Rome Chapter 5

Warm Up1. First king of united Persia:2. Define Satrap:3. Explain the religion of Persia:4. What was the urban center of Greece5. Hoplite:6. Greek military formation and its success:7. Invention in Lydia:8. Government in Athens:9. Government in Sparta:10. Compare women in the two Greek cities

Warm Up1. Explain the Persian Wars:2. Explain the purpose of the Delian

League:3. What was the real purpose of the

Delian League:4. What book did Plato write? What

did it explain?5. Alexander the Great was from

what empire?6. How did he gain power?7. Explain Hellenism:

Fun Facts about Rome Slaves in Ancient Rome made up to

40% of the population. Asparagus was a highly prized

delicacy in Ancient Rome and was kept frozen in the Alps for Feasts and Festivals.

In Ancient Rome, only boys went to school. The girls stayed at home.

Fun Facts Women dyed their hair with goat fat

and beech wood ashes. Blonde and red were the most popular colors

Instead of Soap, Romans used oil and scraped off the oil with a metal tool

Romans played board games like chess, checkers and tic-tac-toe.

Fun Facts Our Planets in the Solar System are

well named after the main Roman Gods

Roman soldiers, or legionaries, usually covered roughly eighteen miles per day.

Only citizens of Rome were allowed to wear a toga

Romans used a sponge soaked in salt water, on the end of a stick as toilet paper

ROME

I. Rome’s Mediterranean Empire, 753 BCE – 600 CE A. Republic of Farmers, 753-31 BCE Rome was ruled first by kings until 507 BCE Representatives from senate overthrew and established

a republic Government: Rome was ruled by 2 consuls (elected

every year!) and a senate, created law of 12 tables and law of nations

12 tables were laws applied to Roman citizens Law of nations applied to non Roman citizens Law of nations created innocent until proven guilty and

allowing accused right to a defense Family structure: Roman families lived under the

authority of the oldest male living (paterfamilias) Role of Women in Rome: more freedom than Greek

women, subordinate to paterfamilias, some women became independent after death of their fathers

12 tables

Law of Nations

Roman religion worshipped supernatural gods like Jupiter and Mars, rituals were performed to ensure favor with the gods

http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/roman/index.htm

B. Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean

Explanations for expansion included greed, aggressiveness, fear of attack, show military strength

Conquered all of Italy by 290 BCE and granted all Roman citizenship

Gave conquered citizenship and built up their cities!

Importance of citizenship: could have better rights and be a part of a great empire. Cities just had to pay a tax and provide troops

Roman Sewer System

Roman aqueducts For most of their length the early

aqueducts were simply channels bored through the rock, from the water intake in the hills almost to the distribution cistern in Rome.

Only in the final stretches was theconduit raised on arches, to give a sufficient head for distribution of the water within the city.

Roman aqueducts Many cities still maintain and use the

ancient aqueducts even today, although open channels have usually been replaced by pipes.

The Romans typically built numerous aqueducts to serve any large city in their empire, as well as many small towns and industrial sites.

Roman Aqueducts The aqueducts required very careful

planning before building, especially to determine the water source to be used, the length of aqueduct needed and its size. Great skill was needed to ensure a regular gradient, so that the water would flow smoothly from its source without the flow damaging the walls of the channel.

Roman aqueducts The aqueducts were built from a

combination of stone, brick and the special volcanic cement pozzuolana. While their visible remains leave a definite impression, the great bulk of the Roman waterway system ran below ground. Channels bored through rock, or dug below the surface carried water where it was convenient and possible. Of the approximately 260 miles in the aqueduct system, only 30 miles consisted of the visible, mammoth arched structures.

Roman aqueducts Maintenance of the water system

was a continuous task, and the Romans assigned a Curator Aquarum to oversee this undertaking. Paid laborers, slaves and the legions all had parts in building parts of the water system. The Curator Aquarum maintained the aqueducts of Rome, while similar curators oversaw those in the provinces.

