ROBERT EVERARD WOODSON, JR. (1904--1963)

PAINT I : CAROLINE K. ALLEN1; PART I I : DAVID J. ROGERS1;

PART III, BIBLIOGRAPHY: LORIN I. NEVLING, JR. 2

This series of papers consists of two biographical commentaries on Robert Ever- ard Woodson, Jr., and a bibliography of his published works. The first commentary is presented by a contemporary of his graduate student days; the second conHnen- tary and the bibliography, by two of his former graduate students. We wish to express our appreciation to Miss Roberta Woodson for the loan of the photograph of her brother. We are indebted to Miss Nell C. Homer, who obtained and did the preliminary editing of the bibliography, and to Mrs. Lazella Schwarten, who as- sisted materially in the final compilation. The Flora of Panama entries were com- pleted in consultation with Russell J. Seibert and Robert W. Schery to whom we are most grateful.

PART I

Robert Everard Woodson, Jr. was born on April 28, 1904 in St. Louis. He was the younger of two children, in a close-knit family. There was almost an old-world, Elizabethan atmosphere prevalent in the Woodson household to which casual guests invariably responded with a quiet graciousness which might not otherwise have been so obviously called forth.

Bob was early imbued with the love not only of literature, but of words them- selves, and an appreciation of the fine points of meaning and precision of applica- tion. He was an excellent Greek scholar but had had no formal training in Latin--an essential for taxonomy. So he set about studying the language by himself. He became exceptionally facile, eventually teaching his students in taxonomy the rudiments of grammar sufficient for their professional needs.

With this background and environment, Bob--a somewhat retiring young boy--grew into a diffident, self- contained young man. His brilliance was enlivened by an imagination that was linfitless, and deepened by a sensitivity and perception apparent not only in his penetration into research problems but in his articulate presentation of the results. His talent for descriptive prose is particularly apparent in his introduction to the early works on the Panamanian flora.

Hand in hand with these mature characteristics was a rather child-like optimism. Woodson gave much to his students but in return he expected much--indeed, often far beyond their capacity to produce. When a student failed to measure up, his disappointment was deep. Colleagues and students frequently did not recognize this trait, often misunderstanding his motives and reactions. Many mistakenly at- tributed his reactions to temperament. And his pride and natural reticence pre- vented any explanation or clarification on his part.

Bob's interest in botany was first aroused in college. He took frequent trips into the hills of the Ozarks during vacation periods, bringing back plant collections. He became thoroughly familiar with the flora of Missouri and the neighboring states. As an undergraduate in Washington University he attended the advanced courses offered in botany by Drs. Jesse More Greenman and Edgar Anderson. At that time, Anderson was an enthusiastic worker in the field of genetics; the staid, pre-

1 New York Botanical Garden 2 Arnold Arboretum and Gray Herbarium, Harvard University BRITTONIA 17: 1--11. Jan 1965.

-1-

2 BRITTONIA [VOL. ]7

cise Greenman taught taxonomy through laboratory and field operations tech- nique. Bob's graduate studies were undertaken at the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Following the pattern of this own career, Dr. Greenman suggested to his prom- ising graduate students a year of study towards an advanced degree in another botanical center. So, Woodson, after obtaining his M.S. from Washington Univer- sity studied at Harvard for a year under Professor B. L. Robinson, receiving an M. A. in 1928. The following year, with a Ph.D. from Washington University, Bob became an Instructor in the Botany Department of that institution, becoming full professor in 1945.

Several decades later, in a very sympathetic biographical sketch of Dr. Greenman (1951), Woodson commented on the similarity in temperament between the latter and Dr. B. L. Robinson, Director of the Gray Herbarium in Greenman's student days. He applied the term "gentleman of the old school" to these two botanists, separated from each other by a generation but so similar in their fun- damental approach to botanical study. It is not inappropriate at this time to use that term in reference to Woodson himself. Only insofar, however, as manner and general demeanor are concerned. Both Robinson and Greenman hewed to the taxonomic line, as it were; Woodson delved deeper. He saw the value of bringing other disciplines such as genetics, cytology and statistics to bear on taxonomic problems.

