RLS

REGIONALLANGUAGESTUDIES...NEWFOUNDLAND

Number 14February, 1993

Memorial University of NewfoundlandDepartment of English Language and Literature

St. John's, Newfoundland

I

eN ISSN 0079-9335

RLS

REGIONALLANGUAGESTUDIES...NEWFOUNDLAND

Number 14February. 1993

Memorial University of NewfoundlandDepartment of English Language and Literature

81. John's, Newfoundland

Copyright @ 1993 hy Department of English Language and Literature,Memorial University of Newfoundland. Reproduction without the expresswritten permission of the copyright holder is prohibited.

CN ISSN 0079-9335

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Editorial - (G.S.) ..................................•.

Non-standard Dialect in Percy Janes' Novel, Ho..u.s..cllflillll: - Graham Shorrocks and Beverly Rndgers 2

Alexander John Ellis (J814-1890):A Bibliography of his Writings,II - Rohert Sanders 26

A Supplement to the Bihliography of NewfoundlandFolklore and Language - (G. S.) ...........•......•... 32

Review Article: C. W. Kreidler', The pronunciatjonof EngUsh' A Course Book in PhoDologyReviewed hy F. A. N. Bouhadiha ...........•.....•... 40

Linguistic Research in Newfoundland and .Lahrador· (G.S.) .......................• :.; . . . .. 4'1

Memorial University of Newfoundland Folkloreand Language Publication Series ..............•....... 48

REGIONAL LANGUAGE STUDIES - NEWFOUNDLAND

Number 14

February. 1993

Editor: Graham Shorrocks

Regional Language Studies is primarily intended. to promote the study ofthe varieties of English spoken in Newfoundland and Labrador. It also aims tospread information about other languages spoken in the province, and about thelinguistic research carried out here. We publish articles, reviews,bibliographies, notices, notes and queries, and aTe interested in work -whether synchronic or diachronic - at all linguistic levels (phonology I

morphology, syntax and Jexis). Regional and social dialects, specializedvocabularies (occupational dialects), and onomastics are of particular interest.We are aJso concerned with the folklore, folk-life and material culture of thespeech communities of the province. Contributions of a more general charactermay be included from time to time.

Regional Language Studies is published by the Department of EnglishLanguage and Literature at Memorial University. It is prepared by the editor,with advice from WilHam J. Kirwin and a.M. Story. It maintains close Jinkswith the Departments of Folklore and Linguistics, and with the MemorialUniversity of Newfoundland Folklore and Language Archive.

Submissions and other correspondence should be addressed to GrahamShorrocks, Department of English Language and Literature, MemorialUniversity of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, AlB 3X9, Canada.Readers are invited to submit the names of scholars who might be interested inreceiving Regional Language Studies.

The present issue contains an article on Percy Janes' use of literarydialect in his best-known work, the novel House of Hate. This is followed bythe second part of an important bibliography of the writings of Alexander JohnEllis. Though famous for his work in the fields of spelling reform andphonetics, Ellis is perhaps not quite so well known in modern dialectology ashe ought to be. It is hoped that the publication of this, the fullest listing of hisworks to date, will encourage scholars to reconsider Ellis's position in thehistory of Ihe discipline. The bibliography is followed by a a supplement 10our "Bibliography of Newfoundland Folklore and Language", and this in turnby a review article. Finally, "Linguistic Research in Newfoundland" presentsdetails of recent work by scholars in the province.

NON-STANDARD DIALECT IN PERCY lANES' NOVEL,HOUSE OF HATE'

Graham Shorrocks and Beverly RodgersMemorial University of Newfoundland

In this study we examine Janes' use of non-standard Newfoundland

dialect in House of Hate:!. Janes was born in 1922, and published~

Hm. his second novel, when he was forty-eight. Growing up in Comer

Brook, he spoke non-standard dialect at home. and 90% of the dialect in the

novel goes back to that time (Janes, personal communication). House of Hate

has never been out of print, and now appears on syllabuses in schools and

universities. A considerable part of its "impact derives from Janes' literary

dialect.

