2
Rfkd fa sfkgjgdz hml gmz|g|t|gfmz afr uh|dr/zhqgme fm rgjd ahrogme gm Bf`fk+ S`gkgssgmdz Rdztk|z 8' \`d rdztk|z z`fu |`h| ug|` |`d qfk tod|rgj gmjdm|gqd+ |`d \ZHz ug|` mf gmarhz|rtj|trhk srfbkdoz fa uh|dr jfm|rfk h| |`d |trmft|z erhlthkkw rdltjdl |`dgr uh|dr tzd bt| |`d rdltj|gfm uhz mf| z|h|gz|gjhkkw zgemgagjhm| (Age- :h'- \`d goshj| jftkl `hqd bddm zgemgagjhm| ga ftr srgjgme zwz|do srfqgldl mf| fmkw h rduhrl fr uh|dr zhqgme bt| hkzf h sdmhk|w afr fqdrtzd+ fr ga ud zd| |`d rduhrl rh|d `ge`dr- 2' \`d HUL zjfrd uhz zgemgagjhm|kw `ge`dr afr |`d qfktod|rgj \ZHz gm zdhzfmz : (h| 83$  s/ qhktd' hml < (h| 4$  s/qhktd'+ gmlgjh|gme |`d zgemgagjhm| goshj| fa qfktod|rgj srgjgme fm  HUL srhj|gjd (Age- :b'>- :' Zfod qfktod|rgj erftsz zhqdl |ff otj` uh|dr hml ztaadrdl uh|dr z|rdzz ltrgme |`d jrfsz akfudrgme z|hed (Age-:j'- <' \`d hqdrhed wgdkl fa |`d \ZH uhz hkuhwz kfudr hofme |`d qfktod|rgj \ZHz u`gj` uhz bhrdkw zgemgagjhm| h| 83$ gm |`d lrfte`| zdhzfm (Age- :l'- Age- 2- Ldzgem fa rhmlfogydl agdkl dpsdrgodm|z fm qfktod|rgj srgjgme hml HUL |rhgmgme \`d qfktod|rgj srgjgme zwz|do ud doskfwdl uhz h bfmtz zwz|do |wsd- \`d qfktod fa uh|dr zhqdl (P' uhz jfost|dl hz rdxtgrdl qfktod bhzdl fm MGHz dz|goh|d kdzz hj|thk qfktod (rdhlgme fm |`d ehted' tzdl- \`d bfmtz fr gmjdm|gqd uhz |`dm jfost|dl bhzdl fm h zgoskd gkktz|rh|gfm bdkfu9 Ga h \ZH zhqdz P$ fa uh|dr arfo |`d jfost|dl kdqdk+ P$ fa GZA gz shgl bhjn |f |`d \ZH+ ts |f h ohpgoto fa <3$ zhqgmez-  Ha| dr dhj` zdhzf m+ ud zd| odd| gmez ug|` dhj` \ZH |f lgz|rgbt|d |`d gmjdm|gqdz-- Uh|dr rdzftrjd gz bdjfogme zjhrjdr hz |`d hrdh fa rgjd jtk|gqh|gfm gz dpshmldl+ gm hllg|gfm |f gmjrdhzgme ldohml afr uh|dr afr lfodz|gj jfmztos|gfm hz h rdztk| fa gmjrdhzgme sfstkh|gfm- Atr|`drofrd+ |`d tmz|hbkd jkgoh|d hml |`d drrh|gj rhgmahkk gm rdjdm| wdhrz lrgqd ahrodrz |f tzd uh|dr ofrd daagjgdm|kw- Fmd fa |`d hssrfhj`dz |f jfmzdrqd grrgeh|gfm uh|dr gz |f j`hred g|z tzd qfktod|rgjhkkw- Gm jfm|rhz| |f hrdh/bhzdl uh|dr j`hredz+ qfktod|rgj srgjgme gz xtg|d jfoskdp hml rdxtgrdz ofldrm odhztrgme gmz|rtodm|z+ gmarhz|rtj|trd+ hml s`wzgjhk rd`hbgkg|h|gfm- \`d Bf`fk Grrgeh|gfm Zwz|do GG (BGZGG' ohndz g| sfzzgbkd afr GRRG |f jfkkhbfrh|d ug|` |`d Mh|gfmhk Grrgeh|gfm Hlogmgz|rh|gfm (MGH' fm dpsdrgodm|hk qfktod|rgj srgjgme bdjhtzd fa |`d srdzdmjd fa odhztrgme ehtedz hml uh|dr jfm|rfk z|rtj|trdz h| dhj` |trm ft| gm dqdrw kh|drhk ug|`gm |`d dm|grd zwz|do- \`d rfkd fa uh|dr tzdr hzzfjgh|gfmz gz jrtjghk afr h ztjjdzzatk qfktod|rgj srgjgme zwz|do |f dmztrd hm daagjgdm| uh|dr ldkgqdrw zwz|do- Gm BGZGG+ |`d |trmft| zdrqgjd hrdh erftsz (\ZHe'+ hml |`d uh|dr tzdr frehmgyh|gfmz+ hrd rdkh|gqdkw hj|gqd hml xtg|d frehmgydl- Tmldr ztj` jgrjtoz|hmjdz+ MGH hml GRRG gm|rfltjdl h qfktod|rgj grrgeh|gfm add zwz|do |f ld|drogmd g|z goshj| fm ahrodrzuh|dr/zhqgme bd`hqgfr- Ud lgl qfktod|rgj srgjgme dpsdrgodm|z afr agqd jrfssgme zdhzfmz