Todd &
G.T.Fraser (DA 1938). Stover country park, SX8375,
2005, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith. West of Bishops-
teignton, SX8973, 2006, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.
SX99 Bishop’s Clyst, SX9791, 2010, R.E.N.Smith &
C.J.Smith.
VC4
SS21 Upper Tamar Lake, SS2812, 2003, DAB.
SS30 Hollacombe, SS391024, 1999, R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS41 Warren Lane, Torrington, SS492190, 1997,
W.H.Tucker (DA 1998).
SS70 Bow, SS718018, 2003, N.F.Stewart.
Also recorded from VC3: SX89, SX96, SY08 and VC4: SS91
(BSBI Atlas).
285A New Flora of Devon
Map 180. Humulus lupulus (Hop)
Map 179. Ulmus minor subsp. angustifolia
(Cornish Elm)
l Humulus lupulus L.
Hop – Map 180
Frequent. Native. Mainly in hedgebanks, often near
habitation. Cultivated in other parts of the country. Absent
from much of the northwest of the county.
Flora p.578, Atlas p.19 (265), 1987 onwards (201).
Moraceae
l Ficus carica L.
Fig
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the eastern
Mediterranean and southwest Asia. Found at the base of
walls and on waste ground, mostly in built-up areas.
1987 onwards (13).
VC3
SX45 Plymouth Hoe, SX4753, 2006, R.M.H.Hodgson.
Coxside, Plymouth, SX4854, 2007, P.D.Pullen.
SX46 Tamerton area, tetrad SX4662, 2006, P.D.Pullen.
SX55 Boringdon Hill, SX530580, 2006, P.D.Pullen.
SX65 Cornwood, SX605597, 2005, R.M.H.Hodgson; 2008,
P.D.Pullen. Modbury, SX6551, 2006, P.D.Pullen; 2009,
R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.
ST10 Honiton, ST1501, 1964, W.H.Tucker (DA 1992).
VC4
SS42 Bideford, SS4526, 1971, W.H.Tucker (DA 1992).
Appledore, SS4629, 2007, W.H.Tucker &
R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS72 South Molton, tetrad SS7026, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.
Also recorded from VC3: SX78, SY09, SY19, SS80, SS90
(BSBI Atlas).
Urticaceae
l Urtica dioica L.
Stinging Nettle
subsp. dioica
Very common. Native. Extremely common in a wide range
of habitats including waste ground, hedgerows, woods,
field edges, farmyards, swamps and where animals gather
on moorland. It occurs especially in nitrogen and
phosphate enriched soil and there has been a considerable
increase in occurrence in hedgerows due to the
widespread use of agricultural fertilisers.
Flora p.579, Atlas p.19 (1751), 1987 onwards (1618).
subsp. galeopsifolia (Wierzb. ex Opiz) Chrtek
Stingless Nettle
Not constantly different in morphology from subsp. dioica
and intermediate plants can be found. Damp places,
riverbanks and fens. There are few localised Devon records
but narrow-leaved stingless nettles are frequent in shady
places throughout the county.
VC3
SX64 Ringmore, 1894, E.S.Marshall (Marshall 1895, CGE).
Urticaceae, Nothofagaceae
l Soleirolia soleirolii (Req.) Dandy
Mind-your-own-business – Map 183
Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the
Mediterranean. It has been planted in rockeries and
greenhouses and is now commonly naturalised on damp
shady walls and banks, mainly near habitation. By 1939 it
was well established in several parishes but there are no
earlier records.
Flora as Helxine soleirolii Req. p.580, Atlas p.20 (144), 1987
onwards (279).
Nothofagaceae
l Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb.) Blume
Roble
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Chile and
Argentina. Planted for timber production and occasionally
for ornament. In Devon there are nine records from VC3
and three from VC4 but no records of natural regeneration.
1987 onwards (12)
l Nothofagus alpina (Poepp. & Endl.) Oerst.
Rauli
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Chile and
Argentina. Planted for timber production and occasionally
for ornament. In Devon there are eighteen records from
VC3 and two from VC4. There are three records of natural
regeneration.
1987 onwards (19).
286 A New Flora of Devon
SX85 Cornworthy, D.M.Day (DA 1943).
SX87 Jetty Marsh, SX862720, 1997, R.E.N.Smith.
SY09 Aylesbeare Common, SY0490, 1995, R.E.N.Smith
(RENS).
SY30 Lynch Cottage, SY309906, 2005, R.E.N.Smith.
ST10 The Gissage, Honiton, ST155008, 2002, L.J.Margetts
(RENS).
VC4
SX69 South Tawton, SX6594, 1919, W.C.Barton (BM);
SX655947, 1980, A.J.Pollard (CGE).
l Urtica urens L.
Small Nettle – Map 181
Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Cultivated and
waste ground, especially on light soils. It was always rare
in much of VC4 and scarce in the region north of Exeter
(Flora). It is commonest in the Exeter area but is under-
recorded at the tetrad level in other parts of VC3.
Flora p.580, Atlas p.19 (139), 1989 onwards (84).
l Urtica pilulifera L.
Roman Nettle
Extinct. Introduced, casual; from southern Europe. A rare
annual with no recent Devon records.
Flora p.579, Atlas p.19, 1987 onwards (0).
VC3
SX64 Bantham, J.Fairweather (Fairweather 1912).
VC4
SS43 Near Saunton Court, Braunton, T.F.Ravenshaw
(Ravenshaw 1860).
l Parietaria judaica L.
Pellitory-of-the-wall – Map 182
Frequent. Native. On old walls and sides of buildings,
rocky hedgebanks and rock outcrops. Widely distributed
in the south and far north but absent from most of the
centre of the county.
Flora as P. ramiflora Moench. p.580, Atlas p.19 (341), 1987
onwards (314).
Small Nettle Urtica urens
Pellitory-of-the-wall Parietaria judaica
Nothofagaceae, Fagaceae
VC3
SX78 Sapling beside track through Hannicombe Wood,
Moretonhamptead, SX743894, 2012, J.J.Ison.
SX99 A sapling with planted trees at Ashclyst Forest,
SX9999, 1992, DAB (DA 1993).
SY09 A tree by the roadside near Venn Ottery Reserve,
SY0691, 1987, L.J.Margetts (DA 1988).
Fagaceae
l Fagus sylvatica L.
Beech
Very common. Native in the south and east of Britain but
probably not in Devon. Widely planted on hedgebanks,
especially in North Devon, and in woodlands where it
may naturalise. Generally prefers well-drained soils.
Flora p.584, Atlas p.16 (1548), 1987 onwards (1428).
l Castanea sativa Mill.
Sweet Chestnut – Map 184 (overleaf)
Common. Introduced, an archaeophtye; native in southern
Europe. Extensively planted and often naturally
regenerating.
Flora p.58, Atlas p.16 (532), 1987 onwards (453).
l Quercus cerris L.
Turkey Oak – Map 185 (overleaf)
Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern
Europe. In 1939 it was almost unknown in Devon (Flora).
Often planted and now widely naturalised in woods and
hedgerows. This is a very vigorous species, out-competing
native shrubs and trees, and a cause for concern on some
sites where conservation should be a priority.
Flora p.584, Atlas p.17 (278), 1987 onwards (317).
l Quercus × crenata Lam.
Q. cerris × Q. suber
Lucombe Oak
287A New Flora of Devon
Very rare. Derived from a hybrid raised at his Exeter
nursery by William Lucombe in 1762. The few records are
of planted trees.
1987 onwards (8).
VC3
SX86 Kingskerswell, by railway station, 1940,
T.Stephenson det. A.B.Jackson.
SX87 Newton Abbot, by railway station, 1940,
T.Stephenson det. A.B.Jackson. Wolborough church,
SX8570, 2005, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.
SX97 Luscombe Castle, SX947767, 2011, H.Gibbons.
SX98 Dawlish Lodge, SX9380, 2004, R.E.N.Smith &
C.J.Smith. Powderham, SX9783, 2003, R.E.N.Smith &
C.J.Smith.
Map 181. Urtica urens (Small Nettle)
Map 183. Soleirolia soleirolii (Mind-your-own-business)
Map 182. Parietaria judaica (Pellitory-of-the-wall)
Fagaceae
it has continued to colonise new areas.
Flora p.584. Atlas p.16 (138), 1987 onwards (263).
l Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.
Sessile Oak – Map 187
Common. Native. Usually in woodland, less often in
hedgerows. Throughout Devon but is commonest in the
Exmoor area and around the fringes of Dartmoor, where it
can form pure stands, and on the Culm Measures.
Flora p.584, Atlas p.17 (702), 1987 onwards (405).
l Quercus × rosacea Bechst.
Q. petraea × Q. robur
Native. This hybrid is undoubtedly very common, trees
often exhibiting characteristics of both taxa in varying
degree. There are twenty one recent hectad records from
VC3, but none from VC4. It is undoubtedly
288 A New Flora of Devon
VC4
SS42 Hallsanery, SS458245, 2008, A.Harvey.
Also recorded from VC3: SX47, SY08, SS90, ST00 (BSBI
Atlas).
l Quercus ilex L.
Evergreen Oak – Map 186
Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the
Mediterranean. Commonly planted and often naturalising
in hedges and amongst scrub, especially in coastal areas
where it is tolerant of salt-laden air. It can form dense
stands shading out native vegetation. It is very invasive in
the Axmouth-Lyme Undercliffs NNR where its removal
has been a priority. There is an entry for this species but no
records are quoted in 1939 (Flora). By 1984 it was scattered
throughout the areas where it is known today (Atlas) and
Map 184. Castanea sativa (Sweet Chestnut) Map 186. Quercus ilex (Evergreen Oak)
Map 187. Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak)Map 185. Quercus cerris (Turkey Oak)
Fagaceae, Myricaceae
under-recorded at both the tetrad and hectad levels.
Flora p.583, Atlas p.17, 1987 onwards (22).
l Quercus robur L.
Pedunculate Oak
Very common. Native. Woods, hedgerows, parkland and in
fields. This is the commonest oak and is found throughout
the county including the upland woodlands on Dartmoor.
Flora p.583, Atlas p.17 (1549), 1987 onwards (1507).
l Quercus rubra L.
Red Oak – Map 188
Introduced, a neophyte; native in North America.
Sometimes planted as an ornamental. There are scattered
records from both vice-counties but there is no evidence of
natural regeneration in Devon.
1987 onwards (33).
289A New Flora of Devon
Myricaceae
l Myrica gale L.
