Classical Rome
Classical Rome
Greece & Rome
RomeGreece
Roman Republic & EmpireJupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana,
Minerva, and Venus
Very similar to the Greek gods and goddesses!
Roman gods and goddesses
Rome: Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant
from eastern Mediterranean powers
Italian Peninsula
Alps: Protection
Mediterranean Sea: Protection, sea-borne commerceLocations and
Places
Roman Republic & Empire
Monday Luna (Luna) Tuesday Mars (Mars)
Wednesday Mercurius (Mercury)
Thursday Iuppiter (Jupiter)
Friday Venus (Venus)
Saturday Saturnus (Saturn)
Sunday Sl (Sol)Days of the Week
Architectural Concrete/mortar/cement Efficient highway system
Mass entertainment Aqueducts and viaductsThermal baths, central
heating and floor heatingWine-making Roman alphabet Latin language
and descendantsRoman legal The Republic & Senate The Julian
Calendar Festivals The 3 course mealSome Roman Contributions
Roman Military
Where is Rome (the city) located?
Roman Religion is based on what other classical-age
civilization?
Rome is centrally located in the ________________ Basin.
Warm Up:
Patricians: Powerful nobility (few)
Plebeians: Regular Citizens (many)
Slaves: Not based on race
Social Structure
Patrician and plebeian men
Selected foreigners
Rights and responsibilities of citizenshipMilitary
serviceTaxes
Citizenship
Representative democracy What is it?
Assemblies decided elections
The Senate
Consuls Highest elected government officials
Laws of Rome codified as Twelve TablesDemocracy:
Who could be a Roman Citizen?
How was slavery decided?
Name the two social classes of citizens.
Rome is centrally located in the ______________ Basin.
Review:What are each of these laws all about?
Why do you think each of these laws were written?The Twelve
Tables
What was the name of that Roman Law Code that we examined last
class?
Rome is known for beginning what kind of democracy?
Rome had a senate and 2 __________ that were at the head of the
government.
What do you think happens when you have a bunch of politicians
in the same room for a long period of time?Warm Up:Founding of Rome
The Roman RaceThe tale of Aeneas (The Aeneid)Dido at Carthage and
other travels (like The Odyssey)Historical evidenceSettlements from
11th Century BC
18Founding of Rome The City (Kingdom) of RomeRomulus and
RemusLatin princess was Vestal virginRaped by Mars, bore twin boys
Ordered killed by non-Latin king Suckled by a wolfGrew and founded
a city (753BC)Romulus killed RemusHistoric EvidenceThe Etruscans
conquered the Romans (non-Latin king)Romans eventually overthrew
Etruscans and established kingdom Ruins of home of king (Romulus?)
date from 8th Century BC
19
Founding of RomeMyth: 771 BCE Romulus and Remus-Twin sons of the
God of War, Mars
Reality: Probably Greek Colonists
Founding of Rome
EtruscansRomans have many periods of war and peace with the
Etruscans.
Tarquin the Proud: Last Etruscan King
Rome will continue to expand and evolve for the next couple
hundred years
Regal PeriodBegan with war of independence from Etruscans (500
BC)War heroes exhibit desired qualities of RomansHoratio at the
bridge (Oath of the Horatii by Jacques Louis David)Stories became
legends for Romans throughout their historyCompare to American War
of IndependenceRegal periodRuled by 7 kingsRevolted against last
king to found the republic
23Roman Republic
24Republican GovernmentRuled by a senate and the peopleSPQR=
Senate and the People of RomeSenate (patricians) appointed consuls
(1 year)Foreign affairs and the militaryDirect access by the people
to the consulPeople (plebs) organized by tribes and they elected 10
tribunesGoverned local affairsHad veto power (individually)
25Constitution(balanced power)SenateNever made laws but advice
was acceptedHad power to appoint a person to solve a specific
problem (He was a "speaker" or "dictator")Appointed censors (moral
guardian/rank judge)Appointed governorsConcilium plebisMade all the
laws (called plebecites)Elected magistrates (administrators) and
judgesComitia Curiata/Centuriata plebs and patriciansCommitted the
emporium (military power)All met in the forum (looked over each
other)Pontifex MaximusReligious leader
26GovernmentComparisons with US governmentBalance of powerSenate
and House of RepresentativesConsul (= president)Tribune (veto
power)Courts (independent)Military power (?)Censor (?)
