Name:___________________________________Period:_______Date:__________

I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:

___________________________= compounds that contain carbon

• Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

___________________________= compounds that DO NOT contain carbon

• Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water

Carbon forms ____covalent bonds to become stable Can join with other carbons to form

straight__________, branches or________________.

These structures may contain

______________carbon atoms • This makes many

__________________possible!

____________________= the simplest carbon compound (CH4)

____________________= any molecule made ONLY of _______________and ______________atoms!

• Ex: Methane

• Methane’s ________________or chemical formula is __________

• Methane’s________________________:

o Bonds are represented by _______________

1

_______________ = compounds that have the same __________but different ______________

2

• Ex: Glucose & Fructose

o Formula- _____________

_____________________can range from _________carbon atoms to _____________of carbon atoms

II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: The digestive system breaks down organic compounds into

their building blocks Body cells take the building blocks and put them together in

the form the body can use

____________________= extremely large compounds made of smaller ones.

_________________= large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond

together, usually in __________ chains

• Ex: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

• Polymers and their building blocks:

1. Carbohydrates - ____________________________

2. Protein - __________________________________

3. Lipids - ____________________________________

4. Nucleic Acids - ________________________________

WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM BUILDING BLOCKS?

• __________________________or Condensation =

The ___________of _____and ______(water)from the individual molecules so that a _________may form between them and result in a more ______________molecule

This is represented by an equation: Building block + building block ----> compound + water

For example:

1. Amino Acid + Amino Acid ---> ________________________________

2. Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide---> __________________________

3. Fatty Acids + Glycerol ---> __________________________________

+ H2O

+ H2O

WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TO BREAKDOWN NUTRIENTS?

• ________________=(hydro =______________, Lysis =__________)

The breaking of a large compound (polymer) into smaller compounds (building blocks) through the addition of -H and –OH (water).

This is represented by an equation: Compound + water ----> building blocks

3

For example:

1. Protein + water ----> _____________________________________

2. Carbohydrate + water ---> _________________________________

3. Lipid + water --> _________________________________________

WHAT DO ATHLETES EAT THE DAY BEFORE A BIG GAME?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

III. CARBOHYDRATES:

Compounds used for __________and release of _____________

Made of C, H, O atoms

How do you identify a carbohydrate?

• Look at the number of atoms

Ratio is ___Hydrogen atoms : ___Oxygen atom 3 types of carbohydrates:

1. __________________________= C6H12O6

4

___________sugar (6 carbons)

Ex: _________________________________________

Only form our ________can use for energy

2. ___________________________= C12H22O11

__________sugar made of 2 simple sugars (mono. + mono.)

• Combined with a dehydration synthesis reaction

Ex: __________(milk sugar), _________________, _________________(table sugar)

3. ______________________________=

More than 2 ________________joined by dehydration synthesis Ex:

• ______________- Plant’s food storage

• _______________- Animal’s food storage

• ________________- provides structure in plant cell walls (cannot be digested by human body)

Lactose

Starch

What happens to CARBOHYDRATES in the body? • Broken down by the digestive system into _______________________which

are then absorbed into the body through the_____________________, where the body cells take the monosaccharides and produce _____________

5

IV. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS:

Functional groups give a molecule __________________properties

_________________: (-OH) allows molecule to be more soluble in water

__________________: (-COOH) allows molecule to release H ions in water-therefore ______________!

• There is a _________________between carbon and oxygen

__________________: (-NH2) allows molecule to accept ions from acids – therefore basic!

H H H ⏐ ⏐ ⏐

H⎯C ⎯⎯⎯⎯ C ⎯⎯⎯⎯ C ⎯ H ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ OH OH OH

______________

_________

___________

6

I. LIPIDS:

Commonly called _____________& __________

Contain __________C-H bonds and _________O atoms than_______________.

• Ex: C57H110O6

Nonpolar; therefore repel ___________(_________________)

Functions of lipids in our body:

1. _____________energy storage (used when carbohydrates are NOT available)

2. _____________________

3. _____________body tissue (cushioning)

WHICH HAS MORE ENERGY – LIPIDS OR CARBS?

