Role of Transgenic Technology

7/29/2019 Role of Transgenic Technology

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Role of transgenic technology invegetable improvement


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WHY WE NEED NEW TECHNOLOGIES?

Global food demand is forecast to at least double by the year

2050. In India, the population has already exceeded 1.0 billion and

our country is projected to be the most populous in the world with

1.5 billion by 2050.


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The arable land is diminishing every year. Other

resources like water, fertilizers and labour are also

becoming scarce and costly.

About 1.2 billion people in the world are afflicted by

severe poverty and suffer from malnutrition.


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1.4 billion women (22% of world population of which 55%

in the developing countries) suffer from iron deficiency

anemia.

About 140 million children suffer from vitamin A deficiency.

More than 30% of our crop yields are lost to biotic factors.

Similarly, crop losses due to abiotic stresses.


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What are transgenic plants?

TRANSGENIC PLANTS: Refers to plants in which

functional foreign genes have been inserted.

Gene(s) for desirable traits from anyorganism

can be functionally introduced into the crop of interest


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BASIC STEPS INVOLVED IN THEDEVELOPMENT OF TRANSGENICS.

1. Isolation of the desired gene

2. Selection and isolation of a vector

3. Construction of recombinant vectors

4. Introduction of recombinant vector into the host cell

5. Selection and multiplication of the host cells carrying the

recombinant DNA molecule

6. Expression of the desired gene.PRE-REQUISITES OF THIS TECHNIQUE To genetically modify a plant, a genetic construct must be

designed.

The multiple copies of the gene of our interest.

A vector for transmission.

A reliable protocol for the regeneration of whole plants from tissueculture.


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Plant Transformation Methods

Physical Chemical Biological

Microinjection

Pressure

Biolistics - gene gun/

particle bombardment

Electroporation

Microinjection

Silica/carbon fibers

Lazer mediated

SAT

PEG

DEAE-dextran

Calcium phosphate

Artificial lipids

Proteins

Dendrimers

A. Tumefaciens

A. Rhizogenes

Virus-mediated

In planta


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INTERNATIONAL STATUS OF TRANSGENIC CROPS

No. of countries 23

Area in the world=114.3MH

Area in India = 6. 8 MH

I transgenic plants 1983Tobacco, Tomato ( Horsch et al., USA)

I commercial release 1994Herbicide tolerant Soybean, USA

58


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S.No Crop Lab stage Greenhouse stage

Fieldtrialstage

MLT

1 Brinjal * * * *

2 Cabbage * * *3 Cassava *

4 Cauliflower * * * *

5 Okra * * * *

6 Onion *7 Potato * * *

8 Tomato * * *

9 Watermelon *

Status of GM Vegetables in India,2008

Renuswarup,2008 57


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Why transgenics ?

Traits can be combined beyond species border( viruses,

bacteria, fungi, insects, animals, human beings and

genes synthesized in the laboratory)

Quicker & more targeted development of new varieties

with desired traits

Gene pyramiding

Removal of certain specific defects in crops

60


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TRADITIONAL PLANT BREEDING

Desired Gene

X

Many genes aretransferred

DonorPlant

CommercialPlant Variety

New PlantVariety

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

+

A single gene istransferred

Desired Gene

CommercialPlant

Variety

ImprovedCommercial

PlantVariety

Desired

Gene

Donor

Plant genetic engineering

12 59


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We need transgenic for

To meet the worlds need of food

To increase yield

To improve quality

To cope better with climatic change

Nutritional improvement

Increased shelf life

Improved taste and texture

Stress resistance: drought, heat, cold, salt tolerance To reduce loss during transportation and storage

Herbicide resistance

Insect resistance

Virus resistance


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11

AVENUES OF

TRANSGENIC

TRAITS


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Flavr-Savr tomato - 1st FDA approval for a food

1995 Monsanto's Roundup Ready soybeans

approved for sale in the United States.

1994

First successful field trial ofGM cotton crop1990

GM plants resistant to insects, viruses, and

bacteria are field tested for the first time -

USEFUL TRAITS

1985

1st transgenic plant: antibiotic resistant tobacco

engineered with a yeast gene1983

Researchers develop the ability to isolate genes1973

First regeneration of entire plants from an in vitro culture1950

Development of GM foods


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Potential of GM crops in low input, sustainable

agriculture

TraditionalGM crop with pest resistance

plus post-harvest qualities

4 tonnes/ha produced 5 tonnes/ha

25% losses

post-harvest

= 1 tonne/ha

3 tonnes/ha to eat

10% losses

post-harvest

= 0.5 tonne/ha

4.5 tonnes/ha to eat

O OG O O O


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Tomato was one of the first plants to be transformed

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and regenerated into fertile,

productive plants (Fillaetttial., 1987).