Bog Myrtle
Rare. Native. Peat bogs and wet heaths. It is generally rare
but can be locally abundant. Most populations are on the
heaths east of Dartmoor and in the Blackdown Hills. It has
also been recorded in two areas on the fringes of Dartmoor.
It has not been seen recently on Little Haldon and appears
to be absent from most of North Devon. It may have
declined in some areas as a result of drainage.
Flora p.580, Atlas p.14 (22), 1987 onwards (25).
VC3
SX46 Marsh near Morwellham Quay, ‘probably gone’
(Briggs 1880).
SX56 Several bushes by stream below Shaugh Wood,
1877, T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1880). Just above
Delamore, T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1880); Piall Bridge,
SX597603, 2000, R.M.H.Hodgson & R.B.Hutchins;
2006, P.D.Pullen. Cholwichtown, ca. 1784, F.Drake
(Briggs 1884a); plentiful below Pen Beacon,
T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1880); Newpark Waste,
SX593615, 2007, P.D.Pullen.
SX67 Soussons, SX6879, 1970, H.E.W.Selby (Atlas).
SX75 Halwell and Morleigh Parish, R.M.Milne (Flora).
SX77 Holne Chase (Jones & Kingston 1829); 1840, N.Ward
(Ward 1841). Ashburton (Jones & Kingston 1829);
Goodstone, 1926, G.H.Douglas (TOR). Tetrad
SX7777, 1969, D.M.Ellis (Atlas). Tetrad SX7878,
1978, A.G.Side (Atlas). Several plants by dry track,
Yarner Wood, SX779791, 2011, R.E.N.Smith.
Abundant by Reddaford Water at Yarner Wood,
SX787789, 1996, M.R.Hughes; 2012, R.E.N.Smith. By
Reddaford Water west of Shute, SX790791, 1995,
M.R.Hughes & N.F.Stewart; 2006, R.E.N.Smith.
Between Bovey and Hay Tor, 1909, A.H.Wolley-Dod
Map 188. Quercus rubra (Red Oak)
Turkey Oak Quercus cerris, p.287 Pedunculate Oak Quercus robur
Myricaceae, Juglandaceae
SY19 Offwell, W.P.Hiern (DA 1914); Offwell Wood, by an
old mill where it was previously used for tanning,
1953, anon. (DA 1954); tetrad SY1898, 1972,
G.S.Steele-Perkins. Hawkswood NR, SY199978, 2010,
J.J.Ison and D.J.Allen.
ST10 Sheldon Parish, F.F.Laidlaw (DA 1944). Stentwood,
ST1309, 1988, P.Palmes (DA 1989). In four locations,
Park Farm, ST1409, 2006 to 2010, J.J.Ison, R.Stonex,
H.Gibbons. Bywood Copse, ST1509, 2010, H.Gibbons.
ST11 Tetrad, ST1210, 1976, J.G.Keylock (Atlas);
Ruggsmoor, ST1210, 1995, L.J.Margetts; ST124107,
2011, R.E.N.Smith. Tetrad ST1212, 1976, J.G.Keylock
(Atlas); Lickham Bottom, Hemyock, ST1212, 1995,
L.J.Margetts; abundant ST127122, 2010, J.J.Ison &
E.Hopkinson. Abbey Mill Farm, Dunkeswell, 1994,
East Devon Survey Team (DA 1995); ST144101, 2009,
R.Stonex. Abbey Hill, ST148106, 2012, D.E.Allen.
ST20 Tetrad ST2002, 1974, T.J.Wallace. Bucehayes
Common, ST214048, 1994, L.J.Margetts; 2009,
D.J.Allen. Tetrad ST2202, 1972, T.J.Wallace (Atlas);
Shore Bottom, ST233029, 1995, L.J.Margetts;
ST230032, 2011, R.E.N.Smith. ST2205, 1965,
D.J.Allen, Tetrad ST2204, 1972, T.J.Wallace. Quantock
Common, ST224048, 2011, D.J.Allen. Near
Collyforches Farm, ST227072, 1977, D.J.Allen.
Sandpit Hill, ST2209, 1995, L.J.Margetts.
VC4
SX59 Okehampton, E.P.Burd (DA 1926). Milland Farm,
Inwardleigh, SX532988, 1959, T.W.W.Jones (DA
1960); 1995, W.H.Tucker.
SX69 Near Fursdon Cross, Sampford Courtenay, 1950
and 1954, O.Greig (DA 1951). Belstone, H.H.Harvey
(Flora); Belstone Cleave, SX628937, 1954, O.Greig;
extensively in flushes on north facing slopes,
SX629934, 2003, J.R.B.Tallowin; SX625934, 2005,
A.Watt; SX630931, 2012, R.E.N.Smith & S.Goodfellow.
Near Nine Stones, SX654920, 1955, O.Greig; 1994,
M.R.Hughes. Near Ramsley, SX647925, 1995,
N.Dayton.
SS20 Upper Bridgerule Bog, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1883a,
1886). Scotland Bog, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1886).
SS81 Witheridge Moor area, SS8614, 1979, M.A.Stile.
SS82 East Anstey, W.P.Hiern (Flora).
Also recorded from VC3: SX47, SX76, SS90 and VC4: SS43
(BSBI Atlas).
Juglandaceae
l Juglans regia L.
Walnut
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern Europe
and Asia. Usually planted and not usually naturalising but
there are two records which appear to be self-sown.
Atlas p.15 (8), 1987 onwards (23).
VC3
SX99 Small sapling on river bank, Riverside Valley Park,
SX929909, 2009, J.J.Ison.
290 A New Flora of Devon
(Wolley-Dod 1910); Lustleigh (Flora); Bovey Valley
Woods, SX782796, 2007, I.Lakin.
SX78 Manaton Parish (Jones & Kingston 1829). Tetrad
SX7880, 1980, J.A.Wyatt (Atlas). Near Chagford,
R.Stewart (Stewart 1860).
SX86 Blackball Plantation, Newton Abbot, SX861699,
2008, R.E.N.Smith.
SX87 Ilsington (Jones & Kingston 1829); Brimley Farm,
SX807769, 1997, N.Baldock; 2012, R.E.N.Smith. Tetrad
SX8274, 1971, DAB. Stover (Flora); by Stover Lake,
SX8375, anon, 1981; SX834751, 1990, R.Gould,
L.J.Margetts & W.H.Tucker; 2013, R.E.N.Smith. Tetrad
SX8276, 1971, R.B.Ivimey-Cook (Atlas). Great
Plantation, SX820760 and SX822760, 2005,
R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith. Bovey Heathfield, J.P.Jones
(Jones 1820); in several places, SX823763 to
SX825768, 2003 to 2011, J.J.Ison and R.E.N.Smith &
C.J.Smith. Chudleigh Knighton Heath, W.M.Rogers
(Rogers 1882a); SX8377, 1951, anon.; one bush,
SX8377, 1985, A.P.G.Mitchelmore. Forde Bog and
Milber Down (Stewart 1860). Wolborough Decoy,
1915, R.Carr-Smith (Flora, TOR); Blackball
Plantation, SX864700, 1995 to 2008, R.E.N.Smith.
SX88 Local on Haldon, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1882a).
SX97 Tetrads SX9074, SX9076 and SX9078, 1974,
J.H.T.Knight (Atlas). Little Haldon, SX911763, 1966,
R.J.Skerrett.
SY09 Tetrad SY0898, 1983, W.H.Tucker (Atlas).
Bog Myrtle Myrica gale
Juglandaceae, Betulaceae
SY28 50 year old tree on edge of chasm, Axmouth
Undercliff, SY291898, 1997, N.Barns (DA 1998).
Betulaceae
l Betula pendula Roth
Silver Birch – Map 189
Common. Native. Common in woods, scrub and heaths
preferring slightly drier, acid well-drained soils. It is a
pioneer species where grazing is absent or reduced.
Flora p.581, Atlas p.15 (865), 1987 onwards (611).
l Betula pubescens Ehrh.
Downy Birch – Map 190 (overleaf)
Common. Native. In similar habitats to B. pendula, but
prefers wetter soils and is the commonest birch in the
north and west of the county. A pioneer species, especially
in Molinia dominated mires in the absence of grazing.
Flora p.581, Atlas p.15 (642), 1987 onwards (729).
l Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
Alder
Very common. Native. Damp woods and by streams and
rivers. Occurs throughout the county but is absent from
the uplands and is uncommon by the coast.
Flora p.582, Atlas p.15 (1223), 1987 onwards (1121).
291A New Flora of Devon
l Alnus incana (L.) Moench.
Grey Alder
Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe.
Planted for ornament and shelter, with scattered records
from across the county. While this species is known to
Alder Alnus glutinosa
Map 189. Betula pendula (Silver Birch)
Betulaceae, Cucurbitaceae
l Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby
Italian Alder
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern Italy and
Corsica. Planted in parks and roadsides as an ornamental.
While this species is known to reproduce readily from seed
in the British Isles (BSBI Atlas), self-seeded plants have
been recorded only once in Devon. However, it may have
been overlooked in Devon, particularly in built-up areas
where A. cordata is a common street tree.
1987 onwards (27).
VC3
SX99 Abundant small plants below fence at top of low
wall, Haven Road, Exeter, SX917919, 2009, J.J.Ison.
l Carpinus betulus L.
Hornbeam – Map 191
Frequent. Native in southeast England but not in Devon.
Often planted in hedges, copses and woodland. Scattered
throughout but commonest in the south of the county.
Flora p.582, Atlas p.15 (180), 1987 onwards (201).
l Corylus avellana L.
Hazel
Very common. Native. Hedges, woods and copses.
Extensively coppiced in the past. Absent only from high
moorland.
Flora p.583, Atlas p.16 (1635), 1987 onwards (1560).
Cucurbitaceae
l Bryonia dioica Jacq.
White Bryony
Very rare. Native in Dorset, Somerset and most of southern
and midland England, but introduced in Devon and only
occurring casually. There is one recent record.
Flora p.347, Atlas p.110, 1987 onwards (1).
292 A New Flora of Devon
reproduce by suckering, regeneration from seed has rarely
been reported. It may be more frequent, especially in
towns but, in the wider countryside, there is only one
recorded case of naturalised plants.
1987 onwards (34).
VC3
SX67 Regenerating from planted trees, Bellever, SX6577,
2010, J.J.Ison.
Map 190. Betula pubescens (Downy Birch) Map 191. Carpinus betulus (Hornbeam)
Hornbeam Carpinus betulus
Cucurbitaceae, Celastraceae, Oxalidaceae
VC3
SX46 Tetrad SX4468, 1970, D.A.Curry (Atlas).
SX54 Newton Ferrers, Mrs. Jennings (Flora).
