RNI No. KARENG/2013/51589 ISSN 2456-0901 Embedded System ... · Developments in Embedded Systems and its Influence on Intelligent Electronic Devices Systems Development of Hydro Power

Embedded System Applications in Power

Volume 8

POWER RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENTCONSULTANTS NEWSLETTER

Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.Website: www.prdcinfotech.com | Email: [email protected]

ISSN 2456-0901 RNI No. KARENG/2013/51589

Embedded Systems and Their Application in Power Sector

Multi-Micro Grid Renewable Source Laboratory Setup

Developments in Embedded systems and its influence on Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) used in Power & Energy Systems

Page - 4 Page - 10 Page - 18

April – September 2018

Special Issue

2 Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Newsletter

MD’s Message

De[r Friends,

During my childhood, I h[d [ f[ncy for w[tching

circus shows. Without underst[nding the efforts involved

in t[ming the [nim[ls, I used to pr[y the Almighty to give

me [ m[gic w[nd, using which I could control the entire

world, the w[y ring m[ster w[s controlling the lion, tiger,

eleph[nt [nd other [nim[ls in the circus. When I got

enrolled into my undergr[du[te degree progr[m in

Electric[l & Electronics Engineering br[nch, my d[y-

dre[ming to possess [ m[gic w[nd continued, [lthough

this time the ide[ w[s to control the high volt[ge [nd

high current. We, the Electric[l engineers de[l with high

volt[ge [nd high current, while the electronics engineers

de[l with low volt[ge [nd low current. A combin[tion of

both of these is the Electric[l & Electronics Engineering

stre[m, [n import[nt br[nch of engineering, th[t uses

low volt[ge, low current devices to control the high

volt[ge, high current power system using the embedded

softw[re. Le[ving [side the deb[te on whether t[ming

the [nim[ls in [ circus is right or wrong, I must st[te th[t

the [pplic[tion of embedded systems in power

engineering is simil[r to possessing [ m[gic w[nd used

by the ring m[sters. Tod[y, using embedded system

[pplic[tions, [ complex power system h[ndling Gig[

w[tts of power c[n be monitored [nd controlled.

We [t PRDC, h[ving understood the import[nce

of [pplic[tion of embedded system solutions to power

engineering field h[ve t[ken up some unique projects in

this field. From the inception, PRDC h[s been involved in

the prototyping [nd development of numeric[l rel[ys

being used in Indi[n R[ilw[ys, utilities [nd industries,

deploying them through technology tr[nsfer. H[ving

understood the import[nce of shop-floor [utom[tion in [

m[nuf[cturing setup, PRDC h[s developed solutions for

number-punching [pplic[tions to control the m[rking

systems in vehicle m[nuf[cturing industry. We h[ve [lso

developed custom built solutions to monitor [nd control

the production in [n industri[l environment.

Power system d[t[ loggers [nd power qu[lity

[n[lyzers help to monitor the power system volt[ge,

current, [ctive [nd re[ctive power to [scert[in the

power qu[lity, h[rmonic [nd flicker levels. PRDC h[s

developed customized h[rdw[re [nd required firmw[re

to [n[lyze perform[nce of electric [rc furn[ce [nd

identify the st[bility of the electric [rc. In [n

underground second[ry power distribution system,

ph[se identific[tion is essenti[l to rectify the unb[l[nce

in the supply system. PRDC h[s developed simple but [n

efficient device which comes h[ndy to distribution

system m[inten[nce engineers for ph[se detection.

H[ving firsth[nd experience in the development of

numeric[l rel[y [lgorithms, we h[ve felt the need for the

setting up [n environment to develop the rel[y

[lgorithms. This h[s resulted in the l[unching of [ unique

product, NRDE – Numeric[l Rel[y Development

Environment. Using NRDE, it is possible to h[sten the

rel[y [lgorithms development [nd testing cycle too.

In commensur[tion of our 25 ye[rs of existence

[nd Silver Jubilee Ye[r celebr[tions, we [re publishing

the speci[l issue on ‘Embedded system [pplic[tions in

power engineering’. This issue covers p[pers on

Embedded Systems and Their Application in Power Sector,

Developments in Embedded systems and its influence on

Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) used in Power & Energy

Systems, Development of Hydro Power Simulator for

Training [nd Multi-Micro grid Renewable Source Laboratory

Setup. I th[nk [ll the [uthors who h[ve contributed

through their [rticles to this Newsletter.

I [m h[ppy to sh[re with the esteemed re[ders

th[t PRDC l[unched its Silver Jubilee Celebr[tion

progr[m on 7th April, 2018. As p[rt of ye[rlong [ctivities,

we h[ve conducted technic[l lectures [nd workshops.

We [re [lso pl[nning to h[ve [n intern[tion[l workshop

on ‚Recent Developments in Power System An[lysis‛ in

the month of December, 2018. I invite [ll the re[ders to

t[ke [ctive p[rticip[tion in our upcoming events.

Dr. R. Nagaraja

Managing Director

Dr. R . N[g[r[j[ , M[n[ging Director, PRDC


PAGE

Development of Hydro Power Simulator for Training Somnath Guha

What’s in this issue?

Multi-Micro Grid Renewable Source Laboratory Setup Praveen Gautam.P.V, N.Praneeth Kumar, Panduranga Vittal K, Manjunatha

Indian Power Sector Highlights

Events and Achievements

10

15

18

24

Printed & Published by : Dr. R. Nagaraja on behalf of Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd. ©PRDC Pvt Ltd 2018. All rights reserved.

Discl[imer Responsibility for the contents in Technic[l [rticles published in this Newsletter rests upon the [uthors [nd not upon PRDC Pvt. Ltd. Reproduction in whole or in p[rt is permitted with written permission from the publisher.

Poornim[ T. R. Pr[veen G[ut[m P. V. Subr[m[ny[ Kir[n S[ndhy[ R. J. R[shmi Shekh[r Somn[th Guh[ Thimm[pp[ N.

Advisor: Dr. R. Nagaraja

Editor: M. M. Babu Narayanan

Members:

Editorial Committee

Designed By: PRDC Design Team

25

Developments in Embedded Systems and its Influence on Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) used in Power & Energy Systems

Development of Hydro Power Simulator for Training

Highlights

04 Embedded Systems and Their Application in Power Sector Ganga Prasad GL, Bindhumadhava BS, Senthil Kumar RK, Shweta N M, Kaushik Nanda, Rajesh Kalluri, Lagineni Mahendra

About the Authors 26


Embedded Systems and Their Application in Power Sector Ganga Prasad GL, Bindhumadhava BS, Senthil Kumar RK, Shweta N M, Kaushik Nanda, Rajesh Kalluri, Lagineni Mahendra

1. Introduction

In this er[ of technologic[l [dv[ncements, embedded

systems h[s been incorpor[ted in wide v[riety of

[pplic[tions st[rting from home [utom[tion, industri[l

[utom[tion, [utomotive to he[lthc[re, [griculture to

defense [nd much more. Embedded systems [re usu[lly

conce[led in the b[ckground performing specific [ctions.

They h[ve evolved over the ye[rs in terms of processing

speed, memory c[p[cities, form f[ctor, communic[tion

c[p[bilities with the e[se of customiz[tion for different

[pplic[tion needs.

Power sector [utom[tion is the need of the hour with the

ever-incre[sing dem[nd of power in consumer, commerci[l

[nd predomin[ntly in industry dom[in. The power

gener[tion h[s to be optimized with micro grids,

distributed gener[tion of power, power from renew[ble

energy sources *8+. The tr[nsmission needs [utom[tion [t

subst[tions for reli[bility, protection, monitoring, f[ult

detection [nd m[n[gement. At the distribution end, lo[d

m[n[gement pl[ys [ subst[nti[l role in providing power to

consumers [nd industries. Dem[nd response

m[n[gement, remote connect-disconnect, billing, Time-of-

Use, net metering holistic[lly le[ds to Sm[rt Grid [ppro[ch.

Power sector h[s been [ vit[l [pplic[tion dom[in for

embedded systems with its wide horizon from gener[tion,

tr[nsmission, distribution [nd home [utom[tion le[ding to

[ sm[rt sust[in[ble grid. With embedded systems, the grid

c[n provide me[ningful inform[tion for better monitoring,

control [nd m[n[gement of power. A typic[l embedded

system consists of sensors, [ctu[tors, processing devices

such [s microcontrollers or [pplic[tion processors with or

without communic[tion tr[nsceivers designed for set of

functions with the embedded firmw[re. The power grid is

seeing [ p[r[digm shift [s Sm[rt Grid *7+ with IoT [nd IIoT

or Industry 4.0. IoT en[bled energy meters, RTUs,

protective rel[ys, SCADA systems h[ve evolved for the

re[l time monitoring [nd control of v[rious electric[l

p[r[meters like current, volt[ge, power f[ctor, etc. with

communic[tion c[p[bilities [nd to m[int[in the st[bility of

the electric[l gener[tion, tr[nsmission [nd distribution

systems [re getting into the power [ren[ [s shown in Fig.

1.

2. SCADA for Power Sector

Supervisory Control [nd D[t[ Acquisition (SCADA)

systems [re used to control [nd monitor on re[l time b[sis.

SCADA is widely used in industries such [s

telecommunic[tions, w[ter [nd w[ste m[n[gement [nd

control, energy, oil [nd g[s refining [nd tr[nsport[tion for

monitoring [nd control.

Typic[l SCADA system consists of Remote Termin[l Units

(RTUs) connected with sensors [s well [s control centre

consisting of D[t[ Acquisition Server, HMI. SCADA

systems c[n be c[tegorized into 3 levels; devices such [s

sensors [nd RTU [re situ[ted [t level 1, communic[tion

medium situ[ted [t level 2 [nd control centre with

components such [s d[t[ [cquisition server, hum[n

m[chine interf[ce is situ[ted [t level 3. At control centre,

d[t[ [cquisition server is used for [cquiring d[t[ from RTU

over [ protocol, Hum[n m[chine interf[ce used for d[t[

visu[liz[tion.

Abstract : Embedded systems are special purpose electronic systems with computing functions designed to perform a certain set

of control functions. An embedded system usually interfaces with sensors and actuators. It is usually embedded as part of a com-

plete system or device including hardware and mechanical units. Early adoption of these electronic embedded systems for moni-

toring and control of electrical systems dates back to 1720s. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are one of the first systems

that are largely adopted by power sector followed by Remote Telemetry Units (RTU) and Master Telemetry Units (MTU). With

the developments in Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), power sector has got the new dimensions in

terms of connectivity, control and monitoring for consumer and industrial applications. This article provides a glimpse of various

embedded systems, communication protocols, decision support systems that are used in power systems along with SCADA. Arti-

cle also dealt with few of the C-DAC’s(Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) accomplishments in power sector, such

as PUSPAC(RTU), secure SCADA systems, protective relays, three phase energy meter, ABT meters to name a few.


3. Industrial systems like PLCS, RTUs, PMUs for Power sector automation

Progr[mm[ble Logic Controllers (PLC) [re embedded

devices which were designed to perform logic functions

previously [ccomplished by electromech[nic[l rel[ys, drum

switches, mech[nic[l [nd electronic timers [nd counters,

st[nd[lone digit[l PID controllers etc.

The concept of PLC w[s developed in 1768 [nd in 1767

the first PLC with H[rdw[re CPU controller, with logic

instructions, 1 K of memory [nd 128 I/O points w[s

developed. L[ter in 1780s PLCs with intelligent I/O

modules, enh[nced communic[tion f[cilities w[s

developed.

PLCs h[ve m[de it possible to precisely control l[rge

process m[chines [nd driven equipment with less physic[l

wiring [nd reduction in the downtime. Reli[ble

components m[ke these likely to oper[te for ye[rs before

f[ilure. PLCs [re widely used in industri[l control systems.

M[ny industries such [s oil refineries, m[nuf[cturing lines,

conveyor systems use PLCs.

RTUs [re loc[ted in the field [nd [cts [s [ interf[ce

between the p[nels [nd the Control Centre. RTUs [re two

w[y communic[tion devices. It g[thers field d[t[ [nd

sends it to the MTU [nd [lso executes the comm[nd from

the MTU. RTUs [re connected to m[ster termin[l unit

(MTU) using v[rious communic[tion infr[structure like

le[sed line, wide [re[ network etc. MTU provide d[t[ to

Hum[n m[chine interf[ce (HMI) for needful monitoring

[nd control purposes *7+.Control [ctions will st[rt from

HMI vi[ MTU [nd RTU to field. RTU communic[te with

field devices over RS232/ RS485 protocols [nd [cquire

d[t[ from field devices.

Currently ph[sor me[surement unit (PMU) or synchro-

ph[sor is used [long with RTUs. PMU is [ device which

me[sures the electric[l w[ves on [n electricity grid, using [

common time source for synchroniz[tion. Efficient re[l

time system oper[tions involve use of PMU, SCADA [nd

v[rious other monitoring [nd m[n[gement solutions.

PMUs [re becoming [n import[nt element of wide [re[

me[surement systems used in [dv[nced power system

monitoring, protection, [nd control.

4. Embedded systems for Power sector

4.1 Networked Systems

With the [dvent of communic[tion protocols, embedded

systems h[ve incre[sed scope to c[ter to specific needs of

communic[tion protocols *1+*2+. Embedded systems h[ve

proven their c[p[city in fulfilling the needs of dom[in

specific fe[tures. L[ter times m[ny protocols h[ve been

evolving [nd embedded systems h[ve been c[tering to the

newer needs of communic[tions. On the other h[nd, the

sensing pl[tforms h[ve [lso improved in terms of

computing c[p[cities to give out [n engineered v[lue from

the sensed physic[l world. C-DAC h[s developed systems

to c[ter the needs of Present d[y world of connected

systems with sensors which p[ved [ p[th for IoT.