The success of early work to obtain transgenic plants

allowed for the first commercial release of a transgenic

food product, the Flavr Savr tomato, with extended shelflife of the ripe fruit.

A major goal of tomato genetic engineering has been to

manipulate the ripening process in order to delay fruitsenescence and deterioration.

HNOLOGY OF TOMATO


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Pectin: Cell rigidity

PG

Polygalacturonase

GE FOR CELL WALL MODIFICATION

31


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The FlavrSavr tomato (introduced in 1994by

Calgene Inc.) is designed to ripen on the vine, with

minimal softening.

Ripe tomatoes produces the enzyme

polyglacturonase(PG).

The PG enzyme is responsible for the breakdown

pectin, a building block in cell walls, which gives

tomatoes their firmness.

To slow down the softening process, the Flavr

Savr employs antisense technology to block PG

enzyme production.


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ANTISENSE TECHNOLOGY

Antisense technology is a method of gene silencing.

The first step in this process involved the isolation ofthe PG gene from the tomato.

Then clone the antisense DNA with the PG gene andinsert this DNA into the plasmid of an agrobacterium.

The bacterium is introduced to plant cells whichtransfers the gene of interest into plant cells.

The cells with the plasmid are grown by addingspecific hormones.

The re-generated plants will express the antisense

DNA and when the mRNA is made through the

process of transcription the sense mRNA will bind to

the anti-sense mRNA. This interferes with protein

production (PG enzyme in tomato).


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How enzyme is made?

DNA

PRODUCED

Summary of Antisense

mechanism:


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What Happens When A

Cloned Antisense DNA Is

Added To The Original

DNA?


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When A ClonedAntisense DNA Is Added

To The Original DNA:


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Formation of antisense RNA blocks

translation

F avr Savr Tra t ona


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F avr Savr Tra t ona

The Flavr Savr tomato ripens

on the vine resulting in fuller

flavour. It is modified so that it

remains firm after harvesting.

Ripe and Increased Flavour.

The traditional tomato must be

harvested while it is still green

and firm so that it is not crushed

on the way to the supermarket.

The traditional tomato is

sprayed with ethylene

after shipping to induce

ripening.

Ripe but decreased Flavour.


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PG antisense AC102

PG antisense AC105

Response to cracking after transport

Schuch et al., 1991

27


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Wild type tomato

Transplastomic tomato ErwiniacrtY

Transplastomic tomato Narcissus Lyc

Apel and Bock,2009 45


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2.1 HPLC analysis of pigment accumulation in fruits

Apel and Bock, 2009 44

*P


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2.2 HPLC analysis of pigment accumulation in leaves

Apel and Bock, 200943

*P


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Fruit specific expression of yeast gene

ySAMdc

Tomatoes with 300% more Lycopene

Increases total polyamines & shelf life

Transgenic tomato line 579HO

Mehta et al., 2002

42


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Mehta et al., 2002

3.1 Quality of transgenic tomato processed juice

41

Parameter Wildtype

Azygous Homozygous

566HO 579HO

Soluble solids (Brix) 4.40.4 3.70.1 4.1 0.2 4.3 0.0

Acidity (% citric acid) 3.10.2 3.00.2 3.0 0.1 3.3 0.2

pH 4.40.0 4.40.0 4.4 0.1 4.3 0.0

Precipitate weight ratio 9.12.7 9.82.0 13.0 1.5* 14.5 0.3*

Viscosity 80.911.2 94.94.8 106 4.4* 119.2 9.8**P


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3.2 Quality attributes of transgenic tomato (SAMdc)

Mehta et al., 2002

40

**P


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3.3 Lycopene content transgenic tomato (SAMdc

Mehta et al., 2002

39

*P


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4.1 Fruit specific phenotypes of tomato

Wild type

Del/Ros1C

Del/Ros1N

37Butelli et al., 2008


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36

Butelli et al., 2008

4.2 Anthocyanin levels in tomato lines


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Powell et al.,2003

7.1 Firmness of transgenic tomato fruit

control AC (white bar)AC-Exp1 (light stipple)AC-PG (heavystipple)H ACPG-EXP1(black bar)AC + Exp1 (hatched bar)