House of Hate spans the lives of four generations of one family - that of

Saul Stone - as remembered and interpreted by one of his sons, Juju, but

concentrates essentially on two of those generations, namely Saul and his wife,

Gertrude, on the one hand, and their six children, Henry, Hilda, Raymond,

Crawford, Juju and Frederick, on the other. The narrator, Juju, describes how

everyone within the Stone household suffers from the hatred that Saul seems to

feel toward all around him, and the hostility toward himself that he generates in

his own children. The novel is clearly autobiographical, and some have seen

little more than autobiography in it. For instance. Cockburn (1970: 115)

remarked that House of Hate was little more than -[thinly and unimaginatively]

disguised autobiographical fact". It is certainly true that Janes has admitted to

an autobiographical element in House of Hate, but he has at the same time been

most insistent that the work transcends mere autobiography(~: 10. In

view, no doubt, of comments such as Cockburn's, Margaret Laurence (1976: :x)

spelled out the differences between fact and fiction:

Because this type of fiction is so frequently misunderstood and readmistakenly as a literal transcription of actual events, I think itshould be made quite clear that this is not a separate area offiction. As Janes himself has said (the quote appears on thedusljacket of the original edition), "I have added, subtracted,altered, arranged and invented". A novel based on a writer'sexperience is no less a work of true fiction than a novel whiCh .hasnothing to do with the writer's own life. The art of fiction lies inthe ability to bring to life on the printed page a whole range. ofcharacters and events, and to explore meaningful and universalthemes. In this sense it has nothing to do with simply recordingthe events of anyone's )jfe. And, of course, if six members of afamily set out and were equipped to forge a work of art out of theirchildhood's materials, we would get six quite different novels.

We are dealing, then, not with reality. but with ndlli.s..m.. House of Hate is a

work of art, with a number of themes, such as hatred, fear, escape, the "hunt

for love" (p. 320), and the effects of Newfoundland's confederation and

industrialization upon individual and family experiences. There can be little

doubt about the main theme; as Janes himself observed: "There is really only

one major theme in House of Hate and that is ... the destructive force of hate

within a family"~: 21£). This focus on the family - the central unit

in our society - gives House of Hate a universal significance, which is

enhanced by the particularity and realism of its Newfoundland selling.

4

The realistic quality of the novel is effected in various ways. One is

Janes' use of place-names. Another is the use of nicknames. Each of Saul's

children is referred to by a nickname: Ank (Henry), Flinksy (Hilda), Racer

(Raymond), Crawfie (Crawford), Juju (the narrator), and Fudge (Frederick).

But the most important device that Janes uses to create the realism so essential

to House of Hate is direct speech - direct speech that is vivid and spontaneous

in its use of non-standard dialect. Indeed, the dialect is an integral part of the

story.3 Before looking closely at Janes' literary dialect and its functions,

however, it is appropriate to remind ourselves of some of the difficuhies that

writers face when using literary dialect4 : 1) Ordinary orthography is incapable

of representing non-standard speech in an explicit fashion, so that the writer's

choice of conventions to represent particular sounds is inevitably subjective.

Furthermore, the writer is usually not a, linguist, and may well not have a

technical understanding of the dialect. The reader then has to try to make sense

- again subjectively - of what is imperfectly represented by the literary

dialect. 2) Writers are influenced by other dialects of the language. 3) Literary

authors, no matter how gifted, are not writing for linguists, and must be careful

to ensure that readers who are not particularly familiar with the dialect·

represented by their literary dialect can still understand their writing, otherwise

they limit their readership very severely. That having been said, the desire to

obtain as wide a readership as possible can lead to stereotyping, if the writer

simply provides "those features which are popularly thought of as being what

makes [the] dialect [of a certain region] distinctive" (Hiscock 1982: 114). 4)

