Roland WeberPOPs Environmental Consulting, Ulmenstrasse 3, 73035 Göppingen, Germany

Inventory of POP-PBDE in the transport sector and minor use sectors

Enabling Activities to Review and Update the

National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention

on Persistent Organic Pollutants

4-5 March 2013, Antalya, Turkey

1

Content of PBDE inventory guidanceInventory Guidance for POP-BDEs (Section) 1)

Inventory Steps for POP-BDEs (Section 3)

Former POP-BDE production and uses (Section 2)

Electronics (Section 4) Transportation & end-of-life vehicles (Section 5)

Other uses (Section 6)

In use Recycle Waste Furniture Textiles Construction materials

Contaminated sites (Section 7)

Inventory report

Inventory of POP-BDEs (Sections 4-7)

Sectors for conducting a POP-PBDE inventory

TRANSPORT

FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TEXTILES, Other minor uses

CONSTAMINATED SITES

RECYCLING

ELECTRONICS

CRTMonitor

Steps to conduct a POP-PBDE inventory

Identification & Inventory of new POPs in the life cycle stages

POP-PBDE containing articles/materials are identified in the key life cycle stages relevant for inventory

Import

Use

End-of-Life Articles/Stockpiles

Recycling Landfill.

Biosolids/sewage sludge

Export

PARTY/COUNTRY

Thermal treatments

Production - chemicals- products- articles

Trade & Sales

Re-use

Production and use phase Waste Management

Multiple Sources Multiple Sources

Import

Use

End-of-Life Articles/Stockpiles

Recycling Landfill.

Biosolids/sewage sludge

Export

PARTY/COUNTRY

Thermal treatments

Production - chemicals- products- articles

Trade & Sales

Re-use

Production and use phase Waste Management

Multiple Sources Multiple Sources

Transport Sector (Chapter 5)• Large material flows of goods and waste:

– Cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships

• End-of-life management:

– Highly relevant material flow: recovery of materials and of managing pollutants.

• POP-PBDEs in transport:– PentaBDE: a major use in flexible PUR foams

(automotive seating; head rests; car ceilings, acoustic systems, back-coating of textiles).

– OctaBDE: Minor use in plastics parts (steering wheels; dashboards; door panels, bumpers).

Transport Sector• Industrial countries:

– where cars are used for extended period of time Lifespan of approx. 10 to 12 years: most vehicles containing POP-BDEs have partly been treated by the existing waste management or have been exported to developing countries.

• Developing/transition countries:

– Likely a large stockpiles for POP-PBDE containing vehicles (used for extended periods until break-down).

Please Note: The inventory and management of POP-PBDE containing materials in the transport sector should be integrated within the overall inventory and management of end-of-life vehicles (see POP-PBDEs BAT/BEP guidance).

Data compilation for POP- PBDE in End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs)

Currently it is not known which vehicles producer have used POP-PBDEs for which years. Also monitoring data of POP-PBDEs in vehicles are non-existing in the public domain and only a few data on POP-PBDEs in residues are available.

The following factors are provided/suggested to estimate the presence of POP-PBDEs in this sector:

• For which years POP-PBDEs might have been used in transport sector (1975 to 2004) (5.2)

• Factors for calculating the quantitative amount of POP-PBDEs– Amount of POP-PBDEs in individual vehicles (5.3)– Number of POP-PBDEs impacted vehicles (5. 3)– Regional differences of use of POP-PBDEs in vehicles and

factors to account for the regional differences (5.3)

The following basic formula from the POP-PBDE Inventory Guidance is used to calculate the POP-PBDEs content of vehicles for the different categories (cars/trucks or busses) in the live cycle stages:

Amount of POP-PBDEs (Vehicle category) =

Number of vehiclescategory (manufactured 1975 to 2004) x amount POP-PBDEscategory x Fregional

SC Guidance formula used for calculating POP-PBDE inventory in vehicles

Where: Number of vehiclescategory is the number of vehicles (manufactured 1975-

2004) present in a category (car, bus or truck) calculated for the different life cycle stages.

