RomeRome

GeographyGeography Rome is in Italy which is Rome is in Italy which is

around the midpoint of around the midpoint of the Mediterranean Seathe Mediterranean Sea

3 groups made up Italy:3 groups made up Italy: Latins (built Rome)Latins (built Rome) GreeksGreeks Etruscans (took over Etruscans (took over

Rome)Rome)

RomeRome

Rome was founded by 2 brothers, Rome was founded by 2 brothers, Romulus and RemusRomulus and Remus..

They were abandoned on the Tiber river They were abandoned on the Tiber river and raised by a she-wolf and raised by a she-wolf

RomeRome Romans were borrowersRomans were borrowers In the early years of Rome, they In the early years of Rome, they

borrowed the Etruscans’ writing, borrowed the Etruscans’ writing, alphabet, and architecturealphabet, and architecture

They borrowed the Greek Gods and They borrowed the Greek Gods and changed their nameschanged their names Examples: Zeus=Jupiter, Ares=Mars, Examples: Zeus=Jupiter, Ares=Mars,

Hermes=Mercury, Poseidon=Saturn, Hermes=Mercury, Poseidon=Saturn, Hades=Neptune Hades=Neptune

Roman RepublicRoman Republic

The Etruscans took over Rome and The Etruscans took over Rome and placed their kings over the Latins.placed their kings over the Latins.

The Latins in Rome overthrew the The Latins in Rome overthrew the last Etruscan king, last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Tarquin the ProudProud and they said they would and they said they would never be ruled by a king.never be ruled by a king.

Roman RepublicRoman Republic

Rome started a Rome started a republicrepublic, a , a government where government where people vote for people vote for their leaderstheir leaders

However, only free-However, only free-born male could born male could vote.vote.

Roman RepublicRoman Republic

3 groups made up Rome:3 groups made up Rome: PatriciansPatricians: landowners who held the : landowners who held the

powerpower PlebiansPlebians: common people: common people SlavesSlaves

Roman Roman RepublicRepublic

ExecutiveExecutive Two ConsulsTwo Consuls ““I forbid” = vetoI forbid” = veto

LegislativeLegislative Senate - PatriciansSenate - Patricians Assembly – Assembly –

PlebeiansPlebeians JudicialJudicial

8 Praetors8 Praetors

ExecutiveExecutive Pres/VPPres/VP Only Pres can vetoOnly Pres can veto

LegislativeLegislative SenateSenate House of House of

RepresentativesRepresentatives JudicialJudicial

9 Supreme Court Judges9 Supreme Court Judges

United States

Rome GovernmentRome Government

In an emergency, Rome could appoint a In an emergency, Rome could appoint a dictatordictator to make laws and command to make laws and command the army. However, power only lasted the army. However, power only lasted 6 months 6 months

Roman RepublicRoman Republic

These laws were written on 12 stone These laws were written on 12 stone tablets and put in the Forum where tablets and put in the Forum where everyone can see themeveryone can see them

They were called the They were called the Twelve TablesTwelve Tables

Roman ArmyRoman Army The Roman Army was The Roman Army was

made up of made up of legionslegions

Each legion is made up Each legion is made up of 5000 heavily armed of 5000 heavily armed foot soldiers and each foot soldiers and each legion had its own flag legion had its own flag (its (its eagleeagle))

Rome expandsRome expands

Rome eventually conquered all of Rome eventually conquered all of Italy with its legionsItaly with its legions

Those they conquered were given Those they conquered were given the citizenship with Rome except the the citizenship with Rome except the right to vote. right to vote.

Rome left the conquered with local Rome left the conquered with local control as long as they send men and control as long as they send men and did not make treaties with enemies did not make treaties with enemies of Romeof Rome

Punic WarsPunic Wars

As Rome expanded, it fought with another As Rome expanded, it fought with another nation called Carthage over trade.nation called Carthage over trade.

They fought 3 wars called the They fought 3 wars called the Punic WarsPunic Wars

Punic WarsPunic Wars

Carthage under Carthage under HannibalHannibal invaded Rome invaded Rome from the Alps and attacked Rome for a from the Alps and attacked Rome for a decadedecade

He won his greatest victory at CannaeHe won his greatest victory at Cannae

Punic WarsPunic Wars

Rome under Rome under ScipioScipio decided to attack decided to attack Carthage, while Hannibal was in Italy.Carthage, while Hannibal was in Italy.

Hannibal raced back to Carthage and lost Hannibal raced back to Carthage and lost at Zuma.at Zuma.

