RNP Model Tuning Guide 20090325 a 1.2

7/29/2019 RNP Model Tuning Guide 20090325 a 1.2

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RNP Model Tuning Guide INTERNAL

Product name Confidentiality level

RNP INTERANL

Product versionTotal 85 pages

1.2

RNP Model Tuning Guide

(For internal use only)

Prepared by Zang Liang Date 2008-11-17Reviewed by DateReviewed by DateApproved by Date

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

All Rights Reserved

2008-12-11 All rights reserved Page1 , Total85


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Revision Records

Date Version Description Reviewer Author

2008-12-05 1.0 Initial transmittal Li Peng, Lu Peng,Yangfan Zang Liang

2008-12-

161.1 Correct some errors for easy understanding. Qin Yan

2009-3-25 1.2Update the operating environment of SPM

Tuning to U-Net 2.2.1Chen Fazhi



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Contents

2.1 About Model Tuning.................................................................................................................................................9

2.2 Flow for Model Tuning...........................................................................................................................................10

3.1 About SPM.............................................................................................................................................................12

3.1.1 Basic Formula...................................................................................................................................................12

3.1.2 Distance and Visibility Between Tx Antenna and Rx Antenna .................................................................. .....12

3.1.3 Effective Height of Tx Antenna........................................................................................................................13

3.1.4 Effective Height of Rx Antenna.......................................................................................................................14

3.1.5 LOS Amendment for Mountainous Regions......................................................................................... ........ ...14

3.1.6 Calculating Diffraction Loss.............................................................................................................................14

3.1.7 Clutter loss..................................................................................................................................................... ...14

3.2 Procedure for Tuning SPM.................................................................................................................................. ...15

3.2.1 Setting Up a Model Tuning Project..................................................................................................................16

3.2.1 Setting Up Propagation Model.........................................................................................................................20

3.2.2 Setting Transmitter...........................................................................................................................................25

3.2.3 Importing and Adjusting Data..........................................................................................................................31

3.2.4 Model Tuning...................................................................................................................................................46

3.2.5 Proposals on SPM Tuning................................................................................................................................51

3.2.6 Analyzing Result and Verifying Model..................................................................................................... .......54

4.1 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Model..................................................................................................... .......59

4.1.1 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Macrocell Model.................................................................................. ...60

4.1.1 Configure Parameters of Volcano Microcell Model...................................................................................... ...67

4.1.2 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Minicell Model........................................................................................74

4.2 Tuning Volcano Models......................................................................................................................................... .824.2.1 Tuning Process..................................................................................................................................................83

4.2.1 Checking and Analyzing Tuning Result........................................................................................................ ...84



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Figures

Model Tuning Flow.........................................................................11

Four weighting methods for calculating clutter loss in SPM..............15

Importing data of Clutter class.......................................................17

Importing data of altitude .............................................................18

Imports data of clutter heights.......................................................18

Importing data of vectors (1)..........................................................19

Importing data of vectors (2)..........................................................19

Antenna properties........................................................................20

Importing antenna file....................................................................20

Setting up propagation model........................................................21

Properties of SPM..........................................................................22

Setting SPM parameters.................................................................22

Configuring parameters of Clutter tab for SPM................................24

Configuring parameters of Calibration tab for SPM..........................25

Importing head file........................................................................27

Global parameters of transmitters..................................................27

Configuring transmitter propagation models ..................................28Setting up new site........................................................................29

Setting up transmitter...................................................................29

Properties of new transmitter.........................................................30

Configuring pilot power..................................................................31

Setting up CW measurements.........................................................32

New CW measurement path............................................................33

Interface after importing data........................................................33



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Importing CW measurement...........................................................34

Importing a text file.......................................................................34

General tab displayed after importing CW measurement data..........35

Changing measurement line...........................................................36

CW measurement setup.................................................................36

Setting CW measurement manually.................................................37

Filtering measurement data...........................................................38

Displaying measurement data.........................................................39

Properties of the file for tuning coordination system.......................40

Before translating location in map..................................................41

Original coordinates of reference point...........................................42

After translating location in map....................................................43

Coordinates of reference point after translation..............................44

Frequency Difference Setting.........................................................45

Parameters of SPM to be tuned.......................................................47

Setting filtering conditions for SPM tuning......................................48

Tuning SPM (1)..............................................................................49

Tuning SPM (2)..............................................................................49

Automatic Calibration....................................................................51

Select parameters for calibration....................................................51

Statistics report after tuning..........................................................55

Measurement parameters of tuned model.......................................56

Comparison curve..........................................................................57

Properties window of measurement data of tuned model.................57

Error distribution...........................................................................58

Volcano models displayed in U-Net..................................................60

Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Macrocell model...................61

Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Macrocell model.................62

Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Macrocell model...................63

Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Macrocell model....................64



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Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model...............65

Parameters in Tuning tab for Volcano Macrocell model.....................66

Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Microcell model....................67

Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Microcell model..................68

Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Microcell model....................69

Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Microcell model.....................70

Correct configuration of vectors of building type.............................71

Menu file for vector map................................................................72

Parameters in Ray Tracing tab for Volcano Microcell model...............72

Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model...............73

Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Miniocell model....................75

Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Microcell model..................76

Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Minicell model......................77

Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Minicell model.......................78

Correct configuration of vectors of building type.............................79

Menu file for vector map................................................................80

Parameters in Ray Tracing tab for Volcano Minicell model.................80

Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Minicell model..................81

Volcano tuning dialog box..............................................................83

Selecting automatic tuning mode for Volcano Microcell model..........84

Tuning report.................................................................................84

Calibration result...........................................................................85



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Tables

Frequency differences for GSM900 in different propagationenvironments................................................................................45

Frequency differences for DCS1800 in different propagationenvironments................................................................................45

Default values of SPM coefficients..................................................46

Value range of K parameters..........................................................50

Typical values of clutter losses.......................................................52

RNP Model Tuning Guide

Key words

Model Tuning, SPM, Volcano Model

Abstract

This guide introduces flow and principle for model tuning. The operation procedures for SPM and

Volcano model tuning are described based on U-NET tool. There are some rules for guaranteeing

correct tuning results. The U-NET tool software version is U-NET 2.2.1(Build 2613) in this book.

Acronyms and abbreviations:

Acronyms andabbreviations

Full Spelling

CW Continuous Wave

SPM standard propagation model

LOS/NLOS Line of sight/No Line of sight



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1 OverviewThe propagation model lays a foundation for the cell planning of a mobile communication network.

The accuracy of the propagation model determines whether the cell planning is reasonable andwhether operators can meet the requirements of users through cost-effective and rational

investments. Therefore, it is necessary to tune the propagation model in order to obtain the wireless

propagation model that complies with the actual environment of the specific area, improve theaccuracy of the coverage prediction and lay a solid foundation for network planning. This document

introduces rationales for propagation model tuning, methods and principles for propagation model

tuning based on the U-Net tool. The methods and principles include method and flow for processing

the data obtained in the CW test and tuning the propagation model by using the data in the U-Nettool and some rules for guaranteeing correct tuning results.

This guide includes main chapters as below.

Chapter2: Introduce the flow and basic knowledge for model tuning.

Chapter3: Describe the process for SPM model tuning in a detail.

Chapter4: Introduce how to tune Volcano model.

