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Rock Cycle
Why Study Rocks?
Rock Study
Rock Study
Ancient Societies
Rock StudyCultural History
Legends & Sacred Places
Mato Tipila“Bear Lodge”
Paha Sapa“Black Hills”
Badlands
3 Stages of Rocks
Categorized by the way they form
1. IGNEOUS
2. SEDIMENTARY
3. METAMORPHIC
Rock Cycle
SedimentaryIgneous
Metamorphic
Rock Cycle Simulator
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigation
Interactive Rock Cycle Animation
Magma
Gasses in Magma
SilicaIronSodiumPotassiumAluminumMagnesium
Water VaporOxygenCarbon DioxideNitrogenHydrogenSulfur Dioxide
Elements in Magma
8 Basic Rock Forming Minerals
OlivinePyroxeneAmphiboleOrthoclasePlagioclaseMuscoviteBiotiteQuartz
IGNEOUS ROCKSRock-Forming Process: Lava or Magma Cooling
ExtrusiveCools Quickly: PlutonicFine-Grained Crystals
IntrusiveCools Slowly: AphaniticLarge-Grained Crystals
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Andesite is a gray to black volcanic rock. It is generally erupted from stratovolcanoes as thick lava flows.
Basalt Lava - Basalt is a hard, black volcanic rock. Basaltic lava flows quickly and which allows volcanic gases to escape without explosive events.
IGNEOUS ROCKSObsidian is usually black in color though it can also be red or have a greenish tint. Obsidian is formed when the lava cools so quickly that crystals do not have time to grow. Obsidian fractures with very sharp edges. Native Americans use it to make knives, arrowheads, and other tools where sharp edges were important. Extrusive
Granite is a common intrusive igneous rock. Because it cools slowly crystals have time to form. The name granite comes from the Latin word granum which means “a grain” for the coarse grain crystalline structure of the rock.
IGNEOUS ROCKS - TEXTUREVesicles: Gas Pockets
Glassy:No Visible Crystals
Fine:Crystals < 1mm
Coarse:Crystals 1-10 mm
Very Coarse:Crystals > 10 mm
IGNEOUS ROCKS - COLOR
Felsic90% Light10% Dark
Mafic90% Dark10% Light
Andesitic50% Light50% Dark
UltramaficGreen
Igneous Rock Review
What is the Rock-Forming Process?
Igneous Rock Review
Rock-Forming Process Lava or Magma Cooling
Igneous Rock Review
Rock-Forming Process Lava or Magma Cooling
Two Types of Igneous Rocks?
Igneous Rock Review
Rock-Forming Process Lava or Magma Cooling
Two Types of Igneous Rocks 1. Extrusive 2. Intrusive
Igneous Rock Review
Rock-Forming Process Lava or Magma Cooling
Two Types of Igneous Rocks 1. Extrusive 2. Intrusive
2 Igneous Rocks?
Igneous Rock Review
Rock-Forming Process Lava or Magma Cooling
Two Types of Igneous Rocks 1. Extrusive or Plutonic 2. Intrusive or Aphanitic
4 Igneous Rocks1. Andesite 2. Basalt3. Obsidian 4. Granite
SEDIMENTARY ROCKSThree Unique Processes Results in Three Main Groups
Clastic Chemical Organic
Clastic Sedimentary RocksRock-forming Process: Erosion & Compaction - Cementation
Weathering: Wind, Rain, Moving Water, Freezing Water Breaks Rocks Into Smaller Pieces
Erosion: Combination of Weathering & Movement of Sediment
Sediments: The Smaller Pieces of Weathered Rocks
Deposition: Sediment Settled Out of Wind, Moving Water or Due to Gravity
Lithification: The Process of Sediment Changing to Rock
Compaction: After sediments are deposited - The weight of the sediments squeezes the particles together. When more and more sediments are deposited on top, the weight on the sediments below increases.
Cementation: Dissolved minerals fill in the spaces between the sediment particles. These liquid minerals act as glue or cement to bind the sediments together.
Waterborne sediments squeeze so tightly together that most of the water is pushed out.
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Erosion
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Conglomerate is made up of rounded pebbles cemented together.
Breccia is made up of angular pebbles cemented together.
Sandstone is sand grains cemented together into solid stone.
Siltstone is made from silt particles cemented together.
Shale is made from silt particles cemented together. It is similar to siltstone but with even finer grain size.
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Positive & Negative atoms crystallize into solid mineral crystals. This process is called precipitation. Precipitation can occur within an ocean, a lake, a cave, or where a hot spring flows out onto Earth's surface.
Rock-Forming Process: Chemicals Reactions Form Minerals in Water
Carbonates: Composed mainly of carbonate minerals. Dolomite Limestone.