27Military OrganizationCenturies 100 armed menHeaded by
Centurian (from the ranks)Maniples3 CenturiesCould move quickly
through difficult terrain (better than phalanx)Independent
decisions (tribunes)Legionsgroups of Maniples6000 menSupported by
light cavalryDisciplineDeath for individual
insubordinationDecimation for cowardice
28Warm Up:Explain how the Roman Republic and our government in
the USA are similar.Roman Expansion (in Italy)Conquest of ItalyTook
200 yearsGranted full or partial citizenshipTax and legal
benefitsDeveloped loyalty in conquered Italian areasInvasion by
King Pyrrhus (pyrrhic victory)
Roman coloniesEstablished in strategic locationsEstablished by
treatyTroops sent when neededCustoms of the area left
intactColonies were mostly for trade, with some military
purposes
30Roman Expansion (outside Italy)Conquest of the East and
WestAllies rather than servants or slavesTolerationCorruption in
the Greek kingdomsSome states given to the RomansFast, direct
attacks with strong determination and disciplineOutnumbered in most
battles Victory over Parthia
31Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade.
Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula.
Three wars:Roman victoryDestruction of CarthageExpanded trade
and wealth for RomePunic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage 264146 b.c.
[b.c.e.]
Evolution of the Roman MilitarySUCCESS:
Disciplined troopsVaried Types of TroopsWell-
PaidExperienced
How many Punic Wars were there?
Who were these wars between?
Why did these two sides fight?
What were the overall results?
Warm Up:Collapse of the RepublicViolence used to eliminate
enemies and impose ones willGracchusRe-election to consulate (many
times) and standing armyMariusAssumption of dictator powers, use of
the army to override councils, proscription listSulla36Building an
EmpireStructure of the "empire"Still a republican form of
governmentChecks and balancesTwo parties emergedOptimares
(conservatives, Cato and Cicero)Populares (power to
people)FamilyValues (according to the
Romans)PietyDisciplineFrugalityNot greedyRighteous warsNever
quit
37Building an EmpireStatus of WomenAbsence of men at warWomen
gained economic powerAbility to divorce and retain propertyMorals
eventually eroded, in part because home-life eroded
38Building an EmpireSlaveryConquests increased the number of
slavesConstituted 40% of the populationConditions were poorRomans
feared slave uprisingSlaves took jobs from the plebs so plebs were
given food and other benefits
39First triumvirate: Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
Julius Caesar: Seizure of power, assassinated
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar100-44 BCEarly LifeBorn to aristocratic family
Caesarian sectionLegend that he descended from the godsKnown for
partying and sexual appetiteCaptured by pirates and held for
ransomReturned to area and killed piratesAppointed to a series of
government jobsStatue of Alexander
41Julius CaesarTriumviratePraised for his work in SpainAppointed
governor in Gaul (conquest)Alliance with Crassus and Pompey to form
the triumvirate (not initially, but later elected)Rivalry with
Pompey after death of CrassusCrossing the RubiconUprising in
AsiaVeni, vidi, viciI came, I saw, I conqueredConquest of
EgyptCleopatra
42Julius CaesarReturned to Rome as a conquering heroProcession
for each territory on a different day (Gaul, Africa, Spain, Asia)
and games for many additional daysOffered crown (as emperor) twice
and refused it when people didn't respond favorablyDictator (rule
by one man)Appointed for 10 years and then for lifeCaesars plans
for RomeCalendar (July)Libraries, theaters, other public worksGave
citizenship to people in Spain and Gaul43Julius CaesarMurder of
CaesarKilled by senatorial opponentsInstigated by his usurpation of
power and their fear that he would become emperorDied March 15, 44
BCStabbed by 20 senatorsBrutusillegitimate sonMark Anthony and
OctavianRallied against the conspirators
44Roman RepublicRome conquered Greece 150 BCRomans took on much
Greek cultureGods and goddesses parallel each otherGods had
Indo-European roots45
46Building an EmpireEconomicsNot enough land to support the
peopleFarmers were needed and respectedAcquisition of wheat and
other foods became a priorityVictory over Carthage provided more
landRome was a consumerTrading profits made many Romans
richExtremes of wealth and povertyCitizens did not have to pay
taxes47What does the diagram show? This PROCESS known as the
_____________ ______________!Warm Up
Archaeologists follow a similar process when dealing with
ancient artifacts!