Amount POP-PBDEscategory is the amount of POP-PBDEs in a individual car, truck or bus treated with POP-PBDEs

Fregional The regional factor of estimated percentage of POP-PBDE impacted vehicles produced in a region (1975s to 2004)

For data compilation of POP-PBDEs in the transport sector it is useful to inventory the vehicles in the relevant life cycle stages.

Transport Sector – Inventory in the life cycle

• An aim of the initial assessment is to find out what inventory data on the transport sector are already available in a country.

• Available data on the transport sector may be gathered from national and international statistics, and statistics of related industrial associations (importers of vehicles, end-of-life treatment) and ministries with relevant information.

• Such data might be sufficient for a preliminary inventory.

• (Statistics or import data from other countries in the region can be used for approximate estimates for the inventory where there are few national data available. Not needed for Turkey)

Initial assessment and preliminary inventory

Data to be gathered for the initial assessment include:• Number of registered vehicles (cars, buses and trucks) in

use and on sale in the country, including:• Year of manufacture (for estimating the share of vehicles

manufactured between 1975 to 2004);• Approximate percentage distribution of the regions from which the

vehicles were imported;

If this information is not available, it might be estimated by extrapolation of available statistical data and expert judgment.

• Numbers of imported (and exported) vehicles and vehicles produced in the country including available data from:• International statistics on the trade of vehicles;• National import (and export) statistics, and import statistics from

customs and port authorities;• Information from importers (and exporter) or retailers.

Initial assessment and preliminary inventory

Data to be gathered for the initial assessment include:• Numbers of vehicles having reached their end-of-life stage

in the past (from 1980) until the inventory year (considering the proportion produced between 1975 and 2004):• This information could be derived from deregistration of

vehicles, statistics compiled on end-of-life vehicles or by the average (estimated) lifespan.

• Available information on current & past waste management practices of end-of-life vehicles in the country:This information needs to be compiled in respect to the polymer fraction.

• Recycling practices of polymers from end-of-life treatment of cars/vehicles:This information should include the plastics (dashboard, bumpers etc.) and PUR foams (seats and head/arm rest etc.).

Initial assessment and preliminary inventory

Data compilation of POP-PBDE in Vehicles (cars, busses, trucks) in life cycle stages

Amount of POP-PBDEs in vehicle (produced 1975 to 2004 ).in a) import b) current use c) ELV d) deposited (go to Excel)

POP-PBDEs Inventory in the Life Cycle of Vehicles

* in the respective inventory year

• Summary of the inventory of POP-PBDE homologues present in the life cycle stages of vehicles.

Data compilation of recycling of polymers from End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs)

• Most of the polymer fraction from ELVs are disposed in landfills/dumps or incinerated and are not recycled.

• Recycling of PUR foam and plastic from ELVs might be performed by specialized companies or by the informal sector. Such operations are assessed & inventoried.

• Extent of recycling/separation is quantified (inventory), and technologies and approaches used can be reviewed by referring to the POP-PBDEs BAT/BEP guideline.

PBDE inventory in other (former) uses

Other uses of POP-PBDEs (furniture, mattresses, textiles, construction materials, rubber, and drilling operation) are thought to be of minor relevance for most countries due to:

• Relative low overall use volumes of POP-PBDEs in most of these other application (except furniture for which a large share of c-PentaBDEs was used in PUR foam);

• Lack of flammability standards in most countries for these use areas (only a few countries had flammability standards e.g. for furniture in US and UK);

• Limited export of such flame retarded second hand articles from countries with flammability standards and related stocks (e.g. export of furniture from US or UK).

If countries consider establishing an inventory for some of these uses it is advised to seek data on % of impacted materials in the region or apply Bromine screening.

•Furniture/mattresses: Countries with certain flammability standards or imports from these countries.

•Textile: Limited volume of c-PentaBDE has been used in textiles. Considering that Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) is used in textile the sector will become relevant.