4.2 PUSPAC (C-DAC’s RTU)

C-DAC’s PUSPAC (Port[ble Supervisory Unit [nd

Progr[mm[ble Autom[tion Controller) PUSAC-SIM (Sign[l

Simul[tor) is [ complete IIoT solution for d[t[ [cquisition,

communic[tion, d[t[ logging, system control [nd

simul[tion. As shown in Fig. 2, PUSPAC functions [s [

port[ble RTU (Remote termin[l Unit) [s well [s PAC

(progr[mm[ble [utom[tion controller) m[king it the

suit[ble pl[tform for students [nd rese[rchers to le[rn,

experiment [nd ev[lu[te v[rious industri[l [utom[tion

protocols/[pplic[tions*4+. PUSPAC supports v[rious

industri[l [n[log [nd digit[l sign[ls. It comes with An[log

Input, An[log Output, [nd Digit[l Input & Digit[l Output

C[rds. E[ch of these c[rds h[s eight ch[nnels. PUSPAC -

the m[in device c[ptures v[rious digit[l [nd [n[log sign[ls

from sensors, stores them, monitor [g[inst the pre-set

threshold, [nd communic[tes with [ remote system [nd

[lso control the [ctu[tors. PUSAC-SIM is the comp[nion

device which gener[tes [nd receives v[rious [n[log [nd

digit[l sign[ls to simul[te the function[lity of PUSPAC

without using [ny re[l sensors or [ctu[tors.

PUSPAC consists of d[t[ [cquisition module with mode

select[ble An[log Input/output ch[nnels, 8 An[log Input

Ch[nnels (4-20mA, 0-10V, 0-20mA) per module, 8 An[log

Fig. 1: L[yers in Electric[l Embedded System.


Output Ch[nnels (4-20mA, 0-10V, 0-20mA) per module,

Mode select[ble Digit[l Input/output ch[nnels with 8

Digit[l Input Ch[nnels (24VDC Gu[r[nteed ON/OFF

volt[ge) per module [nd 8 Digit[l Output Ch[nnels (Up to

24VDC extern[l power) per module.

It is Controller Module with ARM Cortex A7 Du[l Core

Processor, 1GB RAM, 4GB Intern[l Fl[sh, 1MB Seri[l Fl[sh

for device ID, c[libr[tion [nd recovery, Extern[l SD c[rd

for d[t[ logging, LCD with Touch screen, USB 2.0 / USB-

OTG Ports, Isol[ted RS485 ports, Ethernet ports

(10/100/1000 B[se-T), UART/ RS232 Ports. It [lso

fe[tures Modul[r Design with Exp[nd[ble An[log/ Digit[l

Ch[nnels, Isol[ted IO Ch[nnels Select[ble IO Modes,

Electrost[tic disch[rge & Surge Protection for IO [nd

communic[tion ports, Touch screen-b[sed GUI for

convenient monitoring [nd control.

High perform[nce CPU for f[st [nd [ccur[te sign[l

[cquisition, logging [nd control h[rdw[re [nd softw[re

support for v[rious security fe[tures, e[sy c[libr[tion [nd

error correction through softw[re. It c[n be used

independently or through remote computer, oper[tes with

AC 230V Power Supply. It c[n be used [s [ complete

SCADA development/le[rning pl[tform for students [nd

rese[rchers, [s [n RTU/PAC in industries (with minim[l

design upgr[de [nd certific[tion) PUSPAC-SIM (Sign[l

Simul[tor for PUSPAC) fe[tures d[t[ [cquisition system

with 4 An[log Ch[nnels, 4 An[log Input Ch[nnels (4-

20mA, 0-10V, 0-20mA), 4 An[log Output Ch[nnels (4-

20mA, 0-10V, 0-20mA), 8 Digit[l IO Ch[nnels, 4 Digit[l

Input Ch[nnels (24VDC, Gu[r[nteed ON/OFF volt[ge), 4

Digit[l Output Ch[nnels (Up to 24VDC extern[l power). It

h[s controller system specific[tion, ARM Cortex M b[sed

Microcontroller, LCD Displ[y, UART, RS232 Ports. The

other Fe[tures include Electrost[tic disch[rge & Surge

protection for IO [nd communic[tion ports. H[rdw[re [nd

softw[re support with v[rious security fe[tures like e[sy

c[libr[tion [nd error correction through softw[re. It c[n be

used independently or through remote computer [s [

sign[l gener[tor for SCADA development/le[rning

pl[tform for students [nd rese[rchers, [s simul[tor for

sensors [nd [ctu[tors.

4.3 Intelligent Protective Relay

Intelligent Protective Rel[y is [ simple Microcontroller-

b[sed solution for volt[ge [nd current monitoring with

inbuilt semiconductor-b[sed rel[y by C-DAC. It provides

remote connect-disconnect function[lity of the AC lo[ds

running on 230V,50Hz with the unique fe[ture of e[rly

detection of [ny short circuit or m[lfunctioning of the

device. Enh[nced with Wi-Fi connectivity for se[mless

inform[tion tr[nsfer of volt[ge [nd current v[lues [t [ny

inst[nt of time, the solution offers power me[surement for

resistive, inductive [nd c[p[citive lo[ds. B[sed on these

electric[l p[r[meters, [ny v[ri[tions or [bnorm[l beh[vior

of the system c[n be identified well in [dv[nce [nd the

supply to the lo[d is tripped off with the control input

given to the rel[y.

The intelligent protective rel[y circuit consists of three

m[jor sections [s shown in Fig. 3, ie., Power Supply,

Metrology [nd Communic[tion module. The block

di[gr[m below shows the v[rious essenti[l blocks of digit[l

protective rel[y. The Single ph[se 230V, 50Hz AC supply

supplied to the lo[d line c[n be sensed for volt[ge [nd

current v[lues. These inputs [re given to microcontroller

for c[lcul[tion of different electric[l p[r[meters.

B[sed on these c[lcul[tions obt[ined, [ny v[ri[tions or

[bnorm[l beh[vior of the system c[n be identified well in

[dv[nce [nd the supply to the lo[d is tripped off with the

control input given to the rel[y. The Power Supply consists

of AC-DC converter, the current [nd volt[ge sensing

circuits, [long with connections. It includes the b[sic AC-to

DC conversion circuit st[rting with Step down tr[nsformer

then [ bridge rectifier [nd [ regul[tor with 3.3V DC with

surge protection circuitry.

Fig. 2: PUSPAC- RTU


The current [nd volt[ge sensing sections for input to the

metrology sections is [lso pl[ced on power supply bo[rd to

isol[te the high currents from low currents. Rogowski coil

b[sed current sensing technique is incorpor[ted. For

volt[ge sensing the volt[ge divider circuit is [pplied [cross

the line. Rel[y connections [re provided for the remote

connect/disconnect f[cility.

A Protective Rel[y Metrology section goes [long with the

power supply module. It consists of microcontroller c[p[ble

of energy me[surement oper[tions. It h[s integr[ted fl[sh

to store the recorded d[t[. An[log front end consisting of

second order filters to gener[te volt[ges comp[tible to the

high precision Sigm[-Delt[ ADC is the p[rt of the design.

The volt[ges [nd currents sensed from the power supply

section [re given to the ADC. With the high s[mpling r[te

support from Sigm[-Delt[ ADC the results obt[ined [re

highly [ccur[te. The v[rious electric[l p[r[meters, st[rting

from RMS current [nd volt[ge, [ctive [nd re[ctive power

[nd energies, power f[ctor, to frequency [re me[sured. All

the peripher[l interf[ces SPI, I2C, UART, Timer, ADC

connections [re brought [v[il[ble. The JTAG progr[mming

f[cility is [lso provided.

A plugg[ble communic[tion module for Wi-Fi

communic[tion is developed with the required support for

communic[tion. The WiFi module provides the WiFi

connectivity in St[tion, AP, [nd Wi-Fi Direct modes. It [lso

supports v[rious [dv[nced f[st security fe[tures with AES,

SHA2 [nd MD5 support.

The protective rel[y is [lso enh[nced to support three

ph[se energy me[surements with the extension of [n[log

front end with current [nd volt[ge sensors to [ll the three

ph[ses. The three ph[se energy meter h[s it wide

[pplic[tion in consumer premises for effective monitoring

of energy consumption. The meter fe[tures modul[r energy

m[n[gement with consumers [w[re of energy

consumption, Controll[ble [nd Address[ble [ppli[nces,

e[rly detection of [ny m[lfunctioning of [ppli[nces,

Qu[ntific[tion [nd An[lysis [t node level. The

communic[tion module provides [nywhere connectivity,

[d[ptive network, dem[nd response m[n[gement. Lo[ds

c[n be c[tegorized [s Essenti[l & Non-Essenti[l Lo[ds.

Time of Us[ge [nd billing c[n be known e[sily. It supports

web [nd mobile interf[ce for control [nd monitoring of

[ppli[nces with no direct cont[ct [voiding shocks due to

direct cont[ct.

5. Secured communication in SCADA

5.1 SCADA Communication Protocols

SCADA *6+ for power system consists of v[rious

me[surement (power, re[ctive power, volt[ge, current,

frequency etc.) tr[nsducers, which collects the re[l world

p[r[meters [s electric[l sign[l r[nges (like 4-20mA, 0-5V

DC,0-10V DC,+/-20mA,+/-40mA etc.). Tr[nsducers sign[ls

[re connected to RTU’s/IED’s. RTU convert received [n[log

sign[ls to digit[l form[t [nd send to control center using

IEC60860-5-101/104*1+*2+ , IEC 61850*3+ , MODBUS [nd

DNP(Distributed Network Protocol) v3 protocols*4+. RTUs

[re connected to M[ster Termin[l Unit (MTU) using v[rious

communic[tion infr[structure like le[sed line, wide [re[

network etc. MTU provide d[t[ to Hum[n m[chine

interf[ce (HMI) for needful monitoring [nd control

purposes. Control [ctions will st[rt from HMI vi[ MTU [nd

RTU to field.

5.2 Secure Protocols

In power sector there [re m[ny RTUs using IEC 60860-5-

101/104 protocols. However, these protocols [re pl[in text

b[sed [nd [re vulner[ble to v[rious [tt[cks like spoofing,

MITM etc. COPS Defender is [ Bump-In-The-Wire (BITW)

protocol h[rdening solution intended to [ddress the

vulner[bilities in tr[nsmission SCADA protocols like IEC

60860-5-101 [nd IEC 60860-5-104 in the power systems.

This solution [dheres to IEC- 62351 st[nd[rds, which

exclusively t[lks of the methodology required to be [dopted

for providing security for IEC 60860-5-101/104 series

protocols.

The solution shown in Fig. 4 offers to [uthentic[te [ny

control from the control center tow[rds RTUs [nd prevent

[ny m[licious events th[t m[y t[ke pl[ce due to m[n-in-the

-middle [tt[cks. This [lso provides [n encrypted ch[nnel

between [ control center [nd the RTUs connected to it.

This is [imed to [ddress the security concerns like d[t[

spoofing, d[t[ modific[tion, repl[y [tt[ck [nd non-

repudi[tion.

Fig. 3: Blocks in Intelligent Protective Rel[y


This solution protects from vulner[bilities t[rgeting

communic[tion ch[nnel between RTU [nd MTU. This

solution prim[rily [ddresses [pplic[tion l[yer

vulner[bilities [nd provides security [dhering to IEC 62351

st[nd[rds. Adopt Bump-In-the-Wire methodology to

protect third p[rty M[ster Termin[l Unit [nd Remote

Termin[l Unit *6+.

Using the COPS Defender *8+, the control centres in the

Power Grid c[n exch[nge the re[l time d[t[ with RTUs in [

secure w[y.

6. Case Study

C-DAC’s GSM b[sed Meter Supervisory Control [nd D[t[

Acquisition (SCADA) System is implemented for

Megh[l[y[ St[te Lo[d Desp[tch Centre (SLDC) in North

E[st Region. GSM b[sed communic[tion for SCADA

solution best suits North E[st Region (NER) wherein the

ABT meters [re loc[ted in remote loc[tions in

mount[inous terr[in. The GSM b[sed Meter SCADA

solution includes*5+: ABT meter d[t[ concentr[tor,

Scheduler interf[ces [nd Web interf[ce for metered d[t[.

TARA (Tr[nsmission of Aggreg[ted D[t[ for Re[l time

Access) is [ comp[ct wireless communic[tion device which

f[cilit[tes SCADA Communic[tion in highly

communic[tion-constr[ined environments.

In energy sector there [re m[ny [re[s where physic[l,

norm[l Wireless communic[tion is very difficult to [chieve,

which include dense forest [re[s, hilly terr[ins like in North

E[stern Regions of Indi[. Norm[lly us[ge of s[tellite

communic[tion is not suit[ble for SCADA communic[tions.

Gener[lly mobile (GSM) communic[tion h[s spre[d [cross

Indi[ very well. However, GSM communic[tion offers gre[t

ch[llenges for SCADA [pplic[tion. TARA is [n innov[tive

communic[tion module over mobile network. This module

provides very cost effective [nd highly reli[ble

communic[tion for SCADA requirements. This is the, first

of its kind in the world where [ fully function[l, highly

secure [nd reli[ble communic[tion for SCADA [pplic[tion

is developed [nd is fully oper[tion[l [t North E[stern

Electric[l Network Grid.This device is used to tr[nsfer field

d[t[ such [s Av[il[bility B[sed T[riff (ABT) meter d[t[ to

remote loc[tion/control Centre over GSM/GPRS network

for re[l-time [ccess. Self-di[gnostic [nd self-he[ling

fe[tures of the device help to minimize/[void the d[t[ loss

from communic[tion-rel[ted issues. TARA is useful for

St[te Lo[d Disp[tch Centres (SLDCs) to m[int[in the grid

st[bility, incre[se the energy efficiency [nd revenue.

6.1 Availability Based Tariff

ABT me[ns Av[il[bility B[sed T[riff *5+ is [ frequency

b[sed pricing mech[nism. ABT h[s become [ p[rt of the

system [nd h[s implemented in [ll region[l grids of Indi[

for improving the grid discipline by frequency dependent

pricing. In the beginning, ABT w[s m[de [pplic[ble for only

centr[l gener[ting st[tions which [re h[ving more th[n

one benefici[ry [nd now the ABT scheme h[s been

exp[nded to cover the intr[st[te systems [s well. ABT is

m[inly used to m[int[in the t[riff structure for bulk power

[nd to bring more responsibility [nd [ccount[bility in

power gener[tion [nd consumption through [ scheme of

incentives [nd disincentives *6+. It [lso provides the

directions on the issues of scheduling, metering,

[ccounting, [nd settlements.

