ROCK Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks EarthDynamics... · 2019-07-09 · ROCKROCK Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic RocksIgneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks 2307101

ROCKROCKIgneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic RocksIgneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks

2307101 Earth Dynamics2307101 Earth DynamicsDepartment of Geology, Faculty of Science, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, ChulalongkornChulalongkorn UniversityUniversity

ผูชวยศาสตราจารยผูชวยศาสตราจารย ดรดร..วิชัยวิชัย จูฑะโกสิทธิ์กานนทจูฑะโกสิทธิ์กานนท

ภาควิชาธรณีวิทยาภาควิชาธรณีวิทยา คณะวิทยาศาสตรคณะวิทยาศาสตร

จุฬาลงกรณมหาวิทยาลัยจุฬาลงกรณมหาวิทยาลัย

[email protected]@yahoo.com

แร และหิน วัฎจักรของหิน การจําแนกประเภทของหิน หินอัคนี หินตะกอน หินแปร สรุป

ลําดับขั้นของการนําเสนอ

ธาตุหรือสารประกอบอนนิทรียที่เปนของแข็งที่เกิดขึ้นตามธรรมชาติมีโครงสรางภายในที่เปนระเบียบ

มีสูตรเคมี และมีสมบัติทางเคมีและทางกายภาพที่แนนอนหรือเปลี่ยนแปลงไดในวงจํากัด

เพชร (Diamond) C

ทอง (Gold) Au

ควอรตซ (Quartz) SiO2

แคลไซต (Calcite) CaCO3

แอลไบต (Albite) NaAlSi3O8

แร (mineral)

ควอรตซ

มวลของแข็งที่ประกอบดวยแรชนิดเดียวหรือหลายชนิดรวมตัวกนัอยูตามธรรมชาติ หรือประกอบดวยแกวธรรมชาติ

หรือสสารจากสิ่งมีชีวิต

หินแกรนติ (Granite) quartz, K-feldspar, biotite

หินทราย (Sandstone) quartz, feldspar, rock fragments

หินปูน (Limestone) calcite

หินควอรตไซต (Quartzite) quartz

หินออบซิเดียน (Obsidian) volcanic glass

ลิกไนต (Lignite) C-H-O-N

หิน (rock)

หินแกรนิต

Rock CycleRock Cycle

Rock classificationIgneous rock (หินอัคนี)

Plutonic rock (หินอัคนีระดับลึก)

Volcanic rock (หินภูเขาไฟ)

Sedimentary rock (หินตะกอน)

Clastic rock (หินเนือ้ประสม)

Non-clastic rock (หินเนื้อประสาน)

Metamorphic rock (หินแปร)

Foliated rock (หินเนือ้ริ้วขนาน)

Non-foliated rock (หินเนื้อไรริ้วขนาน)

การจําแนกประเภทของหิน

Rock classificationIgneous rock

Plutonic rock

Volcanic rock

Sedimentary rock

Clastic rock

Non-clastic rock

Metamorphic rock

Foliated rock

Non-foliated rock

a rock that forms when hot molten rock (magma or lava) cools and freezes

solid

Igneous rock

หินอัคนี

Molten rock/materials(1) Magma = molten materials

below the earth’s surface(2) Lava = molten materials above

the earth’s surface

Types of molten materials

Magma = molten materials below the earth’s surface

Lava = molten materials above the earth’s surface

15 °C /km

Geothermal Gradient

N. L. BowenArtificial magma, O, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K

Crystallization path

Continuous reaction series of plagioclase

Discontinuous reaction series of olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite

Bowen’s reaction series

Crystallization of magma

Norman Levi Bowen (in 1909)

BowenBowen’’s Reaction Seriess Reaction SeriesCrystallization pathCrystallization path

O, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, KO, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K

Classification & types of igneous rocks

Mode of occurrence (รูปแบบการเกิด)Plutonic or Intrusive rocks

Volcanic or Extrusive rocks

Chemical & mineralogical classification (องคประกอบทางเคมีและแร)

