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Road and railway potential accessibility of Poland in the
European dimensionPiotr Rosik
Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization; Polish Academy
of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
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Introduction - purposePurpose of the paper is to:show a model of
the demographic potential, allowing for performing of simulations
of changes in the accessibility of the space of Poland due to the
opening the model to the international dimensionModel has been
carried out in the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization
in WarsawSource: ESPON, Update of Selected Potential Accessibility
Maps (2006-2007), 2007, Spiekermann&Wegener Urban and Regional
Research (S&W), RRG Spatial Planning and Geoinformation
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Methods of accessibility measurementThere are different
approaches to the methodology of measurement of accessibility. On
the basis of literature survey one can identify five groups of
methods: infrastructure-based accessibility measure the regional
infrastructure equipment is evaluated by its quantity and quality
and the level of congestion,distance-based accessibility measure
(travel-cost accessibility) distance, time or cost of travel where
the activity is sought (a single destination or a set of
destinations),cumulative accessibility measure (daily
accessibility) assessment of set of destinations available in
particular travel distance, time or cost from the
origin,potential-based (gravity-based) accessibility measure
accessibility is measured by the number of activities
(opportunities) which can be reached in a certain distance, time or
effort weighted by the travel distance, time or effort to do
so,person-based accessibility measure analyzing accessibility at
the individual level.
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Potential model some assumptions The temporal scope of the study
- the year 2008 for the socio-economic data (demographic) and the
years 2010-2011 for the network data. Railway timetables as of June
2010. 2011 - waiting times of passenger cars and trucks at the
border crossing points at the Polish borders. In the case of road
transport, 2 321 transport districts (travel origins) in Poland at
the municipal level (in the analysis of accessibility to
population).In railway transport 60 transport districts (origins)
at the subregional level. This territory of Europe, outside of
Poland, was divided for road transport into 212 transport zones and
for railway transport into 25 transport zones.
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Potential accessibility indicatorAi accessibility of a
municipality i, Mi own mass (population) of a municipality i, Mj
mass (population) of a municipality j located in Poland (2321
transport zones),Mk mass (population) of a municipality k located
outside of Poland (212 transport zones),tii time of an internal
trip within a municipality i,tij travel time between the
municipalities i and j.tik travel time between the municipalities i
and transport zones k located outside of PolandPopulationRoad
networkThis accessibility involves three potentials in the form of
the so-called:own potential,
internal potential,
external potential = 0.0347 (short trips) = 0.005 (long
trips)
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Travel speeds14 categories of roads in Poland12 000
sectionsLogit functions were used Average speed was calculated for
sections based on:traffic regulations,number of inhabitants in a
buffer zone of five kilometres,the topographic features of the
area.4 categories of roads out of PolandTraffic
regulationsArbitrary speed reductionsPOLAND Big push to roads
(2004-2013)
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Results road potential accessibilityNational dimensionEuropean
dimensionShort tripsLong trips
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Results railway potential accessibilityNational
dimensionEuropean dimensionShort tripsLong trips
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ConclusionsThe shape of the spatial distribution of the
potential accessibility depends the most upon the shape of the
distance decay function, and, first of all, the value of the beta
parameter (exponential decay function). Opening up of the potential
model to the entire European continent changes significantly the
image of accessibility of the space of Poland. For shorter trips
the areas situated along the German border gain, mainly owing to
the proximity of Berlin, yet the highest accessibility remains
still with Warsaw and Upper Silesia. For longer trips the most
pronounced accessibility characterises Lower Silesia, along with
the areas bordering upon Germany and Czechia, and it decreases in
the north-eastern direction. The railway accessibility changes to a
much lower degree after the model is opened to the European
dimension. The results of the study may find application in the
planning analyses, in the strategies, concerning cohesion, regional
and transport policies, also in the transboundary context
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LiteratureBruinsma F.R., Rietveld P., 1998, The Accessibility of
European Cities: Theoretical Framework and Comparison of
Approaches, Environment and Planning, 30, 3, 499521.Geurs K. T.,
J.R. Ritsema van Eck, 2001, Accessibility Measures: Review and
Applications. RIVM report 408505 006, National Institute of Public
Health and the Environment, Bilthoven.Gutirrez J., Condeo-Melhorado
A., Lpez E., Monzn A., 2011, Evaluating the European value added of
Ten-T Projects: A methodological proposal based on spatial
spillovers, accessibility and GIS, Journal of Transport Geography,
19, 840850.Hansen W.G., 1959, How Accessibility Shapes Land-use,
Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 25, 7376.Komornicki
T., leszyski P., Rosik P., Pomianowski W., 2010, Dostpno
przestrzenna jako przesanka ksztatowania polskiej polityki
transportowej, Biuletyn KPZK 241, Komitet Przestrzennego
Zagospodarowania Kraju PAN, Warszawa,167 pp.Rosik, 2012, Dostpno
ldowa przestrzeni Polski w wymiarze europejskim, Prace Geograficzne
nr 233, IGiPZ PAN, Warszawa, 307 pp.Spiekermann K., Neubauer J.,
2002, European Accessibility and Peripherality: Concepts, Models
and Indicators. Nordregio Working Paper, Stockholm.Spiekermann K.,
Schrmann C., 2007, Update of selected potential accessibility
indicators.Final report, Spiekermann & Wegener, Urban and
Regional Research (S&W), RRG Spatial Planning and
GeoinformationSpiekermann, K., Wegener, M., Kvto, V., Marada, M.,
Schrmann, C., Biosca, O., Ulied Segui, A., Antikainen, H.,
Kotavaara, O., Rusanen, J., Bielaska, D., Fiorello, D., Komornicki,
T., Rosik, P., Stepniak, M., 2013, TRACC Transport Accessibility at
Regional/Local Scale and Patterns in Europe. Draft Final Report.
ESPON Applied ResearchStpniak M., Rosik P., 2013, Accessibility
improvement, territorial cohesion and spillovers: a
multidimensional evaluation of two motorway sections in Poland,
Journal of Transport Geography (forthcoming)
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Why potential model is important for us?We need it for
simulations!
Programming period 2007-2013 (2015); relative potential
accessibility changesNational accessibilityEuropean
accessibilityNational accessibilityshort trips; =0,02long trips;
=0,005
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Thank you for your attentionPiotr [email protected]
Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization; Polish Academy
of Sciences