24


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Parthenocarpy

Rotino et al., 2005

7

Control F1 transgenic

DefH9-RI-iaaM


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Rotino et al., 2005

6

Genotype Marketable yield Unmarketable yield

Green fruits Rotten

fruits

Yield Pl-1

(g)

No.of

fruits

Fr wt

(g)

Yield Pl-1

(g)

No.of

fruits

Yield Pl-1

(g)Allflesh(F1) 1906362 32.36.1 60.53.4 9822 3.40.5 3.80.6

UC82(control) 1380301 21.64.3 65.52.5 19665 6.21.9 5.21.2

Ri4(trans) 1538159 43.25.0 37.01.1 12315 5.60.6 6.91.4

Ri5(trans) 1227147 33.73.6 38.01.5 14944 6.71.5 5.20.9

13.1 Performance of transgenic tomato lines


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5

Genotype Shape

index

seed (%) No. of

seeds fruit-1Brix (o) -Carotene

(g g-1 dw)

Allflesh 1.270.02 86.75.4 68.86.2 5.30.18 491.119.7

UC82 1.250.02 85.08.8 36.56.5 3.80.14 566.68.6

Ri4 1.240.03 26.75.4 18.43.8 4.50.12 698.910.1

Ri5 1.270.03 20.04.7 11.43.8 4.20.23 643.615.1

Rotino et al., 2005

13.2 Performance of transgenic tomato lines


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Purple Tomatoes, Rich In Health-Protecting

Anthocyanins, Developed With Help Of

Snapdragons

Cancer susceptible Trp53-/- mice

fed a diet supplemented with thehigh anthocyanin tomatoesshowed a significant extension oflife span

Butelliet al., 200

GENETIC MANIPULATION OF ETHYLENE
http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2008/10/081026150149-large.jpg


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GENETIC MANIPULATION OF ETHYLENE

BIOSYNTHESIS:

Second transgenic approach have been used to reduce

endogenous ethylene production in ripening fruit inorder to delay the onset and rate of fruit ripening.

The pathway of ethylene biosynthesis is now well known

and the final two steps in the pathway, conversion of S-

adenosyl methionine (SAM) to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and its oxidization to ethylene have

been targeted for modification in transgenic plants.

One approach has been to metabolize eitherSAM or ACC

to an inactive product and the second approach has beento specifically suppress the expression of the two ethylene

biosynthetic enzymes required to catalyze the final steps in

the pathway.


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TRANSGENICS FOR PARTHENOCARPY

Parthenocarpic mutants have been identified inseveral plant species, but their use for

generating parthenocarpic varieties is limited by

the reduction of fruit set and fruit size.

The parthenocarpic trait is polygenic and it

proves cumbersome in breeding programmes.

For these reasons biotechnology may prove to

be an interesting alternative method. Transgeniceggplants expressing the coding region of the

iaaM gene from Pseudomonas syringae drivenby an ovule-specific promoter show

parthenocarpic development.


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The iaaM gene codes for an indolacetamide

monoxygenase that converts tryptophan to

indolacetamide, a precursor of the plant hormoneauxin.

Transgenic plants produced seedless fruit of

marketable size when the flowers were

emasculated or in adverse conditions when

untransformed lines where unable to set fruit.

iaaM gene is a powerful biotechnological tool forgenerating parthenocarpic eggplants that proves to

be superior to the use of both agricultural practices

and traditional genetic methods


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POTATO

Potato breeding started around the beginning of the 19th

century but its complex tetraploid genetics means that

targeted breeding is a time-consuming exercise.

Comparatively speaking, potato has a narrow genetic base,

which, at least in part, contributes to slower progress in crop

improvement than with other major crop species. Attemptsto introgress genes from wild relatives has met with some

success for disease resistance traits but undesirable side

effects from hybridization minimizes the crop improvement

through conventional methods. Since back-crossing to remove undesirable effects is not an

easy option for potato, the approach of improving existing

cultivars using gene transfer or genetic engineering

technology has been an attractive proposition.


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INSECT-RESISTANT POTATO Nature Mark potato lines named NewLeaf confer

resistance to Colorado potato beetle.

The potatoes were transformed with a gene, whichencodes for the Cry3A protein from the bacteria Bacillusthuringiensis (var. tenebrionis) using the constitutive 35S

CaMV promoter.

