The Word Words are broken into parts Prefixes are at the
beginning of words Suffixes are at the end of words A root is a set
of letters that have meaning. It is the most basic form A root can
be at the front, middle or end of a word.
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Combining syllables WordMeaning FormTo Shape PortTo Carry
RuptTo Break or Burst Prefix Re (Again)Re-Form means to shape again
De (Out)De-Port means to carry out Inter (in the middle)Inter-rupt
means to break in the middle
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Sentence Structure and development
Slide 6
The Parts of Speech One way to begin studying basic sentence
structures is to consider the traditional parts of speech (also
called word classes): nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections the parts of speech
come in many varieties and may show up just about anywhere in a
sentence. To know for sure what part of speech a word is, we have
to look not only at the word itself but also at its meaning,
position, and use in a sentence.
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WHAT IS IT? The basic parts of a sentence are the subject, the
verb, and (often, but not always) the object. This is the noun or
pronoun that comes after the preposition The subject is usually a
noun--a word that names a person, place, or thing. The verb (or
predicate) usually follows the subject and identifies an action or
a state of being. An object receives the action and usually follows
the verb. EXPLANATION Parts of a sentence
Slide 8
Verbs By Mrs. Caro
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VERBS A verb shows action. Theres no doubt! It tells what the
subject does, Like sing and shout! Action verbs are fun to do! Now
its time to name a few! So clap your hands and join our rhyme! Say
those verbs in record time! Wiggle, Jiggle, Turn around Raise your
arms and stomp the ground! Shake your finger and wink your eye!
Wave those action verbs GOODBYE!
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Present verbs present tense verb An action verb that describes
an action that is happening now is called a present tense verb.
flies The bird flies through the sky. Flies Flies is a present
tense verb because it is happening right now.
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coughed swallowed awake ranride sang These are Action Verbs:
clap
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Present tense verbs ses ies Many present tense verbs end with
s, but some end with es, or ies. s sleeps es splashes ies
cries
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Past Verbs Verbs which tell about actions which happened some
time ago are past tense verbs. wanted The dog wanted a bone. Wanted
is a past tense verb because the action has already happened.
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Past tense verbs ed, d, ied Many past tense verbs end with ed,
but some end with d, or ied. clapped played tried
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Future Verbs Verbs which tell about actions which are going to
happen are future tense verbs. We will awaken at six a.m. Will
awaken Will awaken is a future tense verb because the action has
not yet happened.
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Future tense verbs Future tense verbs use special words to talk
about things that will happen: will, going to, shall, aim to, etc.
going to start shall email will enjoy
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Helping Verbs A helping verb works with a main verb to help you
understand what action is taking place. was using Elmer was using
the computer.
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23 Helping Verbs may might must be being been am are is was
were (main) do does did (main) should could would have had has
(main) will can shall
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Helping Verbs Other things to keep in mind: Not every sentence
will have a helping verb with the main verb. When you see an "ing"
verb such as "running", be on the lookout for a helping verb
also.
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Helping Verbs Sometimes there is another word which separates
the helping verb from the main verb. One common example is "not",
as in: The boy couldn't find his socks. The helping verb is could
and the main verb is find.
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To find the verb: Locate the subject Then ask yourself, What is
it doing? The dog barked. Who? barked dog What did the dog do? The
verb is barked, its what the dog is doing.
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The big lion roared loudly. Who? roared Lion What did the lion
do? Lets Practice: The verb is roared, its what the lion is
doing.
Slide 23
The lighthouse shines brightly. What? shines lighthouse What
does the lighthouse do? The verb is shines, its what the lighthouse
does. Lets Practice:
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The snowman waves his hat to us. Who? waves Snowman What did
the snowman do? Lets Practice: The verb is waves, its what the
snowman is doing.
Slide 25
Alexander takes his bath. Who? takes Alexander What does
Alexander do? Lets Practice: The verb is takes, its what Alexander
is doing.
Slide 26
Sally dances in the recital. Who? dances Sally What does Sally
do? Lets Practice: The verb is dances, its what Sally is
doing.
Slide 27
Mrs. Smith arrives late. Who? arrives Mrs. Smith What did Mrs.
Smith do? Lets Practice: The verb is arrives, its what Mrs. Smith
does.