• One gram of _________contains ______________as much __________as one

gram of _________________. Therefore, __________are better ___________compounds!

Fats vs. Carbs. & Energy Storage:

• 1 gram of Carbs. (glycogen) = about ____________ of energy

o a short term rapid energy source (sprint events)

• 1 gram of Fats = about ___________of energy

o a long term energy source (endurance events - marathons)

• Average human contains about 0.5 Kg of stored glycogen = 2,000 Kcal of energy.

• About 16 Kg of body fat = 144,000 Kcal

To carry the same amount of energy [144,000 Kcal] as carbs., we would have to store 36 Kg [79.4 lb] more of glycogen to lose 1 Kg of body fat which means, you need to burn lots of calories!

7

Types and Examples of Lipids:

1. ____________- steroids

2. _____________– bee, furniture, ear, car

3. ______________- in egg yolks, red meat

4.__________ - from animals

5. ___________– from plants

Structure of Lipids:

• Basic building blocks: __________________+ ________________

• Fatty Acids

8

o Long ___________________

with a ___________group at one

end • Glycerol and each fatty acid chain are joined to each other by

____________________________________.

Carboxyl group

• Structure of a lipid (1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids):

• 3 types of fats:

1. _____________________ = fatty acid chains of carbon with only______________bonds between the carbon atoms

o ___________at room temperature

Ex: _____________

2. _____________________ = fatty acid chains of carbon with ONE__________________ bond between the carbon atoms

9

o ______________at room temperature

Ex: _______________

3. _____________________________= more than one double bond between the carbon atoms in the chain

• Structural formulas for saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids:

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

What happens to LIPIDS in the body? • Broken down by the digestive system into _______________________which

are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream, where the body cells take the fatty acids and glycerol and make needed lipids

_______________= Majority of fat in organism consist of this type of fat

molecules • Derived from fats eaten in ___________or made in the body from other energy sources like carbohydrates. • Calories ingested in a meal and not used immediately by tissues are converted to triglycerides and transported to fat cells to be stored.

o Storage – 3 month supply of ___________vs. glycogen’s 24 hour supply • Hormones regulate the release of triglycerides from fat tissue so they meet the body's needs for energy between meals.

Excess Triglycerides- Life Applications:

• Cause plaque to build up o ______________________ = walls of the arteries get thick and hard; fat

builds up inside the walls and slows the blood flow Cause blood clots –heart attacks, strokes

o _____________________(high blood pressure)

II. PROTEINS: Large complex polymer composed of C, H, O, N, & sometimes S

Basic building blocks: _____________________

• ______different amino acids

• Example amino acids:

Amino acids are linked together by ____________________________ to form a

protein

10

• Ex: 2 amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis

____________ ( )

______________________= a covalent bond that joins amino acids to each other

Proteins- named for the _______________of amino acids that make them

• Ex:

o two amino acids = ____________________

o three amino acids = ____________________

o many amino acids = _____________________

Essential Amino Acids:

• ______of the _____ amino acids are “essential” because they are required by the body but are _________created by it.

o As a result, it must be provided by our______. If one is missing then proper growth and repair cannot be_________________.

Functions of proteins in our body:

1. _____________contraction

2. Transport ______________in the bloodstream

3. Provide ________________(antibodies)

4. Carry out ______________reactions

11

What happens to PROTEINS in the body?

• Broken down by the digestive system into _______________which are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream, where the body cells take the amino acids and makes protein for muscles.

12

I. ENZYMES: A specialized type of ____________________

Function in our body: acts like a ________________= substance that _________up the rate of a chemical reaction but it is _____ used up in the reaction.

Enzyme(s) reduce _________________= amount of energy needed to begin a reaction

__________________= an organic molecule ____________with the enzyme to __________in the reaction.

Need an active site on the enzyme

• __________________- attracts and holds only ______________molecules called__________________.

o “Lock-and-key” system • Therefore, _______________ enable molecules called ________________to

undergo a chemical change to form new substances, called______________________.