Spelling traditions exist among dialect writers and authors who use literary

dialect:' these too can result in a lack of mimetic precision, and in caricatures

and stereotypes. 5) Publishers can influence either the particular orthographical

conventions used or the amount of non-standard dialect in a work6• One result

of the foregoing considerations is that authors use literary dialect in a sporadic

way,~non~standard speech rather than seeking to represent it with

mimetic exactitude. Literary authors are usually concerned with non-standard

dialect as a stylistic means, the importance of which outweighs that of mimetic

precision, which anyhow is neither possible (cf. points I), 2), and ·5») 'nor in

extreme form desirable (cf. point 3».7 As we have indicated, however, there

are the dangers of the caricature, the stereotype and unrepresentativeness

lurking in the foregoing considerations. It also fonows from these same

difficulties associated with literary dialect that scholars should avail themselves

of the tape-recorder and of the opportunity to work with contemporary writers.

The insights gained may then be of some help in analyzing the literary dialect

of writers from the past.

We believe that the chief functions of the non-standard dialect in HmI..se:

~ are as follows: 1) It provides a geographical, chronological and social

setting for the novel that is highly realistic. 2) It is essential to the

characterization of Saul Stone. 3) It reveals the characters of the other

members of the Stone household - particularly how they relate psychologically

to Saul and his "chilling" influence. 4) It helps to create vivid, spontaneous,

highly realistic dialogue that gives the novel a decidedly dramatic quality at

6

times. There follows a brief sample of Janes' literary dialect at the three

linguistic levels of lexicon, grammar and phonology.

I. LEXICON

all hands

barky tea

baywop

bread-and-Iassie

brio bag

hangashore

missis

tirk around

flounder

buJderin'

lanch out

'low

moochio'

everyone (Saul - p. 70)

strong tea, probably unsweetened(narralor - p. 23)

person from an outport (pejorative) (narrator - p.146)

bread and molasses (narrator - p. 15)

burlap sack (narrator - p. 16)

slacker. one who shirks responsibility(Saul - p. 23)

term of respect for a mature woman(Dictionary of Newfoundland Eoe1isb, p. 330)(Saul - p. 22)

move about quickly and aimlessly (Dictionary ofNewfoundland English - p. 176) (Gertrude - p.157)

strike over the head and knock down(Gertrude - p. 274)

smothering with affection, protecting,shielding (Saul - p. 88)

give, payout reluctantly~(Saul - p. 47)

suppose [from lI1ImliI (Gertrude - p. 61)

being idle, or playing truant from something<Dictionary of Newfoundland Enelish, p. 332)(Gertrude - p. 178)

pony up

streeling

like a birchbroom in the fits

saucy as blacks

shocking

wonderful

2. GRAMMAR

pay up, "cough up" (narrator· p. 114)

slouching along; walking aimlessly and slowly,dragging one's feet (narrator - p. 135)

extremely untidy, in a chaotic state[used of bair) (narrator· p. 21)

very saucy I:h1aW. = protestants)(Saul· p. 88)

terribly (Gertrude· p. 23)

extremely (Gertrude· p. 123)

In the system of personal pronouns, in the second person,~ is singular

and y..e: plural. The third person singUlar masculine has the old South-West of

England unstressed objective form lUl.

Probably the most obvious feature of the verb is the generalized :.S. ending

in the non-past tense (except with auxiliaries). Examples:

you keeps you makes I hates (Gertrude - p. 192) I wants me teal (Ank

• p. 203)

A non-standard use of the progressive is evident in the imperatives:

Don't be bawlio I (Gertrude - pp. 40, 78)

Don't be fussjn' (Gertrude - p. 78)

The prefix A= is sometimes used before a past participle:

I'ye a hearrrd (Saul· p. 301)

The construction BE + .a.fkr + present participle is used to show perfective

aspect:

How many times am J after tellin' you? (Gertrude - p. 37; Saul - p. 170)

3. PHONOLOGY

The convention", represents dialectal li:1 in~' 'breaking' (p. 115).

~ 'discipline' (p. 88),~ 'ace' (p. 52) and mjscheevjous

'mischievous' (p. 84), etc.

