Rooftop Solar-KNN

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Centre for Fuel Studies and Research

A Case for Rooftop Solar with Self Consumption

4th Gujarat Working Group Meeting

K. N. Naik

K. N. Naik, CFSR26-06-2014

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Why do we need to Support Renewables and more so Rooftop Solar?- A Long term View

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1931 quotation from Thomas Edison: “I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.”

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•Potential• Going by the 2011 Census, India has around

330 million houses, with 140 million houses having proper roofs which can accommodate on an average 1-3kWp of solar PV system.

• there are other commercial buildings, shopping complexes and offices that can accommodate larger solar PV capacities.

• With an average of 300 sunny days a year and high solar insolation, India has the capability of producing 5,000 trillion kilowatts of clean energy annually.

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• Insurance against future price rise• solar, wind or hydro systems do not have

recurring fuel costs. • for an import dependent country like India the

effect they will have on energy security and positive effect on balance of payments

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•Using the money as investment rather than expenditure

• Instead of sending out money as one time expenditure on purchase of fossil fuels year after year, if the same money were used to create assets which generate power/energy at zero input cost we would prevent future outflow of foreign exchange, create more jobs and have a carbon free energy base.

• Solar energy policies in Germany have resulted in a jobs boom. More people work in Germany’s solar energy sector than in its coal and nuclear sectors combined.

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•Achieving Scale, Skills, Speed• Once the solar rooftop achieves a certain size its cost will benefit from advantage of scale, the country will develop requisite skill base and with accumulated experience the speed of implementation will also go up. Once these three come together, the solar rooftop will compete with fossil fuel based power on delivered cost basis without any dole from government.

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•Sustainable Growth• Atmospheric carbon has climbed from less

than 340 parts per million (ppm) in 1978 to over 400 ppm this year.

• 2012 was the 36th straight year of above-average global temperature, and 2011 and 2012 each produced more extreme weather events costing over one billion dollars each than any other year in recorded history

• Economic growth in terms of GDP has many costs (largely to be paid for by future generations)like GHG emissions, destruction of forests & other ecological systems, over use of water, health problems related to pollution etc. There is a dire need to move to an energy system which eliminates above ills.

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•Sustainable Growth“Yet the gross national product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country. It measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile.” —Robert F. Kennedy.

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•Sustainable Growth• In this climate and resource

constrained world, improving energy efficiency and developing renewable energy is the only sensible strategy.

•At least 118 countries have renewable energy targets; 65 countries now follow the model of Germany’s Renewable Energy Act and offer predictable feed-in-tariffs to renewable energy producers. About half of the estimated 208 GW of new electric capacity added globally in 2011 came from renewable sources.

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•Advantages of Rooftop Solar Enhanced Energy security Lower electricity bill Decrease in transmission and distribution losses Avoidance of investment in T&D Augmentation Low gestation time Improvement of tail-end grid voltages No additional land Diesel consumption offset Local employment generation substantial benefits in terms of providing peaking

supply of power Distribution of benefits of the

government schemes over a much larger mass-Inclusive growth

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Major Enabling Factors for Promoting Rooftop Solar

•Price of the System The solar rooftop system has two

components-Hardware cost and SOFT COSTS Paperwork for renewables was streamlined in

Germany. Nearly every element of the transaction is simpler and cheaper.

In Germany there are no fees, and only a simple, one-page online registration is required. There's also no sales tax for solar installations, and permission to connect your system to the local utility is a given.

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•Promoting and Supporting Storage along with rooftop Solar

The German Federal Ministry of Environment announced plans to introduce incentives for energy storage, especially storage for solar photovoltaic systems, this year. It’s likely that a lot more self-consumption of solar power will occur.

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•Financing A new and growing solution to this energy finance

problem is called the “green bank” or “clean energy bank” -- government-created institutions that help facilitate private sector financing for clean technology projects. Connecticut was the first state to open a green bank in 2011, and New York opened a green bank in February 2013.

In California, around 75% of new solar homeowners are getting solar leases. (In India you easily get “zero down payment-zero interest” loans for purchasing luxury white goods but not for need based Solar Rooftop as yet.)