SX95 Berry Head, SX9456, 1972, O.M.Stewart.
SX97 Casual on a garden wall on the edge of
Teignmouth, 1880, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1880).
SX99 Single plant in raised shrubbery bed, Alphington
Road, Exeter, SX915908, 2007, J.J.Ison (DA 2008).
SY08 Bicton, SY0785, 1950, E.D.Tallent (DA 1951).
Also recorded in VC3: SX89, SX98 (BSBI Atlas).
Celastraceae
l Euonymus europaeus L.
Spindle – Map 192
Common. Native. Woods, scrub and in hedges,
commonest on base-rich and especially on calcareous soils
but not confined to them.
Flora p.189, Atlas p.101 (678), 1987 onwards (687).
l Euonymus japonicus Thunb.
Evergreen Spindle
Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Japan.
Commonly planted as hedging especially in coastal areas
and sometimes persisting as a garden throw-out. Recorded
in thirty five hectads in South Devon between 1987 and
1999 but only once in North Devon, presumably reflecting
observer bias. Also known from Lundy.
1987 onwards (35).
Oxalidaceae
l Oxalis corniculata L.
Procumbent Yellow-sorrel – Map 193 (overleaf)
Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native range
unknown, but now found throughout the warmer parts of
the world. A common garden weed which is also found on
paths, walls and waste ground mainly near habitation.
One of the earliest British records was in 1781 from “a
waste rubbishy spot at Dawlish” where it was recorded by
J.Turner (Berkenhout 1795, Withering 1796). It was soon
recorded from a number of other localities in the Exeter
area and beyond and Smith & Sowerby (1807) report
receiving specimens from four botanists with the comment
that “all these authorities surely establish it as a native”.
Although this is not correct, it shows that it was already
well-established by then. Jones & Kingston (1829) report it
as “a common weed in gardens in different parts of the
county” although the example locations are all in the
Exeter to Torbay area. Nowadays, it is scattered widely in
the county, but still mainly in the more populated areas.
Flora p.188, Atlas p.91 (96), 1987 onwards (91).
l Oxalis exilis A.Cunn.
Least Yellow-sorrel
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in New Zealand
and Tasmania. In similar places to O. corniculata but much
less common.
1987 onwards (10).
293A New Flora of Devon
VC3
SX65 Modbury, SX6551, 2009, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.
SX98 Kenn Church, SX9285, 2003, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.
SY28 Between Beer and Seaton Hole, SY2389, 1994,
L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton (DA 1995).
VC4
SS43 Croyde Bay, SS4339, 2004, BSBI. East Yelland, tetrad
SS4832, 2004, W.H.Tucker. Braunton Burrows,
SS464339, 1988, M.Tulloh & W.H.Tucker (DA 1989).
Spindle Euonymus europaeus
Map 192. Euonymus europaeus (Spindle)
Oxalidaceae
It seems always to have been rare elsewhere. A number of
records are as a weed in arable fields but it is perhaps more
frequently a casual of waste ground or a throw-out from
gardens.
Flora p.188, Atlas as O. europaea Jord. p.91 (12), 1987
onwards (18).
VC3
SX65 South Brent Moorland Park, SX6959, 2011, P.J.Reay.
SX66 South Brent Moorland Park, SX6960, 2011, P.J.Reay.
SX76 Tetrad SX7468, L.Hatch (Atlas). Tetrad SX7860,
M.A.Stile (Atlas).
SX78 Chagford Cemetery, SX702875, 1958, R.J.Skerrett.
Highbury, SX713886, 1958, R.J.Skerrett.
SX84 Market garden fields east of Stokeley Barton
SX818430 to SX820429, 2005 to 2007, N.F.Stewart.
SX86 Near Ipplepen, SX845673, 1997, R.E.N.Smith.
SX87 Challabrook Farm, SX8077, 2003, R.E.N.Smith &
C.J.Smith. Mill Cross Bridge, SX826719, 2003,
R.E.N.Smith. Beside pavement, Newton Abbot,
SX8571, 2007, I.Lakin.
SX96 Road bank, Hope’s Nose, SX9463, 1989, W.H.Tucker
(DA 1990).
SX97 Casual, Rocombe, 1935, G.T.Fraser (Flora). Boat
Cove, SX962763, 1966, R.J.Skerrett.
SX99 Tetrad SX9896, 1973, G.Hawkins (Atlas).
SY08 By wall, East Budleigh, SY066848, 2011, R.E.N.Smith
& C.J.Smith.
SY18 Bickwell Valley, SY114880, 1985, C.G.Hanson.
SY19 Ottery St. Mary, G.B.Wollaston (Wollaston 1869).
ST00 Tetrad ST0008, 1972, H.McDouall (Atlas).
VC4
SS40 Tetrad SS4606, 1973, W.H.Tucker (Atlas). Arable field,
Shebbear, SS4806, 1967, G.Waterhouse (DA 1968).
SS42 Common in Northam Parish in arable fields,
gardens and orchards, G.Maw (Maw 1853). Gardens
on southwest side of Bideford, 1847 and 1852,
G.Maw (Maw 1853, BON, HLU); 1955, anon. (BM).
Maize field, Ashridge, SS452248, 1997, W.H.Tucker
(DA 1998). SS4525, 1954, A.J.C.Beddow (Atlas).
Tetrad SS4426, 1983, W.H.Tucker (Atlas). Between
Torrington and Littleham, G.Maw (Maw 1853).
Tetrad SS4622, 1973, G.Hawkins (Atlas); path, Weare
Giffard, SS473222, 1994, W.H.Tucker.
SS43 Braunton, F.R.Elliston Wright (Flora); pre-1934,
H.S.Redgrove (Flora); tetrads SS4436 and SS4438,
1972, M.Jacques (Atlas). Braunton Burrows, dumped
soil, SS464339, 1988, W.H.Tucker & M.Tulloh (DA
1989). Grass ley west of Braunton, SS473370, 2005,
N.F.Stewart. Tetrad SS4834, 1978, M.Jacques (Atlas).
SS44 Tetrad SS4240, 1978, M.Jacques (Atlas).
SS51 Arable field, Merton, SS5212, 1975, W.H.Tucker (DA
1976). Tetrad SS5214, 1975, M.C.Hockaday (Atlas).
SS53 Barnstaple (Flora, RAMM).
SS61 Chulmleigh, SS6814, 2011, R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS72 South Molton, H.Saunders (Flora, RAMM).
SS64 Parracombe, tetrad SS6644, 2011, M.Putnam &
A.Holwill.
Also recorded from VC3: SX77, SX89 and VC4: SS53 (BSBI
Atlas).
294 A New Flora of Devon
SS51 Torrington, SS5019, 1994, W.H.Tucker.
SS72 Bishop’s Nympton, SS7523, 1994, W.H.Tucker.
Also recorded from VC3: SY08 and VC4: SS30 (BSBI
Atlas).
l Oxalis stricta L.
Upright Yellow-sorrel
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in North America.
Known to have been cultivated in Britain by 1658 (Preston,
Pearman & Dines 2002) it was first recorded in Devon
around Bideford and Northam in 1853. It was occasional in
this area at the time and there have been scattered records
from this area and from around Braunton since then.
Map 193. Oxalis corniculata (Procumbent Yellow-sorrel)
Procumbent Yellow-sorrel Oxalis corniculata
Oxalidaceae
l Oxalis articulata Savigny
Pink-sorrel – Map 194
Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Brazil.
Commonly grown in gardens and most frequent in towns
and villages where it naturalises on pavements, on waste
ground and rubbish tips. Commonest in coastal areas.
Flora as O. floribunda Lehm. p.188, Atlas p.91 (33), 1987
onwards (153).
l Oxalis acetosella L.
Wood-sorrel
Common. Native. Woods, hedgebanks and sometimes by
shady rocks and tors on moisture retentive soils. One of
the few species able to survive in the deep shade of conifer
plantations. Generally distributed but it seems to be less
common in the Exeter area.
Flora p.187, Atlas p.92 (1177), 1987 onwards (990).
l Oxalis debilis Kunth
Large-flowered Pink-sorrel
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in South
America. First recorded in Dartmouth in 1930. It has been
grown in gardens and is found occasionally as a weed or
naturalised on waste ground and rubbish tips.
Flora as O. corymbosa DC p.188, Atlas as O. corymbosa DC
p.92 (3), 1987 onwards (2).
VC3
SX46 Bere Ferrers, tetrad SX4462, 2007, R.M.H.Hodgson.
SX54 Wembury, tetrad SX5048, 1971, R.B.Ivimey-Cook
(Atlas).
SX64 Ringmore, tetrad SX6446, 1978, H.A.Sandford
(Atlas).
SX85 Dartmouth, 1930, F.M.Day det. G.C.Druce (Druce
1931). Brixham, roadside near Croftland, SX8952,
1954, F.M.Day.
SX98 Starcross, tetrad SX9680, 1973, G.F.C.Hawkins
(Atlas).
VC4
SS42 Westleigh, SS4728, 2007, R.M.H.Hodgson.
l Oxalis latifolia Kunth.
Garden Pink-sorrel
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Central and South
America. Grown in gardens, sometimes naturalising on
rubbish tips and waste ground and as a weed in
allotments.
Atlas p.92 (1), 1987 onwards (14).
VC3
SX47 Tavistock, 1957, R.C.L.Howitt (BSBI Atlas).
SX64 Mothecombe, in village, SX6047, 2010, R.E.N.Smith.
SX87 Newton Abbot, SX8471, 1969, M.C.Hockaday (Atlas).
SX95 Brixham allotments, SX9256, 1996, L.M.Spalton (DA
1997).
SX96 Babbacombe allotments, SX9065, 1996, L.M.Spalton
(DA 1997).
SX98 Starcross, SX9782, 2003, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.
Lympstone, SX9983, 2003, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.
SY08 Exmouth, SY0187, 1995, L.M.Spalton (DA 1996).
295A New Flora of Devon
VC4
SS32 Clovelly churchyard, SS309251, 2011,
R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS41 Torrington Common, SS490191, 1995, W.H.Tucker.
SS92 Bampton Castle, SS958225, 1990, L.J.Margetts (DA
1996).
Also recorded from VC3: SX99, SS80 and VC4: SX48, SS91
(BSBI Atlas).
l Oxalis tetraphylla Cav.
Four-leaved Pink-sorrel
Very rare. Introduced. A neophyte; native in Mexico.
1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SX55 Boringdon Park, SX529577, 2006, D.Fenwick
(Fenwick 2007).
l Oxalis pes-caprae L.