2 Flow for Model Tuning2.1 About Model Tuning

There are two propagation model research methods:



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Theoretical analysis method based on radio propagation

Actual measurement and statistics method based on large amount of test data and

empirical formulae

The radial tracking model integrated into the planning software, which can be put into commercialuse, such as Volcano model, WaveSight model and WinProp model, and they are the representations

of propagation model research through the theoretical analysis method, but this type of modelrequires a high precision (at least 5 m precision), including 3D digital map of the building

information. Accuracy of model prediction is closely related to the precision and accuracy of the

digital map. Those factors that affect the propagation of radio signals such as moving vehiclescannot be considered in the current theoretical analysis method, but the general theoretical analysis

method requires some approximation and simplification of the propagation environment, thus

causing certain errors. At present, the propagation model based on the theoretical analysis method

has not been applied in large scale.

In the actual measurement and statistics method for the propagation model, the most famous

statistics model is Okumura model. This model is a propagation model represented by curves andwas built by Okumura based on a large amount of test data collected in Japan. On the basis of the

Okumura model, the regression method is used to fit out resolution empirical formulae to facilitate

computation. These empirical formulae include the Hata model formula, which is applicable to theGSM900 macro cell, and the COST 231-Hata formula, which is applicable to the GSM1800 macro

cell. These empirical formulae also include the COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model formula, which is

applicable to the microcell, and the Keenan-Motley formula, which is used in the indoor propagation

environment. These formulae are complex and errors may occur as against the actual environment.

2.2 Flow for Model Tuning

During the actual field strength predication, the tuned Hata model is used as the prototype, and theplanning software is used to import the data that is obtained from the radio propagation features test

on the local radio environment. Tune the coefficients in the model formula and then the propagation

model for actual predication is obtained.

2.2 shows the flow for model tuning.



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Figure 1.1 Model Tuning Flow

The procedure of Tune model in 2.2 is as below.

1. Select a model and set parameter values. The values can be default values on this frequency or

that of tuned parameters similar to the terrain in other places.

2. Perform radio propagation predication by using the selected model, and compare the predicated

value with the drive test data to obtain a difference.

3. Change the model parameters based on the obtained difference.

4. Perform constant iteration and processing till the mean square error and the standard deviationbetween the predicated value and the drive test data are minimized. Then the parameter values of the

model obtained after tuning are what we need.



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3SPM Tuning

3.1 About SPM

SPM is based on the formula of Cost231-Hata model. Compared with Cost231-Hata, SPM has the

following new features:

The factors are variable.

The diffraction on clutter is added.

SPM supports using different constant K1 and distance coefficient K2 for LOS/NLOS

and near/far region.

Due to the previous new features, SPM is more flexible and applies to more scenarios. You can tune

SPM according to the data of CW measurement, namely, the adjustment of parameters.

3.1.1 Basic Formula

SPM is based on the following formula:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )clutterfKHKHdKlossnDiffractioKHKdKKL clutterRxeffTxeffTxeffel ++++++= 654321mod loglogloglog

Wherein,

K1: a constant (dB), related to frequency.

K2: the multiplier (distance factor). It shows how the field strength changes as the

distance changes.

d: the horizontal distance (m) between the Tx antenna and Rx antenna.

K3: the multiplier of log(HTxeff). It represents the variation of field strength as the height

of Tx antenna changes.

HTxeff: effective height of Tx antenna (m)

K4: multiplier of diffraction loss. It represents the strength of diffraction.

Diffraction loss: diffraction loss due to obstacles (dB).

K5: multiplier of log(HTxeff)log(d).

K6: multiplier of RxeffH . It represents the variation of field strength as the height of Rx

antenna changes.

RxeffH : Effective height of Rx antenna (m)

Kclutter: multiplier of f(clutter). It is the weighting factor of clutter loss.

f(clutter): weighted-average loss due to clutter.

3.1.2 Distance and Visibility Between Tx Antenna and Rx Antenna

In each calculation, SPM uses the following aspects.



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2Distance Between Tx Antenna and Rx Antenna

If the distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna is shorter than the maximum distance defined by

the operator, the Rx antenna is considered as near the Tx antenna. SPM will use the parametersmarked with Near transmitter for calculation. If the distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna is

longer than the maximum distance defined by the operator, the Rx antenna is considered as far from

the Tx antenna. SPM will use the parameters marked with Far from transmitter for calculation.

3 VisibilityAccording to terrain and clutter high, SPM judges whether the receiver is in the light of sight (LOS)

range. If you do not use the clutter height layer, SPM calculates LOS with the terrain height maponly. If you use the clutter height layer, SPM calculates LOS with the terrain and clutter height maps.

If the receiver is in the sight of LOS, SPM use (K1,K2)LOS; otherwise, SPM uses (K1,K2)NLOS.

3.1.3 Effective Height of Tx Antenna

There are six methods to calculate effective height of Tx antenna txeffH as below:

Height above ground

The height above ground is the height of Tx antenna above ground.

Height above average profile

Determining the height of Tx antenna depends on average ground height, which is

calculated on the lateral section where the transmitter and receiver are.

Slope at receiver between 0 and distance min

Calculate the height of Tx antenna with the slope of the ground where the receiver is.

Spot Ht

Abs Spot Ht

Enhanced slope at receiver

U-Net supports a new method to calculate effective height of Tx antenna, called "Enhanced slope atreceiver".

The methods of "1-Height above average profile" and "0-Height above ground" apply to plain region

while other methods are for mountainous regions. This does not mean that the methods formountainous regions do not apply to plain regions. The best method is to adjust these parameters and

to produce a most suitable tuning result.



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3.1.4 Effective Height of Rx Antenna

( )TxRxRxRxeff

HHHH 00 +=

Wherein,

RxH : the receiver antenna height above ground (m).

RxH0 : the ground height (ground elevation) above sea level at the receiver (m).

TxH0 : the ground height (ground elevation) above sea level at the transmitter (m).

NOTE

The calculation of effective heights of antennas RxeffH and TxeffH is based on the DTM lateral section. If importing

height data is not realized, the calculation will fail.

3.1.5 LOS Amendment for Mountainous Regions

An optional amendment condition is that SPM can amend path loss of mountainous regions on thecondition that the transmitter and receiver are LOS.

3.1.6 Calculating Diffraction Loss

U-Net calculates diffraction loss on the lateral section of transmitter and receiver with the following

four methods:

Deygout

Epstein-Peterson

Deygout with correction

Millington

For the urban areas or the urban areas with rural areas, the operator can use Deygout and Epstein-Peterson (these two methods also apply to mountainous regions).

3.1.7 Clutter loss

U-Net calculates the maximum distance f(clutter) from the receiver as below:

( ) =

=n

i

iiwLclutterf

1

Wherein,

L: clutter loss defined by the operator in the Clutter tab

w: the weighting factor for applying weighting function

n: number of spots to be considered in the lateral section. These spots are distributed

according to the accuracy of lateral section.

There are four weighting functions as below:

Uniform weighting function:n

wi1

=



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Triangular weighting function: =

=n

j

j

ii

d

dw

1

'ii dDd = . The d'i is the distance between the receiver and the ith spot. The D is the

maximum defined distance.

Logarithmic weighting function:

=

+

+=

n

j

j

i

i

D

d

D

d

w

1

1log

1log

Exponential weighting function=

=

n

j

D

d

D

d

ij

i

e

ew

1

1

1

Figure 1.1 Four weighting methods for calculating clutter loss in SPM

wi=f(di)

di

wi

Uniform w eighting function

Triangular w eighting function

Loragithmic weighting function

Exponential weighting function

3.2 Procedure for Tuning SPM

To make the model more applicable for a region, you can tune the model with the data of radio

propagation feature test (usually CW measurement), namely, adjusting the parameters of model.