6.2 ABT Meter Data Concentrator

TARA communic[tion device is used to tr[nsfer field d[t[

such [s ABT meter d[t[ to remote loc[tion/control center

for re[l-time [ccess. TARA supports St[nd[rd Meter

Communic[tion Protocol (like MODBUS TCP/IP) for

tr[nsmission of d[t[. It f[cilit[tes SCADA Communic[tion

in highly communic[tion-constr[ined environments.

The ABT meter d[t[ concentr[tor softw[re [t SLDC

[cquires the d[t[ from v[rious open [ccess ABT meters

which [re loc[ted [t different loc[tions in Megh[l[y[ St[te

using GSM/GPRS network [s shown in Fig.5. The d[t[

concentr[tor with GSM modem is inst[lled [t e[ch loc[tion

of ABT Meter. The inst[nt[neous d[t[ collected from

v[rious ABT meters is sent to the d[t[ concentr[tor [t the

SLDC using GSM communic[tion [nd is used for re[l time

monitoring.

6.3 Scheduler Interface

An Interf[ce for the Scheduler is provided [t SLDC for

monitoring loss & devi[tion. The d[t[ [cquired from

remote ABT meters is used to compute the schedule

devi[tions in re[l time. This inform[tion is notified to the

users on [ re[l-time b[sis to t[ke necess[ry [ctions to

[void pen[lty [nd to m[int[in grid st[bility.

Fig. 4: BCOPS - Defender


6.4 Web interface for metered data

The SCADA HMI [s shown in Fig. 6 provides the ABT

meter d[t[ [cquired [t the d[t[ concentr[tor to the SLDC

oper[tor for re[l time [ccess. This inform[tion is [lso

published on the web for the benefit of the gener[ting [nd

dr[w[l st[tions. The d[t[ [ccumul[ted is stored [nd

[rchived for [n[lytics [nd report gener[tions.

The SLDCs using GSM b[sed Meter SCADA h[ve the

[dv[nt[ges of : low cost solution, [ccess to re[l time d[t[

for monitoring, [ccess to v[rious remote ABT meter d[t[

[t centr[lized loc[tion, st[nd[rdized solution for d[t[

[cquisition, stor[ge [nd visu[liz[tion. The solution helps

the consumers to [dhere to the schedule, thereby

m[int[ining the grid st[bility, incre[ses the energy

efficiency [nd in turn incre[ses revenue. This solution c[n

be extended to LDCs of other st[tes [lso.

6. Conclusion

Embedded systems pl[y [ vit[l role in power sector.

Devices such [s PMUs [llow for monitoring the oper[ting

st[te of the system [nd [ssessing its st[bility in re[l time.

Use of embedded system like System-on-Chip (SoC)

Architecture will ch[nge the w[y in which power systems

[re monitored [nd oper[ted. Embedded systems in power

systems [d[pt to the ch[nges in communic[tion

technologies including wireless communic[tion, newer

protocols, monitoring [nd m[n[gement.

8. References

*1+ IEC 60860: Telecontrol equipment [nd systems - P[rt 5-101: Tr[nsmission protocols - Comp[nion st[nd[rd for b[sic telecontrol t[sks

*2+ IEC 60860: Telecontrol equipment [nd systems - P[rt 5-104: Tr[nsmission protocols - Network [ccess for IEC 60860-5-101 using st[nd[rd tr[nsport profiles

*3+ IEC 61850: Communic[tion networks [nd systems for power utility [utom[tion

*4+ Gordon R. Cl[rke et [l, Pr[ctic[l modern SCADA protocols: DNP3, 60860.5 [nd rel[ted systems, Newnes, 2004

*5+ ‚ABC of ABT‛, Bh[bu Bhush[n *6+ "Centr[l Electricity Regul[tory Commission (Devi[tion

Settlement Mech[nism [nd rel[ted m[tters) Regul[tions", Notific[tion Number: No.L-1/132/2013/CERC [nd [mendments, 2014.

*6+ K[lluri, R[jesh, L[gineni M[hendr[, RK Senthil Kum[r, [nd GL G[ng[ Pr[s[d. "Simul[tion [nd imp[ct [n[lysis of deni[l-of-service [tt[cks on power SCADA." In Power Systems Conference (NPSC), 2016 National, pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2016.

*8+ N[rendr[ Kum[r R[jw[de, Dr. S.D. Lokh[nde ‚L[st-Meter Sm[rt Grid Embedded In [n Internet-Of-Things Pl[tform‛ In Intern[tion[l Journ[l of Innov[tive Rese[rch in Computer and Communication Engineering, 2016 DOI: 10.15680/IJIRCCE.2016. 0505328

*7+ Xi F[ng, S[ty[j[y[nt Misr[, Guoli[ng Xue, Dejun Y[ng ‚Sm[rt Grid – The New [nd Improved Power Grid: A Survey ‛ In IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol. 14, Issue 4, 2012, Page(s):744 - 780

Fig. 5 The [rchitecture of Wireless Meter D[t[ Acquisition System

Fig. 6 : SCADA HMI

Title of the Newspaper: Power Rese[rch & Development Consult[nts Newsletter

FORM IV Registration No: KARENG/2013/51587 (See Rule 8 of Press and Place of Publication: B[ng[lore Regulations of Book Act) Periodicity of its Publication: Qu[rterly Publisher: Dr. R. N[g[r[j[ Nationality: Indi[n Address: #5, 11th Cross, 2nd St[ge, West of Chord Ro[d, B[ng[lore– 560086 Printed at: M/s. Art Print 617/A, Dr. Modi M[in, W.O.C. Ro[d, M[h[l[kshmipur[m, B[ng[lore—86. Owner’s Name: Power Rese[rch &Development Consult[nts Pvt. Ltd.

I, Dr. R. Nagaraja, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief


Developments in Embedded Systems and its Influence on Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) used in Power & Energy Systems Panduranga Vittal K

1. Introduction

Electric[l engineers [ssoci[ted with energy tr[ding

deployed computing m[chines since their invention for

monitoring, oper[tion [nd control of Power App[r[tus.

The power [pp[r[tus include electric[l gener[tors,

tr[nsformers, regul[tors, grid (Tr[nsmission lines,

Distribution feeders) [nd [ppli[nces. During 1760s the

centr[l computer w[s deployed for subst[tion control [nd

protection. During these e[rly ye[rs computing m[chines

were bulky [nd h[d limited interf[ce for [cquiring energy

d[t[. At the s[me time, instrument[tion, metering [nd

power system rel[ying technology w[s [lso evolving

concurrently. This evolution is identified in to three

gener[tions [nd they [re: electromech[nic[l (first

gener[tion), solid st[te (second gener[tion) [nd

numeric[l / digit[l (third gener[tion). During the digit[l

technology regime, on [ccount of r[pid developments in

VLSI technology, sever[l gener[tions of Microprocessors

[nd peripher[l interf[ce ICs [ppe[red in the m[rket, which

in turn brought [n er[ of digit[l divide in society, more

[ptly in Power [nd Energy system engineering.

With the [dvent of Sm[rt Grids [nd Micro grids it ih[s

become essenti[l to deploy [utom[tion solutions for

power control [nd monitoring. The technology drivers

under Sm[rt / Micro Grid [re essenti[lly, Power

Electronics, Sign[l processing, Computing [nd

Communic[tion technologies. There [re continued efforts

to integr[te two or more of these [pplic[tions on single

embedded system. Sections th[t follow will emph[size

signific[nt developments in embedded system imp[cting

power [nd energy m[n[gement. This f[ct is emph[sized

with few illustr[tive c[ses. The embedded system pl[tform

encomp[ssing sever[l function[l modules required for

e[ch IED [pplic[tion is discussed [s following: Section I

presents evolvement of univers[l IED, Section II describes

recent [dv[ncements in metering, protection [nd control

IEDs. Fin[lly conclusive rem[rks [re dr[wn in Section III.

2. Section I: Evolvement of Universal IEDs

Power system h[s v[rious power [pp[r[tus in its energy

cycle, which [re Gener[tors, Tr[nsformers, Tr[nsmission

lines, Regul[tors, Compens[tors etc. The oper[tion, control

[nd protection of [ll these Power [pp[r[tus requires

instrument[tion to me[sure [nd monitor control

p[r[meters or discrimin[nts to detect [bnorm[l conditions.

The deployment of control ge[r [nd protective ge[r for

power [pp[r[tus requires devices with specific

function[lities. During the er[ of electro-mech[nic[l [nd

solid st[te technologies the m[jor p[rts of instrument[tion

[nd control requirements were custom designed to meet

control or protection function[lity, sep[r[tely for e[ch

power [pp[r[tus. The oper[tion [nd control functions

were incorpor[ted in these control ge[r [nd protective

ge[rs which were re[lized using dedic[ted h[rdw[re. This

in turn dem[nded excessive overhe[ds in terms of number

of instrument, their sp[res [nd m[inten[nce. With the

[dvent of digit[l technology this scen[rio h[s ch[nged. The

digit[l system requires d[t[ in numeric[l form [nd t[kes

intelligent decisions [fter processing [cquired d[t[. In

[ddition, they [re c[p[ble of communic[ting with other

neighboring / remote digit[l systems to h[ndle inferencing

[nd decision m[king. Thus they [re known [s Intelligent

Electronic Devices (IEDs). These IEDs [re embedded

systems h[ving [lmost [ll [pplic[tion fe[tures th[t [

present d[y Sm[rt Phone or Consumer Electronic Devices

bo[st of. This is m[inly bec[use, modern IEDs [re meeting

the specific[tion of Industri[l Internet of Things (IIOT) [nd

responsible for m[n[ging / monitoring [ssets (power

[pp[r[tus) of Energy system. Modern IEDs [re [lso tending

to explore [ll new fe[tures of [n industri[l [utom[tion

system embedded in them [nd [lso re[dy to [dopt

Abstract : Continued effort towards deploying greener energy in this millennium has challenged engineers to build increasingly

intelligent and smarter technologies for the management / control of energy systems. These monitoring / control systems are

required to have provision for acquiring, processing and inferring the power and energy system data and communicate control

decisions to neighboring / remote counterparts. It is desirable to have all above functionalities to be embedded in single device.

Such a device is commercially known as IED (Intelligent Electronic Device). This article presents the recent trends in IED Technol-

ogy and their applications in Power and Energy Systems.


developments in M[chine Intelligence.

2.1 Anatomy of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs):

The IEDs h[ndling power [pp[r[tus h[ve cert[in generic

function[l blocks, n[mely Sensors, Sensor interf[cing

circuit, Surge Protection circuit, Sign[l conditioning circuit,

S[mpling circuit (S[mple/hold), D[t[ conversion circuit

([n[log to digit[l conversion A/D) [nd Controller /

Computing circuit. In [ddition to the [bove, provision for

digit[l input / output (D I/O) driving circuits for st[tus d[t[

exch[nge is integr[ted. The [dv[ncements in IC

technology [ims tow[rds integr[ting multiple function[l

blocks mentioned [bove in to single h[rdw[re module or

single IC. Fig. 1 shows the generic function[l di[gr[m of

IED.

2.2 Advances in Data Acquisition:

As the penetr[tion of IEDs [nd Digit[l Controllers incre[se,

Energy System d[t[ from multiple sensors pl[y import[nt

role in perform[nce of control ge[r [nd protective ge[r.

The d[t[ precision [nd [ccur[cy pl[y vit[l role in st[ble

[nd [ccur[te functioning of these ge[rs. Once the sign[l is

b[ndlimited by [nti-[li[s filter ([ Low P[ss Filter) by sign[l

conditioning circuit, next ph[se is s[mpling [n[log sign[l

[nd holding it while ADC is in digitizing process. In gener[l

re[l world [n[log sign[ls h[ve lower frequency th[n the

high speed digit[l systems. For this re[son multiple [n[log

ch[nnels [re digitized in time multiplexed mode, wherein

e[ch [n[log sign[l is s[mpled [t much higher r[te meeting

s[mpling r[te limits. This process is completed using D[t[

Acquisition System (DAS). The DAS [re bro[dly cl[ssified

into three types b[sed on the s[mpling [nd conversion

methods [s mentioned below, 1. Non simult[neous

s[mpling, 2. Simult[neous s[mpling [nd sequenti[l

conversion, 3. Simult[neous s[mpling [nd simult[neous

conversion *1+. Out of these, non-simult[neous s[mpling

method is [ccept[ble where ch[nge in me[sured

p[r[meter is slow, wherein rem[ining two methods [re

well suited for Synchro Ph[sor me[surements used in

Power systems. Fig. 2, 3 [nd 4 illustr[te principle of

these DAS techniques.

The modern IEDs offer high speed d[t[ [cquisition by

providing concurrent [cquisition solution [nd en[ble

ph[sor me[surements due to simult[neous s[mpling

f[cility. Referring to Fig. 3 [nd 4, it m[y be observed th[t

S/H helps in holding [ll ch[nnels simult[neously, then ADC

t[kes up A to D conversion in burst mode. In sequenti[l

converter DAS (refer Fig. 3), ADC is used in time

multiplexed mode, thus s[mpling r[te for e[ch ch[nnel is

limited by sum of time t[ken for [ll ch[nnel conversions.

Where[s this del[y is removed in c[se of simult[neous AD

conversion DAS (refer Fig. 4), thus giving [dv[nt[ge of

high speed AD conversion.

The simult[neous s[mpling technique ensures [pplic[tion

of DFT techniques using shorter d[t[ window for ph[sor

me[surement of e[ch ph[se volt[ge [nd current in [ three

ph[se power system. This in turn helps in computing

synchro ph[sors.

Fig. 3 : Simult[neous s[mpling [nd sequenti[l converter DAS

Fig. 1 : Function[l blocks of [n IED.