Slide 28
Stars shine brightly at night. What? shine stars What did the
stars do? Lets Practice: The verb is shine, its what the stars are
doing.
Slide 29
Time flies when youre having fun. What? flies time What does
time do? Lets Practice: The verb is flies, its what time is
doing.
Slide 30
Tommy plays baseball every year. Who? plays Tommy What does
Tommy do? Lets Practice: The verb is plays, its what Tommy
does.
Slide 31
Jacob beats on his drum all day. Who? beats Jacob What does
Jacob do? Lets Practice: The verb is beats, its what Jacob is
doing.
Slide 32
The bumble bee buzzes near the flower. What? buzzes bee What
does the bee do? Lets Practice: The verb is buzzes, its what the
bee is doing.
Slide 33
*A simple sentence is a sentence with just one independent
clause (also called a main clause) *A compound sentence contains at
least two independent clauses * A complex sentence contains an
independent clause and at least one dependent clause: *A
compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses
and at least one dependent clause: Four Basic Sentence
Structures
Slide 34
Lets Practice: Read Mr. Fox
Slide 35
A common way to connect related words, phrases, and even entire
clauses is to coordinate them--that is, connect them with a basic
coordinating conjunction such as "and" or "but." Coordination
Slide 36
Combining sentences Independent clauses can be connected in a
variety of ways : 1. By a comma and little conjunction (and, but,
or, nor, for, yet, and sometimes so). 2. By a semicolon, by itself.
3. By a semicolon accompanied by a conjunctive adverb (such as
however, moreover, nevertheless, as a result, consequently, etc.).
4. And, of course, independent clauses are often not connected by
punctuation at all but are separated by a period.
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To show that one idea in a sentence is more important than
another, we rely on subordination- -that is, treating one word
group as less important. My brothers car Comma Which he bought two
years ago Comma Has already needed repairs Always put a comma
before the word WHICH. The adjective clause develops, but is not
required. Never put a comma before the word THAT-this indicates the
information is NEEDED Adjective Clauses
Slide 38
Subordinate Conjunctions after although as because before even
though if, even if in order that once provided that since so [that
implied], so that than that though unless when, whenever where,
wherever, whereas whether while
Slide 39
Combining sentences Use a comma if you subordinate the first of
the two clauses. Even though cat hair clung to Shellys pant legs
during her interview, she still got the job. The second clause has
less emphasis because its thought is in complete. The second clause
has less emphasis because its thought is in complete.
Slide 40
Appositives Phrases An appositive is a word or group of words
that identifies or renames another word in a sentence--most often a
noun that immediately precedes it. Appositive constructions offer
concise ways of describing or defining a person, place, or thing.
ALWAYS put a COMMA around the phrase. Shelly, WHO IS A NURSE, likes
cats
Slide 41
Adverb Clauses Here is the description of the table. You may
change or delete this text as you wish. This table is compatible
with PowerPoint 97 to 2007. Like an adjective clause, an adverb
clause is always dependent on (or subordinate to) an independent
clause an adverb clause usually modifies a verb, though it can also
modify an adjective, an adverb, or even the rest of the sentence in
which it appears.
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Punctuation
Slide 43
Semi-Colon Use semicolons to join independent clauses Use a
semicolon only if the clauses are closely related. Examples:
Happiness isn't something you experience; it's something you
remember. We lavish on animals the love we are afraid to show to
people. They might not return it; or worse, they might.
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Semi-Colons Use semicolons with conjunctive adverbs or
introductory expressions When I eat alone, I leave a mess; however,
whats worse is when everyone laughs at me. The movie was awesome;
in fact, it was so funny I cried
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Colons A colon means "that is to say" or "here's what I mean."
Colons and semicolons should never be used interchangeably. Use a
colon to introduce a series of items. Do not capitalize the first
item after the colon (unless it's a proper noun). I need an
assistant who can do the following: input data, write reports, and
complete tax forms. Avoid using a colon before a list when it
directly follows a verb or preposition Wrong: I've seen the greats,
including: Barrymore, Guinness, and Streep. Right: I've seen the
greats, including Barrymore, Guinness, and Streep..