gm |`d zdrqgjd hrdh (Age-8'- Od|`flfkfew Qfktod uhz odhztrdl h| |`d \ZH kdqdk hml shwodm| gm jhz` gz egqdm |f |`d \ZH- \`d dpsdrgodm| uhz lfmd gm agqd jrfssgme zdhzfmz (zdd |gogme fa |`d hj|gqg|gdz gz z`fum gm Agetrd 2- Zdhzfm 3 uhz |`d srd/gm|drqdm|gfm sdrgfl u`drd uh|dr qfktod uhz odhztrdl tmldr ahrodrzdpgz|gme uh|dr ohmhedodm| srhj|gjdz- Arfo zdhzfmz 8 |f <+ qfk tod|rgj srgjgme uhz gm|rfltjdl |f 5< \ZHz ug|` hmf|`dr 5< \ZHz tzdl hz jfm|rfk- Bdafrd |`d dpsdrgodm|+ ud ehqd zdogmhrz |f ahrodrz |f dpskhgm |`d zwz|do- Gmjdm|gqdz hrd egqdm |f \ZHz |`h| zhqdl uh|dr Zdogmhrz fm qfktod|rgj srgjgme hrd `dkl afr \ZHe- Zsgmlkd eh|d |f jfm|rfk uh|dr akfu Ehted |f odhztrd uh|dr lds|` h| |trm ft|  -    8  -    2  -    :  -    <  -    4    (   o   d   h   m    '   h   u    l 3 8 2 : < sl hrdh/bhzd qfktod|rgj ZD Goshj| fa qfktod|rgj srgjgme fm HUL zjfrd Age- :h- \ZH/kdqdk uh|dr tzd+ bw srgjgme zwz|do+ fqdr |`d ztrqdw sdrgfl Age- :b- \ZH/kdqdk hqdrhed HUL zjfrd+ bw srgjgme zwz|do fqdr |`d ztrqdw sdrgfl Age- :j- \ZH/kdqdk uh|dr z|rdzz+ bw srgjgme zwz|do+ fqdr |`d ztrqdw sdrgfl    2    3    3    3    2    2    3    3    2    <    3    3    2    1    3    3    2    0    3    3    :    3    3    3    (   o   d   h   m    '   w    g   d    k    l 3 8 2 : < sl hrdh/bhzd qfktod|rgj ZD Goshj| fa qfktod|rgj srgjgme fm \ZH hqdrhed wgdkl    3  -    8  -    2  -    :  -    <  -    4   h   q V    l   r   w    a V    <    3    1    3 3 8 2 : < sl hrdh/bhzd qfktod|rgj ZD Goshj| fa qfktod|rgj srgjgme fm uh|dr z|rdzz Age- :l \ZH/kdqdk hqdrhed wgdkl+ bw srgjgme zwz|do+ fqdr |`d ztrqdw sdrgfl Age- 8 Ohs z`fugme |`d BGZ GG zdrqgjd hrdh- Ndg Nhigzh 8  + Z`gedng Wfnfwhoh 2  + Dlotml Odmldy 8  + Sgd Ofwh 8  + Kfkg| Ehrjgh 8 hml Mdhkd Shetgrgehm 8 8 Zfjghk Zjgdmjdz Lgqgzgfm+ Gm|drmh|gfmhk Rgjd Rdzdhrj` Gmz|g|t|d+ Kfz Bhøfz+ S`gkgssgmdz+ 2 IGRJHZ+ Ihshm Ndg Nhigzh 8  + Z`gedng Wfnfwhoh 2  + Dlotml Odmldy 8  + Sgd Ofwh 8  + Kfkg| Ehrjgh 8 hml Mdhkd Shetgrgehm 8 8 Zfjghk Zjgdmjdz Lgqgzgfm+ Gm|drmh |gfmhk Rgjd Rdzdhrj` Gmz|g|t|d + Kfz Bhøfz+ S`gkgssgmdz+ 2 IGRJHZ+ Ihshm Mf gm|drqdm|gfm Jrfssgme Zdhzfm (83/ 88' < (37' 8 (37/83' 2 (83' : Qfktod|rgj gmjdm|gqd |f `hka fa rhmlfokw zdkdj|dl \ZHz- Bhzd Zdhzfm (30/37' 3       <       3       3       3       1       3       3       3       0       3       3       3       8       3       3       3       3       8       2       3       3       3     u     q       `     h 3 8 2 : < sl hrdh/bhzd qfktod|rgj ZD Goshj| fa qfktod|rgj srgjgme fm uh|dr tzd (o : &`h' Jfmjktzgfmz 8' \`d qfktod |rgj gmjd m|gqd hssr fhj` gz fmkw sfzzg bkd u`dm srgjd gz zd| h| hm hssrfsrgh|d kdqdk hml |`d gmarhz|rtj|trd hkkfuz qfktod odhztrdodm| hml gmakfu jfm|rfk h| \ZH/kdqdk- 2' \f hqfgl |`d rgzn fa h wgdkl sdmhk|w gm jhzd fa dp|rdod u h|dr zhqgme+ g| gz bd||dr |f goskdodm| qfktod|rgj srgjgme hkfme ug|` |rhgmgme fm zhad uh|dr zhqgme-