Woodson spent the summer of 1930 abroad visiting various herbaria. He attended the Fifth International Botanical Congress held in Cambridge, England. Here he heard the classic "debate" in which Professor Eames of Cornell and others attacked the interesting theory of carpel morphology presented by Edith Ruth Saunders. The next semester Woodson launched at Washington University a new course in plant anatomy--a distillation of the course work at Harvard under Jeffrey; the published techniques of Eames and others; and the knowledge gained through contacts at the Cambridge meetings. As he taught he learned and perfected techniques, the re- sults of which have appeared subsequently in his own and student publications.

It was in graduate school that Bob became closely associated with Edgar Ander- son. Their influence was reciprocal and the mutual benefits each derived from their early association influenced the botanical careers of both men. This was true despite the fact that they did not agree on many subjects and methods of produre.

During the next few years, Woodson and Anderson worked together constantly, producing under joint authorship the monograph on United States speeies of Tradescantia (1935), among others. Following this came Bob's monograph of Apo- cynaceae, and then the definitive treatment of Asclepias. In the interval when Anderson was Arborist at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University (1931-35) Bob, having finished his graduate studies and in the process of learning much from his teaching, began to develop the pattern which he was to follow for the rest of his botanical life. When Anderson returned to the Missouri Botanical Garden to take over in a measure administrative duties for its Director, Dr. George T. Moore, Bob's plans for future work were already firm.

During the four years of Woodson's post-graduate study, Dr. Moore had watched him for signs of an interest in and an ability for administrative work at the top level. But Bob proved temperamentally unsuited for the role. It became apparent early that here was a brilliant man who would go far in the research he loved and into which he had so penetrating an insight. Dr. Moore bowed to the inevitable and as long as he held the reins did all in his power to promote Bob's best interest along taxonomic lines.

The 1930's saw an era of exploration for the Garden. The Powell Orchid Garden, bequeathed to the Missouri Botanical Garden, was removed from Balboa, Canal

1965] ALLEN ET AL: WOODSON 3

Robert Everard Woodson, 1904-1963.

Zone to the Missouri Tropical Station. The building was erected in 1926 in a ravine at the western base of Ancon Hill and easily accessible to Balboa proper. With this as a base, the Garden then entered upon a long series of expeditions under Wood- son's leadership into this little-known area of Panama. Each expedition yielded materials for "Contributions toward a Flora of Panama." The new serial was begun under the editorship of Woodson with a succession of collaborators on special groups. The Garden and Woodson were thus committed to the subsequent publications of the Flora of Panama, of which a very substantial portion was coin-

4 BRITTONIA [VOL. ]7

pleted at the time of his death. And so Robert Everard Woodson, Jr. brilliant research worker in taxonomy in

its broadest sense, has come suddenly to the end of his work. A man with a complex personality, sensitive, scholarly, often misunderstood by his peers, he continued with unassuming modesty to break trail in areas peripheral to his own field. Many who may, for one reason or another, have left scientific work as the decades have passed, and many who are still active in this field, have cause to remember with grateful affection the help and inspiration he proffered with all humility and diffidence when he perceived that such help might be needed. To those whom he influenced during his more than quarter century of teaching falls the lot of continuing where he has left off and along the lines he has indicated.

PART II

Woodson's scientific career as a teacher, researcher and advisor reflected his family's interest in the classical literature and in the languages basic to modern English. tie'followed to a great extent the "traditional" or "classical" methodology of taxonomy in many of his systematic treatments of the two familes Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae, but he never thought of "classical" taxonomy as a deterrent to the use of experimental methods. In construction of monographs, he was met- iculous in the details, insisting on the clarity of statement and punctuation, and great care in the choice of descriptive words. His keys are excellent examples of information-carrying, logical analyses of the group of organisms under study. One may read in the keys Woodson's interpretation of the history of the species and, in larger taxa, the spatial relationships of the genera.