The spelling ~ represents Ie I in G1.Cb. 'catch' (p. 103). ai represents [El,

an allophone of lEI, in air 'either' (p. 304).

Ia! is represented by B in!llnl:OOi 'Iauncbes' (p. 47), and more

particularly before Irl in~ 'according' (p. 52), ill1Il:I 'order' (p. 134),

lIran 'drawers' (p. 66), J'mtIM 'fortune' (p. 123), hitrsl: 'horse' (p. 37),

~;:" t'understarm 'thunderstorm' (p. 41), etc. The spelling a represents a different

value, around [~], in Iiilla 'fellow' (p. 66) and~ 'yellow' (p. Ill). Here

we are dealing with low variants of the phoneme la I.

The Newfoundland use of laII corresponding to standard I:nl is widely

marked:~ 'boy' (p. 47), inD' 'enjoy' (p. 277), rmr. 'toilet' (p. 87): b.ik<I

'boiled' (p. 37), 1m 'joined' (p. 97),~ 'poisoned' (p. 179), etc. Note

the use of two conventions, i and .:i, to represent the same phoneme in words

which have the .o..i spelling in written standard English. The diphthong laII is

represented by l:Yl: in~ 'Italian' (p. 188) and~ 'Eunice' (p.

124).

The most striking consonantal feature is the use of stops in contrast to the

interdental frIcatives of the standard: [iQk 'thick' (p, 131), lllJl.I!lkr 'mother'

(p. 71), etc.

In geographical terms, the non-standard dialect used in House of Hate is

a fairly generalized Newfoundland dialect. To attempt a very narrowly

localized dialect would be to overtax both the orthography and the reader. That

having been said, Janes does a great deal more than those authors who suggest

a dialect by the merest handful of conventions; he gives us a reasonably strong

impression of a variety of Newfoundland traditional vernacular, but without

overfacing us. For instance, spellings such as [iQk 'thick' (p. 131) and lllJl.I!lkr

'mother' (p. 71) suggest the \\l and [gl, (or Itl and Id] - for alveolar variants

occur too, and postalveolar variants in the environment of Irl), in contrast to

standard [9] and BI respectively, that are typical of many Newfoundland

dialects. The feature largely reflects the influence of Hiberno-English - so

many of Newfoundland's settlers having come from southern Ireland. The

vocabulary of the direct speech ranges, naturally enough, from words which are

common to all varieties of English to words which are (more) distinctively

Newfoundland. Examples of the latter are b..ayYiQJ2 'person from an outport'

(pejorative) (p. 146), bread-and-Iassie 'bread and molasses' (p. 15), lll1..IllullLI

'everyone' (p. 70), firk...armml! 'move about quickly and aimlessly" (p. 157).

Very considerable use is made of widely-known colloquialisms, vulgarisms and

slang words and phrases!': .rnm 'garbage, meaningless talk' (p.221), 2.ob.

10

'mauth' (p. 37), lIllII: 'face' (p. 52),~ 'impregnate' (p. 31), l:bJim

'close friend' (p. 57), etc. etc.

Saul and Gertrude did not, of course, come from Milltown (Comer

Brook); they moved there at an age when their speech habits had been formed.

Saul was born in Conception Bay, his family having come from Ireland.

Gertrude came of a family that hailed from the English West Country. Born in·,

Placentia Bay, she had later worked in St. lohn's. Although it might be

tempting to see a trace of her ancestry in her use of the old prefix a- before a

past participle,lo we should note that Saul also uses this feature: '''I've a

hearrrd.. .''' (p. 301). Similarly, the BE + aJkI: + present participle

construction, which marks perfective aspect with recent time reference, is a

feature of Hibemo-English that we might expect to find in Saul's speech, but it

also· occurs in Gertrude's: "'How many times am I after tellin' you?'"

(Gertrude, p. 37; Saul, p. 170.) We might note alsa Gertrude's use af the tag

SlIRi, e.g. '''We was only havin' a bit 0' fun, sure'" (p. 78), and further her use

of the dental stops £J.,~] (or alveolar stops [t,dD rather than the interdental

fricatives [8,'5]. Again these are features that we associate mostly with Hibemo­

English, but which have become quite general in many Newfoundland dialects.