The product has been endorsed by the World HealthOrganization (WHO) and other regulatory agenciesthroughout the world. The protein affects directly only the

target pest, Colorado potato beetle (CPB) and has noeffect on other insects, mammals or wildlife.

Mammalian toxicology and digestive fate studies, whichhave been conducted and confirmed that these Cryproteins are non-toxic to humans and pose no significant

concern for allergicity.


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GENETIC ENGINEERING OF CUCURBITS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE


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PEPPER

Transgenic hot peppers showing resistance to bialaphos, a non-selective

Herbicide have been generated by transfer of the bar gene via A.tumefaciens.

Transgenic plants were capable of withstanding 5000 mg/L of bialaphosapplied to the leaves. Sweet peppers expressing (phosphinothricin N -

acetyl transferase) gene introduced via A.tumefaciens exhibitedtolerance to applications of 0.44% of the commercial preparation of Basta

containing 20% phosphinothricin.


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LEGUMES


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BIOTECHNOLOGY OF BULKY ORGANS( CARROTS, SWEET POTATOES, ALLIUM SPS)

Roots, bulbs and other bulky organs used as vegetablesbelong to a wide range of horticultural species. Except forthe potato, very few of them have received attention interms of improvement via biotechnology.Resistance to insects and fungi

The most important pests of sweet potatoes are insects,mainly the sweet potato weevil (Cyclas formicarius, Fab).Losses dues to insect attacks may reach 60 to 100%.The genetics of sweet potatoes is complex due to thehexaploid genome and self-incompatibility. Transfer offoreign genes via biotechnology is therefore of greatinterest.

Moran et al. obtained several clones of the Jewel sweetpotato cultivar carrying the CryIIIA gene that exhibitedsome resistance to sweet potato weevil infestation undergreenhouse and field conditions as compared to control

plants although the level of expression of the gene was


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Quality traits The sugar content of carrots represents an important

quality trait.

Transgenic carrots in which sucrose synthase, vacuolarand cell wall invertase and tonoplast H+ATPase have beenrepressed were generated.

The transgenic plants had an altered phenotype withsmaller roots and the strategy for improving the quality ofthe carrot (e.g. in terms of sugar content) remains to beestablished.


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Resistance to abiotic stresses The generation of plants resistant to environmental

stress is of great practical interest.

Modifications of heat tolerance in carrots have beenachieved by constitutively expressing or down-regulating a small heat shock protein gene, Hsp

Constitutive expression resulted in an increase ofheat tolerance, while down-regulation resulted inlower tolerance.


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BIOTECHNOLOGY OF LEAFY VEGETABLES (CABBAGE, BROCCOLI,CAULIFLOWER, LETTUCE, SPINACH) AND ASPARAGUSResistance to viruses

Cauliflower

Transgenic cauliflower carrying the capsid gene and

antisense VIof gene the cauliflower mosaic virus havebeen generated throughA.tumefaciens-mediatetransformation.


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Resistance to insects and fungi

Cauliflower

Insect pests represent a serious problem for cauliflower

cultivation. A trypsin inhibitorfrom the sweet potato hasbeen transferred to Taiwan cauliflower cultivars that gavetransgenic primary transformants substantial resistance tolocal insects.

Cabbage & Broccoli Metz et al. have generated a large number of transgenic

broccoli lines carrying the Bt Cry1A(c) gene, most ofthem causing 100% mortality of firstinstar larvae of thediamond moth.

More recently, a synthetic Bt Cry1C gene was introduced.In addition, theCry1C-transgenic broccoli were alsoresistant to other lepidopteran pests of crucifers such ascabbage looper and imported cabbageworm.


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Bt BRINJAL


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What is Bt BrinjalBt Brinjal is a transgenic brinjal created out ofinserting a gene (Cry 1Ac) from the soil bacterium

Bacillus thuringiensisinto Brinjal.

The insertion of the gene into the brinjal cell in youngcotyledons through an Agrobacterium-mediated vector.

This gives to the brinjal plant resistance againstlepidopteran insects like the brinjal fruit and shootborer (L.orbonalis) and fruit borer (Helicoverpa

armigera).

when ingestion of the Bt toxin by the insect, therewould be disruption of digestive processes, ultimatelyresulting in the death of the insect.