________________________= a substance that _____________the activity of an

enzyme by entering the ______________in place of the _________________whose structure it______________.

Could not ________________without enzymes! (Almost all chemical reactions in cells require an enzyme)

o Speed up the reactions in:

1. _______________of food

2. ________________of molecules

3. __________________________of energy

_____________are named for the compound they work on.

• You drop the current compound ending and replace it with _________

o For example:

o Lactose’s enzyme is ______________

o Maltose's enzyme is ______________

o Sucrose's enzyme is ______________

o ______________(in your salvia)is the enzyme for starch

2 Factors that affect enzymes:

1. __________________- To high temp. will denature (break apart) enzymes

2. _____________

HOW DOES OUR BODY GET ENERGY FROM THE BREAKING DOWN OF MOLECULES?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13

II. NUCLEIC ACIDS:

Complex polymer that stores information in cells in the form of a___________.

Basic building block:__________________, which consist of C, H, O, N, P

• These elements are arranged in 3 groups:__________________, ____________________, and a__________________________.

2 types of nucleic acids:

1. ______________(deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all the instructions for an organisms development…..AKA genetic information

2. _____________(ribonucleic acid) forms a copy of DNA and is used for protein

synthesis (production)

14

ORGANIC MOLECULES WORKSHEET Name:___________________________________________________Period:______Date:__________

15

Part 1: CARBON: Answer the following questions.

1) All organic compounds contain ____________________

2) In order for a carbon atom to be considered stable it needs to form ________ covalent bonds.

3) Compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms are called __________________.

4) The following structural formulas show four different compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons). Below each structural formula, write the chemical formula and label any double and triple bonds.

1.___________________ 2._____________________ 3.______________________ 4.___________________ Part 2: CARBOHYDRATES: Answer the following questions. 1) What atoms make up carbohydrates? _______________________________________________

2) What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms present in all carbohydrates? _________

3) What are the three types of carbohydrates?

a. ___________________________________________________

b. ___________________________________________________

c. ___________________________________________________

Part 3: MONOSACCHARIDES & DISACCHARIDES: Answer the following questions. 1) What is the difference between monosaccharides and disaccharides?

2) What are the three examples of monosaccharides? a. ________________________________________

b. ________________________________________ c. ________________________________________

3) What are the three examples of disaccharides? a. ________________________________________

b. ________________________________________ c. ________________________________________

4) Look at the structural formulas below. These three sugars all have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6).

a. Are the structural formulas the same? __________________

b. What do we call compounds that have the same chemical formula, but differ in their structural formulas? _______________________

5) Monosaccharides all have the same formula: C6H12O6. How can you write this formula in the simplest form that illustrates the proportion of elements in monosaccharides? ______________________________

16

Galactose Fructose Glucose

6) Below is an example of dehydration synthesis. In dehydration synthesis, a hydrogen atom from one molecule joins with a hydroxyl group (-OH) from another molecule to form water, leaving two molecules bonded to the same oxygen atom. For example, when glucose and fructose combine by dehydration synthesis, they form sucrose and water.

water

+ + H2O

7) Below is an example of hydrolysis. Complex organic molecules are broken down by the

addition of the components of water – H+ and OH-.

water 8) What are the products of the hydrolysis reaction? ____________________________________

9) What are the reactants of the dehydration synthesis reaction?________________________

10) How are the reactions in #6 and #7 related?_________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

11) What is the chemical formula for disaccharides?__________________

12) Why is the chemical formula of disaccharides not double that of the monosaccharides?

13) In what life process does hydrolysis occur?______________________________________

17

14) Look at the three reactions below. Which reaction(s) is hydrolysis taking place?______________

a. How do you know?

15) Look at the three reactions below. Which reaction(s) is dehydration synthesis taking

place?_________ a. How do you know?