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•Financing Mosaic, Sungage Financial and the green bank of

the of Connecticut have agreed to offer USD 5 million in crowdsourced loans to homeowners seeking to install solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. The loan also incorporates key protections for homeowners including guarantees on system performance.

Hawaii has On-Bill Repayment (OBR) programs that allow property owners and tenants to finance clean energy retrofits directly through their utility bills with no upfront cost.

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•Agencies which provide comprehensive services

We need agencies like SolarCity/ Sungevity which arrange finance, co-ordination with government agencies, supply-install and maintain the system.

Fortunately, in India too at least one agency-Su Kam- is providing such services in some states. We need many more like them to facilitate the prospective rooftop system owners.

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•Building New Real Estate Packaged with Solar

It is important that the new housing schemes are encouraged to be solar rooftop compliant and indeed put up solar rooftop-PV and thermal- abinitio.

KB Home today announced that homebuyers at all of its communities in Arizona now have the opportunity to own a solar-powered KB home.

Holt Logistics had installed a 9 MW solar power plant on its massive warehouse.

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•Building New Real Estate Packaged with Solar

Daimler India’s rooftop solar plant above their warehouse in Chennai



•Voluntary Green Partnership Like US EPA

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•Policy for Energy Independence Germany and Italy have the highest cumulative

installed PV capacity with 24.6 GW and 12.7 GW respectively as of 2011. Over 60% of the capacities in both countries are in the form of RTPV systems, both in the residential and commercial segments. In Europe, of a total of 50.6 GW PV capacity, over 50% (26 GW) is in the rooftop segment.

In Germany, out of total 63000 MW of renewable capacity 67% is distributed Generation without loading the grid

Italy also allows for a 30% premium for rooftop systems if installed in conjunction with energy efficiency measures.

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•Policy for Energy Independence In UK plans to turn the Government estate as well as

factories, supermarkets and car parks into “solar hubs” have been outlined in a new strategy. The Solar Strategy sets out the Governments ambition to see solar rolled out more widely and with it the potential to support tens of thousands of jobs.

We want to move the emphasis for growth away from large solar farms and instead focus on opening up the solar market for the UK’s estimated 250,000 hectares of south facing commercial rooftops.- UK Energy Minister

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•Policy for Energy Independence The Chinese government aims to have at least 60

percent of all solar capacity in 2014 to come from rooftop installations.

Net-metering is popular in the USA (43 states have it in place, but specific rules vary from state to state), and the Energy Policy Act of 2005 further mandates all public electricity utilities to make net metering option available to all their customers.



• The largest self-consumption rooftop solar array in Europe is located in Germany. It is eleven hectares in size, consists of 33,000 solar panels, and has a generation capacity of 8.1 MW on top of the Pfenning Logistics distribution centre.

• This demonstrates that large solar plants could also be for self-consumption and not load the existing grid or warrant expansion of grid. So along with residential rooftops, commercial, industrial and public rooftops (like Railway and bus stations, hotels, hospitals, malls, multiplexes, office buildings and colleges need to be encouraged/mandated to have rooftop solar.)


Policy Environment in Indiafor Promoting Rooftop Solar

India has seen announcements of several new state level rooftop centric policies and net-metering regulations in the last one year.



Kerala’s net metering policy is by far the best consumer oriented net-metering policy. The policy does not set an upper cap on amount of energy that can be banked. The policy also prescribes that the DISCOM shall pay the consumer the Average Pooled Purchase Cost (APPC) of INR 1.99/kWh for the excess energy injected onto the grid after the banking settlement – a first in India.

The policy by Kerala is reminiscent of the 1000 rooftop programme started in the 1990s by Germany. The off-grid systems under the 10,000 rooftop programme in Kerala will be of 1 kW size each, and comes with battery storage. Instead of a FiT, the project owners will get upfront capital subsidies.

The policy by Kerala is reminiscent of the 1000 rooftop programme started in the 1990s by Germany.