CW data measurement and filtering processing are introduced in the guideRadio Propagation

Feature Test. Here shows the process of data input. Before importing head files, proceed as below:

Step 2 Set up a new project.



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Step 3 Import digital maps.

Step 4 Set the coordination system.

Step 5 Import antenna pattern

The contents from step 1 to step 4 are simply described here and can be known detailedly in the U-Net Operation Manuel.

Step 6 Set up the model to be tuned.

----End

After importing head files, compare the related setting values with contents in head files.

3.2.1 Setting Up a Model Tuning Project

2.Creating a New Project

In U-Net, click the New shortcut button or select File > New. In the pop-up Project type window,

there are several types. They are CDMA2000 1XRTT 1XEV-DO, GSM GPRS EGPRS, IS-95CDMA

one, UMTS HSDPA,TD-SCDMA, Microwave Radio Links, WIMAX 802.16d, WIMAX 802.16e.

3. Setting Coordination System

In U-Net, select Tools > Options. The Projection is the main coordination system while the Display

is the side coordination system. There is a button on the right of Projection window. For digital mapof China, select the WGS84 UTM Zones coordination system, and sometimes Asia-Pacific

coordination system. This depends on the coordination system on which the digital map is based.

The longitude of Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, China is 114120 east,

If you select WGS84 UTM Zones coordination system, so you shall select WGS84/UTMzones 50N.

If you select Asia-Pacific coordination system, so you shall select Beijing 1954/Gauss-Kruger 20N.

The previous two coordination systems apply to the digital maps for Zhangzhou. The sidecoordination system depends on the main coordination system, namely,

Main coordination system: WGS84 / UTM zone 50N

Side coordination system: WGS84

Main coordination system: Beijing 1954/Gauss-Kruger 20NSide coordination system: Beijing 1954 or WGS84

Identify the coordination system of the current map as below:

In the height directory of digital map, there is a file named projection. There are three lines. The first

line is the ellipsoid for projection (such as WGS84 and Russian Krassowsky). The section line is the

projection mode. The third line is the central meridian and coordination system shift. Find the

coordination system corresponding to the projection in U-Net. Pay attention to the difference ofcoordination system of The Northern Hemisphere and The Southern Hemisphere. The coordination

system for The Northern Hemisphere is usually marked with the letterN.



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4. Importing Digital Map

U-Net can use the files of various formats without conversion. It supports the following formats:

Raster data: DEM, terrain distribution data, traffic data, scanned maps. The formatsof scanned maps include BIL, TIF, BMP, MSI Planet, and original binary files.

Vector data: MSI Planet, DXF, MIP-Mapinfo, and Arcview Shapefile.

The following paragraphs describe how to import digital maps that are commonly used by Huawei.

For importing other types, see U-Net Usage Guide.

Clutter Map

Read the index file according to the saving path (usually clutter or DLU) of clutter map files. Select

Clutter class as shown in 3.2.1, and then clickOK.

Figure 1.1 Importing data of Clutter class

Height Map

Read the index file in the saving path (usually height or DTM) where the height map file is saved. As

shown in 3.2.1, in Data type box, select Altitude, and then clickOK.



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Figure 1.2 Importing data of altitude

Clutter Height Map

Read the index file in the saving path (usually Building orDHM) where the height map file is

saved. As shown in 3.2.1, in Data type box, select Clutter Heights, and then clickOK.

Figure 1.3 Imports data of clutter heights

Vector Map

Read the index file in the saving path (usually Vector) where the vector map file is saved. As shown

in 3.2.1, in Data type box, select Vectors, and then clickOK.



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Figure 1.4 Importing data of vectors (1)

Figure 1.5 Importing data of vectors (2)

By select the Embed in document right under the Geo drop-down list, you can choose to display

one or four types of maps. For the operations like modifying the properties of map, see thecorresponding manual.

Not all maps include the four data types. Import the corresponding maps according to the map

conditions and project's requests in actual operations.

5. Importing Antenna Information

In the Explorer pane, clickData tab. Select Antennas > New. In the popup Antennas new

elements properties window, clickGeneral, and input the parameters like antenna type, vendor,and gain.

In the Horizontal pattern and Vertical pattern, import the fading table for the antenna. Namely,

copy all the data in the Excel and paste it to the corresponding table.



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Figure 1.1 Antenna properties

For the properties of antenna, see the U-Net User Manual. If the current antenna is present in theoriginal antenna library, you do not need to re-import and you can use it directly.

Import the corresponding antenna file directly if there is. Select File > Import. In the File dialogbox, change the file type to "Planet Database". In the Planet data to be imported dialog box, import

the antenna index file (named index) in the Antenna box. ClickOK, and then clickOK. You can see

the imported antenna file in the Explorer window of U-Net.

Figure 1.2 Importing antenna file

3.2.1 Setting Up Propagation Model

In the Explorer pane, clickModules tab. Right-clickStandard propagation model, and select

Duplicate to create a new model named copy of standard propagation model. You can define as

you wanted based on this template. You need to set up models as many as the models to be tuned in



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an area.

Figure 1.3 Setting up propagation model

1. Configuring Parameters in the General Tab

In the Explorer pane, clickModules tab. Double click the new Copy of Standard propagationmodel. In the popup dialog box, clickGeneral tab, fill the name for the model to be tuned, such as

shanghaiCWtest, as shown in 3.2.1.



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Figure 1.4 Properties of SPM

6. Configuring Parameters in the Parameters Tab

In the Copy of Standard propagation model window, as shown in 3.2.1, there are default values

for each parameter.

Figure 1.1 Setting SPM parameters



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Before tuning propagation models, you shall configure the parameters in the Parameters tab,

detailed as below:

Near Transmitter\Max. Distance

It is 0 by default no matter it is near or far. Near Transmitter & Far from Transmitter

K1 is 17.4 and K2 is 44.9 by default. The initial parameters for LOS and NLOS are the

same.

Effective Antenna Height

Method: By default, if the overall terrain of target area is flat without great undulation,

you are recommended to select 1-height above average profile. If the overall terrain oftarget area is with great undulation (with a fall of 50 m or above), you are recommended

to select 5-enchanced slope at receiver.

The Distance min (m) and Distance max (m) do not serve in calculation in moduel

tuning, so use the default values.

Use the default value of K3.

Diffraction

Method: select 1-Deygout by default.

K4: If there is not height information about clutter in the map and there is no great

undulation in the area, you are not recommended to adjust K4 and you can configure K4to 0; otherwise, configure it to 1.

Other parameters

K5: use the default value.

K6: use the default value.

Kclutter: you can configure Kclutter to 0 in tuning; namely, you do not count clutterloss. The CW test usually proceeds in outdoor open land, so there are inadequate spots.

As a result, the clutter loss is not adjusted according to recommendation. The default

value of clutter loss serves in simulation forecast, so the default Kclutter is 1.

Other parameters /hilly terrain correction: configure it to 1-yes only when the totalterrain is with great undulation (with a fall over 50 m); otherwise, configure it to 0-no.

Profile: use the default value.

Grid calculation: use the default value.



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7. Configuring the Parameters of Clutter Tab

Figure 1.1 Configuring parameters of Clutter tab for SPM

Parameters are configured as below:

Height\User clutter heights: it refers to whether to consider the clutter height incalculating diffraction loss when the imported digital map contains clutter height data.