16) What are the common names for sucrose and lactose?_______________________________________

17) What are polysaccharides?____________________________________________________________

18) What substance would the repeating unit that makes up starch, cellulose, and glycogen? ________________________________

18

19

Carbon and Carbohydrate Review Worksheet Name:_______________________________________________Period:______Date:_______________ Directions: For each of the following statements, write true or false. _________________1. The formula for all carbohydrates is C6H12O6 _________________2. Carbon atoms can bond together in straight chains, branched chains, or rings. _________________3. Isomers are compounds with the same simple formula but different three-

dimensional structure. _________________4. Large molecules containing carbon atoms are called micromolecules. _________________5. Milk sugar is the common name for maltose. Directions: Write each name or formula under the correct heading. Use these items: Sucrose Glucose Starch C6H12O6

Cellulose Maltose Fructose C12H22O11

Galactose Lactose Glycogen

Disaccharide

5.

6.

7.

8.

Monosaccharide

1.

2.

3.

4.

Polysaccharide

9.

10.

11.

Direction: Answer the following questions. 1. List the 3 types of carbohydrates.

a. ______________________________________________

b. ______________________________________________

c. ______________________________________________

2. What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide and a polysaccharide? 3. What is the following reaction showing? Maltose + water Glucose + Glucose

a. What are the reactants? _______________________________________________ 4. What is the following reaction showing? Glucose + Glucose Maltose + water

a. What are the products?________________________________________________

5. What elements make up all carbohydrates?_______________________________

a. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in all carbohydrates ____hydrogen: _____oxygen 6. A compound that contains ONLY hydrogen and carbon atoms is called a(n) _____________________ 7. Write the 3 functional groups below:

a. Amino = _______________________

b. Alcohol = _______________________

c. Carboxyl = ______________________

8. What are some foods that contain carbohydrates?

9. Write the chemical formula for the following compound. _________________________

20

Biomolecules Worksheet Name:____________________________________Period:_____Date:__________ PART 1: IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: A functional group in a molecule gives the molecule its distinctive properties. Find the functional groups in the following structural formulas. Circle the functional group(s) and write the functional group name(s) on the first line. Then write the chemical formula on the second line. 1._________________________ 2._________________________ __________________________ ___________________________ 3._________________________ 4._________________________ __________________________ ___________________________

21

PART 2: BUILDING A MACROMOLECULE: All living things make large molecules, called macromolecules, from smaller molecules. Macromolecules can be made from a few repeating units, or can be composed of hundreds or thousands of smaller molecules. Each macromolecule has properties quite different from the units of which it is composed. Study the diagrams below, which show carbohydrate molecules. Beside each molecule, write whether it is a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide. 1._______________________ 2._________________________ 3.________________________________ 4. What is the function of #1 in our bodies? 5. What is the function of #3 in our bodies? 6. What is the name of the chemical process that joined the disaccharide and the polysaccharide? ______________________________________

22

PART 3: DEGREE OF SATURATION: Each of the following structural formulas shows a fatty acid molecule. On the line, identify the fatty acid as saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated. 1. Define a saturated fatty acid. Provide one example of a saturated fatty acid.

2. Define an unsaturated fatty acid. Provide one example of an unsaturated fatty acid.

3. Define a polyunsaturated fatty acid.

23

1.______________________

2._____________________

3._____________________

PART 4: SYNTHESIS-ANAYLZING MACROMOLECULES: Study the diagram below and then answer the following questions.