Woodson's monographic interests carried over into his work on the fora of Pan- ama, and evidences of the careful delimitation of taxa are indicated in the rather careful, conservative species definitions within the geographic confines of the country whose flora is largely a mixture of North and South American elements.

His recognition of the need for supporting evidence for taxonomic work in sister disciplines is evidenced by several excursions into the fields of historical geology and geography (The Apocynaceous Flora of the Yucatan Peninsula, 1940, and Notes on the "Historical Factors" in Plant Geography, 1947), into comparative anatomy and morphology (The Vascular Anatomy and Comparative Morphology of Apocyn- aceous Flowers, 1938, and Observations on the Inflorescences of Apocynaceae, 1935), into statistical analysis of subspecific entities (Some Dynamics of Leaf Variation in Asclepias tuberosa, 1947), and into practical studies of evolutionary modifications (Butterflywecd Revisited, 1962).

The tradition of training taxonomists at the Missouri Botanical Garden is out- standing--the list of taxonomists who started there is long, and many of today's leading taxonomists began their productive life in St. Louis. Woodson continued, indeed increased, the number of students in training in systematics at MBG over the number under previous curators. I t is difficult to assess the full impact of Wood- son on the students who were under his tutelage for their graduate work or to re- coM the reactions of alI to his teaching methods. His students were never "overly led," but allowed maximum freedom in the selection and direction of their research projects. This seemed at times frustrating when knotty problems were faced by students who felt that they were floundering and needed guidance, when in reality their need was for more concentrated individual effort. Woodson worked rather informally with students, and it was a measure of the value of the institution where he worked that the student body was of sufficiently small size to permit an informal give and take at frequent intervals.

1965] ALL~N ET AL.: WOODSON 5

Woodson used the herbarium as a great teaching aid; his students were given curatorial duties in different families, with the responsibility of all the levels of work required--from filing to curatorial decisions, tempered by the final decisions they could not make. In his comparative morphology course, one could detect his deep interest in all aspects of the plants under discussion--from the biological properties of the organisms to the intricacies of taxonomic and nomenclatural problems. His classical educational background was particularly valuable in the "workshop" for systematic nmjors, where the framework of botanical Latin des- criptions, the form for precise, accurate species diagnoses, literature and nomen- clature problems, were all valuable adjuncts to the training of taxonomists. In these sessions, Woodson encouraged students to criticize their own and fellow students' works, and frequently brought his own manuscripts before one of the most critical audiences possible--graduate students. These periods were not easy--at the end of any one of them, one was fatigued from pushing or being pushed to clarify one's work.

His activities indicated a deep interest in the welfare of others. He was hardly an "easy" personality--his reserve prevented one from becoming intimate. It would be difficult to determine how many individuals received help or how much money was given to help out over rough spots. There were many indirect indications of his desire to aid. For example, Dr. Woodson always purchased two season tickets to the St. Louis Symphony for any of his students who wished to use them. He raided the family attic for various household items for married students to set them up in apartments; he gave free use of his cabin at Gray's Summit to any of his students who wanted to spend a weekend away.

Woodson seldom attended the meetings of the professional societies. He appeared to feel ill-at-ease in crowds and seemingly did not enter into the camaraderie usually a part of these functions. He preferred the company of small groups of friends or acquaintances. When he did attend meetings, it was usually by prearrangement that the tinge should be spent largely with close botanical friends and associates. It is an odd coincidence that, disliking this type of fraternization, he should have been elected to the office of President of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists, the chief duty of which is to give the retiring address. Because of illness, Woodson was unable to be present and asked his good friend Norman Fassett to read it for him. The following year, it was Woodson's painful duty to perform the same service for Fassett during the latter's last illness.

It was not often that the casual acquaintance became aware of the subtle sense of humor that was a part of Woodson's make-up. Occasionally, in his writings, one finds such warmth and humor; for example, in the afore-mentioned presidential address where he honestly divulged his reasons for being a taxonomist and related amusing incidents in his life as a taxonomist. The anecdote "My Debt to Paul C. Stand- ley," in "Homage toStandley," 1963, demonstrates a sincere attitude of friendliness toward his fellow workers--all the more appreciated because such was so rarely voiced.