•Construction (rigid PUR foam): Minor use of c-PentaBDE. For the inventory construction companies could be interviewed on former use of POP-PBDEs in rigid PUR foam. (Considering that the main use of HBCDD is in insulation (XPS and EPS) the sector will become more POPs relevant.

PBDE inventory in other (former) uses

Thermal (e.g. bad incineration,

metal industry,recycling

accidential fires)

Products(e.g. Electronics, furniture, cars,

plain, train, textiles, mattresses etc.)

Emission Sources EnvironmentalTransport

ExposureRoutes

PBDE Use(e.g. plastic EEE,

PUF, textiles)

PBDE Productionsites

Atmosphere

Land

Aquatic

Plants

Animals/Cattle

Fish &Shellfish

Inhalation

Food ingestion

Occupational

Intergenerational

Accidental

Reservoirs(landfills,

contaminated sites, stockpiles

sludges, soils, sediments)

Indoor(dust, air)

SSl

Recycled Products

Life cycle of POP-PBDEs & contaminated sites

Potentially POP-PBDE Contaminated Sites

  

 

 

PBDEs

 

 

 

 

Routes of POP-PBDEs contamination

Surface water

Wastewater Treatment

Plant

AgricultureDomestic Sources

Transportation

Landfill & non-recycledwaste

Industrial Pollution

 

 

 

 

Soil

Groundwater

Biosolids

 

 

• POP-PBDEs production sites (only in a few countries)

• (Former) Application of POP-PBDEs in industries. Production sites of flame retarded

• plastic

• polyurethane foam

• textiles

• others

• End-of-life treatment of PBDE containing materials

Potentially POP-PBDE Contaminated Sites

Potentially POP-PBDE-Contaminated SitesEnd-of-life treatment

Recycling area of WEEE Recycling areas and landfills with deposited wastes and ashes

Metal industries and shredders treating POP-PBDE- containing materials

Treatment site and deposited wastes/ashes

Deposition of POP-PBDE-containing waste

Landfill and surrounding from leachate from POP-PBDE- containing wastes

Incineration of waste Deposits of ash from incineration

Discharge of POP-PBDEs via wastewater

Sewage sludge with particular impact

Application sites of sewage sludge containing POP-PBDEs

Agriculture land

Contaminated Site Inventory Information

• Types/quantities of POP-PBDE-containing materials disposed

• The names and addresses of those entities responsible for disposal of POP-PBDE-containing materials

• Details of the treatment of waste before disposal

• Records of site contamination

• Information on the monitoring of contaminated sites

• Records of on-going monitoring and research.

Questions ?

http://www.pops.int ssc@pops.int

Material/substance flow analysis is the base for establishing live cycle assessments!

Material flow analysis of polyurethane foam and POP-PBDE in vehicles

For compiling the data in a visualized form and to gain an overview on the life cycle of materials containing POP-PBDEs in the transport sector, a material flow analysis (MFA) of impacted materials and a substance flow analysis (SFA) of the POP-PBDEs was performed.

A contact to Vienna University (Prof. Brunner) was established for support of using the free software STAN (subSTance flow Analysis) for the visualisation of the material/substance flows.

Material flow and stocks of polyurethane foam in vehicles in Nigeria (1980 - 2010)

Flows for 1980 to 2010 and for the stocks (in use & landfill/dump) for 2010

( )

Approximately 270 tonnes of c-PentaBDE were contained in vehicles registered in 1980-2010, comprising of 141 tonnes in cars, 127 tonnes in buses and 2 tonnes in trucks.

The majority of which(213 tones) is in current use or stockpiled vehicles while approximately 41 tones of POP-PBDE has already been disposed to dumpsites between 1980 to 2010.

Substance flows and stocks of POP-PBDE in transport sector Nigeria (1980 to 2010)

Flows for 1980 to 2010 and for the stocks (in use & landfill/dump) for 2010

( )