+ + +

1. What are the reactants?____________________________________

2. What are the products?_____________________________________

3. What chemical process occurred in order to create this protein?_________________

a. How do you know?_______________________________________________

4. Circle the peptide bonds. How many peptide bonds are present?_____

5. How many molecules of water are produced in order to form the peptide bonds?__________

6. If a protein contained 200 peptide bonds, how many molecules of water do you suppose

would be required to break it down into its components? ___________

7. What is the ratio of molecules of water to the number of peptide bonds? __________

24

Basic Chemistry & Biochemistry Unit Review

25

NNAAMMEE::______________________________________________________________________________________________________PPeerriioodd::__________DDaattee::________________________ A. Using the vocabulary terms in the following list, fill in the blacks in the statements below.

acids atom atomic number compound covalent bonding dehydration synthesis disaccharide electron

neutron nucleus pH polymer polysaccharide proton reactants

element hydrolysis inorganic ionic bonding isotope mass number monosaccharide

1. A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means is a(n) _____________________.

2. A substance formed by the chemical combinations of two or more elements is a(n) __________________.

3. The basic unit of structure of all elements is the _________________.

4. Atoms are made up of three types of particles: __________________, __________________, and __________________.

5. The dense central portion of the atom is the ______________________.

6. The number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms is the _______________________ of the element.

7. The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is its ___________________.

8. Different varieties of the same elements having different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei are called __________________________.

9. Chemical bonding in which there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to another is a(n) ______________________.

10. Chemical bonding in which there is a sharing of electrons between atoms is a(n) _______________________.

11. Measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution may be given in terms of _________________.

12. Glucose is a _______________________, maltose is a ________________________, and starch is a _________________________________.

13. The type of reaction by which proteins are synthesized is __________________.

14. The type of reaction by which carbohydrates are broken down is ____________________________________.

15. Large molecules made up of chains of repeating units are __________________.

16. _______________ compounds do not contain carbon.

17. _____________ are substances that fall between 0-6.9 on the pH scale.

18. Substances to the left of the yields arrow in a chemical equation are called __________________.

26

B. Place the letter of the definition in the space to the left of the term it defines.

_______1. amino acid A. Type of reaction by which complex molecules are synthesized from simple molecules

_______2. enzymes B. A substance composed of similar repeating units. _______3. nucleic acids C. Proteins that act as organic catalysts. _______4. unsaturated fat D. Digestion is accomplished by this type of reaction. _______5. amino group E. COOH _______6. hydrolysis F. RNA and DNA _______7. carboxyl group G. Alcohol found in lipids. _______8. dehydration synthesis H. Units of which proteins are composed. _______9. glycerol I. A lipid containing 1 double bond between the carbon atoms. _______10. polymer J. NH2

C. In the answer space for each question, write the letter of the choice that best completes the

statement.

_______1. An atom has 14 electrons. Its third energy level has ___________ electrons. (a) 1 (b) 2

(c) 3 (d) 4

_______2. The part of an enzyme that attracts and holds the substrate is the ___. (a) substrate site (b) coenzyme (c) active site (d) competitive inhibitor

_______3. Unlike carbohydrates and fats, proteins contain ________ atoms. (a) carbon (b) oxygen (c) phosphorus (d) nitrogen

_______4. How many electrons can a carbon atom share? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

_______5. The nucleus of an atom contains (a) protons & electron (b) neutrons & electrons (c) protons & neutrons (d) only neutrons

_______6. A pH of 7 indicates a (a) strong acid (b) strong base (c) neutral solution (d) weak base

_______7. Organic compounds always contain (a) oxygen (b) proteins (c) nitrogen (d) carbon

_______8. Carbohydrates are composed of (a) carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (b) nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen (c) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (d) sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon

_______9. Glucose and fructose are both (a) monosaccharide (b) disaccharides (c) polysaccharides (d) starches _______10. Maltose and sucrose are both (a) monosaccharide (b) disaccharides (c) polysaccharides (d) starches

_______11. Monosaccharides join to form disaccharides by (a) hydrolysis (b) hydration (c) dehydration synthesis (d) dehydrolysis

_______12. Disaccharides are broken down into their component monosaccharides by (a) hydrolysis (b) hydration (c) dehydration synthesis (d) dehydrolysis _______13. Cellulose and glycogen are (a) proteins (b) fatty acids (c) polysaccharides (d) disaccharides