Bermuda-buttercup
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in South Africa.
Map 194. Oxalis articulata (Pink-sorrel)
Pink-sorrel Oxalis articulata
Oxalidaceae, Euphorbiaceae
SX84 Stokenham, SX8242 and Start, SX8044, both 2008,
R.E.N.Smith.
SX86 Tetrads SX8862 and SX8864, 1978, M.Pool (Atlas).
Cockington, SX8963, 2005, R.E.N.Smith.
SX96 Daddyhole, SX9262, 2007, I.Lakin. Ilsham Marine
Drive, SX939632, 2013, R.E.N.Smith.
SX98 Alphington, SX917899, 2007, J.J.Ison.
SX99 Barnfield, Exeter, SX921923, 2007, J.J.Ison. Heavitree,
Exeter, SX935923, 2008, J.J.Ison.
SY08 Newton Poppleford, SY0889, 2007, J.J.Ison.
SY09 Metcombe, 1990, W.H.Tucker (DA 1991).
VC4
SS43 Velator, SS4835, 1998, W.H.Tucker.
SS44 Lee village, SS4846, 1984, H.J.M.Bowen. Tetrad
SS4642, 1971, J.P.Widgery (Atlas); Woolacombe,
SX4643, 1987, W.H Tucker.
SS53 Tetrad SS5432, 1975, B.Eaton.
SS54 Combe Martin, SS5846, 1999, W.H.Tucker (DA 2000).
Tetrad SS5046, 1977, J.S.Rees. Nettleton Cross,
SS5847, 2010, C.J.Giddens.
ST01 Sampford Peverell area, ST0416 and ST0415, 1990,
L.J.Margetts & W.H.Tucker.
Also recorded from VC3: SX45, SX54, SX63, SX65, SX66,
SX73, SX78, SX79, SX83, SX85, SX87, SX95, SX97, SY09,
SY19, SY29, SS80, SS90 and VC4: SX38, SS42, SS51 (BSBI
Atlas).
l Oxalis violacea L.
Violet Wood-sorrel
Extinct. Introduced, a neophyte; native in North America.
Recorded once in the 1920s.
Flora p.188, 1987 onwards (0).
VC3
SX96 Torquay, 1924, E.S.Todd (Flora).
l Oxalis triangularis A.St.-Hil.
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Brazil. A single
record from waste ground in Plymouth.
1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SX55 Boringdon Park, SX529577, 2006, D.Fenwick
(Fenwick 2007).
Euphorbiaceae
l Mercurialis perennis L.
Dog’s Mercury
Very common. Native. In woods, hedges and shaded
places. Widespread in Devon except on the high moors.
Flora p.577, Atlas 97 (1371), 1987 onwards (1214).
l Mercurialis annua L.
Annual Mercury – Map 195
Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Arable fields,
allotments, gardens and waste ground on light soils. It is
commonest in the area between Exeter and Torbay, with
296 A New Flora of Devon
A common arable weed in the Mediterranean and the Isles
of Scilly. Has been seen recently as a weed imported with
large potted Olive (Olea europaea L.) trees in garden
nurseries.
Atlas p.92 (1), 1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SY08 Madeira Cliff, Exmouth, SY0180, 1985, J.A.Philpott
(DA 1986).
VC4
SS44 Woolacombe, Bay View Road, SS4543, before 1940
and 1967, M.Tulloh; 1999, W.H.Tucker.
l Oxalis incarnata L.
Pale Pink-sorrel
Occasional. Introduced, a neophyte; native in South Africa.
A weed of cultivated ground, walls and banks. In Devon
most records are from coastal areas.
Atlas p.92 (5), 1987 onwards (34).
VC3
SX46 SX4563, 1973, Tetrad SX4462, 1977, both
A.J.C.Beddow (Atlas).
SX55 Boringdon Park, SX529577, 2006, D.Fenwick
(Fenwick 2007).
Four-leaved Pink-sorrel Oxalis tetraphylla, p.295
Pale Pink-sorrel Oxalis incarnata
Euphorbiaceae
other records in the Plymouth area and the
Bideford/Barnstaple area.
Flora p.577, Atlas p.97 (17), 1987 onwards (39).
l Mercurialis ambigua L.f.
Very rare. Introduced, casual; native in the western
Mediterranean. Found once recently on disturbed ground
with many other alien species.
Flora as M. annua var. ambigua (L.f.) Duby p.577, 1987
onwards (1).
VC3
SX45 Weed in vegetable garden, Stoke Damerel, 1863,
T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs 1863).
SX55 Boringdon Park, SX529577, 2006, D.Fenwick det.
D.Obbard & J.Pannell (Fenwick 2007, DA 2008).
SY08 Newport, Topsham, W.S.M.D’Urban (Flora,
RAMM).
l Euphorbia peplis L.
Purple Spurge
Extinct in Devon and in Britain. Extinct on the British Red
List. Native. A plant of sand and shingle beaches, just
above the high water line. Southwest Britain is at the
northern edge of its European range and on two occasions
it has established a foothold on the south Devon coast. On
each occasion, it has persisted for a time and was recorded
in several places, probably being washed around in storms
from a well-established core population. It occurred
around the end of the 18th century between Exmouth and
Torbay and is decribed in Hudson (1778) as “prope
Exmouth in Devonia copiose” but Jones (1820) did not see it
for himself at either Exmouth or Dawlish. It reappeared on
the coast between Beesands and Slapton in the 1870s
where it was seen (and collected) by numerous botanists
until 1920. On the north coast, there is a record from
Northam Burrows from around 1800 which is the only
North Devon record accepted by Salmon (1907) in his
review of the species. Although there is no voucher
specimen, there are other records from Somerset,
297A New Flora of Devon
Glamorgan and Ceredigion in the first half of the 19th
century, including specimens from Glamorgan, and the
record seems to be plausible. However, all of the
remaining records listed in the Flora have varying degrees
of doubt. The record from Seaton appears to be an error
made by Keys and repeated by others since that time as
Hore (1841) makes no mention of this species. The record
from Braunton attributed to Ravenshaw in the Flora was
not reported by him during his visit in 1862 (Ravenshaw
1862), in Ravenshaw (1860) or the 1872 supplement. The
most recent record from Lundy, 1965, is due to a typing
error for E. peplus, and there is no suitable habitat on the
island and probably never has been. Goodleigh is a small
inland parish to the east of Barnstaple, a most unlikely
locality for this species. Ilfracombe is a possible location
but Twiss’ Guide is not wholly reliable. Meanwhile, the
specimens said to be in the Hiern Herbarium at RAMM
(Flora) have not been found. In view of the significance of
this species nationally, it is remarkable that there is no
corroboration or acceptance of these records in herbaria or
contemporary literature. Taken together with the easy
clerical confusion with the more common E. peplus, it
seems best to reject these other records until more
supporting information can be found. It was not able to
maintain its foothold in Devon (or elsewhere in the
Southwest). Re-population from mainland Europe is a
possibility, although the extensive public use of the
beaches, particularly in South Devon will inhibit any
colony becoming established.
Flora p.573, Atlas p.99, 1987 onwards (0).
VC3
SX83 Start Point, 1878, T.P.Curnow (BSBI Atlas, OXF).
SX84 Beesands, 1878, W.B.Waterfall (BON, HLU); 1898,
E.S.Marshall (HLU); 1920, J.C.Davey (BSBI Atlas,
RNG); also “in some quantity south of Torcross”,
1919, J.T.Foggitt (DA 1941) may belong here.
Torcross/Slapton Sands, recorded frequently in
several places from 1875, W.B.Waterfall (Flora) to
1920, E.Graham (BSBI Atlas). Blackpool Sands,
W.Borrer (Salmon 1907, CGE, K). Stoke Fleming, no
date, J.Storey (BSBI Atlas).
SX85 Goodrington Sands (Stewart 1860).
SX86 Between Paignton and Torquay, 1808, C.S.Cullen
(Salmon 1907, BM); sands between Paignton and
Torquay, J.Jervis (Jones & Kingston 1829, BM).
Annual Mercury Mercurialis annua
Map 195. Mercurialis annua (Annual Mercury)
Euphorbiaceae
VC4
SS64 Martinhoe, near Hollowbrook waterfall, SS667494,
2006, J.Webb & T.Webb. One plant on roadside at Lee
Abbey, SS696491, 1989, P.R.Green.
SS74 Tetrad SS7048, 1981, R.B.Ivimey-Cook (Atlas). Within
the core area in the East Lyn Valley recorded in
SS7348, SS7446, SS7447, SS7448, SS7547, SS7548 and
SS7647 from 1840, N.Ward (Ward 1841, BPL), to the
present day, W.H.Tucker, R.FitzGerald,
R.M.H.Hodgson, N.F.Stewart, etc. Badgworthy Water,
SS7844, anon. 1963 (BSBI Atlas).
l Euphorbia dulcis L.
Sweet Spurge
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe.
Sometimes naturalised in shaded places and in gardens.
Atlas p.99, 1987 onwards (2).
VC3
SX56 Tetrad SX5068, 1973, M.F.Spooner (Atlas).
SX73 Batson Creek, Salcombe, SX7339, 1970, G.S.Steele-
Perkins det. Kew (DA 1971, DA1985).
SX98 Churston Ferrers, SX904565, 1997, R.E.N.Smith
(RENS).
SX99 Garden weed, Old Rydon Lane, Exeter, SX951903,
1971, G.F.C.Hawkins (DA 1973).
SY18 Wall near Salcombe Regis, SY1488, 1987,
L.M.Spalton (BSBI Atlas).
Also recorded from VC3: SX54, SX86, SX95, SX99, SY29
(BSBI Atlas).
l Euphorbia platyphyllos L.
Broad-leaved Spurge
Very rare. Introduced, an archaeophyte. A plant of
cultivated land preferring calcareous soils. Casual in
Devon.
Flora p.574, 1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SX55 On disturbed ground at Boringdon Park, SX530580,
2007, D.Fenwick det. T.Walker (DA 2008).
l Euphorbia stricta L.
Upright Spurge
Very rare. Nationally Rare. Native in open woodland in the
Forest of Dean but introduced in Devon where it is a
casual of waste ground. Perhaps spreading by way of the
garden plant trade.
1987 onwards (7).
VC3
SX46 Nursery weed at Rumleigh, SX4468, 2005,
D.Fenwick.
SX85 One plant on roadside, Newton Abbot, SX857712,
2010, R.E.N.Smith.
SX87 Abundant pot weed in a nursery at Chudleigh,
SX863787, 1996, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith (DA 1997,
RENS).