Carthage was later destroyed by Rome.Carthage was later destroyed by Rome. It was burned downIt was burned down 50000 citizens were sold into slavery50000 citizens were sold into slavery Rome then salted the earth, so nothing could Rome then salted the earth, so nothing could

growgrow

RomeRome

As Rome expanded, many problems As Rome expanded, many problems started to happeningstarted to happening The gap between rich and poor was The gap between rich and poor was

wideningwidening Many poor farmers lost their land and Many poor farmers lost their land and

became homeless and wandered the became homeless and wandered the countrysidecountryside

The rich were becoming corrupted and The rich were becoming corrupted and the slaves were developing resentmentthe slaves were developing resentment

RomeRome

Rich landowners created large Rich landowners created large estates called estates called latifundiaslatifundias

RomeRome

2 brothers tried to help Rome’s poor by limiting 2 brothers tried to help Rome’s poor by limiting the size of latifundias and giving land to the the size of latifundias and giving land to the poorpoor Tiberius GracchusTiberius Gracchus Gaius GracchusGaius Gracchus

RomeRome

Generals began to recruit the Generals began to recruit the homeless for soldiers= civil warhomeless for soldiers= civil war

To stop the war a To stop the war a triumviratetriumvirate (group of 3 rulers) was formed (group of 3 rulers) was formed

RomeRome

The 1The 1stst triumvirate were triumvirate were Julius CaesarJulius Caesar General PompeyGeneral Pompey Wealthy CrassusWealthy Crassus

RomeRome

Caesar then went to Caesar then went to GaulGaul

He conquered it and He conquered it and became more popularbecame more popular

Pompey grew scared Pompey grew scared and told Caesar to and told Caesar to disband his legionsdisband his legions

Caesar crossed the Caesar crossed the Rubicon and won Rubicon and won against Pompeyagainst Pompey

RomeRome

Caesar became a dictator Caesar became a dictator for life or an for life or an absolute absolute rulerruler (ruler who had total (ruler who had total power)power)

Some Romans became Some Romans became jealousjealous

RomeRome

Marcus Brutus and others stabbed Caesar Marcus Brutus and others stabbed Caesar 23 times in the Senate chamber 23 times in the Senate chamber

Last words “Et tu, Brute?”Last words “Et tu, Brute?”

RomeRome

After Caesar’s death, a civil war After Caesar’s death, a civil war started between the killers and the started between the killers and the supporters of Caesarsupporters of Caesar

A 2nd triumvirate was formed to stop A 2nd triumvirate was formed to stop the killers from gaining powerthe killers from gaining power

RomeRome

The 2The 2ndnd triumvirate was triumvirate was Octavian (Caesar’s nephew)Octavian (Caesar’s nephew) Mark Antony (Caesar’s general)Mark Antony (Caesar’s general) Lepidus (powerful politician)Lepidus (powerful politician)

RomeRome

Octavian and Antony fought for RomeOctavian and Antony fought for Rome

Antony joined with Cleopatra and lost Antony joined with Cleopatra and lost to Octavian at Actiumto Octavian at Actium

Antony and Cleopatra committed Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide suicide

RomeRome

Octavian started Octavian started the Roman Empire the Roman Empire with him as the 1with him as the 1stst emperoremperor

He even changed He even changed his name to his name to AugustusAugustus

RomeRome Augustus took over and started the Augustus took over and started the Pax Pax

Romana Romana or peace of Rome that lasted for or peace of Rome that lasted for 200 years200 years

He opened up the He opened up the Silk Road Silk Road (the road that (the road that connected that brought silk from China for connected that brought silk from China for Roman goods)Roman goods)

He also reformed the calendar by adding 2 He also reformed the calendar by adding 2 months. This is called the months. This is called the Julian CalendarJulian Calendar

Rome SocialRome Social

Values of Rome: discipline, self-Values of Rome: discipline, self-sacrifice, loyalty to family, and thriftsacrifice, loyalty to family, and thrift

Roman families were lead by the Roman families were lead by the oldest male called the oldest male called the paterfamiliaspaterfamilias

Rome WomenRome Women

Rome women had Rome women had more freedoms more freedoms than Greek women.than Greek women. They could work, They could work,

own property, and own property, and testify in courttestify in court

They still could not They still could not votevote

RomeRome

Most people were still poor, so to Most people were still poor, so to gain support from these people, gain support from these people, Romans used Romans used Bread and CircusesBread and Circuses

Rome ReligionRome Religion JesusJesus was born during was born during

this time and stressed this time and stressed that people should love that people should love God, their neighbors, God, their neighbors, and their enemies.and their enemies.

Some Jews thought he Some Jews thought he was the was the MessiahMessiah or or savior chosen by Godsavior chosen by God

•An Early Depiction of Jesus•What Do You Think?

RomeRome

The main source of The main source of Jesus’ life is in the first Jesus’ life is in the first four books of the New four books of the New Testament called the Testament called the GospelsGospels Matthew, Mark, Luke, Matthew, Mark, Luke,

and Johnand John

The Gospels are in the The Gospels are in the Christian Holy Book Christian Holy Book called the called the BibleBible

RomeRome

The disciples of Jesus were called The disciples of Jesus were called ApostlesApostles

After Jesus’ Death they spread the After Jesus’ Death they spread the word of the new religion, Christianity.word of the new religion, Christianity.