Three Punic Wars: Roman expansion stretches across the Med Sea and wants islands off Italy

First Punic War War started in 246 BC when the Romans

sent an army to help some allies in Sicily Carthage considered this an act of war

because they believed Sicily to be part of their empire

Carthage’s powerful navy dominated the fighting early on

The Romans were a land power and had to create their own navy

The war ended when the Roman navy defeated the Carthaginian navy off the coast of Sicily

Hannibal

Second Punic War Rome encouraged one of Carthage’s Spanish

allies to revolt and Carthage struck back with the greatest Carthaginian general, Hannibal

Hannibal decided to bring war home to the Romans

218 BC Hannibal led a well-trained army of 46,000 men and a force of 37 war elephants across the Pyrenees and the Alps to invade Italy

216 BC Romans decided to meet Hannibal head on

Was a disaster for Rome Refused to surrender and raised another army

For many years Hannibal dominated the Italian countryside

Defeated one Roman army after another

Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, the Romans decided on a new strategy

The Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean and attacked Carthage

Carthage was forced to recall Hannibal

Battle of Zama (202 BC) – Romans defeat Hannibal’s army

Carthage lost Spain, which became part of Rome

Carthage was stripped of its navy Rome is now the dominant power on

the Mediterranean

Battle of Zama

Third Punic War: Romans decide in favor of the complete destruction of Carthage

After a siege of three years, Carthage finally fell in 146 BC

Roman soldiers spent ten days burning and demolishing buildings

The entire population was sold into slavery

Carthage became a Roman province called Africa

Governors (consuls) only serve one year and want their name and legacy to be known so they make drastic changes which leads to instability

C. Failure of the Republic Latifundia and its impact: when military men

go off to fight no one is there to tend their land, large landowners bought up their land and created large estates called latifundia

Therefore there was a decline in soldiers and a decline in food production for the empire (cash crops not essential crops)

Slaves are now driven off farm land and sent to the cities where they are unemployed creating a divide between rich and poor

Roman army was so big that it needed to be divided into legions

Soldiers would now be devoted to legion leaders and not to the empire

D. Roman principate, 31 BCE-330 CE Julius Caesar’s grandnephew comes to power

(Octavian) he takes the name Caesar Augustus and he ruled Rome as a military dictator

During his reign Egypt, Middle East, and Central Europe was added to the empire

Emperors are now chosen by the army and not by birth

Roman law was no longer made by the senate as it had in the republic, now it was made by the emperor

E. Urban Empire Most of the Roman empire was made up

of farmers to sustain the population 50-60 million people in the empire Three largest cities outside of the capital:

Alexandria, Antioch, and Carthage Plebeians: roman working class lived in crowded apartment buildings

where fire was a constant hazard To keep the poor from rebelling against

the bad living conditions, free food and public entertainment became a major feature of city life

“Bread and Circuses”

Slavery Romans relied the most on slave labor and

had the most slaves Large numbers of captured peoples

brought back as slaves Slaves built buildings and roads, were used

as tutors, on farms, and as shop assistants Patricians: roman wealthy usually had a house in the city and one in

the country Mostly owned land and dominated the

government positions Ones that funded aqueducts, baths,

theatres, gardens, and temples

Pax Romana = Roman Peace Age of peace and prosperity Started off with the reign of Augustus in 27 BC

and ended with the death of the last Good Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, in 180 AD

Stable gov’t, strong legal system, widespread trade

Not much war or invasion The Roman gov’t was the strongest unifying

force in the empire Maintained order and enforced the laws

Romanization: Latin language, Roman clothing, Roman lifestyle was spread throughout the empire

Extension of Roman citizenship to all free adult inhabitants

GLADIATORS

Roman gladiatorial combat originated as a religious event. The Romans claimed that their tradition of gladiatorial games was adopted from the Etruscans

These games symbolized the re-enactment of the Campanians' military success over the Samnites, in which they were aided by the Romans. The first Roman gladiatorial games were held in 246 BCE by Marcus and Decimus Brutus in honor of their father, Junius Brutus

It was a relatively small affair that included the combat of three pairs of slaves in the Forum Boarium

Eventually gladiatorial games reached spectacular heights in the number of combatants and their monumental venues.