Proximity to Saul might account for some changes in her speech, but, more

importantly, we would think, Gertrude had spent her "most impressionable

years" (p. 17) in "the thick Irish atmosphere" (p. 12) af St. John's, where:

II

The drawling, word-champing dialect that came to her naturallyfrom dim origins in Somerset, with modifications added by theisolation and local conditions of Haystack, now became overlaidwith the colonial Irish spoken by nearly everyone in St. John's. (p,17)

Such mixing of dialects is in fact typical of what has gone on in places such as

St. John's and Corner Brook.

The novel spans the period 1892-1963. Newfoundland in 1892, when

Saul was born, was, the narrator tells us, a barren and inhospitable place. The

climate and conditions were harsh, and "bodily labour was the condition and

Jaw of his [Saul's] existence" (p. ll). The literary dialect reflects the speech of

working people in the earlier part of the twentieth century. Saul·and Gertrude

speak a non-standard dialect, and so do their children. However,· as time

progresses, material conditions improve and opportunities arise. -Thus, the

narrator, who avails himself of an extensive education, loses much of his local

dialect - as least as far as his active repertoire is concerned. (The local dialect

remains a part of his passive repertoire.) The speech of Hilda, Racer, and

Crawfie also changes someWhat, as their social position improves (see below).

With the next generation, the effects of education are apparent. When the

narrator returns !\ome, and visits his eldest brother, Ank, he noles:

The old pattern was repeated in almost every other detait, with noappreciable change in morals, manners, or even in speech on Ankand Mavis' part, though laler on I noticed thal Ank's bclter­educated children were veering away from the traditional)la1Qis ofour class. (p.199)

12

This change brings us to the social functions of language: it is very

much a marker of social class - of social and educational status. Saul, who is

illiterate, Gertrude and all their children to begin with are clearly labelled as

working-class people by their speech, although eventually the narrator's speech

changes as he pursues a higher education and leaves Milltown, and Hilda,

Racer and Crawfie show signs of bidialectalism. Non-standard dialect use is

indicative of group solidarity. of the degree of belonging to a group. Thus,

when Juju returns home after confederation and finds himself involved in one of

the family's card-games, his speech is subjected to mockery by his siblings:

"~," he [Ank] kept saying, imitating the way [ pronounced theword "pass". with a sarcastic grin and mocking inflection about assubtle as a fist in the face. The others all laughed with variousdegrees of sympathy (on Ank's side). (p. 192)

They feel that "Juju is after gettin' high notions" (p. 192).

Hilda and Racer have become at least to some extent bidialectal, as time

has passed and conditions have improved. 11 Juju says of Racer:

I was amused at the way his careful realtor's English was totallyforgotten and our childhood l2atO.is rushed back into his mind whenhe was heated with whiskey and anger... (p. 219)

It is, of course, usual for speech to vary with context. Similarly. Hilda shows

signs of bidialectalism, and of a degree of upward social mobility. as she

13

"corrects" her own speech: 'til hope Rome and me ... and I ... won't be like

him and Mom when we gets old" (p. 264).

Whilst to the Jinguist a non-standard dialect is just as good as the

standard variety of a language - it is different from but not inferior to the

standard - judgments of non-standard dialects within society at large are

usually negative. The narrator seems to share the usual social attitudes toward

non-standard dialects. For him non-standard dialect is the speech of a class

(lithe J2,al.Qi..s. of OUf class" (p. 199»; it is associated with the barren conditions,

harsh life, poverty and "its Siamese twin ignorance" (p. 319) of pre-

confederation Newfoundland. It is also, inevitably, the speech of his falher, of

a family characterized by emotional poverty and ignorance, fro.m which he

wishes to distance. himself. Hence we read of lithe drawling, wprd-champing

dialect that came to her [Gertrude] naturally from dim origins in Somerset" (p.