The head disciple was The head disciple was PeterPeter who who was known as the “Rock” and was known as the “Rock” and founded the Church in Romefounded the Church in Rome

RomeRome

A former enemy turned disciple was A former enemy turned disciple was PaulPaul, , who created churches for non-Jews.who created churches for non-Jews.

RomeRome Christians were persecuted by Rome in the Christians were persecuted by Rome in the

beginning (fed to the lions at the Colosseum)beginning (fed to the lions at the Colosseum) MartyrsMartyrs are people who die for their beliefs are people who die for their beliefs So, Christians got organizedSo, Christians got organized

BishopsBishops were put in charge of many churches were put in charge of many churches The The PopePope in Rome became in charge of all the Bishops in Rome became in charge of all the Bishops

RomeRome ConstantineConstantine took over the took over the

Roman Empire and converted Roman Empire and converted to Christianity.to Christianity.

This stopped the persecution This stopped the persecution and started the spread of the and started the spread of the religion throughout the religion throughout the empire.empire.

He also issued the Edict of He also issued the Edict of Milan which gave freedom of Milan which gave freedom of religionreligion

Pax RomanaRoman RoadsLatin/Greek

Three conditions for spread

Six Reasons for the AppealSix Reasons for the Appeal FaithFaith of martyrs of martyrs HopeHope for better life after death for better life after death LoveLove – Personal relationship of God – Personal relationship of God EqualityEquality – All believers equal - sinners – All believers equal - sinners PurposePurpose – Meaningful life – Meaningful life Eternal LifeEternal Life

What groups in Rome would be What groups in Rome would be attracted?attracted?

How do these values compare to How do these values compare to traditionaltraditional

Roman values? New Roman values?Roman values? New Roman values?

RomeRome

As Christianity grew, As Christianity grew, church leaders called church leaders called anything not anything not Christian Christian heresyheresy

One of the fathers of One of the fathers of the Christian Religion the Christian Religion was was AugustineAugustine who who wrote wrote The City of GodThe City of God and and ConfessionsConfessions

Military Causes of the FallMilitary Causes of the Fall

Threat from Northern European tribesThreat from Northern European tribes BarbariansBarbarians

Low funds for defenseLow funds for defense Problems recruiting Roman citizensProblems recruiting Roman citizens Recruiting of non-Romans – fought for payRecruiting of non-Romans – fought for pay

MercenariesMercenaries Decline of Patriotism and loyaltyDecline of Patriotism and loyalty

among soldiersamong soldiers

Political Causes of the FallPolitical Causes of the Fall

Political office seen as a burden not Political office seen as a burden not a rewarda reward

Military interference in politicsMilitary interference in politics Civil war and unrestCivil war and unrest

Individualism – self interestIndividualism – self interest Division of EmpireDivision of Empire Moving of capital to ByzantiumMoving of capital to Byzantium

Social Causes of the FallSocial Causes of the Fall

Decline in interest in public affairsDecline in interest in public affairs Low confidence in the empireLow confidence in the empire Disloyalty – Disloyalty – Lack of patriotismLack of patriotism – –

corruptioncorruption Contrast between the rich and poorContrast between the rich and poor

Individualism - freedomIndividualism - freedom

Rome FallsRome Falls

The German rulers took the Latin The German rulers took the Latin language, Roman laws, and the language, Roman laws, and the Christian ChurchChristian Church

The VisigothsThe VisigothsLate 330s - 400s A.D. - variety of Germanic Late 330s - 400s A.D. - variety of Germanic

groups gradually gained control of Roman groups gradually gained control of Roman territory territory

Visigoths Visigoths VandalsVandals FranksFranks AnglesAngles Saxon Saxon 

410 A.D. - 410 A.D. - AlaricAlaric - Visigoth chief - Visigoth chief captured and sacked Romecaptured and sacked Romeafter his death they retreated after his death they retreated into Gaulinto Gaul

Alaric Sacks Rome

Barbarian InvasionsBarbarian Invasions

Attila the HunAttila the HunLeader of Mongol nomadsLeader of Mongol nomads

that forced Germanic that forced Germanic nomadsnomads

to move into Rometo move into Rome The HunsThe Huns

nomadic group from central nomadic group from central AsiaAsia

led by led by Attila the HunAttila the Hun    raided the eastern empireraided the eastern empire moved north into Gaulmoved north into Gaul

453 A.D. - Attila the Hun 453 A.D. - Attila the Hun died died

Roman LegaciesRoman LegaciesAdopted by Germanic invadersAdopted by Germanic invaders

Latin languageLatin language Roman LawRoman Law ChristianityChristianity