Role of Policies and Institutions

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7/31/2019 Role of Policies and Institutions

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/role-of-policies-and-institutions 1/1

Rfkd fa sfkgjgdz hml gmz|g|t|gfmz

afr uh|dr/zhqgme fm rgjd ahrogme

gm Bf`fk+ S`gkgssgmdz

Rdztk|z

8' \`d rdztk|z z`fu |`h| ug|` |`d qfktod|rgj gmjdm|gqd+ |`d \ZHz ug|` mf gmarhz|rtj|trhk

srfbkdoz fa uh|dr jfm|rfk h| |`d |trmft|z erhlthkkw rdltjdl |`dgr uh|dr tzd bt| |`d

rdltj|gfm uhz mf| z|h|gz|gjhkkw zgemgagjhm| (Age- :h'- \`d goshj| jftkl `hqd bddm

zgemgagjhm| ga ftr srgjgme zwz|do srfqgldl mf| fmkw h rduhrl fr uh|dr zhqgme bt| hkzf h

sdmhk|w afr fqdrtzd+ fr ga ud zd| |`d rduhrl rh|d `ge`dr-

2' \`d HUL zjfrd uhz zgemgagjhm|kw `ge`dr afr |`d qfktod|rgj \ZHz gm zdhzfmz : (h| 83$  s/

qhktd' hml < (h| 4$  s/qhktd'+ gmlgjh|gme |`d zgemgagjhm| goshj| fa qfktod|rgj srgjgme fm

 HUL srhj|gjd (Age- :b'>-

:' Zfod qfktod|rgj erftsz zhqdl |ff otj` uh|dr hml ztaadrdl uh|dr z|rdzz ltrgme |`d

jrfs‗z akfudrgme z|hed (Age-:j'-

<' \`d hqdrhed wgdkl fa |`d \ZH uhz hkuhwz kfudr hofme |`d qfktod|rgj \ZHz u`gj` uhz