Fig. 2 : Non simult[neous s[mpling DAS

Fig. 4: Simult[neous s[mpling [nd simult[neous AD Conversion DAS


The simult[neous s[mpling [nd simult[neous AD

Conversion DAS depicted in Fig. 4 is [v[il[ble [s single IC.

One such IC p[ck[ge is supported by Tex[s Instruments

ADS8556 (SLAU278, 2010; SBAS404B, 2012). The

ADS8556 include six 16-bit ADCs respectively th[t

oper[te b[sed on the SAR principle. The six S/H circuits

[re divided into three p[irs (A, B [nd C). E[ch p[ir of

ch[nnels h[s [ hold sign[l (CONVST―A, CONVST―B, [nd

CONVST―C) which, when strobed together, [llows

simult[neous s[mpling [nd conversion on [ll 6 [n[log

inputs, preserving the rel[tive ph[se inform[tion of the

sign[ls. The control logic block offers host of fe[tures,

which [llow the user to configure the ADC [s per

[pplic[tion requirement. Intern[l structure of this IC is

shown in Fig. 5.

In [ddition to such enh[ncements, there [re efforts to

introduce Sigm[ – Delt[ ADCs which c[n offer very high

speed d[t[ conversions. In principle it is to be noticed th[t,

IC industry is re[dy to p[ck[ge solutions to meet higher

word length, high speed, simult[neous s[mpling [nd multi-

ch[nnel DAS. The GPS clock synchronizing system

f[cilit[tes time st[mping of every d[t[ s[mple, thus giving

function[lity of PMU, with [ppropri[te use of long d[t[

window, high precision sign[l processing [lgorithm. IEDs

supporting multi [gent function[lities [nd high speed

[d[ptive controllers dem[nd [fore mentioned DAS

fe[tures.

2.3 Advances in Computing Platforms:

During initi[l st[ges IED h[d integer [rithmetic processing

c[p[bilities using processor b[sed on Von-Neum[nn

[rchitecture. Although this h[d low d[t[ throughput, it w[s

[imed to compete in cost, by compromising perform[nce.

This w[s [ccept[ble when IED function[lities were limited.

L[ter developments in integer [rithmetic DSP processors

b[sed on H[rv[rd [rchitecture, p[ved w[y for high speed

sign[l processing [nd good re[l-time perform[nce.

Subsequently [v[il[bility of flo[ting point [rithmetic DSP

processors [nd their IP core w[s [v[il[ble to deploy on

FPGAs. Within short time sp[n flo[ting point [rithmetic

processing fe[ture w[s offered in [ll three forms of

technologies for re[lizing embedded systems, n[mely DSP

processor, System on Progr[mm[ble chip (SOP) [nd

Applic[tion Specific ICs (ASICs). In [ddition, they were

[v[il[ble with concurrent processing c[p[bilities due to

multi core DSP ICs. Now[d[ys Digit[l Sign[l Controller

(DSC) TI TMS320C28335 is popul[r in electric[l

engineering [pplic[tions, [nd h[s flo[ting point [them[tic

DSP processor. Fig 6 shows h[rdw[re configur[tion of [n

IED h[ving function[lity of [n [d[ptive dist[nce rel[y [nd

developed in EEE Dep[rtment of NITK – Sur[thk[l *1+. This

IED is h[ving provision for simult[neous s[mpling [nd

simult[neous conversion DAS. IC, TI ADS8556 is

interf[ced with Digit[l Sign[l Controller (DSC), TI

DSC28335. The rel[y h[rdw[re consists of [n input end

[nti [li[s filter (LPF) with cut-off frequency of 400 Hz,

which b[nd limits the [n[log sign[ls. These [re digitized by

the ADS8556 [nd tr[nsferred to intern[l memory of

DSC28335, which [re further processed by the rel[ying

[lgorithm *2+.

It is expected in ne[r future th[t, IEDs will be c[p[ble of

h[ndling Big D[t[ An[lytics [nd M[chine Intelligence

Algorithms which will be [ddressing ch[llenges of sm[rt

grid m[n[gement. There [re continued efforts from IC

designers offering flexible h[rdw[re pl[tforms for r[pidly

building embedded systems for [dv[nced IED [pplic[tions.

In this line, M/s Xilinx, Inc. is rolling out monstrous FPGA

termed [s Everest (br[nd n[me) ‚Ad[ptive Compute

Acceler[tion Pl[tform (ACAP)‛ which c[n be dyn[mic[lly

ch[nged [t h[rdw[re level. Fig. 6 shows the intern[l

[rchitecture of such FPGA. IEDs supported with FPGA

with Everest ACAP will h[ve flexibility to configure

dyn[mic[lly [s per desired function[lity *3+.

Fig. 5: Intern[l structure of ADS8556 (SBAS404B, 2012)


The Everest ACAP c[n be progr[mmed [t the RTL

(Register-Tr[nsfer Level) with FPGA tools, [nd softw[re

developers c[n code for ACAP-b[sed systems using C/

C++, OpenCL [nd Python. The Everest ACAP fe[tures up

to 50 billion tr[nsistors [nd is s[id to provide: Distributed

memory, H[rdw[re-progr[mm[ble DSP blocks, Multicore

SoC, One or more softw[re-progr[mm[ble, h[rdw[re-

[d[pt[ble, compute engines, Network on chip (NoC), On-

chip control blocks for security [nd power m[n[gement,

H[rdw[re-progr[mm[ble memory controller, CCIX [nd

PCIe support, Multi-mode Ethernet controllers,

Progr[mm[ble I/O interf[ces [nd seri[liz[tion /

deseri[liz[tion (SerDes), High-b[ndwidth memory [nd

progr[mm[ble ADCs [nd DACs. The host of fe[tures

[bove is [n indic[tion th[t IEDs will become dyn[mic[lly

configur[ble to the desired function[lity.

2.4 Advancements in Firmware and Software

Development tools:

R[pid deployment of IEDs in power system, p[rticul[rly in

controlling [nd protection of l[rge power [pp[r[tus

requires rigorous testing to est[blish reli[ble oper[tion. In

order to f[cilit[te designers of IED there w[s continuous

effort to cre[te virtu[l environment like simul[tors,

[pplic[tion softw[re environment, high level scripting,

debuggers, [nd virtu[l pl[tforms. In [ddition, efforts were

m[de to structure the IEDs by support of Re[l Time

Oper[ting System (RTOS) [nd user friendly configur[tion

tools with GUI.

3. Section II: Metering, Protection and Control IED Platform

The deployment of IEDs in Power System h[s been t[ken

up in slow p[ce, since utilities were constr[ined by huge

costs in retrofitting existing infr[structure. In [ddition, they

were [lso skeptic[l [bout new gener[tion IEDs for their

long life [nd reli[bility. Continued growth in embedded

system technology [nd power system [utom[tion h[ve

p[ved w[y for development of sm[rt grids, which c[n

embr[ce penetr[tion of renew[bles. The rise in

penetr[tion of renew[bles [nd deregul[tion of energy

m[rket, dem[nded [dv[nced metering infr[structure to

en[ble energy tr[ding effectively. At the s[me time due to

tightly networked distribution system with the penetr[tion

of multiple Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), the

protection of power [pp[r[tus [nd user [ppli[nces [re

severely ch[llenged. In [ddition, due to dyn[mic ch[nge in

power flow directions, it dem[nds th[t the protective ge[r

h[s to be [d[ptive to ch[nges in network configur[tion. In

order to meet both metering [nd rel[ying ch[llenges,

efforts [re m[de to build IEDs which [re univers[l type to

h[ndle metering [nd rel[ying functions through minor

ch[nges in d[t[ [cquisition h[rdw[re in terms of speed [nd

[ccur[cy of processing current [nd volt[ge sign[ls. Fig. 8

shows the GE univers[l IED with metering / rel[y function

[rchitecture *5+.

Fig. 6: . H[rdw[re interf[ce of Ad[ptive Dist[nce Rel[y IED

Fig. 6: Xilinx Everest ACAP FPGA *3+

Fig. 8: Function[l Architecture of GE Univers[l rel[y, Distributed

FlexLogic™ *5+


The communic[tion between IEDs h[s been given highest

priority to enh[nce sh[ring of metered d[t[ / rel[y trip

decision fl[gs. Initi[lly power system communic[tion were

supporting their own leg[cy communic[tion h[rdw[re [nd

protocols. Now there is f[vor[ble trend to [ddress

interoper[bility issues [nd [ccept Industri[l Internet [s

st[nd[rd with IEC61850 / UCA-2 protocols. These

protocols support Object b[sed enc[psul[tion of [ll power

[pp[r[tus, switchge[rs, meters, [nd protective ge[rs.

There [re [lso electro meter communic[tion st[nd[rds,

n[mely IEC 60860-5, IEC62056 *4+. These st[nd[rds give

fr[me work for [ll types of electro meters by det[iling

Device L[ngu[ge Mess[ging protocols.

3.1 Control functionality in IED:

Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) h[s b[sic function of

Digit[l protective rel[y with following [dded

function[lities: interf[ce with RTU, reporting events [nd

me[surement d[t[, receive comm[nds from RTU/SCADA,

communic[tion with other IEDs. In subst[tion environment

these IEDs extend their control functions by supporting

oper[tions to h[ndle following: Lo[d t[p ch[nger control,

CB control, C[p[citor b[nk switching, Recloser control [nd

Volt[ge regul[tors oper[tion.

4. Section III: Conclusive remarks

Incre[sed emph[sis to Green Energy dem[nds efficient

m[n[gement of electric grid [ccepting ch[llenges of DER

penetr[tion, which h[s m[jor sh[re of renew[bles. The

uncert[inties in [v[il[bility of renew[ble energy sources

dem[nd sm[rt m[n[gement of grid. This is possible using

high speed digit[l controllers supported with

communic[tion technology. These fe[tures [re well

integr[ted in modern IEDs. This [rticle highlighted recent

developments in embedded system technology [nd its

imp[ct on IEDs.

5. References

*1+ ‚Ad[ptive Dist[nce Rel[y For STATCOM Connected Tr[nsmission Lines - Development Of DSP B[sed Rel[y H[rdw[re Rel[ying Schemes And H[rdw[re In Loop Testing Procedures‛, Ph.D. Thesis of Sh[m M V, EEE Dept., NITK – Sur[thk[l, October, 2013.

*2+ Sh[m M.V, K. P. Vitt[l, ‚H[rdw[re in the Loop Testing of DSP B[sed Rel[y for STATCOM Connected Tr[nsmission Line‛, Intern[tion[l Journ[l of Distributed Energy Resources, Technology [nd Science Publishers, Germ[ny, Vol.7, No.1, J[nu[ry-M[rch 2013, ISSN1614-6138, PP.115-132

*3+ ‚Xilinx to bust ACAP in the dome of d[t[ centres [ll over with uber FPGA‛, [n [rticle by Chris Mellor, in the newsletter - The Register, 3/20/2018.

*4+ Josef Horalek and Vladimir Sobeslav, “Analysis of

Communic[tion Protocols For Sm[rt Metering‛, ARPN Journ[l of Engineering [nd Applied Sciences, VOL. 10, NO. 3, FEBRUARY 2015, pp 1440 – 1446.

*5+ GE Univers[l rel[y, Distributed FlexLogic™ M[nu[l.

PRDC is celebr[ting its 25 ye[rs’ of glorious service to the power

sector this ye[r. We [re org[nizing v[rious technic[l [ctivities

throughout the ye[r to celebr[te Silver jubilee. The first of the

‘PRDC Silver Jubilee Celebr[tions Lecture Series’ w[s held on

26th June 2018 in Beng[luru. Dr. Krish N[rendr[, COO [nd

Technology Le[d, Electric Power Group, C[liforni[, USA deliv-

ered [ lecture on ‘Synchro Ph[sor Technology [nd Its Applic[-

tions’ to [n invited [udience th[t included PRDC engineers [nd

senior profession[ls from BHEL, CDAC, NPTI, IISc [nd other

[c[demic institutions.

In his lecture, Dr. Krish N[rendr[ highlighted the incre[sing use

of Synchroph[sors technology in electric power grids throughout

the world. Synchroph[sor me[surements [re gr[du[lly repl[cing

tr[dition[l SCADA me[surements in Power Systems due to the

high [ccur[cy [nd higher resolution d[t[. The present[tion [lso

focused on concepts to [pplic[tions of synchroph[sor technolo-

PRDC Silver Jubilee Celebrations Lecture Series

Dr. Krish N[rendr[ delivering

Silver Jubilee lecture


Development of Hydro Power Simulator for Training Somnath Guha

1. Introduction

In the electric[l engineering curriculum, [spects of power

system [n[lysis [nd protection [re imp[rted. As p[rt of the

course, students le[rn the v[rious [spects of Power

System. Most of the experiments [re c[rried out with the

softw[re simul[tion. However the student c[nnot visu[lize

the v[rious volt[ge levels of oper[tion, the losses [nd the

limit[tion on the physic[l dist[nces involved. In this

connection, [ mini[ture [nd pr[ctic[l model of hydro

power st[tion w[s developed with the purpose of helping

students in their underst[nding of some b[sic ide[s in

power systems. The simul[tion will [lso help to

demonstr[te the effects of different p[r[meters on the

power system with e[sier experiments.

2. Scope of Development

The scope of work covered in this [rticle includes the

simul[tor design focusing on [ reservoir b[sed system only.

W[ter from the reservoir p[sses through the co[rse r[ck

[nd then enters the int[ke tunnel vi[ the int[ke g[te [nd

proceeds to the penstock before re[ching the turbine g[te.

It moves [he[d into the scroll c[sing c[using rot[tion in the

turbine. The turbine rotor is connected with the gener[tor

rotor by the sh[ft coupling element. The entering w[ter

flow is regul[ted by [ g[te, which in its turn is controlled

by the governor. The driving force for the governor is the

devi[tion between the developed torque [nd the

electricity dem[nd. The gross he[d of the w[ter in the

hydropower system is determined by the difference

between elev[tion of the upstre[m [nd t[il reservoir. In

re[l systems, the gross he[d is less th[n the mentioned

elev[tion difference, bec[use of energy loss due to friction.