_______14. Simple lipids consist of (a) three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol (b) fatty acids only (c) glycerol only (d) amino acids _______15. The bonds between amino acids in proteins are (a) peptide bonds (b) unsaturated (c) hydrolytic (d) carboxylic

_______16. Enzymes are (a) carbohydrates (b) lipids (c) proteins (d) hormones

_______17. Enzymes (a) decrease reaction rates (b) increase reaction rates (c) are involved only in synthetic reactions (d) are involved only in hydrolytic reactions _______18. Nucleic acids are composed of (a) C, H, O, N, P (b) C, H, O, N (c) C, H, O, N, S (d) C, H, O _______19. DNA (a) is the site of protein synthesis (b) contains the hereditary information (c) is found only in the cytoplasm (d) is found only in the animal cells

_______20. RNA is involved in (a) lipid synthesis (b) carbohydrate synthesis (c) protein synthesis (d) DNA synthesis _______21. How many water molecules are present, in the following chemical equation?: 2H2O 2H2 + O2 (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) none _______22. How many hydrogen atoms are present, in the following chemical equation?: 2H2O 2H2 + O2 (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four _______23. _______consist of the majority of fat in an organism. (a) saturated fats (b) carbohydrates (c) triglycerides (d) unsaturated fats

D. Identification: Identify each of the following types of building blocks or polymers.

27

1. _________________________________ 2._______________________________________

4.___________________________________

3._________________________

28

LIPID

S

C

AR

BS.

Polymer

Atom

s

Building B

locks

Types

Purpose

29

N

UC

LEIC

A

CID

S

PR

OTE

INS

Polymer

Atom

s

Building B

locks

Types

Purpose

Unit Learning Map (17 days): PART 2 Chemistry of Life Mrs. Sim

Class: Biology A – PA Standard: 3.3.10B : Describe and explain the chemical and structural basis of living organisms.

Unit Essential Question(s): Optional Instructional Tools:

Labs: - Carbs. lab - McMush lab - Enzyme activity

How do chemical reactions impact

living organisms?

Carbon

Organic Compounds

Concept Concept Concept Concept

How does our body break down and create molecules

that are essential for our survival?

How are the four organic compounds

essential to the function of living

things?

Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions:

Lesson Essential Questions:

Lesson Essential Questions:

Organic Inorganic Hydrocarbon Isomer Macromolecules Polymer Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide Functional groups

Lipids Fatty acids Saturated lipid Unsaturated lipid Polyunsaturated Triglycerides Proteins Peptide bond Essential amino acids Enzyme Catalysts Substrate Denature Competitive inhibitors Nucleic Acid Nucleotide

Vocabulary: Vocabulary: Vocabulary: Vocabulary:

30

Chemistry of Life Vocabulary:

1) Element = A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

2) Atom = Smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element

3) Protons (P) = positively charged particles; found in nucleus

4) Neutrons (N) = no charge (neutral); found in nucleus

5) Electrons (e-) = (negative charge) move nearly the speed of light form a cloud around the nucleus

6) Nucleus = Center of atom; contains protons & neutrons

7) Electron cloud/energy levels – around the nucleus

8) Isotopes = Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons; Named by their atomic mass numbers

9) Atomic Number = number of protons and/or electrons of an atom

10) Atomic Mass = the sum of protons and neutrons of an atom

11) Energy levels = regions around the nucleus that electrons travel

12) Octet Rule = Each energy level AFTER the first can have up to 8 electrons

13) Compound = a substance made of chemically combined elements.

14) Covalent Bonding = atoms SHARE electrons

15) Molecule = a group of covalently bonded atoms with no charge

16) Ionic Bonding = Transfer of electrons creating ions that attract each other = Ionic Bond

17) Ions = charged atoms because they have gained or lost electron(s)

18) Polar = unequal distribution of charge; Each molecule has a positive end and a negative end

19) surface tension = The polarity of water cause the surface layer of water molecules to act like a

stretched film over the surface of the

20) Chemical Reactions:

31

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Yields Products Reactants

21) Coefficients = # of molecules of a compound; Ex: 6O2 = 6 molecules of Oxygen (O)

22) Subscripts = # of atoms of an element; Ex: CH4 = 1 atom C, 4 atoms

23) Law of Conservation of Matter (atoms are never created or destroyed; they are simply rearranged!);

We balance equations so the Law of Conservation of Mater is NOT violated!