bhrdkw zgemgagjhm| h| 83$ gm |`d lrfte`| zdhzfm (Age- :l'-

Age- 2- Ldzgem fa rhmlfogydl agdkl dpsdrgodm|z fm qfktod|rgj

srgjgme hml HUL |rhgmgme

\`d qfktod|rgj srgjgme zwz|do ud doskfwdl

uhz h bfmtz zwz|do |wsd- \`d qfktod fa 

uh|dr zhqdl (P' uhz jfost|dl hz rdxtgrdl

qfktod bhzdl fm MGH‗z dz|goh|d kdzz hj|thk

qfktod (rdhlgme fm |`d ehted' tzdl- \`d

bfmtz fr gmjdm|gqd uhz |`dm jfost|dl bhzdl

fm h zgoskd gkktz|rh|gfm bdkfu9

Ga h \ZH zhqdz P$ fa uh|dr arfo |`d

jfost|dl kdqdk+ P$ fa GZA gz shgl bhjn |f

|`d \ZH+ ts |f h ohpgoto fa <3$

zhqgmez-

 Ha|dr dhj` zdhzfm+ ud zd| odd| gmez ug|`

dhj` \ZH |f lgz|rgbt|d |`d gmjdm|gqdz--

Uh|dr rdzftrjd gz bdjfogme zjhrjdr hz |`d hrdh fa rgjd jtk|gqh|gfm gz dpshmldl+ gm hllg|gfm |f

mjrdhzgme ldohml afr uh|dr afr lfodz|gj jfmztos|gfm hz h rdztk| fa gmjrdhzgme sfstkh|gfm-

Atr|`drofrd+ |`d tmz|hbkd jkgoh|d hml |`d drrh|gj rhgmahkk gm rdjdm| wdhrz lrgqd ahrodrz |f tzd

uh|dr ofrd daagjgdm|kw- Fmd fa |`d hssrfhj`dz |f jfmzdrqd grrgeh|gfm uh|dr gz |f j`hred g|z tzd

qfktod|rgjhkkw- Gm jfm|rhz| |f hrdh/bhzdl uh|dr j`hredz+ qfktod|rgj srgjgme gz xtg|d jfoskdp hml

rdxtgrdz ofldrm odhztrgme gmz|rtodm|z+ gmarhz|rtj|trd+ hml s`wzgjhk rd`hbgkg|h|gfm-

\`d Bf`fk Grrgeh|gfm Zwz|do GG (BGZGG' ohndz g| sfzzgbkd afr GRRG |f jfkkhbfrh|d ug|` |`d Mh|gfmhk

rrgeh|gfm Hlogmgz|rh|gfm (MGH' fm dpsdrgodm|hk qfktod|rgj srgjgme bdjhtzd fa |`d srdzdmjd fa 

odhztrgme ehtedz hml uh|dr jfm|rfk z|rtj|trdz h| dhj` |trm ft| gm dqdrw kh|drhk ug|`gm |`d dm|grd

zwz|do-

\`d rfkd fa uh|dr tzdr hzzfjgh|gfmz gz jrtjghk afr h ztjjdzzatk qfktod|rgj srgjgme zwz|do |f

dmztrd hm daagjgdm| uh|dr ldkgqdrw zwz|do- Gm BGZGG+ |`d |trmft| zdrqgjd hrdh erftsz (\ZHe'+

hml |`d uh|dr tzdr frehmgyh|gfmz+ hrd rdkh| gqdkw hj|gqd hml xtg|d frehmgydl-

Tmldr ztj` jgrjtoz|hmjdz+ MGH hml GRRG gm|rfltjdl h qfktod|rgj grrgeh|gfm add zwz|do |f

ld|drogmd g|z goshj| fm ahrodrz‗ uh|dr/zhqgme bd`hqgfr- Ud lgl qfktod|rgj srgjgme dpsdrgodm|z

afr agqd jrfssgme zdhzfmz gm |`d zdrqgjd hrdh (Age-8'-

Od|`flfkfew

Qfktod uhz odhztrdl h| |`d \ZH kdqdk hml shwodm| gm jhz` gz egqdm |f |`d \ZH- \`d

dpsdrgodm| uhz lfmd gm agqd jrfssgme zdhzfmz (zdd |gogme fa |`d hj|gqg|gdz gz z`fum gm Agetrd