Felsic rocks

Intermediate rocks

Mafic rocks

Ultramafic rock

Mode of occurrencePlutonic (Intrusive) rock –

เย็นและแข็งตัวใตพืน้ผิวโลก

Volcanic (Extrusive) rock –

เย็นและแข็งตัวบนพื้นผิวโลก

ความแตกตางของอุณหภูมิ = แตกตางเพียงเล็กนอยอัตราของการเย็นตัวเปนไปอยางชาๆ ---> large crystals

(phaneritic texture)

ความแตกตางของอุณหภูมิ = แตกตางมาก

อัตราของการเย็นตัวเปนไปอยางรวดเร็ว ---> small crystals or glasses

(aphanitic texture & glassy texture)

The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across.

The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across.

Chemical & mineralogical classification

Felsic rocks ---> feldspar + silica

Intermediate rocks

Mafic rocks ---> magnesium + ferric

Ultramafic rock

felsic = quartz, K-feldsparmafic = olivine, pyroxene, amphibole

SiO2 = < 45, 45-52, 52-65, > 65 %felsicmafic

Felsic/Silicic Mafic

light colored

Intermediate

dark colored

high in SiO2 low in SiO2

Phaneritic Plutonic (magma)

(coarse grained) Intrusive

Aphanitic Volcanic (lava)

(fine grained) Extrusive

Igneous Rock Classification

Granite

Rhyolite

Diorite Gabbro

Andesite BasaltGrain SizeGrain Size< 0.05 mm< 0.05 mm

Peridotite

Ultramafic

very dark colored

very low in SiO2

Dunite & Pyroxenite

Scoria

Glassy Volcanic (lava)

(no crystals) Extrusive

Obsidian

Plut

onic

roc

ksV

olca

nic

rock

s

Pumice

SiO2 = > 65% SiO2 = 45-52%

increasing Fe and Mgincreasing Silica content

Rock-forming minerals in igneous rocks

แรประกอบหินแรประกอบหิน (rock(rock--forming minerals)forming minerals)

แรปฐมภูมิแรปฐมภูมิ (primary minerals)(primary minerals)

แรหลักแรหลัก (essential minerals) (essential minerals) ---------------------- Rock NameRock Name

แรรองแรรอง ( (accessory minerals)accessory minerals)

แรทุติยภูมิแรทุติยภูมิ (secondary minerals)(secondary minerals)

QuartzQuartz

KK--feldsparfeldspar

PlagioclasePlagioclase

MuscoviteMuscovite

BiotiteBiotite

MagnetiteMagnetite

ChloriteChlorite

Granite Rhyolite

Rock-forming minerals in igneous rocks

แรประกอบหินแรประกอบหิน (rock(rock--forming minerals)forming minerals)

แรปฐมภูมิแรปฐมภูมิ (primary minerals)(primary minerals)

แรหลักแรหลัก (essential minerals) (essential minerals) ---------------------- Rock NameRock Name

แรรองแรรอง ( (accessory minerals)accessory minerals)

แรทุติยภูมิแรทุติยภูมิ (secondary minerals)(secondary minerals)

OlivineOlivine

PyroxenePyroxene

PlagioclasePlagioclase

SpinelSpinel

MagnetiteMagnetite

ChloriteChlorite

Olivine basalt

Phaneritic Texture –slow coolinglarge crystals

Aphanitic Texture –rapid coolingsmall crystals

Felsic Chemical Composition

Granite Rhyolite



Intermediate Chemical Composition

Diorite Andesite



Mafic Chemical Composition

Gabbro Basalt

Glassy texture – very rapid cooling,

no crystal structures

conchoidal fracture

Obsidian

Pumice Glassy texture & Vesicular texture

no crystal structures & bubble capture

Scoria Volcanic bomb

Aphanitic texture & Vesicular texture

Vesicular basalt

Aphanitic texture

Vesicular texture & Amygdaloidal texture

Amygdaloidal basalt

Subjacent massSubjacent massBatholithBatholith -------- geographically area > 100 kmgeographically area > 100 km22