The foregoing remarks are the reactions of but one of Woodson's former students. I do not speak for other than myself. I doubt that any other person would have quite the same remembrances of the man, for each of his associates saw a different facet of his character. I think, however, that most recall incidents similar to these which will contribute to a lasting memory of a fine botanist and friend.

6 BRITTONIA [VOL. 17

PART ]lI . BIBLIOGRAPHY

1925

The quest of the mandrake. Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 13: 151-156, pls. 38, 39.

1926

The doctrine of signatures. Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 14: 97-102, pl. 32.

1928

Dysosma: a new genus of Berberidaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 15: 335-340, pl. ~6. Studies in the Apocynaceae. II. A revision of the genus Stemmadenia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.

15: 341-378. Studies in the Apocynaceae. III. A monograph of the genus Amsonia. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.

15: 379-434.

1929

Studies in the Apocynaceae. I l iA. A new species of Amsonia from the South-Central States. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 407-410.

1930

The dogbane: roadside weed and future staple. Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 18: 87-104, pls. 16-18. Studies in the Apocynaceae. I. A critical study of the Apocynoideae (with special reference to the

genus Apocynum). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: 1-213.

1931

Apocynaceae. In: Gleason, H. A. Botanical results of the Tyler-Duida expedition. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 58: 452-454.

New or otherwise noteworthy Apocynaceae of tropical America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 18: 541-556.

New South American Asclepiadaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 18: 557-563. Vegetable Marble. Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 19: 142, 143.

1932

The identity and nomenclature of Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Rhodora 34: 30, 31. The most interesting tree in Missouri. Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 20: 145-149. New or otherwise noteworthy Apocynaceae of tropical America. II. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.

19: 45-76. New or otherwise noteworthy Apocynaceae of tropical America. III. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard.

19: 375-387.

1933

A new yellow Nymphaea from tropical Africa (with G. H. Pring). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 1-7.

Apocynaceae. In: Gleason, H. A., and A. C. Smith. Plantae Krukovianae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 60: 392.

Studies in the Apocynaceae. IV. The American genera of Echitoideae (see also 1935, 1936). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 605-790.

1934

Apocynaceae. In: Cufodontis, G. Risultati della spedizione biologica Austriaca in Costarica nel 1930. Arch. Bot. Forli 10: 38-41.

Apoeyuaeeae and Asclepiadaceae. In: Rehder, A. Notes on the ligneous plants described by L~veilld from eastern Asia. Jour. Arnold Arb. 15: 310-318.

New or otherwise noteworthy Apocynaceae of tropical America. IV. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 21: 613-623.

Two new, asclepiads from Szechuan, China. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 21: 609-611.

1965] ALLEN ET AL.: WOODSON 7

1935

Apocynaceae. In: Cufodontis, G. La piante raccolte durante la specizione biologica Austriaca in Costarica nel 1930. Arch. Bot Forli 11: 178, 179.

The floral anatomy and probable affinities of the genus Grisebachiella. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 62: 471-478.

New Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. Collected by the expedition of the University of Michigan to the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico (1930), and the joint expeditions of the University of Michigan and the Carnegie Institution of Washington to Guatemala (1931) and the Yucatan Peninsula (1932). Am. Jour. Bot. 22: 684-693.

Observations on the inflorescence of Apocynaceae (with special reference to the American genera of Echitoideae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 22: 1-48, pl. 3.

On the occurrence of Lacmellea and a new species of Zschokkea in Central America. Tropical Woods 44: 22-24.

The species of Tradescantia indigenous to the United States (with E. Anderson). Contr. Arnold Arb. 9: 1-132, pls. I - X I I .

Studies in the Apocynaceae. IV. The American genera of Echitoideae (continuation, see also 1936). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 22: 153-306.

Temnadenia. In: Lem~e, A. Dictionnaire descriptif synonymique des genres de plantes Phanero- games 6: 480, 481.

