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2 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
Introduction
Objectives
•Understand importance of emergency preparedness
•Understand role and responsibilities of USNRC in
emergency preparedness
Licensing
Inspection
Preparedness
Response
3 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
Introduction
Importance of emergency preparedness
•Implementation of a workable emergency preparedness
plan is considered to have a high level of safety
significance
•In the US, nuclear power plants are designed with multiple
layers of safety
•Emergency preparedness is considered to be the final
layer of safety – the safety net that helps protect the public
if the other safety measures fail
4 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
Introduction
NRC is responsible for regulation of onsite emergency
preparedness plans at commercial nuclear facilities
• Nuclear power plants
• Research and test reactors
• Fuel cycle facilities – fuel enrichment and fabrication
• Waste repositories
• Medical facilities
• Transportation accidents
5 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
Introduction
Roles of the NRC
•Development of requirements and guidance related to
emergency preparedness
•Licensing of nuclear power reactors and other commercial
nuclear facilities
•Oversight of emergency plans at operating nuclear power
plants – review of changes and inspection
•Participation in Federal Response Framework
•Response during nuclear accident – response and
oversight of licensee’s response
6 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Emergency Preparedness
Regulations
• 10 CFR 50.47(b)
• 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix E
• 10 CFR 50.72
• 10 CFR Part 100
• 44 CFR Parts 350, 351 & 352 (Federal Emergency
Management Agency regulations)
7 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Emergency Preparedness
Guidance
• NUREG-0654/FEMA-REP-1, Rev. 1
• Regulatory Guide 1.101
• NUREG-0396
• NUREG-0696
• NUREG-0737, Supplement 1
• NUREG-0814
• NUREG/CR-6863
8 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
Licensing of Nuclear Facilities
• Applications for licensing of nuclear power plants and
other commercial nuclear facilities reviewed to ensure
they meet the requirements
• FEMA reviews offsite plans and informs NRC regarding
finding that “reasonable assurance that adequate
protective measures can and will be taken in the event of
a radiological emergency”
• NRC responsible for determination on the overall state of
emergency preparedness – a nuclear safety issue
9 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
Oversight of Operating Plants
• NRC reviews and approves changes to plant’s
emergency plan that might “reduce the overall
effectiveness” of the plan
• NRC experts perform inspections of emergency plan
implementation
• NRC inspectors observe and evaluate exercises
• NRC inspectors coordinate with FEMA exercise
evaluation teams
10 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Emergency Response
• NRC is the coordinating agency for response to incidents
involving materials or facilities licensed by the NRC
• NRC maintains Emergency Operations Center at
headquarters
• Each Regional Office maintains a similar center
• Dedicated NRC telephone operators always on duty with
direct telephone lines to control rooms of all US nuclear
power plants (the red phone)
• NRC response is based on the declaration of the
accident – Notification of Unusual Event, Alert, Site Area
Emergency, or General Emergency
13 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Emergency Response
Full activation of Emergency Operations Center
•First rule – it is the licensee’s job to manage the accident,
not the NRC
•NRC’s job is to observe the licensee’s response and
confirm that response is appropriate
•NRC should not interfere in accident management unless
there is a problem with licensee’s response
•ERDS is activated and data from reactor & plant systems
begins streaming to NRC Emergency Operations Center
14 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Emergency Response
• Emergency Management Team including NRC
Chairman or other Commissioner
Communicates with high level Federal officials such
as DHS
Decides if recommendations from the NRC to
licensee or State and local officials are necessary
Communicates with licensee emergency decision
makers
Communicates with State and local emergency
decision makers
15 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Emergency Response
• Reactor Safety Team
Communicates with resident inspector (in control
room) and licensee experts evaluating the conditions
of the plant
Obtains and analyzes available data on reactor and
plant conditions
Makes projections about time to fuel uncovery and
containment failure
16 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Emergency Response
• Protective Measures Team
Obtains available data on plant radiation readings,
meteorological conditions, and field radiation
measurements
Communicates with licensee’s experts evaluating the
radiological conditions
Communicates with State and local emergency
response personnel
Makes projections of potential doses using RASCAL
computer code
17 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Emergency Response
• RASCAL - Radiological Assessment Systems for
Consequence AnaLysis
• Original version developed over 25 years ago
• Evaluates releases from nuclear power plants and other
nuclear facilities
• Designed for use by the NRC in the independent
assessment of dose projections during response to
radiological emergencies
• Can use a wide range of input information
• Latest version – 4.3 available for free from USNRC
20 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Emergency Response
• Federal Coordination Team – new team was added a
few years ago to help with communications with other
Federal agencies
• Safeguards Team - if event involves security issues such
an attack on the plant
• Public Affairs Team
• Liaison Team – State and Tribes
21 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Emergency Response
Response by NRC Regional Office
•NRC resident inspector reports to the control room and
establishes continuous contact with NRC Emergency
Operations Center
•Regional emergency operations center activated
•Regional emergency site team dispatched to the event
•NRC site team members go to control room, technical
support center, and emergency operations facility
22 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Actions after Fukushima Daiichi
NRC actions related to Fukushima Daiichi prioritized in
three tiers
•Tier 1
Assess staffing and communications to respond to
multi-reactor events
o NRC request for information (March 12, 2012)
o Industry initiative developed (NEI 12-01; May7,
2012)
o NRC endorsement of industry approach (May 12,
2012)
23 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Actions after Fukushima Daiichi
• Tier 1
Strengthen and integrate different types of emergency
procedures and capabilities at plants
o Rulemaking in progress for Mitigation of Beyond-
Design-Basis Events – Proof of Concept
(February 21, 2014)
o Extensive Damage Mitigation Guidelines (EDMGs)
o Severe Accident Management Guidelines
(SAMGs)
o Integration, Command, and Control
24 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
NRC Actions after Fukushima Daiichi
• Tier 2
NRC Orders addressed multi-reactor and loss of
power events (March 12, 2012)
o Training and exercises (drills)
o Equipment, facilities, and related resources
o Multi-unit dose assessment capability
• Tier 3 - Longer term
Additional enhancements such as decision-making,
radiation monitoring, and public education
Evaluation of EPZ size and KI pre-staging
25 AAEA/ANNuR
June 2014
Summary
• Emergency preparedness - final layer of defense-in-
depth
• Responsibilities of NRC include licensing, inspection,
preparedness, and response
• 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix E and NUREG-0654/FEMA-
REP-1, Rev. 1
• NRC responsible for onsite preparedness and overall
emergency preparedness – a safety conclusion
• FEMA responsible for offsite emergency preparedness
• Emergency Operations Center and Site Team
• Improvements made based Fukushima Daiichi accident