SX95 Four plants on waste ground at Brownstone,
SX901506, 1996, M.Ingram det. R.E.N.Smith (DA
2007).
298 A New Flora of Devon
SX97 Among the sand near the first rocks between the
Warren and Dawlish, before 1794, F.H.Drake (Briggs
1884a). Dawlish Warren, J.Jervis (Jones 1821).
SX98 Exmouth in great quantity (Hudson 1778);
Exmouth Sands, W.Withering (Jones & Kingston
1829). These records may have been in SY08 in the
vicinity of The Maer. G.T.Fraser (DA 1941) points
out that in Hudson’s time Dawlish Warren was
known as Exmouth Warren or Exmouth Sands.
However, Jones (1821) gives the records as “at
Exmouth and on the Warren” suggesting that it
occurred on both sides of the river.
VC4
SS43 Northam Burrows, Mr.Yonge (Turner & Dillwyn
1805).
l Euphorbia serpens Kunth
Round-leaved Spurge
Very rare. Introduced, casual; from tropical America.
Usually associated with either bird seed or wool waste.
1987 onwards (1).
VC4
SS62 Bydown, Swimbridge, SS6229, 1991, R.Higgins &
D.Lawrence det. A.Ratcliffe-Smith as var. serpens (DA
1991, K).
l Euphorbia hyberna L.
Irish Spurge
Very rare. Nationally Rare. Vulnerable on the British Red
List. Native. Shaded woods and hedges with a preference
for dappled shade. Limited to a few locations in the north
of Exmoor, it is locally plentiful in the East Lyn River
valley between Wester Wood, Hillsford Bridge and
Brendon where it was first recorded by N.Ward in 1840
(Ward 1841). During a survey conducted in 1989
R.FitzGerald found plants, often abundantly, in many
locations in this core area in the north of SX74 where it can
still be found. A record from ST01, Uffculme, F.Laidlaw
(DA 1945) is well out of range and is likely to be an error.
Flora p.574, Atlas p.97 (4), 1987 onwards (8).
Irish Spurge Euphorbia hyberna
Euphorbiaceae
ST20 Royal Oak Farm, Cotleigh, ST2103, 1997, D.J.Allen
(DA 1998, DJA).
VC4
SS61 Hansford, near Colleton Mills, SS6514, 1997,
E.Stenger det. L.J.Margetts (DA 1998).
Also recorded from VC3: SX78, SX98 (BSBI Atlas).
l Euphorbia helioscopia L.
Sun Spurge – Map 196
Frequent. Introduced, an archaeophyte. In cultivated and
waste ground and in gardens. Generally common but rare
around Dartmoor, Exmoor and on the Culm Measures.
Flora p.574, Atlas p.97 (391), 1987 onwards (349).
l Euphorbia lathyris L.
Caper Spurge – Map 197
Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Waste ground,
roadsides, in gardens and occasionally in woodland but
not usually far from habitation. Widespread but
commonest on less acid soils.
Flora p.576, Atlas p.98 (37), 1987 onwards (71).
l Euphorbia exigua L.
Dwarf Spurge – Map 198 (overleaf)
Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Arable fields and
gardens. Once found throughout the county though never
common and erratic in its appearance (Flora) except in the
Plymouth area (Briggs 1880). Still known from arable areas
in fields and occasionally in gardens and on roadsides.
Populations are usually small, but it is, occasionally, locally
abundant. It has decreased in frequency since the Flora
when it was recorded from over 50 parishes, but there is
no indication that this decline is continuing.
Flora p.576, Atlas p.98 (34), 1987 onwards (37).
l Euphorbia peplus L.
Petty Spurge – Map 199 (overleaf)
299A New Flora of Devon
Frequent. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Occurs in
cultivated ground, gardens and waste ground. Rather
common around villages. Widespread and locally common
especially in the south.
Flora p.576, Atlas p.98 (494), 1987 onwards (415).
Sun Spurge Euphorbia helioscopia
Map 196. Euphorbia helioscopia (Sun Spurge) Map 197. Euphorbia lathyris (Caper Spurge)
Euphorbiaceae
Much less common in South Devon where it is now known
from the Avon estuary, the Slapton area and around the
mouth of the River Exe. Not seen recently in some of its
former sites but it may be that some of these were short-
lived colonisations washed in from other populations
along the coast.
Flora p.575, Atlas p.98 (21), 1987 onwards (19).
VC3
SX45 Bovisand (Ravenshaw 1860).
SX54 Tetrad SX5246, 1973, O.D.Hunt (Atlas).
SX63 Bolt Tail, J.Fairweather (Fairweather 1913). Soar Mill,
SX6937, 1972, P.Eagle (Atlas).
SX64 By River Erme at Pamflete, T.R.A.Briggs (Briggs
1880). Ayrmer Cove, SX641455, 2013, R.E.N.Smith.
Thurlestone, SX6642, 2008, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.
Cockleridge Ham, SX666441, 1998, R.Rhodes; 2004,
P.J.Reay; 2008, R.E.N.Smith.
SX73 Prawle Point, Royal Naval College Field Club (DA
1929). [The record for Kingsbridge in the Flora is
likely to be based on Saunders (1898) which is too
vague to pinpoint.]
SX84 Tetrad SX8240, 1977, M.F.Spooner (Atlas). Slapton
Sands, abundant 1909, A.H.Wolley-Dod (Wolley-Dod
1910); seen regularly since in SX8243, SX8245 and
SX8345 and still there 2013, R.E.N.Smith. Strete Gate
beach, SX838461, 1968, B.S.Brookes & A.Burns
(Brookes & Burns 1969); 2008, R.E.N.Smith.
Blackpool Sands, SX856479, 2008 and 2010,
R.E.N.Smith.
SX95 Tetrad SX9256, 1979, E.Cowling (Atlas).
SX96 Torquay (Jones & Kingston 1829). Tetrad SX9268,
J.M.Mullin (Atlas).
SX97 Dawlish Warren; known here since 1789 (Flora) and
seen regularly since in SX9878; still there 2009,
K.Rylands & I.Lakin; also at SX9779, 1981, J.M.Mullin
(Atlas).
SX98 Dawlish Warren, SX991802, 2009, K.Rylands &
I.Lakin; 2011, J.J.Ison.
300 A New Flora of Devon
l Euphorbia portlandica L.
Portland Spurge – Map 200
Occasional. Native. Locally frequent on maritime sand
dunes and sea cliffs but absent from the wooded cliffs on
the north coast.
Flora p.575, Atlas p.98 (54), 1987 onwards (59).
l Euphorbia paralias L.
Sea Spurge
Rare. Native. Maritime dunes and sandy shores. More
restricted than E. portlandica but common at Braunton,
Northam, Woolacombe and Instow in North Devon.
Map 198. Euphorbia exigua (Dwarf Spurge) Map 199. Euphorbia peplus (Petty Spurge)
Dwarf Spurge Euphorbia exigua, p.299
Euphorbiaceae
SY08 Exmouth Sands (Jones & Kingston 1829); near the
harbour, W.M.Rogers (Rogers 1878); The Maer,
Exmouth, SY0180, 1992, L.M.Spalton.
VC4
SS43 Northam Burrows; seen regularly in SS4330, SS4430
and SS4431, and still there 2009, NDBG. Instow,
SS4731 and SS4732, 1991, W.H.Tucker; 2008,
R.M.H.Hodgson. Braunton Burrows; known since
1797 (Flora); seen regularly including recently in
SS4632, SS4434, SS4534, SS4435 and SS4436, and
still there 2011, DAB. Croyde Bay, SS4339, seen
regularly and still there 2011, M.Putnam &
A.Holwill.
SS44 Putsborough, SS4440, 2011, Q.Groom. Woolacombe,
tetrad SS4442, 1971, J.P.Widgery; SS4543, 1991,
W.H.Tucker; 2010, NDBG.
301A New Flora of Devon
[SS53 The record from tetrad SS5430, 1974, M.Tulloh
(Atlas) is undoubtedly an error, while the vicinity
of Barnstaple (Ward 1841) probably refers to one of
the sites in SS43.]
SS54 Ilfracombe (Flora).
Also recorded from VC3: SY28 and VC4: SS42 (BSBI
Atlas).
l Euphorbia esula L. agg.
Leafy Spurge
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in southern
Europe. A difficult aggregate group comprising, in Britain,
three species and their hybrids (all fertile) which can only
be reliably separated by leaf shape. Of these E. ×
pseudovirgata and E. cyparissias have been reliably recorded
(see separate account below). There are two other
undifferentiated, old, records.
Flora including E. virgata Waldst. & Kit, E. esula L. and E.
cyparissias L. p.575, Atlas p.99.
VC3
SX56 Between Bickleigh and Shaugh, 1915, H.W.Smith
(DA 1915, Druce 1916b).
SX77 Bickington, E.S.Todd (DA 1921).
l Euphorbia × pseudovirgata (Schur) Soó.
E. waldsteinii (Soják) Czerep × E. esula L.
Twiggy Spurge
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe. Long
naturalised by the Exeter Canal and known for several
years at Braunton Burrows though now gone.
1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SX99 By Exeter Canal, 1927, R.H.Douglas & G.R.A.Watts
(DA 1927, TOR); and regularly since although
named variously as E. esula, E. virgata, or E.
cyparissias. Still there at SX924911 where it is locally
abundant on the canal bank for 100 metres, 2011,
J.J.Ison.
VC4
SS43 Crow Point, Braunton Burrows, SS463323, 1970,
Mrs. Nicholls det. BM; 1977, but not 1984 or
subsequently, W.H.Tucker.
l Euphorbia cyparissias L.
Cypress Spurge
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe, but
possibly native in chalk grassland in southeast England.
Naturalised in grassland and waste places usually near
habitations. The plants recorded by the Exeter Canal (DA
1942 and DA 1987) and the record from Braunton Burrows,
SS4633 (Atlas) must have been Euphorbia × pseudovirgata.
Flora p.575, Atlas p.99 (1), 1987 onwards (8).
VC3
SX56 On a wall at Horrabridge, SX515699, 2006,
R.M.H.Hodgson.
SX95 Amongst gorse at Fishcombe Cove, K.E.Bull (DA
1952).
SX98 Garden weed, Topsham, W.S.M.D’Urban (Flora).
Map 200. Euphorbia portlandica (Portland Spurge)
Portland Spurge Euphorbia portlandica
Euphorbiaceae, Elatinaceae
VC3
SX45 Stonehouse, Plymouth, on a limestone cliff,
SX464536, 2007, P.D.Pullen.