Stock Stock -------- geographically area < 100 kmgeographically area < 100 km22

Injected massInjected massDike / DykeDike / Dyke

SillSill

LaccolithLaccolith

LopolithLopolith

OtherOther

Classification of plutons

subjacent mass

injected masscountry rock

subjacent mass

injected mass

PLUTONPLUTONSubjacent massSubjacent mass

BatholithBatholith > 100 km> 100 km22

Stock < 100 kmStock < 100 km22

Injected massInjected mass

Dike / DykeDike / Dyke

SillSill

LaccolithLaccolith

LopolithLopolith

VOLCANOVOLCANOShield volcanoShield volcano

Cinder cone volcanoCinder cone volcano

Stratovolcano / Composite Stratovolcano / Composite volcanovolcano

FISSURE FISSURE ERUPTIONERUPTION

hypabyssal rock (หินอัคนีระดับตื้น) = intrusive rock +

fine-to medium-grainedphaneritic

plutonic textureaphanitic

volcanic texture

L

M

S

Microgabbro/Diabase2 mm-the IUGS recommendation

L

M

S

L

S

S

hypabyssal rock (หินอัคนีระดับตื้น) = intrusive rock +

fine-to medium-grainedphaneritic

plutonic textureaphanitic

volcanic texture

Geographical senseExtinct volcanoes, Sleeping volcanoes, Active volcanoes

Geological senseShield volcanoes --- formed by lava flows of low viscosity

— lava that flows easily

Cinder cone volcanoes --- built almost entirely of loose volcanic fragments called cinders (pumice, pyroclastics, or tephra)

Stratovolcanoes / Composite volcanoes

FISSURE ERUPTION FISSURE ERUPTION ------ formed by formed by lava flows lava flows of low viscosity along the fissure (not formed as “volcano”)

country rock

Classification of volcanoes

Stratovolcanoes / Composite volcanoes

PLUTONPLUTONSubjacent massSubjacent mass

BatholithBatholith > 100 km> 100 km22

Stock < 100 kmStock < 100 km22

Injected massInjected mass

Dike / DykeDike / Dyke

SillSill

LaccolithLaccolith

LopolithLopolith

VOLCANOVOLCANOShield volcanoShield volcano

Cinder cone volcanoCinder cone volcano

Stratovolcano / Composite Stratovolcano / Composite volcanovolcano

FISSURE FISSURE ERUPTIONERUPTION

A caldera is a large, usually circular depression at the summit of a volcano formed when magma is withdrawn or erupted from a shallow underground magma reservoir. The removal of large volumes of magma may result in loss of structural support for the overlying rock, thereby leading to collapse of the ground and formation of a large depression.

Caldera

LavaChemical Classification – basaltic, andesitic, rhyolitic

Physical Classification – pahoehoe, aa, pillow lava

Volcanic gas – H2O, CO2, N2, SO2, SO3, S2

Pyroclastic debrisDebris -- volcanic dust, ash, lapilli/cinder, block, bomb

Pyroclastic rocks -- volcanic tuff, volcanic breccia

Volcanic by-products

SiO2 = < 45, 45-52, 52-65, > 65 %felsicmafic

SIZE = 2-64 mm, > 64 mmTephra

pa-ho’-e-ho’-e

aaaa

pahoehoepahoehoepillow lavapillow lava

columnar jointcolumnar joint

lava flowlava flow

pyroclasticpyroclastic flowflow

Pompeii

rock formed by accumulation and consolidation of sediments

Sedimentary rock

Sediments(1) Material (broken rock fragments

such as gravel, sand, silt, mud, lime, and clay) that is weathered, eroded and transported by wind, water, ice, or gravity;

(2) Material that is precipitated from solution;

(3) Deposits of organic origin (such as peat, shell fragments, coral reefs, and diatoms)


Plutonic rock

Volcanic rock

Sedimentary rock

Clastic rock

Non-clastic rock

Metamorphic rock

Foliated rock

Non-foliated rock

หินตะกอน

Clas

ticro

cks

Non-

clasti

c roc

ks

• Sandstones• Conglomerates• Breccias• Shales/Mudstones• Siltstone

Classification & types of sedimentary rocks

ClasticClastic rocksrocks

Evaporitic rocks

These rocks are formeddue to evaporation of saline water (sea water)e.g. Gypsum, Halite (rock salt)

Carbonate rocks

Form basically from CaCO3 – both (1) by chemical leaching and (2) by organic source (biochemical)e.g. Limestone; Dolomite

Organic rocks

Form due to decomposition of organic remains under temperature and pressuree.g. Coal/Lignite etc.