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Andhra Pradesh’s policy that is limited only to consumers that have three phase connections. (weeding out the common man from benefits) Consumer will generate solar power for self-

consumption and feed excess power into the grid. As per Gujarat policy the allocation is given to 2 large

developers, whereas in Kerala, the allocation is given to 10,000 individual households.(The scheme hands over the opportunity to large corporates rather than individual citizens.)

As per Rajasthan policy the scheme hands over the opportunity to large corporates rather than individual citizens.

Haryana’s solar policy targets commercial and industrial entities. (The scheme hands over the opportunity to large corporates rather than individual citizens.)

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Tamil Nadu Net Metering for Rooftop Solar PV encourages hybrid generator and in this case, separate sets of meters have to be adopted at the rooftop solar SPG (Solar Power Generator) and WEG (Wind Energy Generator ) ends Generation Based Incentive (GBI) would be

credited at the end of the billing month consumers would install RTPV and first use the

solar generation for their own consumption, and feed in only excess RTPV generation into the utility grid.

Excess energy generation if available at the end of the year may be paid by TANGEDCO at 75% of the solar tariff fixed by the commission

the state policy targets 350 MW of rooftop installations by 2015, out of which 50 MW will on residential rooftops.

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As per Punjab Net Metering policy for Rooftop Solar PV Individual households, industries, offices, commercial establishments, institutions, residential complexes etc. are eligible Consumers will generate solar power for self-

consumption and can feed excess power into the grid.

Banking – In the case of net surplus injected/exported to the grid then this quantum of energy is treated as energy banked with the grid in the next billing cycle

at the beginning of the each financial year, the cumulative banked energy is reset to zero

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As per Uttarakhand Net Metering policy for Rooftop Solar PV Connectivity of such projects will be either at 33 kV/ 11 kV three phase lines or 440/220 Volt three/single phase line depending on system installed. setting rooftop SPV systems which would replace

DG gensets Load up to 4 kW – low voltage single phase supply

As per Chhattisgarh Net Metering policy for Rooftop Solar PV Rooftop PV projects with a capacity more than 50 kW and up to 1 MW are eligible (So the common citizens are barred from getting the benefits) For any energy injected into the distribution

system in excess to 49% of annual net generation of the project, no payment will be made

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As per West Bengal Net Metering policy for Rooftop Solar PV promoting self-consumption Solar generation would first offset consumption in

the highest tariff slab and then the lower slab. Buildings with a certain minimum load will have to

meet some electricity needs through RTPV policy prescribes a penetration limit of 50% of

every distribution transformer capacity. This limit is significantly higher than Delhi’s limit of 15% and Tamil Nadu’s limit of 30%.

grid-integrated rooftop PV is allowed only for institutional consumers

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Food for Thought

While comparing the economics of rooftop solar versus grid tied large scale plants-both solar and fossil fuel based- what is conveniently forgotten is the capital expenditure on T&D grid augmentation and T&D losses. Even in case of grid connected rooftops, an important lesson that USA learnt after Superstorm Sandy needs to be kept in mind. The hardware should be such that the system continues to supply power for captive users even in the event of grid failure.

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Food for Thought

Based on comparative life-cycle analyses of power sources, PV electricity as compared to coal based power:contributes 96 percent to 98 percent less greenhouse gasesuses 86 to 89 percent less wateroccupies or transforms over 80 percent less land presents approximately 95 percent lower toxicity to humanscontributes 92 to 97 percent less to acid rain

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Food for Thought- Utility Perspectives

We expect to be soon to market with a robust platform offering rooftop solar to homes and businesses and other forms of sustainable and clean generation that will offer our customers the ability to dramatically reduce their dependence on system power from the centralized grid.NRG Energy’s (A Utility) CEO’s vision of futureMy dream, my vision is that RWE will put solar panels on your roof, a battery in your shed, a heat pump in your cellar, and we will also manage this complex energy system for you. We want to be the holistic energy manager of the future.RWE (A Utility) CEO’s vision of future

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Food for Thought

The slogan needs to be solar rooftop for self-consumption.

Documents

Rooftop Solar-KNN