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Primary damage Shoot damage

Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer


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Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer


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Pesticide Use in Vegetables

Chillies: 5.13 kg of active ingredient /ha

Brinjal: 4.6 kg of active ingredient /ha

=Rs 12,000 ha

Okra: 3.71 kg of active ingredient/ha

Indian Chemical Industry, 2007


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MHB-4 Bt, MHB-9 Bt, MHB-10 Bt, MHB-11 Bt, MHB-39 Bt, MHB-80 Bt and MHBJ-99 Bt


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Mode of action


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Considerable reduction in cost of production by saving on

cost of insecticides and labour

labor cost as a result of reduced spraying.

Manifold increase in yield per unit area by saving fruits

from damage caused by FSB.

Significant improvement in marketable fruits thereby

increasing income per unit area.

Reduction in direct exposure to insecticides leading to

lesser health problems.


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Reduction in pesticide residues in soil and water in brinjal

fields.

Lesser pollution of air and local environment due to

decreased use of insecticides.

Protection of naturally occurring predators and

parasitoids and other beneficial organisms due to

reduced use of insecticides.

Reduction in soil and ground-water contamination.

Safeguarding soil micro flora and invertebrates from

damage caused by unintended and excessive use of

insecticides.


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Effect of Bt on non-target Pests or beneficial insects

No direct effect was found on sucking pests and beneficial

insects.

(IGMORIS: Chapter 5, p 72 of Vol 1.)


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Capability to reduce Pesticidal Application

The number of pesticides sprays in the field isconsiderably less for transgenic compared to non-

transgenic brinjal.

The number of sprays were reduced from 8-10 to 3-5sprays.


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Yield Advantage

Under high level of FSB infestation in the crop, there

was 80-100 per cent yield advantage in transgenic brinjal

over non-transgenic counterpart

(Chapter 1 p69 of Vol 1)


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Effect of Bt on soil micro floraNo negative effect on soil micro flora was seen.

No significant cry protein was detected in soil samples of Bt

brinjal grown field and there was no harmful effect on the

microbial population.

(Chapter 6 p89 of Vol 1. Details are given in Vol 5.)


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Information on gene transfer to cultivated or related species

No gene flow has been detected in cultivated or relatedspecies of brinjal

Pollen flow studies were conducted by Indian Institute of

Vegetable Research (IVRI

ICAR), Varanasi.

(Chapter 5.7, p80 of Vol 1)


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Information on food safety, Allergenicity and toxicity

No toxic effect has been found (Chapter 7.2 p111-129 of Vol1).

The skin allergy test was conducted on white rabbits by the

accredited lab INTOX Pvt Ltd., Pune.

No skin irritations were seen.

Detailed Skin irritation test results are published (vol 2)

Allergenicity was studied in rats in Rallis India Ltd., Bangalore and

no adverse effect was seen.


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Information is available on the level of Bt protein present inBt brinjal (raw) vs., processed or cooked brinjal

Information is available on the level of Bt protein present

in Bt brinjal (raw) and cooked samples (Desigen

Diagnostics, Jalna).

There is no Bt protein detectable in cooked or

processed brinjal in any form as it is completely degraded

on cooking.

Cry protein was absent in the cooked fruit (roasted,

shallow fried, deep fried and steamed) suggesting that the

protein was completely degraded on cooking.

(Chapter 7 p105 of Vol 1).


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Long-term effect on human or animal health

It needs to be ascertained

Monitoring ofBt brinjal over a long time period will onlybe able to answer this issue.

Risks associated with Bt brinjal


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s s assoc ated t t b ja

1. Safety

Potential human health implications.

Out-crossing

Inevitable out-crossing of transgenic plants with naturally

occurring ones.

2.Monophagous pest


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3. Farmers do not plant refuges to manage resistance.

4. Resistance development Defects in protease production

Elevated immune response

Enhanced esterase production


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5.Labeling

Mixing GM crops with non-GM confounds labeling attempts.

(Human Genome Project Information (2003),http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml)

6. POLLEN FLOW

-Isolation distance


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-India is considered a centre of diversity.


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9.Minor pest become major pest

Sucking pest

10. seed price regulation

Bt seed high cost

Comparative figures from experiences with IPM packages applied in some locations.