Chemical & Organic rocksChemical & Organic rocks

NonNon--clasticclastic rocksrocks

• formed from broken rock fragments weathered, eroded and transported by river, glacier, wind and sea waves. These clastic sediments are found deposited on floodplains/beaches, in deserts, and on the sea floors.

Clastic rocks

Clastic rocks

solidified/lithified

• Clastic rocks are classified on the basis of the grain size: conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, mudstone, claystone, etc.

Very coarse sand: 1-2 mm

Coarse sand: 0.5-1 mm

Medium sand: 0.25-0.5 mm

Fine sand: 0.125-0.25 mm

Very fine sand: 0.0625-0.125 mm

Grain size

Gravel>256-2 mm

Sand2- 0.062 mm

Clay<0.004 mm

Silt0.062-0.004 mm

Boulder: >256 mm

Cobble: 64-256 mm

Pebble: 4-64 mm

Granule: 2-4 mm(Fine gravel)

Udden-Wentworth grade scale

Clast/Grain & Any rock fragments(in this case, size is > 4 mm=Pebble)

Fine-gravel/Granule(size <4 mm)

Matrix: is the finer grains or materials that surrounds the larger clasts. It consists of either clay, silt and sand.

Cement: dissolved substance that bounds the grains or sediments.

1. Calcareous2. Siliceous3. Ferruginous+/- Argillaceous

MATRIXMATRIX

GRAINGRAIN

CEMENTCEMENT

Degree of roundness helps in knowing the distance of transportation

• Angular clasts :- short distance transport from the source

• Rounded clasts :- long distance transport

Roundness

Sorting of the sediments also suggests the mode of deposition and transportation

Long distance transport = well-rounded and well-sorted sediments

Short distance transport = poorly sorted angular grains

Sorting

SizeSize

RoundingRoundingRoundnessRoundness

SphericitySphericity

SortingSorting

When rounded clastic fragments are cemented or undergo consolidation, they are called…CONGLOMERATES

Similarly when angular clastsundergo consolidation, they are called…SEDIMENTARY BRECCIA

Conglomerate & Sedimentary breccia

http://www.waterproofpaper.com/graph-paper/triangular-grid-graph-paper.pdf

http://www.waterproofpaper.com/graph-paper/triangular-graph-paper.pdf

ANSWER1 = A60, B20, C202 = A25, B40, C353 = A10, B70, C204 = A00, B25, C75

ternary diagramternary diagram


Orthoquartzite

Arkose (Feldspar)

Graywacke

Sandstone

• Sandstones are clastic rocks, made up mainly sands

• Different types of sandstones (based on their compositions :- quartz, feldspar and rock fragments) such as the names, orthoquartzite, protoquartzite, arkose, graywacke

• Sometimes contain fossils

• Deposition takes place under high fluvial regime or under strong water current.

Different types of Sandstones (based on their compositions)

Orthoquartzite

Arkose (Feldspar) Graywacke

Sandstone

Protoquartzite


Shale• Shales are clastic rocks, made up

mainly fine silt/clay

• Shales are most abundant sedimentary rocks, accounts for about 80% of them

• Often contain fossils

• Mostly the hydrous aluminum silicates in composition = from weathered feldspars

• Deposition takes place under low fluvial regime or under weak water current. e.g. Offshore or in Lagoon

fissility

• Sandstones• Conglomerates• Breccias• Shales/mudstones• Siltstone


ClasticClastic rocksrocks Chemical & Organic rocksChemical & Organic rocks

Evaporitic rocks


Carbonate rocks


Organic rocks


These rocks are formed within the a depositional basin from chemical substances dissolved in the seawater or lake water.