The w[ter level in the reservoir is one of the key f[ctors

which determine the hydr[ulic effect of the hydropower

pl[nt. The length of the penstock is [n import[nt

p[r[meter proportion[l to the w[ter inerti[ [nd influences

on the dyn[mic height loss.

3. Building Blocks

The b[sic blocks of Hydro Power Simul[tor [re [s shown in

Fig. 1.

3.1 Generation Control Panel

This module necess[rily consists of [ digit[lly controll[ble

DC motor drive. A commerci[lly [v[il[ble DC drive w[s

interf[ced with [ digit[l interf[ce c[rd. The digit[l interf[ce

c[rd t[kes the specified digit[l v[lue from the softw[re [nd

converts into equiv[lent [n[log sign[l [nd gives the s[me

[s [ reference to the DC Drive. The output of the DC drive

is required for the control of the DC motor which works [s

[ prime mover for the hydro turbine. This speed control

will emul[te the v[rious [spects of hydro simul[tor by

v[rying the turbine speeds.

3.2 DC Motor

The DC motor (in the left side of Fig. 2) is used [s [ prime

mover which gets coupled with the turbine. The prime

mover is used to emul[te the w[ter flow by v[rying the

speed. In this c[se, [ 1.5kW DC motor is used to couple it

with [ 1kW gener[tor. A higher c[p[city motor will ensure

th[t even [fter the mech[nic[l losses, the turbine will

receive 1kW in terms of mech[nic[l power [t the coupling

sh[ft. The DC motor used is [ low rpm motor [t 1000 rpm

to ex[ctly suit hydro emul[tion.

3.3 Generator

The gener[tor is used in the hydropower systems in order

to perform the conversion of mech[nic[l energy from the

turbine into electric energy. This conversion process is

described by F[r[d[y’s l[w:

According to F[r[d[y’s l[w, the rot[ting m[gnetic field

delivered by the rotor, induces volt[ge in the copper coils

in the st[tor. The gener[tor (in the right side of Fig. 2) used

is [ s[lient pole synchronous gener[tor. This is selected

specific[lly for the hydro emul[tion setup suit[bility. The

m[jority of hydroelectric inst[ll[tions utilize s[lient pole

synchronous gener[tors. S[lient pole m[chines [re used in

hydro power pl[nts since they oper[te [t low speeds

comp[red to ste[m pl[nts, hence gener[tors in hydro pl[nt

requires more numbers of field poles to produce the r[ted

frequency. S[lient poles [re mech[nic[lly best suited for

low-speed [pplic[tions, comp[red to round rotor m[chines

which [re employed in horizont[l [xis high-speed

[pplic[tions in turbo-gener[tors. The m[chine used here is

[ 1kW r[ted [t 110V output. Fig. 1: B[sic Blocks of Hydro Power Simul[tor .


3.4 Feeder Panel

The feeder p[nel The feeder p[nel consists of [ll the

rel[ted protections. This p[nel houses [n integr[ted feeder

protection (Fig. 3) rel[y [long with the necess[ry

[ccessories. It h[s SCADA en[bled meters (Fig. 3)

visu[lizing the p[r[meters such [s V, I, F, VA, VAR, W [t

the p[nel itself [s well [t the SCADA. It [lso h[s the

bre[kers which c[n be opened [nd closed through SCADA

remotely. The sending end volt[ge regul[tion is [n unique

fe[ture of the system. The protections will include

Dist[nce Protection, Direction[l Current Protection [nd

Over Current Protection. These protections not only

protect the sending end of the tr[nsmission line but [lso

h[ndle the overlo[ds tow[rds the gener[tor. The p[nel

[lso houses [ step up tr[nsformer with 110 / 220V 1kW

r[ting.

3.5 Distribution Line

The simul[tion envis[ges [n interconnection with the

33kV grid. In this c[se [ conductor of DOG type w[s used.

The setup is shown in Fig. 4. The over[ll line used w[s

40km in length. For [chieving 40km, the following v[lues

were used for e[ch Pi-section representing 10km length

of line.

[. R = 4.7 Ohms

b. L = 21.1 mH

c. C/2 = 0.02 µF

3.6 Distribution Panel

The distribution p[nel consists of step down tr[nsformer

with [ differenti[l rel[y. The tr[nsformer is r[ted [t 1kW

with 220 / 110V r[tio. The Distribution P[nel will emul[te

[ distribution system with multiple nodes, continuously

v[ri[ble resistive lo[ds (Fig. 5b), continuously v[ri[ble

inductive lo[ds (Fig. 5b) [nd c[p[citor b[nks (Fig. 5b). The

distribution side h[s the c[p[bility to [dd renew[bles to

showc[se the bidirection[l power flow [nd net metering. It

h[s SCADA en[bled meters (Fig. 5[) visu[lizing the

p[r[meters such [s V, I, F, VA, VAR, W [t the p[nel itself

[s well [t the SCADA. Remotely controll[ble bre[kers c[n

be controlled through SCADA itself. A numeric[l rel[y (Fig.

5[) is pl[ced [t the lo[d end which [cts to protect the loc[l

lo[ds [s well [s to [llow v[rious settings to underst[nd

rel[y coordin[tion in conjunction with the rel[y in the

Feeder P[nel (Fig. 3). Gener[l Purpose Lo[ds c[n be

connected to the distribution end to observe [nd verify

their ch[r[cteristics.

Fig. 2: DC Motor coupled with S[lient Pole Synchronous

Fig . 3: Feeder P[nel

Fig. 4: Pi Section Model for 33kV Dog Conductor 10Km X 4

Fig. 5[ [nd 5b: Distribution P[nel with Lo[ds


3.6 SCADA and Emulation Software

The Softw[re is in sync with the Motor Gener[tor coupled

set up. The speed controll[ble fe[ture emul[tes the w[ter

flow through [ turbine. The v[rying speed indic[tes f[ster

or slower w[ter flow through the turbine. The softw[re

(Fig. 6) c[n emul[te the complete scen[rio. The Softw[re

module represents the st[nd[rd Hydro Power l[yout. The

Softw[re module (Fig. 6) will h[ve input p[r[meters [s

st[nd[rd reservoir/surge t[nk model. The [mount of w[ter

striking to the turbine model will be in sync with motor

coupled with gener[tor [nd hence user c[n control the

turbine speed. In the SCADA module, the entire h[rdw[re

is m[pped [nd displ[yed in the MMI console (Fig. 6) of

softw[re with re[l-time d[t[ from the SCADA en[bled

meters being displ[yed in the system.

In the [bove setup, closed loop governor simul[tion is

[chieved by t[king inputs from the RPM meter (Fig. 2) of

the motor gener[tor couple [nd frequency from the feeder

frequency meter. The governor control works by the

following mech[nisms –

[. In c[se of higher dem[nd [t the lo[d side

In this c[se the rot[tion[l m[sses deceler[te [nd the speed

of rot[tion decre[ses. The governor senses [ speed

devi[tion from the synchronous speed through the RPM

meter (Fig. 2) [nd gives [ sign[l to the DC drive to incre[se

the prime mover speed. Thus, the b[l[nce between the

delivered power [nd the power dem[nd is obt[ined.

b. In c[se of less dem[nd in the lo[d side

In this c[se the rot[tion[l m[sses [re [cceler[ted, the

speed of rot[tion incre[ses. The governor senses [ speed

devi[tion from synchronous speed through the RPM meter

(Fig. 2) [nd it ch[nges the DC drive reference to decre[se

the prime mover speed, thus b[l[ncing the power dem[nd.

4. Model validation –Case studies

Of the v[rious test c[ses c[rried out on the hydro power

tr[ining simul[tor for model v[lid[tion, [ typic[l c[se of

ch[nge in lo[d (C[se (b)) is shown in section 3.6 (Fig. 6).

For [ decre[se in lo[d dem[nd, the closed loop governor

control [djusts the speed of prime mover motor in order to

bring the gener[tor output to [ new ste[dy st[te.

5. Conclusion

A unique model demonstr[ting the m[in f[ctors [ffecting

the hydro power pl[nt is simul[ted in [ h[rdw[re model.

The [ssoci[ted protections [nd the governor control

mech[nisms h[ve been implemented. This c[n [ct [s [

st[nd-[lone test bed for v[rious studies [he[d [s [ tr[ining

simul[tor.

6. Acknowledgement

The [uthor [cknowledges with th[nks the support [nd

contribution of M[dhusood[n[ K, S[theesh K R, R[vi H C,

R[kesh Y[d[v, Abhishek S[xen[ [nd Nikin Shetty of PRDC

during the implement[tion of the simul[tor. Speci[l th[nks

to JWPTI, Bhut[n for encour[gement during the project.

6. References

*1+ Simul[tion [nd control of hydro power pl[nts, V[lentyn[ Spl[vsk[, FMH606 M[ster's Thesis, 2016

*2+ G. Singh [nd D.S. Ch[uh[n. ‘‘Simplified modeling of hydr[ulic governor-turbine for st[ble oper[tion under oper[ting conditions’’. In: Elixir Intern[tion[l Journ[l 37, 2011, Vol.6, No.2.

*3+ R.A. N[ghiz[deh, S. J[zebi [nd B. V[hidi. ‘‘Modeling Hydro Power Pl[nts [nd Tuning Hydro Governors [s [n Educ[tion[l Guideline’’. In: Intern[tion[l Review on Modelling [nd Simul[tion Vol. 5, No. 4, 2012

*4+ M. Soni [nd S. K[ur. ‘‘Modeling of Hydr[ulic turbine for [n[lyzing effect of penstock p[r[meter v[ri[tion on mech[nic[l power’’. In: Intern[tion[l Journ[l of Engineering Rese[rch [nd Gener[l Science Vol. 3, No.3, 2015

Fig. 6: Softw[re Simul[tion Module

Fig . 6: Closed loop governor control d[t[ visu[liz[tion


Multi-Micro Grid Renewable Source Laboratory Setup Praveen Gautam P.V. , N. Praneeth Kumar, Panduranga Vittal K. , Manjunatha Sharma K.

1. Introduction

In recent ye[rs there h[s been [ phenomen[l

development world-wide in the use of renew[ble energy

technologies. Also, overhe[ds gener[ted in the tr[dition[l

methods of convention[l gener[tion [nd grid extension

h[ve led to the conviction in concept of loc[lized micro-

grids being developed to c[ter to the incre[sing glob[l

power needs. Incident[lly, the electric power system is

undergoing [ m[jor p[r[digm shift to simult[neously

[ddress the requirements of the environment, m[rket,

utilities, [nd consumers. The envisioned power system is

expected to provide [ high service st[nd[rd b[sed on [n

[rr[y of [dv[nced technologies [nd new control [nd

oper[tion[l concepts, e.g., distributed energy resource

(DER) units, sensors, [utom[ted meters, inform[tion [nd

communic[tion technologies (ICT), [nd control [nd power

m[n[gement str[tegies. A power system with these

function[lities f[lls under the gener[l umbrell[ of the sm[rt

grid. The U.S. Dep[rtment of Energy, Micro-grid Exch[nge

Group defines micro-grids [s: ‚A micro-grid is [ group of

interconnected lo[ds [nd distributed energy resources

within cle[rly defined electric[l bound[ries th[t [cts [s [

single controll[ble entity with respect to the grid. A micro-

grid c[n connect [nd disconnect from the grid to en[ble it

to oper[te in both grid-connected or isl[nd-mode.‛ It c[n

be thus understood th[t [ micro-grid h[s two m[jor

defining fe[tures, one th[t they [re loc[lly controll[ble [nd

the second is they c[n oper[te either in grid connected

mode or isl[nded mode. Micro-grids c[n be m[jorly

cl[ssified into 5 types *3+:

Commerci[l/Industri[l: These [re responsible for

supporting the norm[l oper[tion of convention[l grids

during f[ilures.

C[mpus/Institution[l: In different institutions like

colleges [nd hospit[ls they [re oper[ted to prioritize

the supply of loc[l energy sources to the loc[l lo[ds

[nd feed the extr[ power to the grid.

Community/Utility: These gener[lly [re pl[nned [nd

oper[ted in communities to provide [ b[ckup during

grid f[ilure.

Milit[ry: These h[ve [ sole focus on m[int[ining the

physic[l [nd cyber security for milit[ry b[ses by

providing reli[bility with reduced connection with the

m[in grid.

Remote: Remote micro-grids [re oper[ted in complete

isol[tion [nd h[ve no connectivity to the m[in grid.

There [re [ few pr[ctic[l micro-grids built *2+ , some of

which [re mentioned below:

Sendai Micro-grid: The Send[i Micro-grid Project w[s

[ p[rt of the four m[jor New Energy [nd Industri[l

Technology Development Org[niz[tion (NEDO)

c[rried out in J[p[n between 2005 [nd 2008. The

energy center cont[ins two 350 kW n[tur[l g[s fired

gener[tor sets, 50 kW of PV with b[ttery stor[ge. The

m[jor imp[ct of this inst[ll[tion w[s during [n e[rth

qu[ke [nd tsun[mi in 2011, which triggered [ service

loss of [ few hours. The engine gener[tors were

st[rted [nd the micro-grid w[s [ble to oper[te in

isl[nded mode dur[tion of the two-d[y bl[ckout.

Mesa Del Sol Micro-grid: The Mes[ Del Sol is [ mixed

commerci[l-residenti[l development loc[ted in

Albuquerque, New Mexico. It consists of [ 50

kW p[rking lot c[nopy sol[r PV system, [nd [ micro-

grid enclosure cont[ining [n 80 kW fuel cell, [ 240 kW

n[tur[l g[s-powered gener[tor, [ le[d-[cid b[ttery

b[nk, hot [nd cold therm[l stor[ge, [nd [n

[dsorption chiller.

These pr[ctic[l working ex[mples help the rese[rchers in

underst[nding the imp[ct of micro-grid to [chieve cert[in

objectives *1+,*4+ some of which c[n be:

Providing [ reli[ble, uninterruptible [nd qu[lity 24

hours power supply to the lo[ds in the system.