Tradescantia Wrightii in New Mexico (with L. Hubricht). Rhodora 37: 454, 455.

1936

Additions to the genus Amsonia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 63: 35, 36. Observations on the floral fibres of certain Gentianaceae. Ann. Bot. 50: 759-766, pls. 15, 16. Studies in the Apocynaceae. IV. The American genera of Echitoideae (concluded). Ann. Missouri

Bot. Gard. 23: 169-439. Studies in the Apocynaceae. V. A revision of the Asiatic species of Trachelospermum Lem. Sun-

yatsenia 3: 65-105. Studies in the Apocynaceae. VI. Kibatalia and its immediate generic affinities. Philippine Jour.

Sci. 60: 205-229, pl. 1.

1937

Contributions toward a Flora of Panama. I Based upon collections by expeditions from the Mis- souri Botanical Garden Tropical Station, Balboa, C.Z. (with R. J. Seibert). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 175, 176.

Contributions toward a Flora of Panama. I. Collections in the provinces of Chiriqui, Cocld, and Panama., by R. J. Seibert during the summer of 1935. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: (Introduct- ion (with R. J. Seibert) 177-179; Amaryllidaceae (with P. H. Allen) 181; Asclepiadaceac 199-201; Balanophoraceae (with R. J. Seibert) 188; Cannaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 182; Caryophyllaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 188; Convolvulaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 201,202; Cunon- iaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 189; Ericaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 197, 198; Fagaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 187; Guttiferae (with R. J. Seibert) 192; Lauraceae 188, 189; Onagraceae (with R. J. Seibert) 194-196; Orobanchaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 202; Oxalidaceae 190; Ranunculaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 188; Vitaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 191, 192.

A Laboratory Introduction to General Plant Biology (with M. Maxine Larisey). 97 pp. 50 pls. St. Louis.

New or otherwise noteworthy Apocynaceae of tropical America. V. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 24: 11-16.

~R. E. Woodson, Jr., served as general editor and principal author of the Flora of Panama series until the time of his death. R. J. Seibert acted as junior editor and author during his tenure at the Missouri Botanical Garden and was followed in this capacity by R. W. Schery. For purposes of brevity only those familes in this series which were written by Woodson, in entirety or in part, are included. The families are arranged alphabetically within each citation and the pagination is that of the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden although the Flora also was paged independently beginning with Part II. Fascicle 1.

8 BRITTONIA [voL 17

1938

Apocynaceae. In: North American Flora 29: 103-192. Contributions toward a Flora of Panama. II. Miscellaneous collections during 1936-1938. Ann.

Missouri Bot. Gard. 25: (Introduction (with R. J. Seibert) 823; Amaryllidaceae 824, 825; Apocy- naceae 832, 833; Asclepiadaceae 833-835; Orobanchaceae 835, 836; Podostemonaceae [sic] 827, 828).

Studies in the Apocynaceae. VII. An evaluation of the genera Plumeria L. and Himatanthus Willd. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 25: 189-224.

The vascular anatomy and comparative morphology of apocynaceous flowers (with J. A. Moore). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 65: 135-166. pls. 1-5.

1939

Apocynaceae. In: Gleason, H. A., and E. P. Killip. The flora of Mount Auyan-Tepui, Venezuela. Brittonia 3: 190.

Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. In: Smith, A. C. Notes on a collection of plants from British Guiana. Lloydia 2: 207-209.

Contributions toward a Flora of Panama. III. Collections during the summer of 1938, chiefy by R. E. Woodson, Jr., P. H. Allen, and R. J. Seibert. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 26: (Introduction (with R. J. Seibert) 265-272; Apocynaceae 299-301; Asclepiadaceae 301-305; Bignoniaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 314; Caprifoliaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 314; Cucurbitaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 314; Juncaceae 275, 276; Lecythidaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 296, 297; Marantaceae 278, 279; Musaceae 276, 277; Rosaceae (Alchemilla by L. M. Perry) 287, 288; Tiliaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 290, 291; Vitaceae (with R. J. Seibert) 294; Zingiberaceae 277, 278).