Gypsum Halite

NaClCaSO4.2H20

Evaporitic rocks

Gypsum

Rock salt




Evaporitic rocks


Carbonate rocks


Organic rocks


• Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals.

• The two major types are limestone, which is composed of calcite or aragonite (different crystal forms of CaCO3) and dolostone/dolomite, which is composed of the mineral dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2).

• The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, in which water erodes the limestone over thousands to millions of years. Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock.

Carbonate rocks

• Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

• Limestone makes up about 10% of the total volume of all sedimentary rocks.

• (1) limestones formed by chemical precipitation are usually fine grained, whereas, in case of (2) organic limestones the grain size vary depending upon the types of organisms responsible for the formation.

• Most limestone is composed of skeletal fragments of marine organisms (such as coral or foraminifera).

Limestone

• Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert (sometimes = chalcedony, flint, jasper, etc.)

• Travertine is a form of limestone deposited by mineral springs, especially hot springs. Travertine often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and even rusty varieties. It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate, often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave.

• Similar (but softer and extremely porous) deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa.travertine

chert nodules

Limestone

Limestone

CoralsCoralsCrinoidsCrinoidsBrachiopodsBrachiopods

Limestone

FusulinidsFusulinids

• Dolostone is also known as dolomite, although that name is confusing due to the mineral dolomite which it consists of.

• It looks much like limestone, however it does not react with HCl unless finely powdered. It is also darker, has less fossils, and has got more crystalline material.

• Apart from the mineral dolomite, it contains quartz, feldspars and mica, and secondary silicates.

Dolomite




Evaporitic rocks


Carbonate rocks


Organic rocks


Organic rocks

Plant debris

DiatomsRadiolarians

Mollusks

Chert / Radiolarian chert

An electron microscope image of a radiolarian fossil. Radiolarians are tiny plankton that form intricate "skeletons" of silica. These "skeletons" accumulate at the bottom of the deep ocean into layers of silica ooze that can solidify into chert.

Radiolarians

Diatomite Diatomites are the result of accumulations of billions of diatom skeletons in either a lake or marine setting. Diatoms are very small, unicellular, photosynthetic organisms.

DiatomDiatomsDiatoms

Diatomite, or diatomaceous earth, is a very distinctive sedimentary rock. It is whitish, powdery, and very lightweight. It seems quite soft, but the individual particles making up the rock are siliceous (opaline silica), having a hardness around 6 on the Mohs Scale. This makes diatomaceous earth a wonderful mild abrasive. It is mined for use in a wide variety of products. Most people encounter diatomites everyday as one of the ingredients in toothpaste (the opaline silica scrapes away foreign material from tooth surfaces).

Diatomites are the result of accumulations of billions of diatom skeletons in either a lake or marine setting. Diatoms are very small, unicellular, photosynthetic organisms. Some call them "algae", but they're not. Some call them "plants", but they're not. They're probably best placed in Kingdom Protista. Diatoms make a hard, two-part skeleton composed of opal (opaline silica, SiO2·nH2O). The diatom skeleton is called a frustule (see example photo). Diatom frustules are either rounded or elongated, and the two parts of the skeleton nest into each other, kinda like a large petri dish over a slightly smaller petri dish. Careful examination of fossil diatoms typically requires use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Diatomites such as the sample shown below contain immense numbers of many different species of fossil diatoms.

The appearance of diatomite very closely resembles chalk. Chalk is calcareous, and will bubble in acid - diatomite won't do that. Chalk is also noticeably heavier than diaomite. Diatomite and chalk also closely resemble kaolinite, a clay mineral. First of all, kaolinite will not bubble in acid. Kaolinite is also distinctive in having an earthy feel and an earthy smell, especially when wet. Kaolinite becomes noticeably sticky when wet.

Chalk

ForaminifersForaminifers//ForamsForams

Coquina

Shell fragmentsShell fragments

Lignite

Peat

|<|<-- -- COAL COAL -- -->|>|

• Metamorphism –mineralogical, chemical, and physical changes that occur in solid rocks.