Archaeology
Term used to describe material that is closest to the person,
information, period, or idea being studied.
In other wordsPrimary Sources
When trying to gather evidence from a primary source, first try
to answer these basic questions. (You may not have enough
information to do so.)
What is it? Who wrote or made it? When was it written or made?
Where was it written or made? How was it written or made? What
evidence does this source contribute to my research?
First Ask These Questions
DO NOT TOUCH ITEM #5
In your group, attempt to answer the questions for each exhibit.
You may not know the right answers, and this is OK!
At the end of the time period for each exhibit, the whistle will
sound and prompt you to go to the next exhibit.
DO NOT TOUCH ITEM #5Instructions
Remember last week?
What has Julius Caesar accomplished so far in our reconstruction
of his life?
Who are his main enemies? Politically? Militarily?
Warm Up:Spread of slavery in the agricultural system
Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment
Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar
Devaluation of Roman currency; inflationDecline of the
RepublicWhich 3 people made up the first triumvirate?
Explain why the Republic of Rome declined. Give examples to
support your reasoning.
The assassination of Julius Caesar had a severe consequence for
the Roman people What was it?
How can we describe an EMPIRE ?Warm Up:
a geographically extensive group of states and peoples (ethnic
groups) united and ruled either by a monarch (emperor, empress) or
an oligarchy.
a state with politico-military dominion of populations who are
culturally and ethnically distinct from the imperial (ruling)
ethnic group and its cultureThe EMPIRE Strikes Back
Augustus Caesar: Civil war, defeat of Marc Anthony, Romes first
emperorImperial Rome
Empire: Unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the
military
Imperial Rome
Failed to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors
Imperial Rome
List_of_Roman_EmperorsRuling an Empire
Why did the Roman Republic fail to survive challenges by Julius
Caesar?
How did an imperial monarchy come to rule Rome?Warm Up:What was
the Pax Romana?
What was the impact of the Pax Romana on the Roman Empire?
Objectives:Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial
rule
Expansion of the Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East
Pax Romana (27 BC to 180 AD)
Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand
trade
Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads
Promoted prosperity and stability
Economic Impact
Returned stability to social classes
Increased emphasis on the family
Social Impact
Created a civil service system
Developed a uniform rule of lawPolitical Impact
What was the Pax Romana?
What was the impact of the Pax Romana on the Roman Empire?
Warm Up:Explain the history of Christianity and how it spread
throughout the Roman Empire.
List the major world-changing accomplishment of Emperor
Constantine.
Name the contributions of Rome to todays society.
Objectives:Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and
made it legal.
Christianity later became the official state religion.
Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the
Emperor.
The Church became the unifying force of Western
Europe.Christianity in the late Roman Empire
Constantine & Christianity
Art and architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum
Roman Contributions
Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches
Roman Contributions
Medicine: Emphasis on public health
Roman Contributions
Roman ContributionsExplain how Christianity spread throughout
the Roman Empire.
What was the major world-changing accomplishment of Emperor
Constantine?
Name some contributions of Rome to todays society.
Warm Up:List causes for the decline of the Western Roman
Empire.
Explain how the empire divided into East and West.
Objectives:Geographic size: Difficulty of defense and
administration
Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire
Economy: The cost of defense, and devaluation of Roman
currency
Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire
Military: Army membership started to include non-Romans,
resulting in decline of discipline
Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire
Moral decay: Peoples loss of faith in Rome and the family
Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire
Political problems: Civil conflict and weak administration
Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire
Invasion: Attacks on bordersCauses for the decline of the
Western Roman Empire
Move of the capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium,
renaming it Constantinople
Survival of the Western Roman Empire until 476 a.d. when it
ceased to have a Roman Emperor
Eastern Roman Empire becomes known as the Byzantine
EmpireDivision of the Roman Empire
476 ADWRITE A SHORT REPORT TO BE PRESENTED TO THE EMPEROR. IT
SHOULD INCLUDE:
The 3 biggest problems faced by the Roman Empire.a) Explain why
you choose it.b) Write down any possible solutions to it.c) Repeat
for your second and third biggest problems.Fall of the Empire
Writing