Gladiators Gladiators were usually recruited

from criminals, slaves (especially captured fugitives), and prisoners of war. Criminals, having lost their citizen rights and slaves and prisoners of war having none, had no choice about becoming a gladiator, if they had the physical and emotional make-up necessary for the profession

Some free-born men, however, although they had not lost their citizen rights, voluntarily chose the profession and bound themselves body and soul to the owner of a gladiatorial troupe (lanista) by swearing an oath "to endure branding, chains, flogging or death by the sword" and to do whatever the master ordered

When he took the gladiator’s oath, he agreed to be treated as a slave and suffered the ultimate social disgrace (infamia).  Seneca describes the oath as "most shameful" (Ep. 37.1-2).   As unattractive as this may sound to us, there were advantages. The candidate's life took on new meaning. He became a member of a cohesive group that was known for its courage, good morale, and absolute fidelity to its master to the point of death.

The living conditions of gladiators were harsh but, as profitable investments, they perhaps lived better than many commoners in terms of food, housing, and medical attention.  New or undisciplined men were shackled and unattended only in the bathroom, but trained gladiators were not always bound, imprisoned, or even confined to barracks

The gladiator was often the object of female adoration. This is clear in the following graffiti from Pompeii (CIL 4.4397 and 4356):

Celadus the Thracian, three times victor and three times crowned, adored by young girls.

WOMEN!!!! Even women fought as gladiators,

although rarely. Aristocratic women and men fought as an entertainment for Nero in 63 AD. Domitian had women fight by torchlight and on another occasion had women fight with dwarves. Romans loved these exotic gladiatorial combats.

"The men have no defensive armour. They are exposed to blows at all points, and no one ever strikes in vain....There is no helmet or shield to deflect the weapon. What is the need of defensive armour, or of skill? All these mean delaying death....The spectators demand that the slayer shall face the man who is to slay him in his turn; and they always reserve the latest conqueror for another butchering. The outcome of every fight is death, and the means are fire and sword. This sort of thing goes on while the arena is empty" (Epistle VII).

Arenas

Types of Gladiator Games Venationes were usually held in the

morning of game days (but could be offered on their own). Bestiarii, or combatants trained to fight animals, were pitted against wild animals from all over the empire (bullfights and rodeos are the modern heirs and/or equivalents). The slaughter of wildlife in these contests was astonishing. Hundreds of deaths in a day were routine. At the games held by Trajan when he became Emperor, 9,000 were killed.

Morning of the Games began with an elaborate procession

that included the combatants and was led by the sponsor of the games, the editor; in Rome during the imperial period, this usually was the emperor, and in the provinces it was a high-ranking magistrate. The parade and subsequent events were often accompanied by music; the mosaic at right depicts a water organ and the curved horn

The morning's events might begin with mock fights such as this contest. These would be followed by animal displays, sometimes featuring trained animals that performed tricks, but more often staged as hunts (venationes) in which increasingly exotic animals were pitted against each other or hunted and killed by bestiarii

Lunch Break

The lunch break was devoted to executions of criminals who had committed particularly heinous crimes—murder, arson, sacrilege (the Christians, for example, were considered to be guilty of sacrilege and treason, because they refused to participate in rites of the state religion or to acknowledge the divinity of the emperor).

In the afternoon came the high point of the games—individual gladiatorial combats. These were usually matches between gladiators with different types of armor and fighting styles, refereed by a lanista. Although it is popularly believed that these bouts began with the gladiators saying “Those who are about to die salute you,” the only evidence for this phrase is only found in the description of a naumachia staged by Claudius using condemned criminal

After lunch, the gladiatorial contest were held. Originally, gladiators were identified with ethnic names (e.g., Thracian or Samnite) which indicated the kind of weaponry they used, not the actual ethnic identity. In fact, the evidence suggests gladiators fought hard to resist the pseudo-ethnic labeling

Samnites (later called secutores) carried oblong shields and short swords and wore plumed helmets with visors. Thracians carried small round shields and curved daggers

Retiarius (“net-and-trident” fighter): Arm protector (often topped with a high metal shoulder protector), large net, trident, small dagger, no helmet; the retiarius was the only type of gladiator whose head and face were uncovered. Since he wore practically no defensive armor, the retiarius was more mobile than most gladiators but was also more vulnerable to serious wounds

Bestiarius: This was a special type of gladiator trained to handle and fight all sorts of animals. The bestiarii were the lowest ranking gladiators; they did not become as popular or individually well known as other types of gladiators