If you use 2D digital map (20-meter solution or lower) without clutter height layer,

you can configure Use clutter heights to 0-No.

If you use 3D digital map (5-meter solution or higher) with clutter height layer and

you want to calculate diffraction loss with clutter height, you can configure Use clutter heights to

1-yes.

If you use 3D digital map (5-meter solution or higher) with clutter height layer andyou do not want to calculate diffraction loss with clutter height, you can configure Use clutterheights to 0-No.

NOTE

As previously described, if you configure Use clutter heights to 1, namely, you want to calculate the

diffraction with clutter height, you need configure K4 to 1, the default value.

Max.distance: Configure to 0 by default.

Losses per clutter class: it refers to clutter losses. The CW test spots are all in open



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land, so you must configure all the clutter losses to 0 in model tuning. Do not adjust

clutter loss in model tuning. However, you need configure clutter loss to therecommended value in simulation forecast.

Other parameters: use the default values.

8. Configuring the Parameters of Calibration Lable

3.2.1 shows the Calibration tab.

Figure 1.1 Configuring parameters of Calibration tab for SPM

When the test data is already imported, the test paths will be displayed in the CW measurement

path(s) to be used box.

LOS and NLOS: If you do not want to distinguish LOS and NLOS, you need select two buttons. Ifyou want to tune LOS or NLOS parameters respectively, you can select them respectively for tuning.

3.2.2 Setting Transmitter

Configure the site and transmitter as usual. Set up a transmitter for CW test. Pay attention to the

following aspects:

Longitude and latitude of site

Transmit power at feeder port

Losses on feeders and connectors

Antenna type

You can set the transmitter manually or by importing head file.



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9. Importing Head File

Creating a head file

The suffix of head file is hd. A head file corresponds to a test site, so you shall make several headfiles for several sites. Every two items are separated by a blank. The following describe an example.

test.dat DATE test 741790 32 54 0 0 0 23.04499751 113.7509966 Survey 0 GPS 0 0 0 0 hard

Wherein,

test.dat: the name of the file that saves test data for the site. If there are multiple testfiles for a site, it is better to combine them into one. Now the data in the file can not be

automatically imported. Therefore you can delete it and re-import the data files when

test.

DATE: the test data. You can configure it to DATE.

Test: the name of test site. You can change it accordingly. It is displayed after successful

import.

741790: the type of antenna used by the site. The antenna type is available before importin U-Net. If it is unavailable, the U-Net automatically sets up the antenna type with the

same name. the pattern and gain are by default, so you need modify them accordingly. It

is recommended that you set up the corresponding antenna type before importing thehead file.

32: the effective height of antenna on the site.

54: the transmit power of feeder port. When you configure it in U-Net, you can obtainpilot power of NodeB by deducting antenna gain from EIRP. It is recommended as

below:

Transmit power of feeder port = output power of transmitter - total loss on the Tx feeder

- loss on feeder connectors + antenna gain + Rx antenna gain - total Rx loss. You shallguarantee that the length of Tx feeder, the gain of Rx antenna, and Rx loss are configured

to 0. They are 0 by default.

0 0 0: the three 0's are the azimuth, down tilt, and squire size respectively. They are 0 for

omnidirectional antenna.

23.04499751: the northern latitude degree of test site. Set it accordingly.

113.7509966: the eastern longitude degree of test site. Set it accordingly. Note that the

latitude degree is before the longitude degree. If it is southern latitude or westernlongitude, put a minus symbol before the value.

Survey 0 GPS 0 0 0 0 hard: the last eight parameters of head file. They can be fixed.

The 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, and 11 items are usually fixed. The method for obtaining the

template for head file the same as that for manual, and you can also make it.

NOTE

When the head file is imported, the inside antenna type is not set up yet. The gain of the antenna of the type

automatically set up by U-Net is 0. As a result, the pilot power is the same as the transmit power of feeder

port, because the antenna gain is not automatically deducted. After the antenna pattern and gain are changed,

U-Net judges that the transmit power of feeder port is higher than actual power, so error occurs. Therefore

you need set up the antenna type before importing head file, and then check whether the pilot power equals to

the transmit power of feeder model minus antenna gain.

Importing a head file



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Step 1 In U-Net, click the Explorer pane, click the Data label, and right-clickCW Measurement(or select File > Import). In the drop-down list, select Import.

Step 2 A window is displayed, as shown in 3.2.2. Select the target head file and select its file type as

*.hd, and then open the file.

Figure 1.1 Importing head file

Step 3 In U-Net, click the Explorer pane, click the Data label, and right-clicktransmitter. Selectproperties in the window, and the Transmitters properties window is displayed. Click the

Global parameter tab, as shown in 3.2.2. Configure frequency and keep the first carrierunchanged as shown in 3.2.2.

Figure 1.1 Global parameters of transmitters

Step 4 Click the Propagation tab, as shown in 3.2.2.



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Figure 1.1 Configuring transmitter propagation models

Select the set model in the Propagation model drop-down list respectively. When there are multiple

sectors, you can set the model for each sector. You can configure the radius and resolution

respectively. The radius is the maximum distance from the test data to the site in model tuning.Resolution is the accuracy of map. You do not need configure other parameters.

10. Manual Setup

Step 1 Set up a site first. Right-clickSites in the navigation tree, and select New. A properties

dialog box is displayed, as shown in 3.2.2. Input the site name, longitude, and latitude. Sinceonly the model tuning is necessary here, you do not have to configure the parameters in the

Equipment tab.



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Figure 1.1 Setting up new site

Step 2 Set a Transmitter. In the similar way, you can configure parameters in the General tab on theTransmitters new element properties. Input the name and site. The Dx and Dy are usuallyconfigured to 0 m, because the location for recording data is the location of antenna.

Figure 1.1 Setting up transmitter

Step 3 In the Transmitter tab, input the losses of Tx feeder, antenna model, height, down tilts, asshown in 3.2.2. ClickOK.



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Figure 1.1 Properties of new transmitter

Step 4 In the navigation tree, right-click new Transmitter, and select Properties dialog box. Selectthe Cell tab, and configure pilot power.



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Figure 1.1 Configuring pilot power

Only the pilot power is used in model tuning, so other configurations have no impact on the tuning

result.

The pilot power minus loss of Tx feeder is the transmit power of feeder port. The transmit power of

feeder port plus antenna gain is EIRP.

You can configure the previous loss of Tx feeder to 0, and the pilot power shall

deduct loss of Tx feeder. Some tests provide EIRP (such as there is only one head file *.hd), so you can

configure the loss of Tx feeder to 0 and configure the pilot power to EIRP minus antenna gain sothat the transmit power of feeder power is correct.

Other configurations, such as frequency and propagation mode, are the same as importing files. Youcan refer to the previous section.

3.2.3 Importing and Adjusting Data

11. Organizing Data of CW Measurement

U-Net needs longitude, latitude, and field strength of signal. U-Net supports the data of multipleformats. The data of a site is usually combined into a text file, and then import the file or paste

directly. The following sections describe the process.

12. Importing DT Data

There are two methods to import DT data.

1Paste

Step 1 In the Explorer pane of U-Net, select the Data tab, right-clickCW measurements, andselect New in the menu.



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Figure 1.1 Setting up CW measurements

Step 2 Configuring the parameters shown in 3.2.3 and then clickOK.

Input the name of test file in the Name text box. You can name the test file

accordingly.

In the Transmitter area, input the name of site in the Name drop-down list and the

frequency in the Frequency spin box.

