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Review Fall of Rome
Roman emperor, Diocletian (284 AD) divided the Roman Empire into east and west
Review Fall of Rome
Constantine (312 AD) rejoined the east and west, moving the capital from Rome to Byzantium, re-naming the city Constantinople
The Byzantine Empire The western half of the empire continued to suffer from invasion and
was too weak to withstand it and the last Roman emperor was ousted in 476 BC
The eastern empire became known as the Byzantine Empire.
Emperor Justinian In 527, a Byzantine nobleman
named Justinian took control of the throne of the eastern empire
He spent much of his reign fighting to regain control of Rome and the Italian peninsula
He called himself the new Caesar and ruled the Byzantine empire much like the famous emperors of Rome He was head of both the church and
state and exercised absolute power
Roman influence in Byzantine Culture Byzantine citizens continued to
value the classical learning of Greco-Roman culture
Students in the empire learned Greek and Latin grammar, as well as philosophy, and read classic literature written by the Greeks and Romans.
Many Roman laws remained intact, but even more were discarded
Christianity was the official religion
Rise of Constantinople Justinian launched the most ambitious public building projects ever seen in the Roman world. 14-mile wall around the city
Built numerous churches (see the Hagia Sophia)
Built courts, schools, and hospitals
Market of Constantinople offered trade goods from as far away as Africa, Asia, and Europe
Rise of Constantinople
Empress Theodora The most powerful woman in
Byzantine history
Justinian’s wife and advisor
Rose from poverty and gained fame as an actress
Met with foreign envoys, wrote to foreign leaders, passed laws, and built churches
Some of the laws she passed were designed to protect women and grant them more benefits
Justinian’s Code Some of Roman law was maintained in Justinian’s new
system of law. The legal system established in Justinian’s Code served as law in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years.
The new system of law became known as Justinian’s Code and consisted of four works 1. The Code contained 5,000 Roman laws 2. The Digest quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome’s
greatest legal thinkers and consisted of 50 volumes 3. The Institutes was a text that told law students how to use
the laws 4. The Novellae (New Laws) presented all new legislation
Impact on Russia Byzantium had always
actively traded with Slavic peoples to the north. As the Greek Byzantines interacted with Slavs, Russian culture was born.
Slavic peoples had culturally similar but politically disjointed communities settled along the rivers running through the Black Forest.
Impact on Russia Trade
Around 880, the city of Kiev was settled on the Dnieper River. People living in Kiev could sail by river to Constantinople to trade.
Dnieper River
Location of Constantinople
Impact on Russia Politics and Religion
In 957, a princess named Olga from Kiev converted to Christianity. Her grandson, Vladimir, converted the entire population of Kiev to Eastern Christianity in 989, by baptizing them in the Dnieper River.
Vladimir imported teachers from Byzantium to teach his people about the new religion.
When Ivan III came to power in Moscow, he declared that he would make Russia the “third Rome” and took the title of “czar”, the Russian word for “Caesar”
The Great Schism Christianity had developed quite
differently in the eastern and western empires.
The Eastern (Greek) Church and the Western (Latin) Church eventually became the Greek Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches, respectively.
The Great Schism Religious Differences
Main religious differences that led to the break was the western church’s addition of “and the son” to the Nicene Creed in 589, defining the Holy Trinity as “The father, the son, and the holy spirit”. The original Greek form says that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the father.
They also disagreed about the Pope’s claims to universal jurisdiction.
The Pope of the western church and the Patriarch of the eastern church eventually suppressed Greek and Latin in their respective domains.
In 1054, the Pope and Patriarch excommunicated each other (they outcast one another from the church).
Central Differences Greek Orthodox
(East) The Emperor claims
authority over the Patriarch and bishops
The Patriarch and bishops share power and administer the church as a group
Priests are allowed to marry
Divorce is permitted in certain cases
Roman Catholic (West)
The Pope claims authority over all bishops, kings and emperors
Priests may not marry
Divorce is not permitted