• Occurs at depths greater than that of lithification(Diagenesis).

rock formed by metamorphism of pre-

existing rocks

Metamorphic rock


Plutonic rock

Volcanic rock

Sedimentary rock

Clastic rock

Non-clastic rock

Metamorphic rock

Foliated rock

Non-foliated rock

หินแปร

Temperature

Pressure

Fluids

Others :- texture, duration

Factors controlling the metamorphism

Temperature

Catalyst in reactions (metamorphism)

Important factors in the recrystallization, chemical recombination, chemical replacement

Help to change rocks to plastics and flows

Start at temp 100-300 C / depth 10-20 km

Generally metamorphic temp 200-800 C

15 °C /km & 250-300bar/km

Geothermal Gradient

Pressure

Confining pressure (load pressure, Confining pressure (load pressure, lithostaticlithostatic pressure)pressure)

σσ11 = = σσ22 = = σσ33

Metamorphic pressure 1Metamorphic pressure 1--10 10 kbarkbar

(depth 15 km)(depth 15 km)

Stress pressure (dynamic pressure, Stress pressure (dynamic pressure, directed pressure)directed pressure)

σσ11 ≥≥ σσ22 ≥≥ σσ33

FoliationFoliation

Stre

ss &

Pre

ssur

e

Stress & Pressure

foliationfoliation

horizontal slaty cleavage vertical slaty cleavage

Relationship among P° T° & Metamorphic rocks

prograde metamorphismretrograde metamorphism

Fluids

water, solution, gas (out residual /in)

out = residual fluid in pore spaces

in = hydrothermal solution

metasomatism

การแปรสภาพคงองคประกอบการแปรสภาพคงองคประกอบisochemicalisochemical metamorphism / metamorphism / treptomorphismtreptomorphism

การแปรสภาพองคประกอบการแปรสภาพองคประกอบallochemicalallochemical metamorphismmetamorphism = = metasomatismmetasomatism

Thermal metamorphism (Contact meta.)Dynamic metamorphism (Mechanical meta.)Dynamothermal meta’ism (Regional meta.)

Types of metamorphisms

Contact metamorphismContact metamorphism

RecrystallizationRecrystallization (a = A)(a = A)calcitecalcitelimestonelimestone = = calcitecalcitemarblemarble

Chemical recombination (Chemical recombination (a+ba+b = c)= c)quartz + calcite = quartz + calcite = wollastonitewollastonite + CO+ CO22

Chemical replacement (Chemical replacement (a+da+dmagmamagma = e)= e)

Regional metamorphismRegional metamorphism

Folia

ted ro

cks

Non-

folia

ted ro

cks

Paragneiss

HornfelsHornfels

Mudstone, Mudstone, ChertChert

Folia

ted ro

cks

Non-

folia

ted ro

cks

Orthogneiss

DolomiteDolomite

MudstoneMudstoneClaystoneClaystone

Slate

slaty cleavage

Phyllite

Schist

schistosity

Gneiss Orthogneiss designates a gneiss derived from an igneous rock, and Paragneiss is one from a sedimentary rock.

banding

Quartzite

Marble

Hornfels

Antracite

Metamorphic Metamorphic FaciesFacies

Very Low Grade: Zeolite, prehnite-pumpellyite, and blueschist faciesLow Grade: Greenschist, Ep-Ab hornfels faciesMedium Grade: Amphibolite, hornblende hornfels faciesHigh Grade: Granulite, pyroxene hornfels, sanidinite facies

Clas

ticro

cks

Non-

clasti

cro

cks

Folia

ted ro

cks

Non-

folia

ted ro

cks

สรุป

Igneous rock

Plutonic rock

Volcanic rock

Sedimentary rock

Clastic rock

Non-clastic rock

Metamorphic rock

Foliated rock

Non-foliated rock

THANK YOU

hypabyssal rock (หินอัคนีระดับตื้น) = intrusive rock + volcanic texture

Documents

ROCK Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks EarthDynamics... · 2019-07-09 · ROCKROCK Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic RocksIgneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks 2307101