F. Rise of Christianity Jesus lived in the Roman society and

sought to reform Jewish religious practices

Traveled around preaching people to repent their sins and seek God’s forgiveness

People were to practice humility, mercy, and charity

Roman authorities feared a political uprising and arrested Jesus and sentenced him to death

Paul of Tarsus believed that God had sent him to convert non-Jews

Martyrs = people who die for their faith and thus inspire others to believe

G. Byzantines and Germans Roman rule collapses but is culture is

preserved in the Byzantine empire and its capital Constantinople

Huns and Visigoths from Germany helped destroy Rome

Fall of Rome 476 Many consider this to be the end of the

Western Roman Empire Division of the Roman Empire: To slow the empire’s decline, emperors

Diocletian and Constantine divided the empire into two parts

Western Roman Empire – capital at Rome Eastern Roman Empire – capital at

Byzantium, later renamed Constantinople Lasted another thousand years,

becomes known as the Byzantine Empire

Warm Up1. Explain the Punic Wars and their

importance:2. Define Latifundia and how it impacts

Rome:3. Poor working class of Rome:4. Wealthy landowning class of Rome:5. Pax Romana:6. Spread of Roman culture and ideas:7. Sent to convert non Jews to

Christianity:8. Person who dies for their faith:

II. Origins of Imperial China A. Resources and Populations Agriculture produced wealth and taxes

supported the government B. Hierarchy, Obedience, and Belief Family was the basic unit of society and

ancestors were an important part of the family and were routinely consulted and appeased

Elder male dominated the family Status of women depended on their

social class: women of royalty had political influence, women were expected to be obedient

C. First Chinese empire, 221-207 BCE 221 BCE Qin dynasty unified all of north and

central China Legalism: Believed that human beings are evil

by nature Reject Confucius’ idea of leading by virtue Instead need harsh laws and punishments to

make sure people stay on the correct path A ruler does not need to be compassionate or

show mercy People must be kept in line by fear of

punishment Qin were able to rule with a strong centralized

government, strong bureaucracy, standardized laws, and coinage, and broke the rule of aristocracy

To secure the borders the Qin dynasty begins to construct the Great Wall of China

Qin dynasty required men to serve in the military and required citizens to work one month a year on public buildings

210 BCE Shi Huangdi dies with 7000 clay soldiers!

206 BCE Qin dynasty fell

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080429-warrior-video-ap.html

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/specials/photography-specials/behind-the-shot/terracotta-warriors-mazzatenta.html

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/reuters/3037-terracotta-warriors-exhibit-in-london-video.htm

Army of the Dead The terracotta figures, dating from

210 BC, were discovered in 1974 by several local farmers near Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China near the Mausouleum of the First Qin Emperor

construction of this mausoleum began in 246 BC and involved 700,000 workers

Army of the Dead The figures include warriors, chariots,

horses, officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians. Current estimates are that in the three pits containing the Terracotta Army there were over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which are still buried in the pits

The terracotta figures are life-like and life-sized. They vary in height, uniform and hairstyle in accordance with rank

Bronze Chariots

Shield from the army!

Great Wall of China At that time, the total length of the wall

had already reached 3,107 miles, belonging to different states.

In 221 BC, the Emperor Qin absorbed the other six states and set up the first unified kingdom in Chinese history. In order to strengthen his newly born authority and defend the Huns in the north, he ordered connecting the walls once built by the other states as well as adding some sections of his own. Thus was formed the long Qin's wall which started from the east of today's Liaoning Province and ended at Lintao, Gansu Province.

Eleven Garrisons were distributed along the main line of the wall. The countless walls, fortresses, and watch towers made the country strongly fortified

More than a million people died building this 3,000 mile section more than 300 people per mile.

Three million people--70 percent of China's population at the time--was involved in building the Qin Wall.

The Great Wall's height averages from 15 to 30 feet high it's width averages from 15 to 25 feet wide with about a 13-foot wide roadway on top.

End Ends at the Qilian Mountains

Jiayu Pass is the western starting point of the existing Great Wall, which then crosses deserts and follows mountain ridges for more than five thousand kilometers until it reaches the sea coast in eastern Liaoning Province.