New or otherwise noteworthy Apocynaceae of tropical America. VI. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 26: 95-98.

New or otherwise noteworthy Apocynaceae of tropical America. VII. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 26: 257-259.

Two new asclepiads from the western United States. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 26: 261-264. Zingiberaceae. In: Smith, A. C. Notes on a collection of plants from British Guiana. Lloydia

2: 171, 172.

1940

Apocynaceae. In: Smith, A. C. et al. A collection of flowering plants from Mount Roraima and adjacent Venezuela, British Guiana, and Brazil. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 67" 298.

The apocynaceous flora of the Yucatan Peninsula. In: Lundell, C. L. Botany of the Maya Area. XV. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 522: 59-102.

Contributions toward a Flora of Panama. IV. Miscellaneous collections chiefly by Paul H. Allen. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 27: (Apocynaceae 331-333; Asclepiadaceae 333, 334; Cruciferae 311; Hydrophyllaceae 335; Liliaceae 270, 271; Loasaceae 321; Loranthaceae (with R. W. Schery, except Phoradendron by W. Trelease) 307-310; Marcgraviaceae (with R. W. Schery) 319-321; Oxalidaceae 312, 313; Rosaceae 312; Zingiberaceae 271).

Una nueva especie santafecina de "Rhabdadenia". Lilloa 5: 199, 200.

1941

Contributions toward a Flora of Panama. V. Collections chiefly by Paul H. Allen, and by Robert E. Woodson, Jr. and Robert W. Schery. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: (Apocynaceae 461, 462; Asclepiadaceae 462, 463; Balanophoraceae 427; Cucurbitaceae (with R. W. Schery) 469; Cunoniaceae 429; Liliaceae 414; Loasaceae 433; Loranthaceae 426, 427; Marantaceae 415; Oxalidaceae (with R. W. Schery) 431; Vitaceae 433).

Miscellaneous new Asclepiadaceae and Apocynaceae from tropical America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 271-286.

The North American Asclepiadaceae. I. Perspective of the genera. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 193~44.

Two new asclepiads from the southwestern United States (with B. Maguire). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 28: 245-248.

1965] ALLEN ET AL.: WOODSON 9

1942

Bohind the scenes of a "Flora of Panama." (abstract). Am. Jour. Bot. 29 Suppl.: 20s. Commentary on the North American genera of Commelinaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 29:

141-154. Contributions toward a Flora of Panama. VI. Collections chiefly by H. von Wedel in Bocas del

Toro. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 29: (Apocynaceae 364, 365; Asclepiadaceae 365, 366; Bom- bacaceae 359, 360; Burmanniaceae 336; Cannaceae 331; Caricaceae 363; Chloranthaceae 350; Commelinaceae 324; Cucurbitaceae 369; Cyclanthaceae 322-324; Dichapetalaceae 353; Flacourtiaceae 363; Hippocrateaceae 357, 358; Iridaceae 327; Lacistemaceae 351; Liliaceae 325, 326; Loganiaceae 364; Malpighiaceae 352; Marantaceae 331-335; Marcgraviaceae 361; Meliaceae 352; Musaceae 327-329; Ochnaceae 361; Onagraceae 364; Sapindaceae 358; Solanaceae 366; Thymeliaceae [sic ] 361; Zingiberaceae 329-331).

Plants to meet the war emergency. Rubber. Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 30: 113-120.

1943

Contributions toward a Flora of Panama. VII. Miscellaneous collections, chiefly by H. yon Wedel, in Bocas del Toro. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 30: (Icacinaceae 75; Saxifragaceae 88).

Flora of Panama. Part II . Fascicle 1. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 30: (Alismaceae 100-103; Butoma- ceae 103, 104; Cycadaceae 97, 98; Taxaceae 98, 99, Triuridaceae 104; Typhaceae 99).

Flora of Panama. Part II. Fascicle 2. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 30: (Cyclanthaceae 396403). A new Amsonia from the Ozarks of Arkansas. Rhodora 45: 328, 329.

