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Roman Roman ArchitectureArchitecture
The Buildings of the World’s Most The Buildings of the World’s Most Powerful EmpirePowerful Empire
Republican ArchitectureRepublican Architecture
Republican Period – (509 BCE – 31 BCE)Republican Period – (509 BCE – 31 BCE) Overtaking of Etruscans through rise of Overtaking of Etruscans through rise of
Augustus Caesar after the death of Antony and Augustus Caesar after the death of Antony and Cleopatra and 13 years of civil warCleopatra and 13 years of civil war
ArchitectureArchitecture Greek influence – basic rectangular structure, Doric, Greek influence – basic rectangular structure, Doric,
Ionic and Corinthian columnsIonic and Corinthian columns Etruscan influence – emphasis on facades and Etruscan influence – emphasis on facades and
stairsstairs
Temple of Saturn
Temple of Vesta
**Note the influence of Greek and Etruscan
architecture with the use of a podium.
Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia120 - 80 bc. This large temple complex is built on the site of an earlier oracle.
Spread over 7 terraced levels - the whole hillside was reworked. Roman builders never turned away from the opportunity to do massive earthwork in order to create a major architectural statement.
Foundation levels are made of poured concrete
Invention of ConcreteInvention of Concrete Concrete was the favorite building material of Concrete was the favorite building material of
the Romans the Romans Concrete has 3 basic components - the Concrete has 3 basic components - the
cementcement made of lyme, made of lyme, sand, sand, andand aggregate aggregate all mixed with waterall mixed with water for aggregate Roman builders used rubble, local volcanic rock for aggregate Roman builders used rubble, local volcanic rock
or stream cobbles or stream cobbles commonly poured over rock , or rubble which was set between commonly poured over rock , or rubble which was set between
formsforms
Concrete is very strong, but also very Concrete is very strong, but also very unattractive unattractive It may be covered with marble, other stonework, plaster It may be covered with marble, other stonework, plaster
(interior) (interior) By the 2nd c. BCE the use of concrete is widespreadBy the 2nd c. BCE the use of concrete is widespread
Imperial RomeImperial Rome
With the rise of Augustus Caesar, the period With the rise of Augustus Caesar, the period known as Imperial Rome beganknown as Imperial Rome began
Civil war, strife and violence are replaced with Civil war, strife and violence are replaced with peace, tranquility and prosperitypeace, tranquility and prosperity
Period ends with the deposition of Romulus Period ends with the deposition of Romulus Augustulus Augustulus
Our study: through the 1Our study: through the 1stst century CE century CE Pick up later Roman art and architecture with Pick up later Roman art and architecture with
Constantine and Christian influencesConstantine and Christian influences
Imperial ArchitectureImperial Architecture Buildings begin to use circular floor plansBuildings begin to use circular floor plans Temples and places of worship are smaller = Temples and places of worship are smaller =
more personalmore personal Column orders are increased to five:Column orders are increased to five:
Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and CompositeTuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite Tuscan = Greek Doric with an added base and shorter, Tuscan = Greek Doric with an added base and shorter,
un-fluted shaftun-fluted shaft Composite = Ionic and Corinthian combinedComposite = Ionic and Corinthian combined
Round Temple at Forum Boarium
Imperial ArchitectureImperial Architecture
Introduction of concrete—used for walls, Introduction of concrete—used for walls, vaults, and domes. vaults, and domes. Known as “synthetic stone” Known as “synthetic stone” More cost effectiveMore cost effective
Use of the arch Use of the arch Stronger supportStronger support Able to have cement ceilings instead of Able to have cement ceilings instead of
woodwood
Roman ArchesRoman Arches
The arch is composed of wedge-shaped blocks The arch is composed of wedge-shaped blocks (or (or voussoirs) voussoirs) and a keystone, the curves of and a keystone, the curves of the arch rises from the the arch rises from the springers springers on either sideon either side
Stones grow wider as they move toward Stones grow wider as they move toward keystonekeystone
Regularly used for bridges and aqueducts as Regularly used for bridges and aqueducts as well as domestic and public buildingswell as domestic and public buildings
Roman Aqueducts
Roman Coliseum
Uses of the ArchUses of the Arch
CreatesCreates Barrels vaults, used to roof rectangular Barrels vaults, used to roof rectangular
spaces. Stress was carried down the sides spaces. Stress was carried down the sides of the vaults (think of isometric exercises)of the vaults (think of isometric exercises)
Groin vaults, the right angle intersection of Groin vaults, the right angle intersection of two vaults, were used in high traffic areas.two vaults, were used in high traffic areas.
Dome, circular structure (ribs=arches) Dome, circular structure (ribs=arches) covered with concretecovered with concrete
Barrel VaultBarrel Vault
Groin VaultGroin Vault
DomeDome
Famous ArchesFamous Arches
Triumphal Arches – commemorative structures Triumphal Arches – commemorative structures used for celebration of political or military used for celebration of political or military accomplishments.accomplishments.
Colosseum– Sports arena in the heart of Colosseum– Sports arena in the heart of Rome. Housed 50,000 spectators for Rome. Housed 50,000 spectators for Gladiatorial events.Gladiatorial events.
Pantheon– originally a pagan temple. Known Pantheon– originally a pagan temple. Known for its massive sense of space and oculus.for its massive sense of space and oculus.
Triumphal ArchesTriumphal Arches
Arch of Titus
ColiseumColiseum
ColiseumColiseum
PantheonPantheon
Why did they build Why did they build “spaces”?“spaces”?
Romans were Romans were concerned with the concerned with the space created by a space created by a building and not just building and not just the mass of the the mass of the structure.structure.
The more space = The more space = the bigger the empirethe bigger the empire
Art of the Roman PeriodArt of the Roman Period
Emphasis on realistic portrayal (Emphasis on realistic portrayal (verism)verism) Sculpture = Introduction of Busts of Sculpture = Introduction of Busts of
ancestors and rulers (patricians)ancestors and rulers (patricians) Portrait sculptures of rulersPortrait sculptures of rulers Relief sculptures (mostly high)Relief sculptures (mostly high) Painting = Frescoes most dominantPainting = Frescoes most dominant
Subjects = Religious and SecularSubjects = Religious and Secular
Head of a Romanc. 80 BCE, marble, 14" h
Patrician w/ Busts of His ancestors c. 30 BC
Marcus Aurelius
FrescoesFrescoes
Detail of fresco
Pompei, Italy
1st c. BCE
Herculaneum with Artemis