In the Receiver area, the Height is the height of test antenna. The Rx antenna isusually mounted on the roof of vehicle, so the height depends on the height of vehicle. The defaultheight is 1.5 m. The gain and loss are usually 0. The value is already considered in the transmit

power of feeder port (note: the antenna gain and feeder loss of DTI is 4 dB, so they can counteract

each other).

In the Coordinates area, select the correct coordinates, otherwise serious error mayhappen.

In the Measurements area, the unit is dBm by default. The X, Y, and M columns are

longitude, latitude, and measured level respectively. After you copy the DT data in an Excel table,

you can import the data into U-Net database by clicking the Paste button



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Figure 1.1New CW measurement path

Figure 1.2 Interface after importing data

2Importing DT File

Step 1 In the Explorer pane of U-Net, select the Data tab, right-clickCW measurements, andselect Import in the menu.



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Figure 1.1 Importing CW measurement

Step 2 In the pop-up box, select the DT file. 3.2.3 shows an example of importing a text file.

Figure 1.1 Importing a text file

Step 3 In the General tab, define the parameters in the same way as the previous method.



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Figure 1.1 General tab displayed after importing CW measurement data

Step 4 Configuring parameters in the Setup tab as shown in 3.2.3.

Configuration drop-down list involves the combination mode, sorting mode, and

filtering standards. After you set the combination, sorting, and filtering standards, you can save the

current data structure to Configuration1. No matter how the data structure changes, you can restorethe data structure by selecting Configuration1. You can save several Configurations. In actual

operations, you can skip this step.

In the File area, as shown in 3.2.3, the 1st measurement line indicates the line to start

with. In 3.2.3, the line starts at the second one, so you input 2 in the 1st measurement line text box.



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Figure 1.1 Changing measurement line

Step 5 After you click the Setup button shown in 3.2.3, a CW measurement setup dialog box isdisplayed, as shown in 3.2.3. For the * drop down list, select X (File) and Y (File)respectively, and then clickOK.

Figure 1.1 CW measurement setup



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This correspondence may also be achieved by clicking on the first line of the tale header shown in.

3.2.3. Usually you only need to match the longitude, latitude and measurement

Figure 1.2 Setting CW measurement manually

Step 6 Click the Import button to import data shown in 3.2.3.

13. Configuring Properties of Data

You can check the properties of data by opening the properties dialog box after select the data set to

import. You can set the filtering conditions in the Parameters properties tab.

The filtering conditions include the following aspects:

Distance range: The minimum distance is usually 100 m to 200 m. The principia forconfiguring the maximum distance is about as large as twice of forecasted cell radius.

Range of field strength: The filtering conditions for signal strength depend on testers.

The range is usually 120 dBm to 40 dBm when test with E7476. The range is usually

110 dBm to 40 dBm when test with DTI.

Azimuth range: Engineers use omnidirectional antennas in CW measurement, so you donot need filter by antenna azimuth.

Clutter: Filter the water and buildings which the actual test cannot cover. The test route isin the outdoor land, and it may cover some spots that are defined by GPS, so you shall

filter these spots.

After you set filtering conditions, select the Delete points outside the filter check box in 3.2.3, and

clickApply to delete unnecessary points.



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Figure 1.1 Filtering measurement data

When the measurement data is imported, you can change the mode and color to display the data in

the properties window. The detailed method is neglected herein. The data is displayed, as shown in

3.2.3.



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Figure 1.2 Displaying measurement data

14. Tuning Coordination System

When the measurement route is different from the actual road, you must adjust the coordinates of

map with the following two methods:

Adjust the zero point of map

Adjust the coordinates of measurement data (recommended)

1Adjusting the Zero Point of Map

4 Measure the horizontal and vertical deviation values with U-Net.



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5Import files such as domo.b or demo.b in the GEO/clutter classes and Digital Terrain Model.

Right-click domo.b, and select Properties. A domo.b properties window is displayed, as shown in 3.2.3.

Figure 1.1 Properties of the file for tuning coordination system

Step 2 According to the deviation direction, deduct the deviations from or add the deviation to thedisplayed data of X axis and Y axis, and the two deviations shall be the same. You may haveto adjust the data for multiple times until the actual route match the test data.

You cannot adjust the vector file with this method, so you need re-set up coordination system or

adjust the coordinates in the map file, and then re-import the data. Therefore the process iscomplicated. If you use SPM, the deviation of vector lay has no impact on the accuracy of tuning, so

you can neglect it.

----End

2Adjusting the Coordinates of Measurement Data

The coordinate values of CW measurement files are longitude and latitude, so you shall obtain thedeviation of longitude and latitude as below:

Step 1 Import CW measurement data and a raster map, such as clutter class layer.



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Figure 1.1 Before translating location in map

6 Select a reference point, such as the corner of a house. Click the point and record its coordinatesof longitude and latitude (Ax, Ay).



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Figure 1.1 Original coordinates of reference point

7 Import the raster map with geocoding and minimize the deviation of CW measurement data andactual route.



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Figure 1.1 After translating location in map

8Record the coordinates of longitude and latitude (Bx, By) of reference point after translation;

calculate the deviation of them (dx, dy) = (Ax-Bx, Ay-By).



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Figure 1.1 Coordinates of reference point after translation

9Copy the CW measurement data to an Excel table. Add the deviation (dx, dy) to all the

coordinates in Excel, and then re-save it to a text file.

10 Delete the map and CW data, re-import them.----End

The second method is complicated, but it guarantees that the data matches the route. Therefore, it ispreferential. This guide describes Volcano model in the following part, so the vector layer is

necessary and is imported in the properties dialog box, so the first method does not work and thesecond one works.

1. Frequency Difference Setting

When the 2G test data is used to tune a 3G propagation model, it is necessary to set different path

loss differences because there are different path losses from the transmitter to a same drive test point.

You can complete the setting on the Frequency and Model tab page in the Prediction Based on 2G

DT Data dialog box of the U-Net, as shown in 3.2.3.



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Figure 1.1 Frequency Difference Setting

The U-Net provides three default values in editing areas at three frequency bands. Because pathlosses vary in different propagation environments, 3.2.3 and 3.2.3provide some frequency

differences of GSM900 and DCS1800 in different propagation environments. You can adjust thesedifferences according to your own requirements.

Table 1.1 Frequency differences for GSM900 in different propagation environments

Propagation Environment Frequency Difference

Large cities 14.38 dB

Medium cities 11.35 dB

Suburbs 9.02 dB

Quasi-flat rural areas (with certain clutters) 7.34 dB

Flat rural areas 7.34 dB

Table 1.2 Frequency differences for DCS1800 in different propagation environments


Urban areas 1.549 dB



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Suburbs 1.21 dB

Quasi-flat countryside (with certain clutters) 0.95 dB

Flat rural areas 0.95 dB0

As shown in 3.2.3, if you select the Auto Setting DT Based Model check box, the U-Net sets the

propagation model of the transmitters for the new CW data to DT Based Model after the data is

imported; if you do not select the Auto Setting DT Based Model check box, the U-Net sets the

propagation model of the transmitters to the default propagation model. DT Based Model is thename of the newly created propagation model.

3.2.4 Model Tuning

2. Manual Model Tuning

Step 1 Initial Values of SPM Tuning

Tune SPM with the initial values firstly. The default scenario for SPM in U-Net is urban area. The

default height of Rx antenna is 1.5 m. when the actual conditions are different, change the initialvalues accordingly.