SX96 Babbacombe, self-sown plants on cliff-edge,
SX925655, 2012, R.E.N.Smith & C.J.Smith.
SX97 Bishopsteignton, on cliff at Luxton’s Steps,
SX901728, 2003 and 2008, R.E.N.Smith.
SY08 Budleigh Salterton, SY066819, 1992, L.M.Spalton
(DA 1993).Woodbury, SY0186, 2007, I.Lakin.
Also recorded from VC3: SX75, SX85, SX86, SY09 (BSBI
Atlas).
subsp. veneta (Willd.) Litard
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the eastern
Mediterranean.
1987 onwards (2).
VC4
SS73 Brinsworthy, SS7530, 2009, C.Giddens.
Also recorded from VC3: SY18 (BSBI Atlas).
Elatinaceae
l Elatine hexandra (Lapierre) DC.
Six-stamened Waterwort
Very rare. Native. In shallow water or on mud on the
fringes of reservoirs and lakes and in disused china clay
pits. It may be locally abundant, particularly when
exposed on mud above the water level in reservoirs.
Atlas p.110 (4), 1987 onwards (5).
VC3
SX56 In old china clay workings near Cadover Bridge,
SX551651, SX553650 and SX553651, 1991, 1996,
N.F.Stewart; locally frequent, SX552650, 2013,
R.E.N.Smith. Clay pits pond, SX574631, 2009,
302 A New Flora of Devon
SY08 Exmouth, 1916, J.C.Davey (Druce 1917b); The Maer,
Exmouth, 1922, W.S.M.D’Urban (Lester-Garland
1923); Exmouth, 1956, V.M.Wilkinson (BSBI Atlas);
Exmouth, tetrad SY0080, 1983, W.H.Tucker (Atlas);
SY003802, 2013, R.E.N.Smith.
ST01 Beacon Hill near Holcombe Rogus, ST0712, 1985,
L.J.Margetts (DA 1986).
VC4
SS30 One plant on roadside near Withypool Bridge,
Thornbury, SS393093, 2008, R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS54 Pilton, 1894, Mr. Partridge (Flora). West Down, near
Foxhunter Inn, SS5142, 1957, C.M.A.Cadell (DA
1958).
Also recorded from VC3: SX45, SX55, SX57, SX87, SY09
and VC4: SS53 (BSBI Atlas).
l Euphorbia amygdaloides L.
Wood Spurge – Map 201
subsp. amygdaloides
Frequent. Native. A widespread light-demanding plant on
neutral or acid soils in woods and on hedgebanks, but
very uncommon in the far northwest.
Flora p.575, Atlas p.99 (475), 1987 onwards (208).
subsp. robbiae (Turrill) Stace
Turkish Wood Spurge
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Turkey.
Scattered around South Devon in coastal districts, rare
elsewhere. There is only one localised record.
1987 onwards (10).
VC3
ST01 Willand, ST0310, 2007, J.J.Ison.
Also recorded from VC3: SX56, SX64, SX75, SX84, SX86,
SX97, SY08, SY19, SS80, ST11 and VC4: ST01 (BSBI Atlas).
l Euphorbia characias L.
Mediterranean Spurge
subsp. characias
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in the western
Mediterranean. Frequently grown in gardens and
naturalised in a few places.
1987 onwards (8).
Cypress Spurge Euphorbia cyparissias, p.301
Map 201. Euphorbia amygdaloides (Wood Spurge)
Elatinaceae, Salicaceae
N.F.Stewart, P.D.Pullen & R.E.N.Smith. Burrator
Reservoir, SX560685, 1955, O.Greig (DA 1956);
SX556685 and SX557683, 1996; N.F.Stewart;
SX557684, 1999, N.F.Stewart (DA 2000); SX560685,
1955, O.Greig (DA 1956).
SX68 Fernworthy Reservoir, SX6684, 1951, O.Greig
(Atlas); 1971, G.F.C.Hawkins (DA 1972); 1999,
N.F.Stewart (DA 2000).
SX84 At the south end of Slapton Ley, SX8244, 1959,
F.Rose (DA 1966).
VC4
SS21 Lower Tamar Lake, SS2911, 1951, O.Greig; SS293112,
1979, M.A.Stile; SS298110, 1986, W.H.Tucker.
SS64 In great quantity at Wistlandpound Reservoir,
SS6441, 1995, W.H.Tucker (DA 1996).
Salicaceae
l Populus alba L.
White Poplar – Map 202
Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe.
Female trees are widely planted throughout the county
sometimes suckering to form thickets. Male trees are very
rare in Britain.
Flora p.591, Atlas p.13 (18), 1987 onwards (95).
l Populus × canescens (Aiton) Sm.
P. alba × P. tremula
Grey Poplar – Map 203
Frequent. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe.
Planted occasionally throughout the county.
Flora as P. canescens p.591, Atlas as P. canescens p.13 (59),
1987 onwards (50).
l Populus tremula L.
Aspen
Frequent. Native. Scattered throughout the county in moist
situations, where it often suckers to form large thickets.
Flora p.591, Atlas p.14 (144), 1987 onwards (166).
l Populus nigra L.
Black-poplar
Native and Introduced. The Flora and The Atlas records
include the native subsp. betulifolia, non native fastigiate
303A New Flora of Devon
varieties and other species and their hybrids.
Flora p.592, Atlas p.14 (64).
subsp. betulifolia (Pursh) Dippel
Very rare. Native. Usually on river flood plains. Perhaps
planted on some sites.
1987 onwards (8).
VC3
SX99 Riverside Park, Exeter, SX929910, 1984, H.K.Dodwell
(BSBI Atlas); 1994, E.Milne Redhead (DA 1995);
SX9291, 2008, J.J.Ison. Flood plain of the River Clyst,
Clyst St. Mary, SX973914, 1976, J.T.H.Knight. Large
tree at edge of small wood, SX973915; three
medium-sized trees on west-flowing part of ditch,
SX972915; large tree (split into two) on bank of
stream and four smaller ones to the north
Six-stamened Waterwort Elatine hexandra
Map 202. Populus alba (White poplar)
Map 203. Populus × canescens (Grey Poplar)
Salicaceae
l Populus × canadensis Moench
Hybrid Black-poplar – Map 204
‘Serotina’ (P. nigra subsp. nigra × P. deltoides)
‘Robusta’ (P. deltoides ‘Cordata’ × P. nigra ‘Plantierensis’)
‘Marilandica’ (P. nigra subsp. nigra × P. × canadensis
‘Serotina’)
Hybrid black poplars are widely planted and can be found
throughout the county. In most cases the variety has not
been ascertained but those listed above are all known to
occur. Perhaps not always differentiated from the Balsam
Poplars, P. trichocarpa, P. balsamifera or their hybrids, for
which there are no records since 2000.
1987 onwards (161).
l Populus × jackii Sarg.
P. deltoides × P. balsamifera
Balm-of-Gilead
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte, artificially created and
native to North America. Planted.
1987 onwards (19).
Recorded from VC3: SX76, SX79, SX86, SX87, SX89, SX96,
SX98, SY08, SY09, SY18, SY19, SY29, SS80, SS90, ST00,
ST10, ST11 and VC4: SS50, SS62, SS70 (BSBI Atlas).
l Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A.Gray ex Hook.
Western Balsam-poplar
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in western North
America. Planted.
1987 onwards (20).
Recorded from VC3: SX58, SX74, SX75, SX76, SX88, SX89,
SX98, SX99, SY08, SS80, SS90, ST00, ST01, ST09, ST10,
ST11 and VC4: SS43, SS44 (BSBI Atlas).
l Populus ‘Balsam Spire’
P. trichocarpa × P. balsamifera
Hybrid Balsam-poplar
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; raised in America. Said
304 A New Flora of Devon
(upstream), SX973913, all near Bishop’s Clyst on the
River Clyst flood plain, 2004, J.J.Ison.
SY08 A single old tree on the edge of the Otter Estuary,
SY072826, 1994, L.M.Spalton conf. R.D.Meikle (DA
1996, LJM); large tree in hedge by gateway and
three smaller ones along hedge to the west, 2004,
J.J.Ison. Meadow by River Otter, Otterton, SY0785,
1982, M.Parkinson (BSBI Atlas); 1994, E.Milne
Redhead (DA 1995); flood meadow between old
railway and River Otter, single large tree opposite
old station building, SY078850, 2004, J.J.Ison. Group
of nine large trees on east side of River Otter, north
of Otterton, SY085863, 2005, J.J.Ison. By road bridge
over stream, Newton Poppleford, SY080897, 1992,
R.Jefcoate (BSBI Atlas); found dead following severe
pollarding, 2007, J.J.Ison.
SY29 By oxbow lake of River Axe, Colyton, SY259938,
1983, P.J.Wilson (BSBI Atlas).
SS91 Large tree by roundabout on Great Western Way,
Tiverton, SS954123, 2004, J.J.Ison. This was once part
of the flood plain of the River Loman.
ST00 Flood plain of River Culm, Bradninch, ST015039,
1976, E.Milne Redhead (BSBI Atlas).
ST01 Southeast of Weir Mill Farm, ST046106; northeast of
Weir Mill Farm, ST046109; opposite Ford Farm,
ST053113; near Selgars Mill, ST053117; all by or near
River Culm, Uffculme, 1976, E.Milne Redhead (BSBI
Atlas). Two or more trees opposite Ford Farm, those
near Weir Mill Farm and Selgars Mill were not
relocated, 2007, J.J.Ison.
ST11 Flood plain of River Culm, Whitehall, ST123138,
1985, W.Lutley (BSBI Atlas).
VC4
SS42 Weare Giffard (DA 1916); The Hall, 1919, W.P.Hiern
(BSBI Atlas, RAMM).
l ‘Italica’ (P. nigra var. italica Münchh)
Introduced, a neophyte; garden origin. The narrowly
fastigiate Lombardy Poplar is widely planted.
l ‘Plantierensis’ (P. nigra subsp. betulifolia × P. nigra ‘Italica’)
Introduced, a neophyte; garden origin. This less narrowly
fastigiate form has been recorded once in VC3 but without
locality details.
Black-poplar Populus nigra subsp. betulifolia
Map 204. Populus × canadensis (Hybrid Black-poplar)
to be widely planted in Britain and Ireland and probably
under-recorded in Devon.
1987 onwards (2).
Recorded from VC4: SS52, SS81 (BSBI Atlas).
l Populus balsamifera L.
Eastern Balsam-poplar
Rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in eastern North
America. Planted. Recorded twice in mid-Devon.
1987 onwards (2).
VC4
SS51 Halsdon, tetrad SS5412, 1982, M.Tulloh.