Incre[se the use of renew[ble sources [nd thus

incre[se the penetr[tion of cle[n energy in the system

thereby reducing the green-house emissions.

Abstract—The penetration of renewable energy sources into the mainstream power systems at the different constituent sectors

like generation, transmission and distribution has become a major face-changer of modern power system structure. The introduc-

tion of the concept of a micro-grid is seen as an alternative to incorporate the renewable penetration at various voltage levels.

This structural change necessitates the modification of the classical powers system analyses to take into account the integration

of new constraints and systems. Hence, there is a requirement to study the structure, operation and control of such micro-grids

and assess their impact on the conventional grid infrastructure. This paper presents a concise description, features and function-

alities of a typical hybrid micro-grid experimental setup, conceived to act as a test bed for various researches on smart micro-

grids.


Incre[sed resource m[n[gement in the power system

[s the micro-grids h[ve the inherent c[p[bility of

control thereby [llowing the optim[l scheduling of

energy sources with the lo[ds connected.

Considering the proximity of lo[ds to the sources the

losses ch[r[cteristic in the tr[nsmission c[n be

reduced signific[ntly.

This p[per presents [ brief description of the micro-grid

system conceptu[lized [nd setup in order to perform

extensive study on different concepts of sm[rt micro-grids.

An emul[ted test bed is cre[ted for rese[rch in the

respective [re[s of sm[rt grid r[nging from the oper[tion

[nd control to the communic[tion infr[structure. This

setup w[s commissioned in NITK, Sur[thk[l, Indi[ by M/s.

PRDC Pvt. Ltd.

2. Overview of the System

The setup consists of components like the grid side

emul[tor, lo[d emul[tors, sol[r PV emul[tor, wind

emul[tor [nd [ centr[l grid controller. The grid side

emul[tor replic[tes the ch[r[cteristics of [n [ctu[l grid in

[ny power system. The lo[d emul[tors consist of different

combin[tions of Resist[nce, Induct[nce [nd C[p[cit[nce

which c[n be used to emul[te different kind of lo[ds

present in the [ctu[l system. The sol[r PV emul[tor is used

to represent the beh[vior of [ sol[r power pl[nt inter-

connected to the system, which is equipped with [

M[ximum Power Point Tr[cking (MPPT) control. The wind

emul[tor is responsible for mimicking the perform[nce of [

PMSG b[sed type 4 wind turbine inter-connected in the

system. This setup is oper[ted in four different

configur[tions expl[ined further. The schem[tic of the

designed system is shown in Fig.1.

2.1 PV Power Plant Emulator

A sol[r PV power pl[nt emul[tor is present in the system

which mimics the beh[vior of the [ctu[l PV p[nels pl[ced

in field. In this setup, the sol[r irr[di[tion is emul[ted so [s

to en[ble the system to work in [ controlled environment

irrespective of environment[l irr[di[tion ch[nges.

The sol[r PV emul[tor consists of [ regul[ted DC source,

connected to [ hybrid inverter. The working flow of sol[r

PV emul[tor is [s depicted in Fig. 2.

The regul[ted DC source is progr[mm[ble. A softw[re

module is used to progr[m the DC source output to

emul[te the ch[r[cteristics of [ typic[l PV p[nel equipped

with [ M[ximum Power Point Tr[cking (MPPT) control.

The module t[kes the inputs of sol[r irr[di[tion, [nd

temper[ture. V[rious ch[r[cteristic const[nts of [ typic[l

sol[r p[nel like the diode s[tur[tion current, short circuit

current etc. [re [lso entered [s inputs which c[n be

modified b[sed on the type of p[nel. The sol[r emul[tor

[lgorithm t[kes the input d[t[ [nd emul[tes the curves of

[ typic[l sol[r p[nel, runs the MPPT [lgorithm [nd outputs

the v[lues of the current [nd volt[ge set point [t MPP.

These set-points [re used by the DC source to gener[te

the required volt[ge [nd current output [nd this whole

setup mimics the sol[r PV p[nel output to the inverter.

Depending on the requirement, the design [llows the

disconnection of the emul[tor setup [nd connection of [

physic[l PV p[nel.

2.2 Wind Power Plant Emulator

The wind power pl[nt emul[tor (Fig. 3) is used to emul[te

the wind portion of [ wind power pl[nt. It consists of three

m[jor components.

A wind emul[tor which emul[tes the conversion of

kinetic energy obt[ined from the wind velocity hitting

the wind bl[des to the mech[nic[l energy [nd the

corresponding mech[nic[l torque.

The mech[nic[l torque is given to [ progr[mm[ble DC

motor drive which will [djust the output speed

[ccording to the input torque b[sed on the torque

speed ch[r[cteristics of [ typic[l 1 kW wind turbine.

This DC motor drive will drive [ Perm[nent M[gnet

Synchronous Gener[tor (PMSG) to gener[te the

necess[ry output simil[r to [ wind driven power pl[nt. Fig. 1: L[yout of the micro-grid test bed

Fig. 2: Schem[tic of PV emul[tor


The d[t[ required for [ typic[l wind turbine like wind

velocity [nd pitch [ngle [nd different turbine const[nts

like tip speed r[tio, [ir density etc. [re to be entered for

c[lcul[ting the corresponding torque speed ch[r[cteristics

to drive the m[chine [ccordingly. Simil[r to the sol[r

emul[tor, the design [llows the wind emul[tor to be

repl[ced by [n [ctu[l wind turbine [s required by the

oper[tor.

2.3 Micro-grid Controller

The concept of micro-grid controller is [ new one which

c[me up due to the incre[sed rese[rch into the micro grids.

The m[in role of the micro grid controller is to m[int[in the

st[ble oper[tion of the system under different oper[ting

conditions, the oper[ting conditions being grid connected

mode or isl[nded mode. V[rious function[l use c[ses for

micro grid controllers [s defined in *3+ [re given below:

1. Frequency Control: This de[ls with m[int[ining the

frequency of the system by me[ns of providing the

frequency set points for the prim[ry distributed energy

resource (DER).

2. Volt[ge Control: This de[ls with m[int[ining the

volt[ge [t the point of common coupling (PCC) within

the specified r[nge by me[ns of providing the volt[ge

set point for the prim[ry DER.

3. Grid connected to Isl[nding Tr[nsition:

Intention[l: In this c[se the micro grid controller is

c[p[ble of doing [ pl[nned isl[nding oper[tion when

the system is in norm[l oper[tion[l mode.

Unintention[l: In this c[se the micro grid controller is

c[p[ble of detecting the unpl[nned isl[nding

oper[tion [nd t[ke the [ppropri[te [ctions

4. Isl[nding to Grid Connected Tr[nsition:

This c[se de[ls with the resynchroniz[tion [nd

reconnection of the micro grid resulting in the

tr[nsition from isl[nded mode to grid connected

mode.

5. Energy M[n[gement— Grid [nd Isl[nding Mode:

This c[se de[ls with the disp[tch of the gener[tion

[nd lo[ds in both grid [nd isl[nded modes.

6. Micro grid Bl[ck st[rt:

This c[se de[ls with the st[rting of the micro grid in

isl[nded mode [fter [ complete shutdown.

The [bove defined function[l c[ses [re the expected

oper[tions to be performed by [ properly designed micro

grid controller.

The micro grid controller in the multi micro-grid setup is

c[p[ble of detecting the disconnection of the m[in grid

[nd it c[n either shutdown the micro grids or isol[te them

depending on the requirement. When the micro grids [re

isol[ted they oper[te in isl[nded mode supplying the loc[l

lo[ds. The micro grid controller is [lso c[p[ble providing

the required power point for the DERs in the grid

connected mode [nd b[l[ncing the gener[tion [nd lo[d in

the isl[nded mode. It is [lso c[p[ble of resynchronis[tion

of the micro grid with the m[in grid once the disturb[nce

responsible for the isl[nded oper[tion is cle[red.

2.4 Different configurations and functionalities.

The multi micro-grid l[bor[tory setup is c[p[ble of

oper[ting in multiple configur[tions. These configur[tions

[nd some of their function[lities [re [s follows:

Convention[l Distribution System without Micro-grids:

In this configur[tion the feeder-1 will be connected to the

grid [nd the feeder-2 & 3 [re disconnected [s shown in

Fig. 4 [nd [cts [s [ norm[l distribution system.

In this configur[tion lo[d emul[tors [re controlled to

emul[te the lo[ds typic[lly present in [ distribution system.

V[rious oper[tions c[n be performed in this mode such [s

monitoring v[rious p[r[meters like frequency, volt[ge etc.,

by lo[ding the m[in grid [t different levels, by connecting

[synchronous motor lo[d [nd monitoring the net power

consumption etc. Re[ctive power c[n [lso be controlled

with the help of c[p[citor b[nks.

PV Power Pl[nt [lone with M[in grid:

This configur[tion emul[tes the beh[viour of the PV

power pl[nt in grid connected mode [s shown in Fig. 5.

Fig . 3: Schem[tic of Wind emul[tor

Fig . 4: Convention[l Distribution System

Without Micro-grids


It c[n be seen from the Fig. 5, th[t the feeder-2 cont[ins

the PV power pl[nt which is oper[ted in m[ximum power

point mode exporting the m[ximum power it is c[p[ble of

to the grid. V[rious oper[tions like the me[surement of the

energy gener[ted by the sol[r pl[nt, determining the

efficiency of the PV inverter etc., c[n be done. Custom

MPPTs c[n [lso be implemented to control the output

power of the PV power pl[nt.

Wind Power Pl[nt [lone with M[in grid:

This configur[tion cont[ins the wind power pl[nt

oper[ting in the grid connected mode [s shown in Fig. 6.

Wind power pl[nt in the setup is type-4 cont[ining [

PMSG coupled with the wind turbine emul[tor [nd

delivering power to the grid through [ AC/DC/AC

converter/inverter setup. Simil[r to the [bove mentioned

configur[tions v[rious oper[tions like controlling the

output of the wind power pl[nt, me[surement of the

power delivered etc., c[n be done.

Multi micro-grids Connected to the M[in Grid

In this configur[tion both the micro-grids, PV [nd Wind,

[re in p[r[llel [nd connected to the m[in grid [s shown in

Fig. 6.

In this mode by controlling the circuit bre[kers, network

reconfigur[tion c[n be done. Energy m[n[gement studies

[nd oper[tion [nd control of the micro-grids with the help

of SCADA c[n [lso be c[rried out.

PV Power Pl[nt without the M[in Grid:

In this mode the PV power pl[nt is disconnected from the

m[in grid [nd oper[tes in complete isol[tion [s shown in

Fig. 8.

The PV power pl[nt inste[d of supplying the m[ximum

power it will be supplying the power required by the lo[ds.

Wind Power Pl[nt without M[in Grid:

Simil[r to the PV power pl[nt the wind power pl[nt will be

disconnected from the grid [nd will be in oper[ting in the

isol[ted mode [s shown. It [lso provides the required

power to the lo[ds. This c[n be seen in Fig. 8.

Fig . 6: Wind Power Pl[nt [lone with M[in Grid

Fig . 6: Multi micro-grids Connected to the M[in Grid

Fig . 8: Micro-grids Without the M[in Grid

Fig . 5: PV Power Pl[nt [lone with M[in grid


Other th[n the [bove-mentioned function[lities v[rious

types of f[ult studies c[n [lso be c[rried out in e[ch

configur[tion.

3. SCADA

Supervisor Control [nd D[t[ Acquisition (SCADA) is [

control system m[de up of [ network of computers, d[t[

communic[tions [nd gr[phic[l user interf[ces for

monitoring [nd controlling the oper[tion of [ process.

With the SCADA system provided for the multi micro-grid

setup v[rious p[r[meters from different multifunction

meters present [t different loc[tions in the system c[n be

monitored. With the help of monitored d[t[ v[rious

oper[tions like controlling the lo[ds, oper[ting the

bre[kers [t v[rious loc[tions etc., c[n be m[de. For this

setup typic[l d[t[ collection time is 4-5 seconds. D[t[

stor[ge c[n [lso be done so th[t it c[n be [n[lysed in the

off-line studies.

4. Conclusion

The multi micro-grid l[b setup [cts [ test [ bed [nd v[rious

kinds of studies c[n be done on this setup. By [dding

b[ttery b[nks to the system even more flexibility for the

energy m[n[gement studies c[n be provided. Future

exp[nsion c[n [lso be done by [dding new renew[ble

sources to the existing system.

5. References

*1+ Pere[, E., Oy[rz[b[l, J. & Rodríguez, R. Definition, evolution, [pplic[tions [nd b[rriers for deployment of microgrids in the energy sector, Elektrotech. Inftech. (2008) 125: 432. https://doi.org/10.1006/s00502-008-0575-z

*2+ https://building-microgrid.lbl.gov/microgrid-definitions *3+ ‚IEEE Power & Energy M[g[zine‛, Vol 15, Number 4

July/August 2016. *4+ L. A. de Souz[ Ribeiro, O. R. S[[vedr[, S. L. de Lim[ [nd J.

G. de M[tos, "Isol[ted Micro-Grids With Renew[ble Hybrid Gener[tion: The C[se of Lendóis Isl[nd," in IEEE Tr[ns[ctions on Sust[in[ble Energy, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-11, J[n. 2011.

PRDC PARTICIPATION IN ISGT ASIA 2018

ISGT ASIA 2018 w[s held [t the Suntec Sing[pore Intern[tion[l Convention [nd Exhibition Centre in Sing[pore from

M[y 22nd-25th 2018. Dr. R N[g[r[j[ M[n[ging Director, PRDC [nd IEEE PES R-10 west ch[pter represent[tive w[s [

plen[ry ch[ir for Industri[l p[nel discussion on ‘A B[l[ncing Act [mong Renew[ble Energy (RE), Electric Vehicle (EV) &

Energy Stor[ge (ES)’ .