17), of the somewhat disparaging t1~ of our class" (p. 199), and of lithe

gobbled syntax of unlettered Newfoundlanders":

"Aw, they needs a good lash in d' arse, the whole bloody lot of'em,1! Ank would growl in the localnat..o.i.s. which our family speechhad hammered down from the Irish and West Country of ourheritage and the gobbled syntax of unlettered Newfoundlanders. (p.36)

The use of the terms natQis and~ here might seem to lend to the narrator's

utterance a Jinguistic authority which it does not in fact possess - Juju's

judgment is a social one, but it is the social judgment that is important here.

14

Non~standard dialect is integral to the character of Saul Stone. ]t locates

him geographically, chronologically and socially. as is indicated in our

discussion of the contribution that it makes to the setting. And Saul's fate does

indeed seem to be very firmly tied to time and place - to the harsh realities of

pre-confederation Newfoundland. Indeed, so close is the tie that the narrator

hypothesizes that the barrenness of the land. the harshness of the climate and

conditions, and the resultant physical poverty may have led to a parallel poverty

of the mind:

Might it not reasonably be, I asked myself, that he in tum had beenblighted and desiccated and warped by the conditions of his ownearly years? (p. 318)Was there any truth in my idea that by some strange process ofdiffusion this physical misery and the implacable hardness it gavehim somehow passed into his moral and emotional and spiritualnature as well? (p. 319)

The narrator suggests too - for it would follow from the hypothesis - that

Saul is not particularly unusual, that there is a "nation-wide inferiority

complex", and that "emotional constriction - and from such causes - has

always been a weU-known feature of Newfoundland life" (p. 319). To Juju, no

doubt, Saul's strongly marked non-standard speech is a part of that harsh,

barren, poverty-stricken environment from which he himself craves escape.

The brutality in Saul's nature is reflected by the coarseness and violence of his

language, as he hands out one tongue-lashing after 'another:

15

"There's nceder one a' ye acted rightl ...Yc ought to be ashamed tolook me in the face. If I'd a done to me own fawder the half ~ no,the quarter ~ a' what ye'te after doin' to me, I'd never a Jived totell the tale... .l goes to work and drags me guts out rer ye a wholelifetime, and I don't get no morc t'anks for it. No sir. A kick ind'arse, and a foul word behind me back. Oh, don't t'ink I don'tknow! J've a hearrrd yeT whisperin' and back-bitin', Sure signs,ye'n get nutting more out 0' me." (pp. 300£.)

Coarseness and violence hi language are not the same as non-standard'dialect,

but for Juju we suspect that they arc, for the three are general1y inseparable in

his father's speech.

Saul's character so dominates the novel, that other characters arc

essentially determined by the extent to which they are like him, by the degree

to which they come to resemble him. It is possible that Hiberno-English

features in Gertrude's speech (see above) are indicative of his influence on her,

although it is at least as likely that they result from her time in 51. John's and

I the mixed character of urban dialects.+ Ank,_SaU)'S_eldeSLson, although the first to rebel against his authority,

I finalJy turns out to be more like his father than any of the other children.

When Ank cries out, "'An I wants is a little bit 0 1 time to meselr-" (p. 43), we

are reminded of the young Saul's dream of "the beauty of privacy" (p. 30);

similarly, when Ank complains (from being forced to make his younger siblings

"stand sound") that "'they needs a good lash in d'arse, the whole bloody lot of

'em'" (p. 36), we are reminded of how much Ank is already beginning to take

on the worst characteristics of Saul. Even Auk's comment about Flinksy's

16

getting married seems to echo Saul's response to the suggestion of Ank's own

marriage: 1toMarried!. ...Lord Jesus, ye'ce not hardly dry behind the cars yet.'''