SS60 Bondleigh Bridge, SS6504, 1997, W.H.Tucker.
Salix – Willows
The genus Salix presents a number of problems that have
yet to be properly resolved in the Devon flora. It is a
difficult group and identification of some taxa requires
examination of material from the same plant at different
times of year (Meikle 1984). Also, as Salix species are
dioecious, it can be difficult to determine if male and
female plants belong to the same or different species.
Hybridisation is common, and includes complex hybrids
involving more than two species. Horticultural hybrids
and cultivars also add to the difficulties in identification.
The species accounts below give the current state of
knowledge of willows in Devon but have a number of
shortcomings.
Uncertainties about identification have led to under-
recording of all but the commonest taxa, with recorders
reluctant to name plants that ‘look a bit odd’. The accounts
in Meikle (1984) suggest that several hybrids have been
overlooked in recording the Devon flora. S. × smithiana (S.
caprea × S. viminalis), S. × reichardtii (S. caprea × S. cinerea)
and S. × multinervis (S. aurita × S. cinerea) are all described
by Meikle as common where the parents are found
together, and a range of intermediates can occur. Of these
three taxa, only S. × multinervis has a significant number of
records in Devon, and the comments in Meikle suggest
that these represent a more accurate picture of the
situation in Devon than for the other two, which are
probably under-recorded.
The genus is currently the subject of taxonomic revision. In
particular, DNA evidence suggests that of the four
varieties of S. fragilis given in the third edition of Stace
(2010), var. decipiens represents a new species, S. euxina,
and the other three are varieties of S. euxina × S. alba (S. ×
fragilis) (Belyaeva 2009). The account here, however,
follows Stace (ibid.).
l Salix pentandra L.
Bay-leaved Willow
Very rare. Native but introduced in Devon from central
and northern Britain. There is one recent record.
Flora p.585, Atlas p.13, 1987 onwards (1).
Salicaceae
305A New Flora of Devon
VC3
SX67 Prince Hall, near Two Bridges, E.Parfitt (Flora).
SX86 Coffinswell, 1936, T.Stephenson (Flora).
SY08 Woodbury, E.Parfitt (Flora).
ST01 Halberton (DA1910, RAMM).
VC4
SS51 By pond near Halsdon House, near Dolton,
SS554126, 1995, N.F.Stewart & R.J.Stewart.
SS64 Trentishoe (Flora, RAMM).
l Salix × ehrhartiana Sm.
S. alba × S. pentandra
Ehrhart’s Willow
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Europe but of
garden origin in British Isles.
VC3
SX55 Almost certainly planted at Blagdon’s Meadow by
the Plym estuary, SX501549, 2011, P.D.Pullen.
l Salix fragilis L.
Crack-willow
Frequent. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Local but
widespread in deep moist soils on the edge of marshes, by
rivers and streams, and other wet places. Under-recorded
at the tetrad level.
Flora p.586, Atlas p.11 (170), 1987 onwards (126).
l var. decipiens (Hoffm.) W.D.J.Koch
No vouchers have been traced for the records in Stewart
(1860) and given that understanding of the taxonomy of
willows was still at an early stage at this time, they are best
disregarded. Reported once from North Devon in recent
times.
VC4
SS41 By the river at Torrington, SS4719, 1995, W.H.Tucker
(DA 1996).
l var. russelliana (Sm.) W.D.J.Koch
Reported once from South Devon.
VC3
SX99 Stoke Canon, SX9398, 1994, L.J.Margetts &
L.M.Spalton conf. R.D.Meikle (DA 1995).
l [Salix × alopecuroides Tausch ex Opiz
S. fragilis × S. triandra
Mentioned in Stace (1975) as having been collected from
South Devon by E.F.Linton although there is some
uncertainty as to whether the tree was this hybrid and it is
probably best excluded.
Atlas as Salix × speciosa Host. p.13, 1987 onwards (0).]
l Salix × rubens Schrank
S. alba × S. fragilis
Very rare. Introduced, an archaeophyte. This hybrid has
been recorded in several places in both vice-counties, in
most cases without any supporting data or evidence.
Records published by The Devonshire Association are
listed here. Only one specimen listed in the Flora from
Salicaceae
l Salix alba L.
White Willow
Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Recorded here
and there by rivers and streams and in damp woodland
throughout the county.
Flora p.586, Atlas p.11 (97), 1987 onwards (91).
l Salix × sepulcralis Simonk.
S. alba × S. babylonica
Weeping Willow
Frequent. Introduced, garden origin. Widely planted in
parks and gardens especially in South Devon.
1987 onwards (35).
l Salix triandra L.
Almond Willow – Map 205
Rare. Introduced, an archaeophyte. By rivers and streams
and in other wet places. It has always been rather
uncommon in Devon but it seems to have declined. The
Flora gives 22 parishes and it seems to have been most
frequent around Plymouth and the South Hams. It is now
rare and often occurs as only one or two trees, but it is also
likely that there has been some under-recording. Recent
localised records are listed.
Flora p.585, Atlas p.11 (16), 1987 onwards (12).
VC3
SX99 Exeter Canal, SX9290, 2007 and 2008, J.J.Ison.
Brampford Speke, SX9298, 2007, J.J.Ison.
Mosshayne, by railway, SX983945, 2007, J.J.Ison.
ST30 River Axe near Smallridge, ST3100, 1998,
L.J.Margetts (DA 1999); 2004, R.E.N.Smith (RENS).
VC4
SX79 Bow Station, SX715999, 1974, W.H.Tucker.
SS41 Tantons Plain, Torrington, SS492199, 1995,
W.H.Tucker. Torrington Common, tetrad SS4818,
2000, W.H.Tucker.
SS42 Torrington Common, SS493202, 1985, W.H.Tucker
(DA 1987).
SS60 Staddon Moor, SS681025, 1999, W.H.Tucker (DA
2000).
l Salix × mollissima Hoffm. ex Elwert
S. triandra × S. viminalis
Very rare. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Used in the past
for basket making.
Atlas p.13, 1987 onwards (1).
VC4
SS70 By stream on north edge of Bow, SS718018, 2004,
N.F.Stewart conf. R.D.Meikle as almost certainly var.
hippophaefolia (Thuill.) Wimm.
l Salix purpurea L.
Purple Willow
Rare. Native. By streams and rivers and on other wet
ground. Most of the older records were never confirmed
and, together with more recent records that lack
supporting evidence, are not repeated here.
Flora p.587, Atlas p.13 (3), 1987 onwards (11).
306 A New Flora of Devon
Staverton was seen by the referee, E.C.Wallace. He
regarded this as a possibility only and the specimen is no
longer at TOR. The records from near Gidleigh and
Hatherleigh were identified as nothovar. basfordiana
(Scaling ex S.J.A.Salter) Meikle (S. alba var. vitellina (L.)
Stokes × S. fragilis).
Flora as × S. viridis Fr. p.587, Atlas p.13, 1987 onwards (9).
VC3
SX68 Near Gidleigh, SX6788, 1997, L.J.Margetts &
L.M.Spalton (DA 1998).
SY08 The Maer, Exmouth, SY007802, 1994, L.J.Margetts,
L.M.Spalton & R.Takagi-Arigho (DA 1995, RENS).
VC4
SS50 Hatherleigh, SS540043, 1994, W.H.Tucker (DA 1995).
Also recorded from VC3: SX86, SX89, SX97, SX98 and
VC4: SS43, SS61 (BSBI Atlas).
l Salix × pendulina Wender.
S. babylonica × S. fragilis
Weeping Crack-willow
Very rare. Introduced, garden origin. Recorded without
location in eight hectads in VC3 between 1987 and 1999
(BSBI Atlas) but some of these may be errors for S. ×
sepulcralis.
1987 onwards (8).
White Willow Salix alba
Salicaceae
VC3
SX55 Plymouth, SX501572, 1974, J.S.Rees (Atlas).
SX56 Damp meadow at Shaugh Prior, SX5463, 1997,
L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton conf. R.D.Meikle (DA
1998).
SX67 By West Webburn River near Grendon Farm,
SX6878, 1995, L.J.Margetts, L.M.Spalton &
N.F.Stewart. (DA 1996).
SX86 By railway bridge, Totnes, 1950, W.C.Bennett, det.
A.J.Wilmott (Greig 1957).
SX88 Single bush at margin of pond at Canonteign,
SX839823, 2007, J.J.Ison (DA 2008).
SX98 Several trees planted by the River Exe, Valley Park,
Exeter, SX937899, 2009, J.J.Ison (DA 2010). Exeter
Canal, below Countess Wear, SX948889, 2011,
J.J.Ison.
SX99 Riverside Valley Park, Exeter, SX929910, 2008 and
SX935900, 2011, J.J.Ison.
ST20 Planted at Stockland, ST2404, 2011, R.E.N.Smith.
VC4
SS42 Babbacombe, SS401256, 2005, J.J.Ison.
SS53 Bishop’s Tawton, W.P.Hiern conf. E.C.Wallace (Flora,
RAMM).
SS61 By pond east of Mill Moor Cross, SS6615, 2006,
N.F.Stewart (DA 2007).
VC9
ST30 Tetrad ST3400, 1975, J.G.Keylock (Atlas).
l Salix × rubra Huds.
S. purpurea × S. viminalis
Very rare. Native but probably planted at its only recorded
site.
1987 onwards (1).
VC4
SS53 In former osier bed, Yeo Vale, Barnstaple, SS562340,
1997, W.H.Tucker.
307A New Flora of Devon
l Salix × forbyana Sm.
S. cinerea × S. purpurea × S. viminalis
Very rare. Native.
1987 onwards (1).
VC3
ST00 One tree on edge of old railway sidings at
Cullompton, ST0207, 1999, L.J.Margetts &
L.M.Spalton det. R.D.Meikle (DA 2000).
l Salix daphnoides Vill.
European Violet-willow
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native in Scandinavia.
1987 onwards (2).
VC3
SY29 Planted by pond at Seaton Marshes, SY250908,
2007, J.M.Lock conf. R.D.Meikle (DA 2008).
ST00 In hedge at Whitley Croft, Ashclyst, ST0002, 1997,
L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton det. R.D.Meikle (DA
2000).
Also recorded from VC3: ST10 (BSBI Atlas).
l Salix acutifolia Willd.
Siberian Violet-willow
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte; native from Finland to
central Asia.
1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SX98 Some bushes, clearly naturalised from planted
specimens, by edge of water meadow, Exminster,
SX9488, 1995, L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton det.
R.D.Meikle (DA 1996, LJM).
l Salix udensis Trautv. & C.A.Mey.