Slide 46
Hyphens Hyphens' main purpose is to glue words together (-)
Hyphenate two or more words when they come before a noun they
modify and act as a single idea. This is called a compound
adjective. an off-campus apartment When writing out new, original,
or unusual compound nouns, writers should hyphenate whenever doing
so avoids confusion. I changed my diet and became a no-meater.
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Hyphens Hyphens' main purpose is to glue words together (-) An
often overlooked rule for hyphens: The adverb very and adverbs
ending in -ly are not hyphenated. Incorrect: the finely-tuned watch
(describes adjective) Correct: Correct: the friendly-looking dog
(describes verb) Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions. more than
two-thirds of registered voters
Slide 48
Hyphens are often used to tell the ages of people and things.
We have a two-year-old child Hyphenate prefixes when they come
before proper nouns or proper adjectives Trans-American flight
Mid-June is when the party is Hyphenate all words beginning with
the prefixes self-, ex- (i.e., former), and all-. Suffixes are not
usually hyphenated. Some exceptions: -style, -elect, -free, -based.
Hyphens
Slide 49
DASHES Sometimes you have some information which needs to be
added to a sentence, and that little bit of information is EXTEMELY
important and youll want the reader to pay attention to that
information You are the friendmy only friendwho offered to help me.
indicate added emphasis, an interruption, or an abrupt change of
thought I wish you wouldoh, never mind.
Slide 50
Writing clear, concise sentences
Slide 51
Active Voice
Slide 52
Verbs Shows action or state of being Active or passive Connects
subject and predicate Most important word in the sentence Examples:
Pour, laugh (Active) Am, is, are, was, were, will be, have been,
will have been (Passive) 51
Slide 53
Active vs. Passive Active voice is when you are focusing on the
person who is doing an action The ninja attacked the adorable baby.
Passive voice is when youre focusing on the thing that was done.
The adorable baby was attacked by the ninja.
Slide 54
In passive voice, the subject is usually not present. If it is,
it is at the end of a prepositional phrase. The bag was picked up
by John 53 In active voice, the subject of the sentence is present
BEFORE the verb. John picked up the bag Active vs. Passive
Slide 55
Why avoid them? Usually needs helping verbs (am/were/etc.),
prepositions like by or of If there is a helping verb, to determine
if it is passive, look at the end of the verb phrase If it ends in
past tense or participle, it is passive voice She is going home.
She was unhappy with her brother. Can be more confusing My car was
driven to Dallas. (By who? Some car thief?) Five FBI agents entered
the room, and the terrorist was plastered against the wall. (Was he
there already and they found him? Did the agents put him
there?)
Slide 56
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS A common way of expanding the basic
sentence is with modifiers--words that add to the meanings of other
words. The simplest modifiers are adjectives and adverbs.
Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives,
and other adverbs. Like adjectives and adverbs, prepositional
phrases add meaning to the nouns and verbs in sentences. A
prepositional phrase has two basic parts: a preposition plus a noun
or a pronoun that serves as the object of the preposition.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Phrases
Slide 57
Wordiness Omit the filler phrases "it is," "there is," and
"there are" at the beginning of sentences; these often delay the
sentence's true subject and verb It is expensive to upgrade
computer systems Upgrading computer systems is expensive Omit
"this" from the beginning of a sentence by joining it to the
preceding sentence with a comma Chlorofluorocarbons have been
banned from aerosols. This has lessened the ozone layer's depletion
Chlorofluorocarbons have been banned from aerosols, lessening the
ozone layer's depletion
Slide 58
Wordiness continued Omit "which" or "that" altogether when
possible. Because the fluid, which was brown and poisonous, was
dumped into the river, the company that was negligent had to shut
down Because the brown, poisonous fluid was dumped into t he river,
the negligent company had to shut down. Replace prepositional
phrases with one-word modifiers when possible The President of the
Student Senate was in charge of the lobbying against the merger at
the Minnesota Congress. The Student Senate President oversaw
lobbying the Minnesota Congress against the merger
Slide 59
Wordiness continued Use a colon after a statement preceding a
sentence of explanation, and leave out the beginning of the next
sentence The theater has three main technical areas. These areas
are costumes, scenery, and lighting The theater has three main
technical areas: costumes, scenery, and lighting. Avoid the overuse
of qualifiers. ` Qualified words can often be replaced by a single,
more potent word Sue is extremely angry could be shortened to Sue
is furious.