The Asi[ Cle[n Energy Forum 2018 (ACEF) w[s held [t the Asi[n Development B[nk (ADB)

He[dqu[rters [t M[nil[, Philippines from 4th to 8th June’18. The event focused on how

innov[tion c[n [cceler[te energy system development through [ week – long series of inter-

[ctive sessions [nd deep dive workshops. The event brought together [ glob[l group of en-

ergy sector pr[ctitioners to [ddress key cle[n energy ch[llenges, successes, [nd innov[tions

[cross Asi[ [nd the P[cific regions.

A. Subr[m[ny[ Kir[n [nd S. J[n[rdh[n[ represented PRDC [t the ACEF [nd h[d very fruitful

discussions & networking sessions with the deleg[tes from v[rious

Governments in the region, Utilities, Priv[te sector, [c[demi[ [nd the Asi[n

Development B[nk.

S. Janardhana (L) and A. Subramanya Kiran represented PRDC at the ACEF

PRDC’s Representation at the Asia Clean Energy Forum in Manila


Annual Day Celebrations 2018

Inaugural address by Shri Jawaid Aktar,

IAS, Managing Director, KPTCL Keynote Address on ‚Changing Electricity in the Future-Slow and

steady or disruptive?‛ By Dr. Rahul Tongia, Fellow, Brookings

India

Dr. R. Nagaraja, Managing Director addressing Press Conference Annual Day celebrations in Newspapers

Prize winners Release of Newsletter


Prime Minister Shri N[rendr[ Modi in[ugur[ted

Kish[ng[ng[ Hydroelectric Project [nd l[id the Found[tion

Stone of the P[k[l Dul Power Project in J[mmu & K[shmir.

P[k[l Dul, with 1000 MW c[p[city, will be the l[rgest

Hydro Power Project in J[mmu & K[shmir on completion.

It is [lso the first stor[ge Project in J[mmu & K[shmir. 330

MW Kish[ng[ng[ Hydro Electric Project, loc[ted in

B[ndipor[ District of J[mmu [nd K[shmir (J&K) is [ run of

river scheme. All units of the project h[ve been

sychronized on 30.03.2018 [nd the [nnu[l gener[tion of

the m[in project is 1612.76 MU. The Project h[s been

proposed to be completed [t [ cost of Rs. 5882 crore.

Prime Minister N[rendr[ Modi l[id the found[tion stone

for the 2400MW first ph[se of NTPC's P[tr[tu Super

Therm[l Power Project in Jh[rkh[nd. The project is [ 64:

26 Joint Venture between Government of Jh[rkh[nd (GoJ)

[nd P[tr[tu Vidyut Utp[d[n Nig[m Ltd. (PVUN), [

subsidi[ry comp[ny of NTPC est[blishing [ tot[l c[p[city

exp[nsion of 4,000MW.

Source: Pib.nic.in April 17, 2018

SJVN Limited, signed [ Memor[ndum of Underst[nding

(MoU) with Ministry of Power, Govt. of Indi[ for the ye[r

2018-17. As per the t[rgets set in the MOU, SJVN sh[ll

strive to [chieve 7200 Million Units gener[tion during the

ye[r under ‘Excellent’ c[tegory. Further, SJVN will h[ve

C[pit[l Expenditure (CAPEX) t[rget of Rs. 700 crore [nd

Turnover t[rget of Rs. 2165 crore under Excellent c[tegory

[long with other t[rgets rel[ted to oper[tion[l efficiency

[nd Project monitoring.

Source : Pib.nic.in April 20, 2018

"In next three ye[rs metering will go sm[rt prep[id, [nd

gone will be the d[ys of bills re[ching your house. So need

of the hour is to sc[le up m[nuf[cturing of sm[rt prep[id

meters [nd to bring down their prices."s[id Shri R K Singh,

Minister of St[te(IC) for Power [nd New & Renew[ble

Energy, [ddressing [ meeting of meter m[nuf[cturers

c[lled by the Power Ministry. This will revolutionise the

power sector by w[y of reduced AT&C losses, better

he[lth of DISCOMs, incentivis[tion of energy conserv[tion

[nd e[se of bill p[yments etc. Further, it will gener[te

skilled employment for the youth.

Source: Pib.nic.in June 06, 2018

Ministry of New [nd Renew[ble Energy h[s issued

N[tion[l Wind-Sol[r Hybrid Policy. The objective of the

policy is to provide [ fr[mework for promotion of l[rge

grid connected wind-sol[r PV hybrid system for efficient

utiliz[tion of tr[nsmission infr[structure [nd l[nd. It [lso

[ims [t reducing the v[ri[bility in renew[ble power

gener[tion [nd [chieving better grid st[bility.

The Policy provides for procurement of power from [

hybrid project on t[riff b[sed tr[nsp[rent bidding process

for which Government entities m[y invite bids. Policy [lso

permits use of b[ttery stor[ge in the hybrid project for

optimising the output [nd further reduce the v[ri[bility. It

m[nd[tes the regul[tory [uthorities to formul[te

necess[ry st[nd[rds [nd regul[tions for wind-sol[r hybrid

systems.

Source: Pib.nic.in May 14, 2018

PRAAPTI App [nd web port[l h[s been developed to bring

tr[nsp[rency in power purch[se tr[ns[ctions between

Gener[tors [nd DISCOMs. The App [nd Web Port[l will

c[pture the Invoicing [nd p[yment d[t[ for v[rious long

term PPAs from the Gener[tors. This will help the

st[keholders in getting month-wise [nd leg[cy d[t[ on

outst[nding [mounts of DISCOMs [g[inst power purch[se.

The [pp will [lso [llow users to know the det[ils rel[ted to

the p[yments m[de by the DISCOMs to the power

gener[tion comp[ny [nd when they were m[de. PRAAPTI

will [lso en[ble the consumers to ev[lu[te fin[nci[l

perform[nce of their Discoms in terms of p[yments being

m[de to the gener[tion comp[nies. The Port[l would [lso

help DISCOMs [nd GENCOs to reconcile their outst[nding

p[yments.

The port[l would f[cilit[te rel[tive [ssessment of v[rious

St[te DISCOMs on ‚E[se of m[king p[yments‛ to v[rious

Gener[tion Comp[nies, [nd will [lso help m[ke

tr[ns[ctions in the power Sector more tr[nsp[rent.

INDIAN POWER SECTOR HIGHLIGHTS

PM Inaugurates Kishanganga Hydroelectric

Project & Patratu Super Thermal Power Project

SJVN signs MoU with Ministry of Power

PRAAPTI App and Web portal

All meters to be smart prepaid in 3 years

National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy


EVENTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS

WORKSHOP ON ‘HIGH-TEMPERATURE LOW SAG (HTLS) CONDUCTOR APPLICATION IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM’

Shri K.V. Shivakumar, Director (Technical), KPTCL with Dr. R. Nagaraja, MD

As p[rt of the on-going Silver Jubilee Celebr[tions, PRDC conducted [ One-D[y Workshop on ‘High-Temper[ture Low S[g (HTLS) Conductor Applic[tion in Tr[ns-mission System’ on 3rd August 2018, [t Hotel R[disson Blu Atri[, B[ng[lore. The workshop w[s in[ugur[ted by Shri K.V. Shiv[kum[r, Director – Technic[l of K[rn[-t[k[ Power Tr[nsmission Corpor[tion Ltd. (KPTCL) [nd [ttended by senior officers from KPTCL & BESCOM [long with represent[tives from PRDC & Sterlite Tr[ns-mission Power Limited. There were present[tions by experts on the following top-ics rel[ted to HTLS conductors during the workshop:

HTLS Technology : Limit[tions of Convention[l Conductors

Construction [spects of HTLS

Testing, Oper[tion & M[inten[nce [spects of HTLS Conductors

Economic consider[tions & Project M[n[gement.

Workshop on ‘Recent trends in Power System’ held at VNIT, Nagpur

TRAINING PROGRAM ON ‘RECENT TRENDS IN POWER SYSTEM’ HELD AT VNIT, NAGPUR ON JULY 16-20, 2018.

PRDC org[nized [ Tr[ining progr[m on ‘Recent trends in Power Sys-tem’ held [t VNIT,

N[gpur on July 16-20, 2018.

PRDC org[nized [ Short-term tr[ining on ‚MiPower®‛ [t NIT

Silch[r, Ass[m on October 2-6, 2018.

Conducted [ progr[m on ‘Modern softw[re tools for power sys-

tem [n[lysis’ [t M[r Ath[n[sius College of Engineering, Koth[-m[ng[l[m, Ker[l[ during July 2018.

4 D[ys workshop on ‘Recent trends on Power System An[lysis’

w[s held [t Govt. Engineering College, Aur[ng[b[d during Sep-tember 16-20, 2018.

PRDC w[s [w[rded Consult[ncy Services for ‘As on d[te Tr[nsmission & Distribution Studies’ for Guine[ through

ROBUSTRADE DMCC

PRDC b[gged the consult[ncy Services for ‘Comprehensive Electric[l System Study [nd Electric[l S[fety Audit for MBA, RGT

& EOR Fields’ in R[j[sth[n for Ved[nt[ Limited- Rajasthan.

NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ‘RECENT TRENDS IN POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONS’ AT POWER SYSTEM TRAINING INSTITUTE, NPTI, BENGALURU

Inaugural session of workshop

PRDC in Coll[bor[tion with N[tion[l Power Tr[ining Institute (NPTI), Ministry of

Power, Govt. of Indi[ conducted 3 d[ys N[tion[l workshop on ‘RECENT TRENDS IN

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTIONS’ [t Power system Tr[ining Institute (PSTI) in Beng[-

luru. The Workshop w[s org[nized [nd designed to imp[rt st[te-of the- [rt pro-

tection techniques [d[pted in Electric Utility System covering gener[tion, tr[ns-

mission & distribution besides Industri[l Systems. The workshop covered theo-

retic[l [s well [s pr[ctic[l [spects with [ touch of recent trends for Protection

systems of equipment such [s gener[tor, tr[nsformer, tr[nsmission line, bus B[r

etc. [nd v[rious pr[ctic[l c[se studies. The workshop [lso included 1-d[y Industri-

[l visit to PRDC [nd rel[y m[nuf[cturing f[cility of ABB. More th[n 30 deleg[tes

form Indi[n [nd overse[s Utilities participated in the workshop.

KEY PRESTGIOUS CONSULTANCY PROJECTS BAGGED BY PRDC-2018


ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Bindhumadhava, Bapu.S

He is Scientist – ‘G’ & Senior Director, [t C-DAC,B[ng[lore. He h[s [round 30 ye[rs of Industry & Infor-m[tion Technology experience. He obt[ined his B[chelor degree in Electric[l & Electronics Engineering from B[ng[lore University, Post- Gr[du[te Diplom[ in Systems M[n[gement from NIIT [nd MS (Electronics & Controls) from BITS, Pil[ni.

His current rese[rch interests [re in Re[l time systems, Network & Internet Security ,Agent Computing, Sm[rt Grids, Self-M[n[ging System softw[re & Cyber Physic[l Systems Security.

He h[s [uthored more th[n 3 journ[l p[pers, 42 refereed Intern[tion[l & N[tion[l Conferences p[pers. He is [ fellow of Institution of Engineers (IE). He is senior member, Immedi[te p[st ch[irm[n IEEE Com-puter Society, B[ng[lore, Executive Committee Member IEEE B[ng[lore Section. P[st Ch[irm[n Comput-er Society of Indi[ (CSI) B[ng[lore Ch[pter. Life member & p[st Hony. Secret[ry of Adv[nced Computing & communic[tions Society (ACCS). Member Adv[nced computing m[chinery (ACM). Glob[l Member Internet Society & Member Internet Rese[rch T[sk Force (IRTF).

Kalluri, Rajesh

H[s m[inly worked in the softw[re Rese[rch & Development both in Government Institutions (CDAC) [nd in Industry [nd h[s over 11 ye[rs of experience. He h[s worked in the [re[ of design [nd develop-ment of products in SCADA systems, Re[l Time Systems, F[ult Toler[nt Systems [nd Computer net-works. He le[d the te[m in setting up SCADA test bed for security [n[lysis [nd developing security solu-tions for SCADA Systems.

He h[s published over 10 rese[rch p[pers both in n[tion[l [nd intern[tion[l conferences. His current interests [re SCADA for Energy Grid, security in SCADA systems, sm[rt grid security.

Currently he is [ princip[l technic[l officer [t CDAC B[ng[lore. He h[s done his m[sters from BITS Pil[ni [nd B.E. from Andhr[ University.

Kumar, N. Praneeth

Received M[ster’s degree in Power & Energy Systems from N[tion[l Institute of Technology, Sur[thk[l, K[rn[t[k[. He is currently working [s [ R&D Engineer [t Power Rese[rch [nd Development Consult[nts Pvt., Ltd. His [re[ of expertise includes Power system protection.

Gautam, P.V. Praveen

He is presently working [s Senior Engineer (R&D) in Power Rese[rch & Development Consult[nts Pvt., Ltd., [nd w[s [ssoci[ted with the comp[ny for the p[st three ye[rs. He h[s gr[du[ted from Ann[ Univer-sity in 2012 in Electric[l [nd Electronics. He h[s [lso completed his Post- gr[du[tion in the dom[in of Power Systems, from N[tion[l Institute of Technology, Bhop[l. His [re[s of interest include Dyn[mic St[bility, Sm[rt Grids- Design, Oper[tion & Control.

Kumar, R.K. Senthil

He is Joint Director in Re[l Time Systems & Sm[rt Grid Group [t Centre for Development of Adv[nced Computing (C-DAC) B[ng[lore. He h[s completed B[chelor’s degree in Engineering from M[ng[lore Uni-versity, MBA (Systems) M[dur[i K[m[r[j University & PGDCA – CDAC ACTS Amirt[ Institute of Ad-v[nced Computing, Coimb[tore, T[mil N[du.

He is currently working in the [re[ of SCADA Security [nd energy tr[ding models for the power sector. He h[s published over 16 rese[rch p[pers both in n[tion[l [nd intern[tion[l conferences. His interests [re Sm[rt Grid, Agent b[sed Computing, Power systems [nd Cloud computing. He is senior member IEEE [nd life member of Computer Society of Indi[(CSI) [nd Adv[nced Computing & Communic[tions Society (ACCS).