Dolomite
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Evaporites: Evaporation leaves water enriched with calcium, sodium, and chlorine atoms – Which then precipitate from the water Halite or rock salt Gypsum
Siliceous: Composed of an exceptionally high amount of crystalline siliceous material, mainly the mineral quartz Chert
Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Rock-Forming Process: Organic Matter (Plants)
Coal:
Lignite is black and has a crumbly consistency
Bituminous coal can be dull to shiny and black.
Sedimentary Rock Review
3 Main Groups of Sedimentary Rocks?
Sedimentary Rock Review
3 Main Groups of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Chemical Organic
Sedimentary Rock Review
3 Main Groups of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Chemical Organic
Rock-Forming Processes for each Main Group?
Sedimentary Rock Review
3 Main Groups of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Chemical Organic
Rock-Forming Processes for each Main Group?
Erosion & Compaction - Cementation
Sedimentary Rock Review
3 Main Groups of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Chemical Organic
Rock-Forming Processes for each Main Group?
Erosion & Compaction - Cementation
Chemicals Reactions Form Minerals in Water
Sedimentary Rock Review
3 Main Groups of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Chemical Organic
Rock-Forming Processes for each Main Group?
Erosion & Compaction - Cementation
Chemicals Reactions Form Minerals in Water
Organic Matter
Sedimentary Rock Review3 Main Groups of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Chemical Organic
Rock-Forming Processes for each Main Group?
Erosion & Compaction - CementationChemicals Reactions Form Minerals in Water
Organic MatterExamples from Each Main Group?
Sedimentary Rock Review3 Main Groups of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Chemical Organic
Rock-Forming Processes for each Main Group?
Erosion & Compaction - CementationChemicals (Elements) Dissolved in Water
Organic MatterConglomerateBrecciaSandstoneSiltstoneShale
Sedimentary Rock Review3 Main Groups of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Chemical Organic
Rock-Forming Processes for each Main Group?
Erosion & Compaction - CementationChemicals (Elements) Dissolved in Water
Organic MatterConglomerateBrecciaSandstoneSiltstoneShale
LimestoneDolomiteRock SaltGypsumChert
Sedimentary Rock Review3 Main Groups of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Chemical Organic
Rock-Forming Processes for each Main Group?
Erosion & Compaction - CementationChemicals (Elements) Dissolved in Water
Organic MatterConglomerateBrecciaSandstoneSiltstoneShale
LimestoneDolomiteRock SaltGypsumChert
Coal
Rock-Forming Process: Heat & Pressure
Heat - Gravity Pulls Crust Downward- Increases Further Downward
Pressure
Hydrothermal Solution- Hot Steam Escapes from Mantle Carrying Dissolved Minerals - Dissolves Existing Minerals in Rocks & Deposits New Minerals - Recrystallization Alters the Rock’s Composition
- Energy Source for Chemical Reactions- Mantle- Friction- Increases Further Downward
Rock-Forming Process: Heat & Pressure
Contact metamorphism
- Magma forces into existing rock- Heat bakes surrounding rock- Small, low-grade metamorphism
Metamorphic Rock Marble: Created from limestone that has been subjected to heat
Rock-Forming Process: Heat & Pressure
Regional metamorphism
- Affects Large Regions- High-grade Metamorphism- Mountain-Building
Black Canyon of The Gunnison
Gneiss
Pegmatite
Foliated Non-foliated
Bands or LayersProgressing Through Stages of Metamorphism
One Mineral
Two Main Groups
Shale
Slate
Schist
Gneiss
Shale, Mudstone, Siltstone (Very Fine Grained)
Slate (Fine Grained)
Schist (Medium – Coarse Grained)
Granite, Igneous Rocks
Gneiss (Medium – Coarse Grained)
Textures
Limestone
Marble (Medium – Coarse Grained)
Quartz Sandstone
Quartzite (Medium – Coarse Grained)
What are the 2 groups?
What are the 2 groups?
Foliated Non-Foliated
What are the 2 groups?
Foliated Non-Foliated
What are the foliated stages?
What are the 2 groups?
Foliated Non-Foliated
What are the foliated stages?
Shale – Slate – Schist – Gneiss
What are the 2 groups?
Foliated Non-Foliated
What are the foliated stages?
Shale – Slate – Schist – Gneiss
What are the Non-Foliated rocks & why are they non-foliated?
What are the 2 groups?
Foliated Non-Foliated
What are the foliated stages?
Shale – Slate – Schist – Gneiss
What are the Non-Foliated rocks & why are they non-foliated?
Marble & Quartzite – They are composed of single minerals
Rock Cycle
SedimentaryIgneous
Metamorphic
Rock ReflectionCultural History
Legends & Sacred Places
Mato Tipila“Bear Lodge”
Paha Sapa“Black Hills”
Igneous Rock - Intrusive
Sedimentary – LimestoneMetamorphic - Granite
Sedimentary – Deposition & ErosionsFossils of Extinct MammalsMetamorphic - Shale
Badlands
References
http://www.rocksandminerals4u.com/igneous_rock_cycle.html