SPM origins from HATA model, so you can obtain the equivalent coefficients of SPM according toCost231-Hata model. The equipment coefficients also serve as the default values and initial values

for tuning SPM.

Table 1.1 Default values of SPM coefficients

SPM

coefficien

ts

Frequency

450 MHz 900 MHz 935 MHz 1805 MHz 2110 MHz

K1 4.3 12.1 12.6 22.0 24.3

K2 44.9

K3 5.83

K4 0.5

K5 6.55

K6 0

NOTE

In the downtown areas of large and medium cities, increase K1 by 3 dB for 1805 MHz and 2110 MHz networks. Adjust the

K1 accordingly for suburban and rural areas.

Step 2 Check Initial Parameters

In the Modules tab, select the configured model to be tuned. Double click it or select its properties

by right-clicking it, and an urban properties window is displayed, as shown in 3.2.4.



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Figure 1.1 Parameters of SPM to be tuned

According to the method to configuration parameters in 3.2.1, check whether the parameters in each

tab are suitable. If they are suitable, clickOK. Right-click the model, and select duplicate. Copy aconfigured model and tune SPM based on the copied model.

Step 3 Select Data and Set Filtering Conditions

Right click the copied model and select calibration. A Calibration window is displayed, as shown in

3.2.4. Select the data set to be tuned, then select the Assisted Calibration.



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Figure 1.1 Setting filtering conditions for SPM tuning

Note: Before doing calibration, you need to set the filtering conditions including distance, field, andLOS/NLOS. Wherein, the distance and field are set in the measurement data properties dialog box

in 3.2.3.

If you want to tune K1 and K2 respectively according to LOS and NLOS, you can tune model by

selecting LOS and NLOS respectively; otherwise, select them simultaneously. For whether it is

necessary to tune LOS and NLOS parameters respectively, see 3.2.5LOS/NLOS.

Step 4 Tune Model

Click the right Calibration button in 3.2.4, and a Calibration window is displayed, as shown in

3.2.4. Select the variable and tune it by clicking Identify button. Once you select a variable, you can

see the correlation with the selected variable on the right.



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Figure 1.1 Tuning SPM (1)

Click the Identify button so that U-Net tunes the multiplier of the selected variable. You can know

the amendment of the variable by checking correction. The relation between variables and K

parameters can be known from the basic formula in 3.1.1. The current value of K parameters equalsto the initial value plus amendment, as shown in 3.2.4.

Figure 1.2 Tuning SPM (2)

The most influential variable for tuning is log(D). You shall tune the multiplier K2 preferentially, andthe K1 will be automatically tuned.



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NOTE

After tuning a parameter, check the correlation to calculate the current value of parameter (initial value plus amendment),

and check whether the value has exceeds the reasonable range. If the value has already exceeded the reasonable range, thetuning fails.

Ensure no K parameters can exceed the range by experience listed in 3.2.4.

Table 2.1 Value range of K parameters

Tuning factor Minimum Maximum Typical

K2 20 70 44.9

K3 20 20 5.83

K4 0 1 0.5

K5 10 0 6.55

K6 1 0 0

If the K parameters exceed the reasonable range, it is recommended to delete the tuned model and

re-duplicate a model based on the configured model to be tuned. Start tuning with the configured

model to be tuned. It is not recommended that you continue tuning by adjusting the K parameter

which has exceeded the reasonable range. Every tuning starts with the default values of SPM. If theK parameter is within reasonable range after tuning, you can continue tuning by clicking the

Identify button.

When the K parameter is within the range by experience, the standard deviation is smaller than 8 by

experience and the statistics result is stable, you can finish tuning. If the result is unsatisfactory,

restart tuning with default values by adjusting parameters like effective height of antennas.

3. Auto Model Tuning

After the automatic model tuning is complete, if the parameters fail to comply with the requirementsin 3.2.4, you need to restart the model tuning in the manual mode. The process of automatic model

tuning is as below:

Step 1 Right-click the Explorer/Modules/ Models for Calibration/Calibration in the U-Net, andselect Automatic Calibration, as shown in 3.2.4.



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Figure 1.1 Automatic Calibration

Step 2 Select the CW test data and parameters for calibration in turn, and clickCommit to completethe setting, as shown in 3.2.4.

Figure 1.1 Select parameters for calibration

3.2.5 Proposals on SPM Tuning

Though each multiplier of SPM can be tuned, you cannot tune all the coefficients correctly at the



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current stage due to limited collected data. The K1 and K2 are mandatory for model tuning, and

whether to tune other parameters depends on the following proposals.

4. Coefficients Relevant to Effective Height of Antenna(K3/K5/K6)

The K3 is relevant to effective height of antenna. The antenna height keeps fixed in measurement,

the distance to the antenna is within 3 km, and the terrain changes a little, so the effective height ofantenna changes little. Therefore, tuning K3 is not recommended.

Similar with K3, tuning K5 is also not recommended.

The K6 is relevant with the effective height of UE. The UE serves as a receiver in test, so K6 equals

to 0 and its impact can be neglected.

5. Diffraction Multiplier (K4)

The K4 is relevant to diffraction calculation.

If the used map lacks of height information of buildings, the diffraction loss will be

calculated based on the ground height. If you test within a small range, the terrain undulates a little.

This differs greatly from knife-edge objects in calculating diffraction loss, so the calculation isinaccurate. As a result, tuning K4 is not recommended.

If you test within a large range, the terrain undulates greatly. For example, the area is

mountainous. As a result, tuning K4 is recommended.

If you use high-resolution 3D maps with the height information about buildings, you

can calculate diffraction loss with the height information. Therefore, tuning K4 is recommended. In

this way, the obtained model will be more accurate.

6. Kclutter and Clutter Loss

The CW measurement proceeds in outdoor open land, but the points will be inadequate in otherclutters. As a result, do not tune Kclutter and losses per clutter loss. Therefore, you can configure

Kclutter to 1 and losses per clutter loss to 0, or Kclutter to 0. This has no impact on tuning result.

In simulation, you need configure Kclutter to 1; you need configure losses per clutter loss according

to conditions of digital maps or local conditions. Different digital maps contain the different clutters

with different definitions, so you shall set them accordingly. In a planning project, the values ofclutter losses must be confirmed by the operator or even provided by the operator.

3.2.5 lists typical values of clutter losses.

Table 1.1 Typical values of clutter losses

Clutter Type Losses per clutter loss

Open Land in Village 0

Open Land in Urban 0

Wet Land 0

Village 6

Town in Suburban 8



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Park in Urban 0

Parallel and Lower Buildings 18

Others Lower Buildings 13

Ocean Area 2

Large and Lower Buildings 18

Inland Water 2

High Buildings 20

Green land 0

Forest 10

Dense Urban 16

Common Buildings 13

7. LOS/NLOS

The proposals about LOS/NLOS are similar with these for3.2.5K4.

If the used map lacks of height information about buildings and the terrain undulates

a little in the calculated range, the model cannot distinguish LOS and NLOS. Therefore,distinguishing LOS/NLOS is not recommended.

If you test within a large range, the terrain undulates greatly. For example, the area is

mountainous. As a result, you can tune the model with LOS and NLOS respectively with two sets of

parameters.

If you use high-resolution 3D maps with height information about buildings, you can

tune the model with LOS and NLOS respectively with two sets of parameters.