1944

Apocynaeeae. In: Moldenke, H. N. Contributions to the flora of extra-tropical South America. Lilloa 10: 328.

Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. In: Standley, P. C. and J. A. Steyermark. Studies of Central American Plants. IV. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 23: 78-81.

Flora of Panama. Part II. Fascicle 3. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 31: (Index (with R. W. Schery) 159-172; Commelinaceae 138; Lemnaceae (with R. W. Schery) 60-62; Mayacaeae 62, 63; Rapateaceae 71, 72; Xyridaceae 63, 64).

Miscellaneous new Asclepiadaceae from tropical America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 31 : 235 237. Notes on some North American asclepiads. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 31: 363-370, pl. 17.

1945

Flora of Panama. Part III . Fascicle 1. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 32: (Amaryllidaceae (Bomarea by E. P. Killip) 12-25; Cannaceae (with R. W. Schery) 74-80; Haemodoraceae 11; Iridaceae 34; Juncaceae 1, 2; Liliaceae 2~i; Marantaceae (Calathea by F. W. Meyer) 81-105; Mus- aceae 48-57 i Velloziaceae 25, 26; Zingiberaceae 57-73.

Notes on some North American asclepiads. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 32: 369-371.

1946

About gloxinias. Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 34: 247-256. Amsonias. Missouri Bot. Gard. Bull. 34: 158-160. Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. In: Moldenke, H. N. Contributions to the flora of extra-tropical

South America. Lilloa 11: 193-195. Memorabilia Filicum Panamensium. Am. Fern. Jour. 36: 82-89.

1947

Asclepiadaceae (with E. E. Cheesman). In: Williams, R. O., and E. E. Cheesman. Floraof Trinidad and Tobago. 2: 162-175.

I t 's fun growing gloxinias, says writer in bo'tanical magazine. Southern Florist and Nurseryman 59: 9-10, 50. Jan 17; and 11-12, 48. Jan. 24.

Neobracea Howardii. In: Howard, R .A. . Notes on some plants from Cuba. Jour. Arnold Arb. 28: 125.

Notes on the "historical factor" in plant geography. Contr. Gray Herb. 165: 12--25.

10 BRITTONIA [VOL. 17

Review of "Plants and Plant Sciences in Latin America," ed. by Frans Verdoorn. Am. Nat. 80: 653--657.

Some dynamics of leaf variation in Asclepias tuberosa. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 34: 353-432.

1948

Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. In: Maguire, B., et al. Plant explorations in Guiana in 1944, chiefly to the Tafelberg and the Kaieteur Plateau-V. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 75: 553-561.

Flora of Panama. Part V. Fascicle 1. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 35: (Capparidaceae [sic ] 75-99; Hernandiaceae 68-71; Moringaceae 75; Papaveraceae 71-75; Tovariaceae 75).

Gynandropsis, Cleome, and Podandrogyne. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 35: 139-147. Miscellaneous new Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 35: 233-238.

1949

New Apocynaceae of South America (with D. de Azumbuja). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 543-548.

1950

Flora of Panama. Part V. Fascicle 2. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: (Connaraceae 178-183; Crassulaceae 121-124; Cunoniaceae 145-147; Moringaceae 121; Resedaceae 121).

Liliaceae, Velloziaceae, Violaceae, Caricaceae, Loganiaceae, Apocynaceae, and Asclepiadaceae. In: Miscellanea taxonomica. I. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 37: 397, 398, 403-408.

The vegetation of the Great Rift Valley. (Review of W. Robyns' "Flore des Spermatophytes du Parc National Albert") Ecology 31: 663, 664.

1951

Jesse More Greenman. ('1867-t1951). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 95-100, portr. Studies in the Apocynaceae. VIII. An interim revision of the genus Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc.

Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 38: 119-206, pl. 1.

1953

Apocynaeeae and Matelea. In: Steyermark, J. A., el al. Botanical Exploration in Venezuela III. Fieldiana 28: 499-505, 510, 511.

Biometric evidence of natural selection in Asclepias tuberosa. Proc. Nat. Acad. 39: 74-79.