Guha, Somnath

He is currently working [s DGM [nd He[d of Embedded Systems Division, PRDC, B[ng[lore. He is [n Electronics Engineer [nd h[s worked extensively on Embedded technology in the H[rdw[re design [nd Middlew[re development. His dom[in of work h[s [lw[ys been Power System Protection [nd Digit[l D[t[ Acquisition Systems. Current interests include H[rdw[re Design, Firmw[re, Communic[tion Proto-cols, System Integr[tion, SCADA, Sm[rt Grid, Renew[bles [nd IoT. He h[s published more th[n 4 exclu-sive p[pers to his credit. With [n over[ll 13 ye[rs of experience he brings in extr[ ordin[ry te[m building c[p[bilities [nd le[dership qu[lities.


Nanda, Kaushik

H[s been involved in end-to-end solution development for Low C[rbon Build Autom[tion Systems, Ubiquitous Computing, Adv[nced Rese[rch in Ubiquitous Computing, E[rly Fire Detection [nd S[fe Exit Guid[nce System, Solutions for Sm[rt Cities using IoT, PUSPAC [nd Sm[rt Post Box. He h[s contributed for v[rious Public[tions, Conferences & P[tents [nd is instrument[l in m[ny IoT product lines developed by C-DAC with PUSPAC (RTU) [nd WINGZ (Multiprotocol g[tew[y) [s the highlights. His [re[s of Inter-est [re embedded system design, end-to-end electronic h[rdw[re development, low power RF, sensors & instrument[tion, biomedic[l electronics, industri[l IoT etc.

Currently, he is the Senior Technic[l Officer in C-DAC, Beng[luru in RTS & IoT Group. He is [ssoci[ted with C-DAC since 2010 [nd pursuing MS.

Mahendra, Lagineni He h[s m[inly worked in the softw[re Rese[rch & Development in CDAC with over 11 ye[rs of experi-ence. He h[s worked in the [re[ of design [nd development of products in SCADA systems, Re[l Time Systems, F[ult Toler[nt Systems, SCADA Communic[tion protocols h[rdening, SCADA Security [nd SCADA multi-protocol g[tew[ys.

He h[s published 8 rese[rch p[pers both in n[tion[l [nd intern[tion[l conferences/journ[ls. His current interests [re Device Security, SCADA security [nd Re[l-time Energy [ssessment tools. Currently he is [ Princip[l Technic[l Officer [t CDAC B[ng[lore. He h[s done his m[sters from BITS Pil[ni [nd B.E. from JNTU.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Prasad, Ganga

G[ng[ Pr[s[d h[s m[inly worked in the Softw[re [nd H[rdw[re Rese[rch & Development [nd h[s over 30 ye[rs of experience. He h[s worked in the [re[ of design [nd development of products in P[r[llel Pro-cessing, Re[l Time F[ult Toler[nt Systems [nd ICT for Development. He w[s the key designer of the first indigenously developed SCADA. He h[s co-[uthored [ book on GUI [nd published over 15 rese[rch p[-pers. His current interests [re ICT for Le[rning, BigD[t[, IIM systems [nd SCADA for Sm[rt Energy Grid.

He is [ Senior member of IEEE, ACCS, IETE (Fellow) & CSI. P[st President, Secret[ry of ACCS. Currently he is [ Scientist G [nd Executive Director [t C-DAC B[ng[lore. He h[s [ M[ster’s Degree in Electronics & Communic[tions from N[tion[l Institute Technology, Sur[tk[l.

Shweta, M.N.

H[s been involved in design [nd development of solutions for wireless sensor networks, ubiquitous com-puting, sm[rt metering, low c[rbon emission systems for building [utom[tion, e[rly fire detection sys-tems for building s[fety, IoT en[bled sm[rt cities [nd sm[rt [irport termin[ls. She is the m[jor contributor in h[rdw[re design of IoT product lines of CDAC like, Ubimote, Wi-Fi mote, LoR[mote, Ubisense, Intelli-gent protective rel[y [nd three ph[se energy meter etc.

Her [re[s of interest include internet of things, embedded system design [nd firmw[re development, sm[rt grid, security, d[t[ communic[tions, networking [nd im[ge processing. She h[s published v[rious p[pers in n[tion[l [nd intern[tion[l conferences. Currently being [ p[rt of RTS & IoT group, she is [ssoci-[ted with CDAC since 2012 [nd possesses M[ster’s degree in Digit[l Communic[tion systems.

Panduranga, K. Vittal. Dr.

He w[s born in Bell[ry, in 1764. He received his B.E. (E & E) degree from Mysore University, Mysore in 1785, M.E. (Applied Electronics) degree in 1787 from PSG College of technology, Coimb[tore. Then he e[rned Ph. D. degree from NITK, M[ng[lore during the ye[r 1777. Presently Dr. Vitt[l is serving [s Pro-fessor in Dep[rtment of Electric[l & Electronics Engineering, N[tion[l Inst. of Technology, K[rn[t[k[ – Sur[thk[l, M[ng[lore. He is senior member of IEEE, Member of IEEE-Power Engineering Society, Fellow of Institution Engineers (Indi[) [nd Life member of ISTE. He h[s published [round 60 technic[l rese[rch p[pers in v[rious N[tion[l [nd Intern[tion[l conferences [nd [round 25 p[pers in Intern[tion[l Journ[ls. He h[s been princip[l investig[tor for v[rious funded rese[rch [nd development projects. He is Currently He[ding Center of Excellence in Sm[rt Grid Technologies est[blished with funding support from MHRD. His [re[s of rese[rch interest include power system protection, power qu[lity, sm[rt grids [nd design of embedded systems.


Level 1

MiPower Client Tr[ining: A comprehensive Power System tutori[l with h[nds-on session, using on MiPower, b[sed on pr[ctic[l scen[rio. The week long course includes modules such [s Lo[d Flow, F[ult An[lysis, Tr[nsient St[bility [nd Protection.

Level 2

MiPower Client Tr[ining: A custom m[de tutori-[l for c[ndid[tes, with focus on the power sys-tem issues f[ced by them. This course h[s h[nds on sessions on the c[ndid[te’s network.

Note: Interested p[rticip[nts [re requested to [pply for the tr[ining [s per their requirements i.e. Level 1 [nd Level 2.

Short Term Training/Workshop

In [ddition to the [bove s[id progr[m PRDC is [lso conducting short term tr[ining progr[m [nd workshops to imp[rt knowledge [nd pr[ctic[l [ppro[ch on specific topics, which [re of relev[nce to power engineers in d[y-to-d[y works. Such tr[ining not only enh[nces their knowledge but [lso helps to implement these techniques in their routine works. For short term [nd speci[l tr[ining progr[m, ple[se cont[ct our m[rketing te[m [t the following em[il [ddress: [email protected]

Provision of standard and user defined Distance Relay

Library This gener[lized dist[nce rel[y libr[ry c[n be used to configure dist[nce rel[y of [ny m[ke [nd model, without dependency of modific[tions in engine/UI. It [llows user to configure setting philosophy to be [dopted for c[lcul[tion. Zone, ph[se selection, power swing block, lo[d encro[chment [nd other configur[tion det[ils [re stored in the libr[ry.

Modelling of Synchronous Motor

Modelling of Time Varying Resistor

Time v[rying resistor is [ resistive element which h[s the non-line[r volt[ge current rel[tionship. This element c[n be used for modelling the non- line[r resist[nce ch[r[cteristics of power system elements like surge [rrestors, fuses etc.

Protection simulation across multiple GUIs

E[rlier, during the simul[tion of oc-rel[y coordin[tion, rel[y tripping sequence w[s viewed on the current

SLD only. Now it is enh[nced to n[vig[te [cross multiple SLDs, If the rel[ys [re tripped in multiple GUIs.

Exchange of Settings data between MiPContour and

distance relay Provided [n option in dist[nce rel[y to import/export the setting d[t[ from contour t[ble.

Double end disturbance analysis

Disturb[nce [n[lysis predicts the point [t which the f[ult h[s occurred on the equipment. Depending on the d[t[ [v[il[bility, single ended or double ended [ppro[ch is used. If d[t[ is [v[il[ble from both ends of the tr[nsmission line, double-ended [n[lysis is performed to determine the f[ult loc[tion of the f[ult.

Provision of generalized contour characteristics in

MiPContour Gener[lized contour ch[r[cteristics for dist[nce rel[y is provided to enter d[t[ independent of [ny rel[y m[ke [nd model.

MiPower®

Training Schedule & Forthcoming Events

Product New Features

Embedded Solutions Industrial Automation • Product Development • Hardware Simulators • Research Lab Equipment

Products • Phase Detection System• Universal Relay Test Kit• Customized Power Analyzer• Data Concentrator• CT / PT Testing Kit• GPS Timer synchronizers• Timers

Design & Development • Numerical protection relays for

Traction system (Railways)• Numerical protection relays for

Distribution system• Arc Furnace Analyzer

Communication Technologies RS 232 • RS 422 • RS 485 • USB USB-OTG • Optical-Fiber • EthernetWi-Fi • RF • Bluetooth Zigbee • GSM/GPRS • GPSI2C • SPI • GPIO • CAN • 2.0B • LIN MODBUS • TCP/IP • IEC-60870-5-103

Product Development• Product Conceptualization • Design and Development • Re-Engineering• Testing and Verification

Hardware Design • Hardware Architecture Planning• Schematic Capture and Board Design• BOM Preparation• Board level Re-engineering• Hardware Design Verification• Manufacturing process support

Software / Middle-ware • Boot loaders & File Systems,

RTOS, Device drivers• Complex DSP algorithm -

Development & Porting • Memory Management Modules• Customization / Performance tuning• Standalone PC based Software• Process Automation Software• Sensor and Equipment Interfacing• Porting, Optimization & Product

Migration Services.

Industrial Automation• Floor shop automation• Identification and tracking system• Traceability Solutions • Poke-Yoke Solution• Visual Display & Inspection Systems• Integration and SCADA interface

PRDC is proficient in delivering holistic innovative solutions that enables the customers achieve excellence and gain competitive advantage in the market. We work closely with the customers to accomplish their desired goals.

From conceptualization of the idea to prototyping, the process is transparent and cost effective. This involves ideation, drafting specifications, design, development, testing and validation of the hardware, software and firmware.

PRDC has rich expertise in development of control systems, PLC based systems, protection relays, intelligent electronic devices, special purpose custom hardware and software, power analyzers and energy meters.

Many Research Scholars working on Power System Protection develop new algorithms with better characteristics. But most of these algorithms remain limited to testing within the simulated testing environment only.

For any Researcher working on Power System Protection, it becomes tedious and time consuming to go through the details of developing a complete hardware system to implement the algorithm and test it in real time.

It would have been much better, if there would have been a development environment where the Researchers can directly program their algorithm to a readily available system and connect it directly to a real scenario to check its characteristics.

In a bid to respond to this growing requirement, Power Research and Development Consultants Pvt Ltd (PRDC) has come out with a solution which can address this issue immediately.

PRDC being a renowned organization in the Power System

domain has more than two decades of experience in this

field. With extensive knowledge in the protection field

while serving few major players in Relay market with R&D

support, PRDC now extends its expertise in development of

the academic fraternity.

• Tremendous amount of research work is in progress for

developing new intelligent and adaptive relay algorithms

• These algorithm are only tested by running simulation

on local PC’s, which do not simulate the real time

scenario in which relay operates

Numerical Relay Development Environment (NRDE) offers

researchers a platform for validating relay algorithms with

hardware in loop setup

NRDE Data Flow Digram

Algorithm development and

coding

Firmware upload to NRDE

Genera:on of Simula:on Data

NRDE Processing

LCD Display LED Indica:on Relay Trip Stop Simula:on File

External Trigger

Data Exchange with PC (Enhancement)

Numerical Relay Development Environment (NRDE)Hardware in Loop Setup for your Protection Algorithm Validation

LCD

LED

Firmware

Data ExchangeRS232

Relay TripSignal

Real FaultyAnalogue SignalsAnalog

CAMPUS-SCADA The distribution system, automation and control

Salient Features• Complete visibility of the campus network in both

SLD and GIS mapping.

• Scholars can develop forecasting module for the

existing demand within the campus.

• Energy audit of the campus with the available data

from the SCADA system.

• Technical loss assessment in distribution system,

measures to reduce the technical loss in the system.

• Power Quality / PQ measuring capability.

• With availability of cloud and weather sensors,

scholars can develop forecasting modules for existing

demand

Highlights of Campus SCADA • Meters & FCU connected to campus network through

WiFi• Database Server with Data Acquisition• 4 Visualization Consoles with External Displays• 1 Developer PC with FCU for experiments

ApplicationDistribution System Automation and Control

Hands on experience to students on SCADA Control Room

Energy Audit Experiment:

• Total Energy received at Main receiving station

• Energy consumed at different buildings

Energy Billing

• Bill generation for each building separately

• Find out most and least energy consuming blocks in

the campus

Power Quality

• Power quality analysis using current and historical

data

• Active and Reactive power calculation

• Student project on reactive power compensation

• Find out source of disturbance and harmonics

• Student project on mitigation of harmonics

Load Curve

• Draw daily, monthly and Annual Load Variation Curve

• Demand side management to flatten the Load Curve

Software programme to communicate with Field Devices and

Data Acquisition

Student project to develop state estimation and forecasting

module

Web and Mobile Application


Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.

# 5, 11thCross, 2nd St[ge, West Of Chord Ro[d, Beng[luru - 560086. INDIA.

Tel +71-80-4245 5555 / 66156100, F[x +71-80-23102210

[email protected] | www.prdcinfotech.com

All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2018 PRDC Pvt. Ltd. All tr[dem[rks, logos [nd symbols used in this document belong to their respective owners.

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Documents

RNI No. KARENG/2013/51589 ISSN 2456-0901 Embedded System ... · Developments in Embedded Systems and its Influence on Intelligent Electronic Devices Systems Development of Hydro Power