For the later two cases, there must be enough spots (>200) for LOS and NLOS to guarantee accurate

tuning. Before tuning, collect statistics of spots for LOS and NLOS respectively (by clicking the

statistics button on the tuning properties tab) and check whether the number of spots meets the

requirement. If the spots for LOS or NLOS are inadequate, it is recommended not to distinguish

LOS/NLOS.

8. Near/Far region

SPM is a macro cell model applicable for a large range of cell radius, but engineers usually performtests in a range of 3 km. As a result, it is not to distinguish near and far region.

9. Proposals on Tuning Result

The proposals on tuning result are as below:

The correlation value can not necessarily be 0 in tuning.

The range of K parameters and the requirement of standard deviation less than 8

mentioned previously are by experience and not absolute. For some special clutter, no

matter how you tune parameters, the tuning result still fails to meet the reasonable range

of K parameters and the requirement of standard deviation less than 8. A little deviationis also acceptable.



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Model tuning is iterated process, sometimes it takes a long time. In addition, you do not

necessarily tune K parameters according to correlation or big to small. When you fail totune models ideally, you can try comprehensive tuning.

3.2.6 Analyzing Result and Verifying Model

10. Evaluating Model Deviation

The main indexes of model tuning result are average error, standard deviation, and relative

coefficients. The model tuning or verification shall meet the following conditions:

Average error

E: dBEdB 22

Standard deviation: E : dB8

11. Analyzing Model Tuning ResultAfter tuning, you shall analyze the tuning result, verify its validity, and evaluate its accuracy. There

are two methods.

Checking with Statistics Report: SPM supports outputting model statistics report for

analysis, and this report includes the information like standard deviation.

Illustrating model tuning: By illustrating, you can clearly see the distribution of model

deviation so that you can evaluate the validity of model.

For example, in the diagram, the deviation on the roads is large, so you can judge that the

large deviation is due to test errors. You can delete these points and re-tune the model.

1) Checking with Statistics Report

After tuning, in the calibration window, clickStatistics button. A Report window is displayed, as

shown in 3.2.6. The statistics report covers model parameters, clutter losses, total deviation of

model, and deviation of various clutters.



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Figure 1.1 Statistics report after tuning

2) Comparison with Correlation Curve

Right lick the measurement data of tuned model, and a column is displayed, as shown in 3.2.6..



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Figure 1.2 Measurement parameters of tuned model

A drop-down list is displayed with the following actions:

Calculate Signal Levels: calculate the level of signal from the transmitter according to

the selected model. After calculation, U-Net automatically collects overall statistics and

statistics of clutters, and then displays them.

Refresh geo data: refresh map information, such as clutter type and height.

Display statistics: display statistics of calculate prediction. It does not calculateprediction again.

Engineers usually use the two actions as below:

Calculate Signal Levels (mandatory)

Display statistics

Detailed operations ofCalculate Signal Levels are as below:

Step 1 Select the tuned model in the Propagation model drop-down list, as shown in 3.2.6.

Step 2 Click the Calculations button.

Step 3 Select Calculate Signal Levels.

Step 4 Right-click the measurement data after calculation.



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Step 5 Select Open the Analysis Tool, and a comparison curve is displayed, as shown in 3.2.6.

Figure 1.1 Comparison curve

The red curve stands for the measured value. The blue curve stands for the predicted value of tunedmodel. You can see the distribution of model deviation with the suitability of two curves.

3) Comparison with Error Distribution Chart

Right-click the corresponding measurement data of tuned model, and the properties window is

displayed. Click the Display tab, as shown in 3.2.6.

Figure 1.2 Properties window of measurement data of tuned model

Select the display type and field as shown in 3.2.6. Error(P-M) stands for the error between predicted

value (P) and measured value (M). You can adjust the error range highlighted by different colors in

3.2.6; you can see the error distribution, as shown in 3.2.6.



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Figure 1.3 Error distribution

NOTE

You can also predict coverage with the model and see the distribution and variation of predicted field. They indicate theresult of model tuning. The details are neglected here.

12. Verifying Model

Verifying model is applying tuned model to an unknown area, comparing the predicted value andmeasured value, and obtaining an error evaluation (section 3.2.6). The requirements on average

error, standard deviation, and relevant coefficients described in 3.2.6 shall be met.

In actual operations, when selecting CW test sites, select another site for the verification spot for a

model. The site shall meet all the features and conditions for model tuning spot. The CW

measurement data of the site does not serve model tuning, but the method to process the CW

measurement data of the site is the same as that for other sites. The data for verifying the site and thedata of tuned site are imported together.

You can adjust the detailed filtering conditions accordingly. In the Assisted Calibration window, the

standard deviation between predicted value and measured value was shown in the lower left corner.You can also obtain the standard deviation from statistics result ofstatistics, as well as correlation

curve (refers to the section Comparison with Correlation Curve) and error distribution (Comparisonwith Error Distribution Chart) refers to the section.



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4 Volcano Model Tuning4.1 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Model

Volcano models, ray tracing models, are developed by Siradel. Volcano models use hybrid method of

LOS prediction and ray tracing. They calculate path loss with enhanced Deygout method for some

multi-path of LOS and ray tracing. They introduce tuning coefficients based on experience modeland can be tuned with CW measurement data. They support maps of different resolutions in different

areas.

Volcano scenarios include the following three types:

Macro cell: the Tx antenna is higher than surrounding buildings.

Micro cell: the Tx antenna is lower than surrounding buildings.

Mini cell: the Tx antenna is between the Tx antenna of Macro cell and that of Micro cell.

For the second and third scenarios, Volcano models use ray tracing for calculation. For the macro

cell scenario, the Volcano model, similar with SPM, calculates LOS loss only.

You can install Volcano respectively. After installation, the Propagation Models list in the Modulestab contains three models:

Volcano Macrocell

Volcano Microcell

Volcano Minicell



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Figure 1.1 Volcano models displayed in U-Net

4.1.1 Configuring Parameters of Volcano Macrocell

ModelIn U-Net, in the Explorer window, in the Modules tab, in the unfolded Propagation Models list,right-click the Volcao Macrocell model. Select Properties. You can configure its properties in the

macro properties window.

13. Parameters in General Tab

You can configure the name and description information of the model, similar to these of SPM.



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Figure 1.1 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Macrocell model

11 Parameters in Map Data TabYou can configure the parameters related to map used in model and map-related aspects, as shown in4.1.1.



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Figure 1.1 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Macrocell model

Vertical analysis mode: it indicates whether the height information about clutters is from 3D raster

map (raster favorite) or 3D vector map (vector favorite). If you use 2D vector map without height

information about clutters, you shall select raster favorite.

Map data layers: the digital map used by the model. You shall import layers into Volcano model

respectively. The layers are usually consistent with the imported digital maps in U-Net.

Altimetry: raster map of terrain height. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under the

heights orDTM directory.

Clutter: raster map of clutter type. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under the clutterorDLU directory.

Clutter height: raster map of clutter height. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under

the building orDHM directory.

3D Vector: 3D vector map. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under the vectordirectory. The vector map in Volcano Macrocell model is optional. In vertical analysis mode, when

selecting vector favorite, you shall import 3D vector map, because the model requires abstracting

height information of clutters from 3D vector map.

Vector reference: it is valid only when 3D vector map is imported. It indicates whether the heightreference of vector map is ground (relative height) or sea surface (absolute height). Its reference isusually ground.

Prediction Preferences: it is valid only when the import map contains various resolutions, such as20 m and 5 m. It indicates the preferential resolution.