(p. 48). As Ank grows older, the similarities between him and Saul seem to

become even more disturbingly apparent. Consider the following excerpt from

the middle-aged ARk's drunken mutterings:

"Old Man...old bastard... right after all ...maybe right afteralI ...goddam women...ocvee let you alone cunts never workyer guts out... no .'anks expect no .'anks kick in d'arsc thal'sall ...Lard Jesus ...kids cost a bloody fortune ...goddamslave... that's it. ..slave bringin' in maDey... t'cew away...finishedwit' dat...fuck it!. ..nutting but work...alI work and no pay...ha­ha...no more...by Jesus...never done nutting but work...allwork...since when I still t'ought I only had it to piss through... sothey looks down 00 me...young farts...down on me...me own fleshand blood....Jenny, my duck...sweetheartL ..what did I ever get outof it? .. fosh in d'arse curse 'em all! sufferio' Christ. .. I'1I kill'em.. .if they keeps an kill 'em...kill kill ...kill .... " (pp. 206f.)

Although Saul never drank, we can note parallels here between Ank's language

and Saul's at many levels: similarities in the dialect (e.g. Lant. 'Lord'), the

violence of the sentiments OillD, and the coarse diction~,~, ~,

~, Diss, fans). Despite the fact that Saul would never have used a word like

.cJUlt, Ank's words here remind us of a number of Saul's speeches, such as the

tongue-lashing (pp. 300f.) cited above. Compare:

work your guts out

kick in d'arse

work and drags me guts out

DO more t'anks

a kick in d'arse

17

Both men feel cheated hy life; they resent the way in which they have had to

work to support their families and the Jack of any thanks.

Hilda is the only one of the Stone children to have lived down her

nickname. She has gained substantial contentment from her marriage to Rome

and their thriving business, and has Krisen above all obstacles and above her

own and her husband's JiD;iitations to a success in life far more genuiJ}e and

impressive than anything we boys had achieved" (p. 250). Her two main

worries are her weight, and the fear that Rome might be too strict with their

sons: '" ...but I don't like the thought that they'll grow up afraid of him'" (po

260). Rome has never displayed any tendencies toward violence, but Saul's

legacy is all too evident in Hilda's fear. In other respects, however, she is

mature enough and sufficiently free of Saul's influence to be able to pity him:

"I knows what he's like, and I don't forget what he done in timesgone by. But I pities him too, you know. He's geUin' old, andsometimes I can't hardly stand it to look at his face. So d..!mn. Ihope Rome and me...and L.won't be like him and Mom when wegets old....We never knows what we'll come to, Juju b'y. It don'tpay to be [00 hard on people - specially your own." (p. 264)

Hilda's language is interesting here. We noted above that her "correction" of

. her own speech ("' ...Rome and me...and I .. , ''') is suggestive of bidialectalism,

of a degree of upward social mobility; it correlates with her material success,

and with her improved social standing, In a number of other respects,

however, her speech clearly remains non-standard: the generalized :£ ending on

18

verbs, dwlc as a preterit, the negative~. etc. Whether the

·correction- that she makes to her speech here has anything to do with the

presence of her newly-returned, better-educated brother is a moot point: it

need not have, since the construction in question is something of a social

shibboleth that is readily acquired and easily leads to hypercorrection.

Furthermore, in this context it might be that Hilda is reassuring herself that she,

is able to overcome being "warped" - that she is able to distance herself from

Saul, his manners, his way of talking. and his house of hate.

Racer appears to be bidialectal in his mature years. He was abroad {or

six years during World War 11, and his subsequent business and prosperity

demand a different variety of speech. Because, however. we acc only exposed

to direct speech from Racer within the family group, where his speech is non-

standard and abusive, we are dependent on the narrator's observation about -his

careful realtor's English- (p. 219) for our knowledge of his bidialectalism.

Such switching of codes is, of course, very natural.