Sakhalin Willow
Very rare. Introduced, a neophyte, native in eastern Asia.
1987 onwards (1).
VC3
SS90 By lakes at Bunneford Cross, SS9806, 1997,
L.J.Margetts & L.M.Spalton det. R.D.Meikle (DA 2000).
l Salix viminalis L.
Osier – Map 206 (overleaf)
Occasional. Introduced, an archaeophyte. Widespread
throughout the county in damp locations. Much used for
basket making in the past but now planted mainly as a
biomass crop. Under-recorded at the tetrad level in VC3.
Flora p.587, Atlas p.13 (80), 1987 onwards (116).
l Salix × smithiana Willd.
S. viminalis × S. caprea
Very rare. Native. A naturally occurring hybrid, now
planted as a biomass crop and in landscaping schemes. In
addition to the records listed below there are a number of
other hectad records from both vice-counties without any
supporting data.
Flora as × S. mollissima Sm. p.588, Atlas as S. × sericans
Tausch ex A.Kern p.13, 1987 onwards (3).
Map 205. Salix triandra (Almond Willow)
Salicaceae
VC3
SX76 Palstone, South Brent, SX7060, 1988, L.J.Margetts
det. R.D.Meikle (DA 1999).
ST11 In hedge, Leigh Hill, ST1010, 1998, L.M.Spalton (DA
1999).
VC4
SX95 Ashbury, tetrad SX5096, 2005, R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS54 Several trees in Corner Lane, near old silver mine,
Combe Martin, 1945, H.W.Pugsley (DA 1946).
Also recorded from VC3: SX79, SY08, SY19 (BSBI Atlas).
l Salix × fruticosa Döll
S. aurita × S. viminalis
Extinct. Native. May arise spontaneously. It has been used
for basket making and more recently for biomass
production.
1987 onwards (0).
VC4
SS32 Clovelly, on cliffs at Gallantry Bower, SS3124, 1979,
A.J.C.Beddow (DA 1979).
l Salix × friesiana Andersson
S. repens × S. viminalis
Very rare. Native. A very rare hybrid found at Braunton
Burrows for the first time during a BSBI meeting in 2003.
1987 onwards (1).
VC4
SS43 Single bushes in two places on Braunton Burrows,
SS461347 and SS461348, 2003, R.D.Meikle (DA 2004).
l Salix caprea L.
Goat Willow
Common. Native. Woodland, hedges and on waste ground
throughout the lowlands. It is less common than S. cinerea
but it prefers drier and more base-rich soils.
Flora p.589, Atlas p.12 (921), 1987 onwards (508).
l Salix × reichardtii A.Kern.
S. caprea × S. cinerea
Very rare. Native. There are very few detailed records of
this variable hybrid which arises in the presence of both
parents. Meikle (1984) suggests many plants recorded as S.
caprea are probably this hybrid and it is almost certainly
under-recorded.
Atlas p.13, 1987 onwards (5).
VC3
SX56 Roborough Down, SX517673, 1989, R.M.H.Hodgson
(DA 1990).
SY19 Harpford Wood, SY1090, 1993, DAB det.
L.J.Margetts (DA 1994).
SY29 Wilmington Quarry, SY2099, 1992, L.J.Margetts &
L.M.Spalton (DA 1993).
VC4
SX59 Sourton, tetrad SX5290, 2007, R.M.H.Hodgson.
SX69 Itton, tetrad SX6898, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.
SS44 Borough Wood, SS4846, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson &
M.Breeds.
308 A New Flora of Devon
VC3
SX79 Near Crockernwell, SX7592, L.J.Margetts &
L.M.Spalton det. R.D.Meikle (DA 1995).
SX98 Probably planted, by South West Water enclosure,
Exton, SX9886, 2011, R.E.N.Smith & N.F.Stewart.
VC4
SS41 In hedge at Tanton’s Plain, Torrington, SS493198,
1988, W.H.Tucker conf. L.J.Margetts (DA 1999).
SS63 Possibly planted by North Devon Link Road,
Landkey, SS604315, 2010, R.M.H.Hodgson.
ST01 Locally common in damp area by track, Holcombe
Rogus, ST073196, 1997, P.R.Green & G.A.Crouch.
Also recorded from VC3: SX65, SX69, SX84, SX86, SY08,
SY19, SS80 (BSBI Atlas).
l Salix × holosericea Willd.
S. viminalis × S. cinerea
Very rare. Native but probably planted in most of its
Devon sites. Records made since the Flora are listed here.
Flora as × S. stipularis Sm. p.588, Atlas as S. × smithiana
Willd. p.13, 1987 onwards (4).
Map 206. Salix viminalis (Osier)
Osier Salix viminalis, p.307
Salicaceae
SS53 With both parents at Penhill, SS526335, 1996,
W.H.Tucker & G.Waterhouse.
Also recorded from VC3: SX54, SX77, SX88, SX89, SY07,
ST11 (BSBI Atlas).
l [Salix × capreola A.Kerner ex Anderss.
S. aurita × S. caprea
Listed in the Atlas as being well known in South Devon
but there are no records.
Atlas p.13, 1987 onwards (0).]
l Salix cinerea L.
Grey Willow
Very common. Native. Throughout the county on moist to
wet acid to base-rich soils in hedgerows, woodland, mires
and wasteland. The common subspecies in Southwest
England is subsp. oleifolia Macreight, Rusty Grey Willow
but there are a few records of subsp. cinerea from both vice-
counties.
Flora as S. atrocinerea Brot. p.589, Atlas p.12 (1453), 1987
onwards (1236).
l Salix × multinervis Döll
S. aurita × S. cinerea – Map 207
Frequent. Native. Can usually be found where both
parents grow together and sometimes where S. aurita
seems to be absent. These records are likely to include
backcrosses which are said to be widespread and common
elsewhere (Meikle 1984).
Flora p.588, Atlas p.13, 1987 onwards (212).
l Salix aurita L.
Eared Willow
Common. Native. Favours moist to wet, acid soils on
heaths, moors and in hedges. It can be found on suitable
sites throughout the county but is much commoner in the
north and west.
Flora p.588, Atlas p.12 (665), 1987 onwards (449).
309A New Flora of Devon
l Salix × ambigua Ehrh.
S. aurita × S. repens
Extinct. Native. Said to be a common hybrid wherever the
parents grow together (Stace 2010) but there is only one
reliable record from the 19th century.
VC3
SX87 Bovey Heathfield, T.R.A.Briggs (Rogers 1882a).
l Salix repens L.
Creeping Willow – Map 208
Frequent. Native. Heathland, moorland and in dune
slacks. Probably lost from some sites, especially in North
Devon, following agricultural improvement to some culm
grasslands. Var. argentea (Sm.) Wimm. & Grab. is
widespread on Braunton Burrows and may occur
elsewhere.
Flora p.589, Atlas p.12 (155), 1987 onwards (125).
Map 208. Salix repens (Creeping Willow)Map 207. Salix x multinervis
Eared Willow Salix aurita
Violaceae
l Viola hirta L.
Hairy Violet – Map 209
Occasional. Native. Calcareous soils in grassland, on
hedgebanks, amongst scrub and in open woodland.
Flora p.126, Atlas p.107 (55), 1987 onwards (84).
l Viola riviniana Rchb.
Common Dog-violet
Very common. Native. Found in a wide variety of habitats
throughout the county including woodland, grassland,
hedgebanks, heaths and coastal sites. Only absent from the
highest moorland.
Flora p.129, Atlas p.108 (1601), 1987 onwards (1402)
l Viola × bavarica Schrank
V. reichenbachiana × V. riviniana
Very rare. Native. There are several old records from both
vice-counties deemed acceptable by Fraser & Martin (1939).
All these had been seen as fresh material or as herbarium
specimens by P.M.Hall. There are three recent localised
records but it could occur wherever both parents are found.
Flora p.130, Atlas as V. × intermedia Reichenb. & Ktock
p.108, 1987 onwards (3).
VC3
SX55 Eggbuckland, E.M.Phillips det. P.M.Hall (DA 1931 &
1941).
SX76 Roadside bank near Coombe, SX703678, 2009,
R.E.N.Smith conf. L.J.Margetts (DA 2010, RENS).
SX85 St. Marychurch, C.L.Peck det. P.M.Hall (Flora).
SX87 Ipplepen, G.T.Fraser det. P.M.Hall (DA 1938).
SX95 Brixham, F.M.Day det. P.M.Hall (DA 1938).
SX97 Stokeinteignhead C.L.Peck det. P.M.Hall (Larter
1913, Flora).
ST10 Roadside at Combe Wood, ST161017, 2002, L.J.Mar-
getts (RENS).
VC4
SS53 Long Lane, Ashford, W.P.Hiern det. P.M.Hall (Flora).
310 A New Flora of Devon
Violaceae
l Viola odorata L.
Sweet Violet
Frequent. Native. Woodland, hedgebanks and roadsides,
usually on base-rich soils, and often in the vicinity of gar-
dens where it may be an escape from cultivation. Several
different colour forms occur. The white var. dumetorum
(Jord.) R.&F. is frequent and predominates in East Devon,
and the pinkish var. subcarnea (Jord.) Parl is occasional.
Other varieties are listed in the Flora but there is no recent
information.
Flora p.123, Atlas p.107 (356), 1987 onwards (410).
l Viola × scabra F.Braun
V. hirta × V. odorata
Very rare. Native. Calcareous sites where V. odorata occurs
with V. hirta. First recognised in Devon in the Plymouth
area in 1864 (Baker & Foggit 1865, 1866) where it was
found by T.R.A.Briggs (BIRM, MANCH). The Flora sug-
gests that it is well distributed in the stronghold areas for
Viola hirta on the Torbay and Plymouth limestones and it is
probably under-recorded in recent years. Almost all
records are from South Devon. Recent records are listed.
Flora as V. permixta Jord. p.128, Atlas as V. × permixta Jord.
p.107, 1987 onwards (4).
VC3
SX96 Daddyhole Cliffs, SX9262, 1994, L.J.Margetts &
L.M.Spalton (DA 1995).
SY39 Bottom near Uplyme, SY3294, 1996, L.J.Margetts &
L.M.Spalton (DA 1997).
VC4
ST01 Rocknell Quarry, ST053170, 1998, L.J.Margetts &
L.M.Spalton (DA 1999).
VC9
ST30 Coaxdon Quarry, ST310006, 1987, L.J.Margetts (DA
1988, LJM).
Hairy Violet Viola hirta
Map 209. Viola hirta (Hairy Violet)