1954

A correction in Asclepias. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 41: 261. The North American species of Asclepias L. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 41: 1-211. Why I like taxonomy---seven meditations. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 81: 87-90; reprinted in Mis-

souri Bot. Gard. Bull. 42: 91-96. 1956

A new Cuban Matelea. Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Col. "De La Salle" 15: 23, 24.

1957

Rauwolfia: Botany, Pharmacognosy, Chemistry & Pharmacology (with H. W. Youngken, E. Sch- littler, & J. A. Schneider). pp. 149. Little Brown, & Co., Boston.

1958

Apocynaceae. In: Schultes, R. E. Plantae Austro-Americanae X. Americae Australis plantae novae vel ala ratione significantes. Bot. Mus. Leafl. 18: 168-180.

Flora of Panama. Part VII. Fascicle 1. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: (Cactaceae 68-91; Cari- caceae 22-31; Loasaceae 32-40; Passifloraceae 1-22).

Flora of Panama. Part VII. Fascicle 2. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: (Lecythidaceae 115-136; Thymelaeaceae 93-97).

1959

Flora of Panama. Part VII. Fascicle 4. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 46: (Cornaceae 254-256; Haloragidaceae [sic ] 221-223).

1965] ALLEN :ET AL.: WOODSON 11

1960

Flora of Panama. Part IV. Fascicle 2. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47: (Morac,,ac (Fields by G. DeWolf, Jr.) 114-178; Salicaceae 87).

Loganiaceae, Apocynaceae, and Asclepiadaceae. In : Miscellanea taxonomica. II. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47: 73-80.

Woytkowskia sperraatochorda Woodson, gdnero y especie nuevas (Tabernaemontanoideae). Biota 3: 89-91. [Authorized translation from Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 47: 74-76. 1960.]

1961

Flora of Panama. Part IV. Fascicle 4. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 48: (Batidaceae [sic ] 66; Nyetag- inaceae (with tI. J. Kidd) 51-65).

1962

Butterflyweed revisited. Evolution 16: 168-185.

1963

My Debt to Paul C. Standley. In: Williams, L. O. (ed.). Homage to Standley. pp. 33-35.

1964

Apocynaceae. In: Steyermark, J. A. Notes on Ecuador plants. Phytologia 9: 347, 348. The geography of flower color in butterfly weed (annotations by S. Wright). Evolution 18:143-163

pl. 1.

CYTOGENETIC EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THE MERGER OF HETEROTHECA AND CHRYSOPSIS (COMPOSITAE) 1

VERNON L. HARMS

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, College, Alaska

The genus Chrysopsis (Nutt.) Ell. has traditionally been separated from Heterotheca Cass. by the absence of pappus bristles in the ray florets of the latter in contrast to their presence in the former. Shinners (Field Lab. 19:66-71. 1951) proposed a merger of the two genera because he considered this single distinction weakened by the occasional occurrence of a vestigial pappus in the ray florets of some Mexican Heterotheca species, and by the partial reduction of the pappus (outer series on ly) in Chrysopsis sect. Ammodia. Wagenknecht (Rhodera 62:61-76. 1960) concurred with Shinners' merger of these genera after noting that about three per- cent of Heterotheca specimens bore a rudimentary pappus on the ray achenes, and that in u specimen of H. latifolia Buckl. from San Patricio County, Texas, the pappus of the ray florets was indistinguishable from that of the disk florets, as in Chrysopsis. I have also observed a fully developed double pappus on the ray florets of several heads of a specimen of H. chrysopsidis DC. collected by Charles D. Michener in Mexico.

Concurrently with a biosystematic study of the Chrysopsis villosa complex, various artificial crosses between Heterotheca and Chrysopsis were attempted.

This study was carried out during the tenure of a National Science Foundation Cooperative Graduate Fellowship at the University of Kansas. The assistance and helpful criticism of Drs. R. L. McGregor and R. C. Jackson is gratefully acknowledged. Voucher specimens are deposited at KANU.

BRITTONIA 17: 11--16. Jan 1964.