D. Long Reign of the Han, 206 BCE-220 CE

Liu Bang was a peasant who started an uprising that defeated the Qin dynasty

Han dynasty relied on a hybrid of Confucius philosophy with legalistic techniques

Han expanded the empire through Emperor Wu increasing the power and rule of the Han

Han and Qin dynasties built extensive road systems for troops and trade, these roads will eventually connect all of Asia to Europe

Silk road and its impact: Road that linked China to Rome, was

4,000 miles long Traded in luxury goods such as silk,

spices, teas, and ivory Dangerous due to geography and

bandits

Emperor Wu of Han

Influences of Long-distance Trade Brought wealth and access to foreign

products and enabled people to concentrate their efforts on economic activities best suited to their regions

Facilitated the spread of religious traditions beyond their original homelands

Facilitated the transmission of disease

Silk Roads As classical empires reduced the

costs of long-distance trade, merchants began establishing an extensive network of trade routes that linked much of Eurasia and northern Africa

Collectively, these routes are known as the “Silk Roads” because high-quality silk from China was one of the principal commodities exchanged over the roads

Route of the Overland Silk Road

Linked China and the Holy Roman Empire The two extreme ends of Eurasia

Started in the Han capital of Chang’an and went west to the Taklamakan Desert

There the road split into two main branches that skirted the desert to the north and south

Silk Road

It continued west and terminated at the Mediterranean ports of Antioch (in modern Turkey) and Tyre (in modern Lebanon)

Organization of Long-distance Trade Individual merchants usually did not

travel from one end of Eurasia to the other

Instead they handled long-distance trade in stages Chinese, Parthians, Persians, Indians,

Romans, and others would dominate the caravan or maritime trade routes within their empire or territory of influence

Spread of Christianity Antioch, the western

terminus of the overland Silk Roads, was an important center in early Christianity

“Then Barnabas went to Tarsus to look for Saul, and when he found him, he brought him to Antioch. So for a whole year Barnabas and Saul met with the church and taught great numbers of people. The disciples were called Christians first at Antioch.” Acts 11: 25-26

St. Peter’s cave church in Antioch

Spread of Christianity

Paul began his missionary journeys at Antioch

Spread of Disease The Antonine Plague (165-180 A. D.) was a

plague of either smallpox or measles brought back to the Roman Empire by troops returning from campaigns in the Near East Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius

Antoninus was among the victims The disease broke out again nine years

later and the Roman historian Dio Cassius reported it caused up to 2,000 deaths a day at Rome

Total deaths have been estimated at five million

http://historymedren.about.com/library/atlas/blatmapasiabd.htm

Age of European Exploration Europeans wanted access to those

Asian goods without having to go through the Muslim middlemen

They began seeking maritime trade routes directly to Asia which would largely displace the Silk Roads We’ll discuss this in Lesson 26

E. Technology and Trade Crossbows and cavalry bring great

success to military Watermill: harnessed the power of

running water to turn a grindstone

Chinese were the first to successfully make paper for everyday use

Roads enabled fast military movement and supplies

Most important export in China was silk F. Decline of the Han Empire Imperial court had many weak leaders and court

corruption Nobles and merchants built up large landholdings

hurting small farmers and reducing revenues for the empire

Empire needed more military and hired mercenaries who did not have loyalty for the empire

Like Rome the Han needed more military and the troops are not loyal to the empire

Dynasty fell in 220 CE

The Han Dynasty’s later years were filled with internal conflict, as court officials battled with the emperor and the Taoists. During this time, nomads in the north and near the Korean Peninsula destroyed the Chinese settlements as civil war rocked the Han. In the end, the emperors lost most of their power, and China split into various warring factions that were eventually transformed into three new kingdoms. Both the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire were powerful and impressive. They both fell because of weak leaders and power hungry individuals. The Han practice of concubinage led to much violence and strife in the royal family, causing disunity and internal conflict. Regents often attempted to seize power. Love of money led to the precarious situations of Rome’s later emperors, as soldiers demanded gold for loyalty. In both empires, corruption of government contributed to the bitterness of the common people. These two empires could not escape the corruption of human nature.