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Bt brinjal

2005-06

Non Bt-

Brinjal

Two

checks

IPM by

GAU

2001

IPM by

ANGRA

U

2000-02

Non chemical

IPM by OUAT

Summer 2004

Fruit

damage

13.5 % 28.7% 29.4% 10.64% 17.72 % 13.07+ 7.54 %

16.02 % 27.72 % 27.69 %

Marketabl

le yield

231.69

q/ha

157.08

q/ha

182.15

q/ha

266.25

q/ha

203.98

q/ha

214.5+ 16.3

223.39

q/ha

190.26

q/ha

192.86

q/ha

Transgenic tomato cv. Pusa Uphar expressing a bacterial mannitol-1-

phosphate dehydrogenase gene confers abiotic stress tolerance
http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c1%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c1%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c1%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c1%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c1%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c1%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c1%7c1


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phosphate dehydrogenase gene confers abiotic stress tolerance.Neeraj Khare Danswrang Goyary Singh, N. K. Pramila Shah Meenal Rathore Sivalingam

Anandhan Dinesh Sharma Mohomad Arif Zakwan Ahmed

Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 2010. 103: 2, 267-277. many ref. A bacterial mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD)

gene driven by the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus(CaMV) 35S promoter was transferred into tomato plantsusing anAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediatedtransformation protocol in an attempt to improve abiotic

stress tolerance in the transformed plants Upon exposure to low temperature stress (4 degrees C) in

a cold chamber, transgenic plants survived up to 48 h,while non-transformed plants were unable to survive andgradually died.Drought (polyethylene glycol in medium)

and salinity (sodium chloride in medium) tolerance testsrevealed that transgenic lines exhibited a higher tolerancefor abiotic stresses than non-transformed plants. Thesefindings indicate that the introduction of a bacterial mtlDgene into tomato conferred tolerance to abiotic stresses tothe transformed tomato plants.

Potato R1resistance gene confers resistance against Phytophthora
http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c1%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c1%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1


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Potato R1resistance gene confers resistance against Phytophthorainfestansin transgenic tomato plants.Faino, L. Carli, P. Testa, A. Cristinzio, G. Frusciante, L. Ercolano, M. R.

European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2010. 128: 2, 233-241. 36 ref.

R1 potato gene was transferred into tomato

lines.All the plants containing the R1 gene were

resistant to the late blight isolate IPO-0 and

susceptible to isolate 88133.

These results provide evidence for specific

activation of the R1 gene during pathogen

challenge. Furthermore, evidence for

enhancement ofPR-1 gene expression during P.infestans resistance response was obtained.

Fruit quality of transgenic tomatoes with suppressed expression of LeETR1

and LeETR2 genes
http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.14%7c4%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.17%7c2%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.17%7c2%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.17%7c2%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.17%7c2%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.17%7c2%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.17%7c2%7c1


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and LeETR2 genes.Bao Bili Ke LeQin Jiang JianMei Ying TieJin

Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007. 16: supp 1, 122-126. 22 ref.

The effect of antisense suppression of ethylene

receptor genes LeETR1 and LeETR2 over the

quality of tomato fruit was investigated in this

paper.

. The data suggest that fruit with suppressed LeETR1and LeETR2 genes expression have stronger ethylene

response, which accelerate fruit ripening and greatly

altered tomato variety characteristics

Production of transgenic eggplant (Solanum melongena

L ) resistant to Colorado Potato Beetle
http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.17%7c2%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.17%7c2%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.17%7c2%7c1http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=CLFOFPMDNCDDIMKNNCCLBAJCEECOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.17%7c2%7c1


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L.) resistant to Colorado Potato Beetle.

Arpaia et al.,

The presence of the CryIIIB toxin in leaf extractswas demonstrated in 57 out of 93transgenicplants tested by DAS-ELISA assay.

High Bt-expressing plants contained a 74-kDaprotein cross-reacting with serum anti-CryIIIBtoxin.Twenty three out of 44 S. melongena plantstested by insect bioassay showed significantinsecticidial activity on neonate larvae ofColorado Potato Beetle (CPB).

The Bt transgene and the toxic effect on CPBlarvae were transmitted to progenies derived byselfing. Thus,transgenic Bt eggplants represent avery effective means of CPB pest control.


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CONCLUSIONGrowth in agriculture is less than 2%. If we have toachieve our ambitions of growing at a rapid pace ofover 8%, we must aim at an agricultural growth rateof over 4%.

Hope that progress of agriculture through use ofmodern science & technology will spread to everynook and corner of the country.

Dr. Manmohan SinghHonble Prime Minister


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Role of Transgenic Technology