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12Parameters in Clutters Tab

You can configure clutter parameters in raster map in Clutter tab, as shown in 4.1.1.

Figure 1.1 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Macrocell model

When you import the raster map of clutter type (DLU), you can see various clutters in the Cluttertab. Volcano Macrocell model describes raster maps from the following aspects:

Volcano type: the clutter type defined in Volcano. There are several clutter types. Theyare Land, Water, Building, Vegetation, Bridge, Built-up area.

These six clutter types use different calculation strategies. You shall select corresponding

volcano type according to the definitions of clutter types in digital maps.

Clutter attenuation: the clutter loss. Each volcano type has default clutter attenuation,but you can change it.

Clutter height: the clutter height. If there is no 3D map, you can specify a uniform

clutter height for each clutter type. It is invalid when you use 3D maps.



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13Parameters in Vectors Tab

You can configure vector parameters of vector maps in the Vectors tab, as shown in 4.1.1. If you use

2D vector map or no vector map, this tab is invalid.

Figure 1.1 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Macrocell model

When importing a vector map, you can see various clutter types in the Vectors tab. Volcano

Macrocell model describes vector properties from the following aspects:

Volcano type: the vector type defined in Volcano model. The Volcano types are Land,Water, Building, Vegetation and Bridge.

These five clutter types use different calculation strategies. You shall select

corresponding volcano type according to the definitions of vector types in digital maps.

Clutter attenuation: the clutter loss. Each volcano type has a default clutter loss, but

you can change it.



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14Parameters in Parameters Tab

You can configure algorithm parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model.

Figure 1.1 Parameters in Parameter tab for Volcano Macrocell model

Free space correction: coefficient for free space correction. You can set two sets of A and B forLOS and NLOS respectively.

Deterministic weighting: weighting factor of deterministic calculation.

Environment: environment tuning parameter. If you use low-resolution map without clutter heightlayer (20-meter resolution map), you can select Low resolution; otherwise, you select Urban.

Geographic profile extraction: the algorithm to extract lateral section with Deygout method.

If you select radial, you will abstract the lateral sections between the transmitter and the

center of all rasters. For any receiver spots, select the nearest lateral section. Engineers

usually select radial.

If you select systematic, you will abstract the lateral section between the transmitter and



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receiver for all receivers. Therefore the calculation amount is great.

K factor: the amendment factor of earth curvature towards effective height of antenna. You can use

the default value.

Indoor penetration: indoor prediction. The "indoor" referred herein is inside buildings of buildingtype.

15 Parameters in Tuning TabYou can configure model tuning parameters in Tuning tab and tune model, as shown in 4.1.1.

Figure 1.1 Parameters in Tuning tab for Volcano Macrocell model

Autotuning mode: it indicates simple tuning or full tuning. Simple tuning are for the free spacecorrection A and B, and deterministic weighting alpha. Full tuning is for all parameters include

clutter loss and clutter height.

Statistical tuning: It is valid when you select full tuning. It indicates whether to tune clutter loss and

clutter height. Huawei performs CW measurements in outdoor open land, so selecting No in both



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Attenuation and Height drop-down lists is recommended.

Tune parameters: you can start model tuning by clicking Tune Parameters button.

4.1.1 Configure Parameters of Volcano Microcell Model

In U-Net, right-click the Volcao Microcell model in the Explorer\Modules\Propagation Modelslist. Select Properties. You can configure its properties in the micro properties window.

16 Parameters in General TabYou can configure the name and description information of the model, similar to these of SPM.

Figure 1.1 Parameters in General Tab for Volcano Microcell model

17 Parameters in Map Data TabYou can configure the parameters related to map used in model and map-related aspects, as shown in

4.1.1.



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Figure 1.1 Parameters in Map data tab for Volcano Microcell model

Vertical analysis mode: it indicates whether the height information about clutters is from 3D raster

map (raster favorite) or 3D vector map (vector favorite). If you use 2D vector map without height

information about clutters, you shall select raster favorite.

Map data layers: the digital map used by the model. You shall import layers into Volcano model

respectively. The layers are usually consistent with the imported digital maps in U-Net.

Altimetry: raster map of terrain height. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under the

heights orDTM directory.

Clutter: raster map of clutter type. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under the clutterorDLU directory.

Clutter height: raster map of clutter height. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under

the building orDHM directory.

2DVector/3D Vector: 2D/3D vector map. In digital maps, it is contained in the index file under the

vector directory. The vector map in Volcano Microcell model is mandatory, and at least the 2D

vector map is mandatory.

Vector reference: it is valid only when 3D vector map is imported. It indicates whether the heightreference of vector map is ground (relative height) or sea surface (absolute height). Its reference is

usually ground.

Prediction Preferences: it is valid only when the import map contains various resolutions, such as

20 m and 5 m. It indicates the preferential resolution.



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18Parameters in Clutters Tab

You can configure clutter parameters in raster map in Clutter tab, as shown in 4.1.1.

Figure 1.1 Parameters in Clutters Tab for Volcano Microcell model

When you import the raster map of clutter type (DLU), you can see various clutters in the Clutter

tab. Volcano Microcell model describes raster maps from the following aspects:

Volcano type: the clutter type defined in Volcano. The clutter types are Land, Water,

Building, Vegetation, Bridge and Built-up area.These six clutter types use different calculation strategies. You shall select corresponding

volcano type according to the definitions of clutter types in digital maps.

Clutter attenuation: the clutter loss. Each volcano type has a default clutter attenuation,but you can change it.

Building Linear Loss: linear loss of buildings. You can configure it for the clutter of

building type. It is 0.5 dB/m by default. If you do not consider linear loss of buildings,

you can configure it to 0.

In Volcano Microcell model, the penetration loss of buildings includes two parts: clutter attenuation

and building linear loss, but in SPM, there is loss per clutter class only. To make Volcano model and

SPM compatible, you can configure the clutter attenuation of Volcano consistent with losses per

clutter class of SPM while you configure building linear loss to 0. In this way, SPM and Volcano



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model have same indoor penetration loss.

19 Parameters in Vectors TabYou can configure vector parameters of vector maps in the Vectors tab, as shown in 4.1.1. If you use2D vector map or no vector map, this tab is invalid.

Figure 1.1 Parameters in vectors tab for Volcano Microcell model

When importing a vector map, you can see various clutter types in the Vectors tab. Volcano

Macrocell model describes vector properties from the following aspects:

Volcano type: the vector type defined in Volcano model. The Volcano types are Land,Water, Building, Vegetation and Bridge.

These five clutter types use different calculation strategies. You shall select

corresponding volcano type according to the definitions of vector types in digital maps.

Clutter attenuation: the clutter loss. Each volcano type has a default clutter loss, but

you can change it.



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NOTE

You must configure volcano type to building in vector maps; otherwise, Volcano Microcell model will not perform multi-path calculation of ray tracing.

If some 2D vector map with 5-meter resolution, the Vectors tab is invalid, gray. For the vector of

building type, you shall check whether its volcano type is Building. 4.1.1 shows the correctconfiguration.

Figure 1.2 Correct configuration of vectors of building type

If the Volcano type (especially the building type) is incorrect in the Vectors tab, you need modify the

menu file for vector map by adding #BUILDING at the building type, as shown in 4.1.1. After

modification, you need re-import the vector layer.



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Figure 1.3 Menu file for vector map

20 Parameter in Ray Tracing TabYou can configure parameters of ray t

Documents

RNP Model Tuning Guide 20090325 a 1.2