2- Zdhzfm 3 uhz |`d srd/gm|drqdm|gfm sdrgfl u`drd uh|dr qfktod uhz odhztrdl tmldr ahrodrz‗ dpgz|gme uh|dr ohmhedodm| srhj|gjdz- Arfo zdhzfmz 8 |f <+ qfktod|rgj srgjgme uhz

gm|rfltjdl |f 5< \ZHz ug|` hmf|`dr 5< \ZHz tzdl hz jfm|rfk- Bdafrd |`d dpsdrgodm|+ ud

ehqd zdogmhrz |f ahrodrz |f dpskhgm |`d zwz|do-

Gmjdm|gqdz hrd egqdm

|f \ZHz |`h| zhqdl

uh|dr 

Zdogmhrz fm qfktod|rgj srgjgme hrd `dkl af

Zsgmlkd eh|d |f

jfm|rfk uh|dr akfu

Ehted |f odhztrd uh|dr lds|` h| |trm ft|

 -   8

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 -   :

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 -   4

   (  o  d  h  m   '  h  u   l

3 8 2 : <sl

hrdh/bhzd qfktod|rgj

ZD

Goshj| fa qfktod|rgj srgjgme fm HUL zjfrd

Age- :h- \ZH/kdqdk uh|dr tzd+ bw srgjgme zwz|do+ fqdr |`d

ztrqdw sdrgfl

Age- :b- \ZH/kdqdk hqdrhed HUL zjfrd+ bw srgjgme zwz|do

fqdr |`d ztrqdw sdrgfl

Age- :j- \ZH/kdqdk uh|dr z|rdzz+ bw srgjgme zwz|do+ fqdr |`d ztrqdw sdrgfl

   2   3   3   3

   2   2   3   3

   2   <   3   3

   2   1   3   3

   2   0   3   3

   :   3   3   3

   (  o  d  h  m   '  w   g  d   k   l

3 8 2 : <sl

hrdh/bhzd qfktod|rgj

ZD

Goshj| fa qfktod|rgj srgjgme fm \ZH hqdrhed wgdkl

   3

 -   8

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  h  qV

   l  r  w   aV   <   3   1   3

3 8 2 : <sl

hrdh/bhzd qfktod|rgj

ZD

Goshj| fa qfktod|rgj srgjgme fm uh|dr z|rdzz

Age- :l \ZH/kdqdk hqdrhed wgdkl+ bw srgjgme zwz|do+ fqdr 

|`d ztrqdw sdrgfl

Age- 8 Ohs z`fugme |`d BGZ GG zdrqgjd hrdh-

Ndg Nhigzh 8  + Z`gedng Wfnfwhoh 2  + Dlotml Odmldy 8  + Sgd Ofwh 8  + Kfkg| Ehrjgh 8 hml Mdhkd Shetgrgehm

8Zfjghk Zjgdmjdz Lgqgzgfm+ Gm|drmh|gfmhk Rgjd Rdzdhrj` Gmz|g|t|d+ Kfz Bhøfz+ S`gkgssgmdz+ 2IGRJHZ+Ihshm

Ndg Nhigzh 8  + Z`gedng Wfnfwhoh 2  + Dlotml Odmldy 8  + Sgd Ofwh 8  + Kfkg| Ehrjgh 8 hml Mdhkd Shetgrgeh

8Zfjghk Zjgdmjdz Lgqgzgfm+ Gm|drmh|gfmhk Rgjd Rdzdhrj` Gmz|g|t|d+ Kfz Bhøfz+ S`gkgssgmdz+ 2IGRJHZIhshm

Mf gm|drqdm|gfm

Jrfssgme

Zdhzfm(83/

88'

<

(37'

8

(37/83'

2

(83'

:

Qfktod|rgj gmjdm|gqd |f `hka fa rhmlfokw zdkdj|dl

\ZHz-

Bhzd

Zdhzfm

(30/37'

3

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      1      3      3      3

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3 8 2 : <sl

hrdh/bhzd qfktod|rgj

ZD

Goshj| fa qfktod|rgj srgjgme fm uh|dr tzd (o:&̀ h'

Jfmjktzgfmz

8' \`d qfktod|rgj gmjdm|gqd hssrfhj` gz fmkw sfzzgbkd u`dm srgjd gz zd| h| hm

hssrfsrgh|d kdqdk hml |`d gmarhz|rtj|trd hkkfuz qfktod odhztrdodm| hml

gmakfu jfm|rfk h| \ZH/kdqdk-

2' \f hqfgl |`d rgzn fa h wgdkl sdmhk|w gm jhzd fa dp|rdod uh|dr zhqgme+ g| gz

bd||dr |f goskdodm| qfktod|rgj srgjgme hkfme ug|` |rhgmgme fm zhad uh|dr zhqgme-