24) pH = how acidic or basic a substance is

25) Acid = substance that forms H+ (hydrogen ions) in water; (pH LESS than 7)

26) Base = substance that forms OH- (hydroxide ions) in water; (pH MORE than 7)

32

27) Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon; Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

28) Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon; Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water

29) Hydrocarbon = any molecule made ONLY of hydrogen and carbon atoms!

30) Isomers = compounds that have the same formula but different structures

31) Macromolecules = extremely large compounds made of smaller ones.

32) Polymer = large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together, usually in long chains

33) Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation = The removal of –H and –OH (water)from the individual molecules so that a bond may form between them and result in a more complex molecule

o This is represented by an equation: Building block + building block ----> compound + water 34) Hydrolysis =(hydro = water, Lysis = to break) The breaking of a large compound (polymer) into

smaller compounds (building blocks) through the addition of -H and –OH (water).

o This is represented by an equation: Compound + water ----> building blocks

35) Carbohydrates = Compounds used for storage and release of energy; Made of C, H, O atoms; Ratio is 2 Hydrogen atoms : 1 Oxygen atom

36) Monosaccharide = (C6H12O6); simple sugar; Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose; Only form our body can use for energy

37) Disaccharide = (C12H22O11); double sugar made of 2 simple sugars (mono. + mono.); Ex: lactose (milk sugar), maltose, sucrose (table sugar)

38) Polysaccharide = More than 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis Ex: Starch- Plant’s food storage; Glycogen- Animal’s food storage; Cellulose- provides structure in plant cell walls (cannot be digested by human body)

39) Functional groups = give a molecule distinctive properties; Alcohol Group: (-OH); Carboxyl Group: (-COOH); Amino Group: (-NH2) allows molecule to accept ions from acids – therefore basic!

40) Lipids = Commonly called fats & oils; Contain more C-H bonds and less O atoms than carbohydrates; Basic building blocks: 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol

o Functions of lipids in our body:

a) Long term energy storage (used when carbohydrates are NOT available)

b) Insulation

c) Protect body tissue (cushioning)

41) Saturated fats = fatty acid chains of carbon with only single bonds between the carbon atoms; Solid at room temperature

42) Unsaturated fats = fatty acid chains of carbon with ONE double bond between the carbon atoms; Liquid at room temperature

43) Polyunsaturated fats = more than one double bond between the carbon atoms in the chain

33

44) Triglycerides = Majority of fat in organism consist of this type of fat molecules; Derived from fats eaten in foods or made in the body from other energy sources like carbohydrates.

45) Proteins = Large complex polymer composed of C, H, O, N, & sometimes S; Basic building blocks: Amino acids

o Functions of proteins in our body:

5. Muscle contraction

6. Transport oxygen in the bloodstream

7. Provide immunity (antibodies)

8. Carry out chemical reactions

46) Peptide bond = a covalent bond that joins amino acids to each other

47) Essential Amino Acids = 10 of the 20 amino acids are “essential” because they are required by the body but are NOT created by it

48) Enzymes = A specialized type of protein; acts like a catalyst = substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but it is not used up in the reaction.

49) Coenzyme = an organic molecule associated with the enzyme to help in the reaction.

50) Active site = attracts and holds only specific molecules called substrates.

51) Competitive Inhibitors = a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.

52) Nucleic acids = Complex polymer that stores information in cells in the form of a code; Basic building block: nucleotides, which consist of C, H, O, N, P

• 2 types of nucleic acids: 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all the instructions for an organisms

development…..AKA genetic information 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) forms a copy of DNA and is used for protein synthesis

(production)