Crawfie achieved a degree of success at school, and eventually secured a

minor teach~ng appointmen~. When he returns home w!th his wife, Eunice, he..

still uses a number of non-standard features when talking to, say, Juju:

·You got no idea what it's like down there, Juju b'y'R he began,his eye big with memory. -If you so much as looks at a girlsideways, people think you got to marry her. I was only afterlakin' the wife out twice... R(p. 125)

19

In his argument with his father (pp. 132-135), however, his speech is much

closer to the standard than Saul's:

"I see there's some people pretty quick and nasty with their tongue,and then when they're in the wrong they haven't got the mannersto admit it, or the guts to stand up to what they said in the firstplace. Some people got more bark than bite, when it comes downto brass tacks." (p. 134)

Crawfie's more standardized speech here is a reflection of his education and his

employment. It also marks his distance from Saul at this time: he has left

home, found a job and got married; he is also prepared to fight with Saul in

defence of his wife, Eunice. Fudge, by contrast, does not succeed at school

and does not manage to escape from the influence of his parents; He remains

alarmingly immature. What little direct speech we have from Fudge is

markedly non-standard: "I] haven't got no p.I.ans, Mom'" (p. 272). '''Gimme

sometin' d' eat, Mom'" (p. 276). '''You knows I'm queer-Iookin'. Can't get

no girls'" (po 277). '''Anyway, I might as well inry meself while I got the

chance. I believes.. .''' (p. 277).

We have commented above on some aspects of Gertrude's speech. In

that she is of the same generation and class as Saut, and remains close to him

throughout his life, it is not surprising that she should speak non-standard

dialect just as he does. The narrator, by contrast, acquires a high level of

education, spends twenty years outside of Milltown, and consciously strives to

distance himself from Saul and all that he represents. Thus, the narrator speaks

20

standard Canadian English by the time that he returns home after an absence of

eight years. His accent has obviously changed considerably. Gertrude

comments on his~ ('accent'). The narrator protests that he does not have

any accent, but Gertrude insists:

"Yes you have! You· got that real Canadian twang. Some wordsyou says I can't hardly understand you a-tall. I s'poseNewfoundland talk is not good enough for you now, after bein'away so long.' (pp. 167f.)

The narrator's vocabulary and grammar are very noticeably standard in the

conversation in which the narrator defends his acquisition of a typewriter

against Saul's complaints: '''1 am independent, I say. ] consider that J have

full and complete liberty to act by myself. Is that clear? Is that finally and

utterly clear, once and for aU?'" His carefully measured speech stands in stark

contrast to Saul's non-standard dialect - to "the gobbled syntax of unlettered

Newfoundlanders" (p. 36), as he calls it. He consciously rejects his father's

speech, just as he rejects his father, and the country, climate and social

conditions that he feels may have brought about the hatred in Saul. The

rejection is a part C?f his quest to escape from hate (the first word of the novel)

. to love (the last word of the novel). Whether Juju detests the conditions in pre-

confederation Newfoundland because they brought about the hatred in Saul (cf.

pp. 318-20), or whether he has rather transferred his detestation of his father to \

his surroundings (the island, its climate, its speech, etc.), as Horwood (n.d.)

21

suggested, is a point that cannot be resolved here. Saul and the old

Newfoundland are inseparable in Juju's mind, and the reader sees everything

through the lauer's eyes only. At any ratc, his dislike of most things about pre~

confederation Newfoundland is intense: even the shape of the coastline offends

him! It is Itlike a graph gone mad '! (p. ll). (We suspect that confederation has

effected few changes on that score.)

From the above it will be seen that the literary dialect in House of Hale

goes far beyond mere Jocal colour, or simple considerations of setting. The

non-standard speech is integral to the entire novel, providing a geographical,

chronological and social setting that is essential to the novel's realism; and

constituting a significant element within the characterization, not the least of

which is to define relative psychological proximity to or distance from Saul.

Thus, of all the chiJdren, Ank's speech most resembles Saul's and Juju's

resembles it Jeast.

Further, the vividness, realism and dramatic quality of the direct speech

in House of Hate owe much to the fact that Janes' literary dialect operates at all

three linguistic levels of phonology, grammar and lexicon, as illustrated above.

The caricatures or stereotypes that might have resulted from only a handful of

(relatively fixed) conventions are avoided in Janes' work.

To conclude, Janes bas, we feel, been successful in avoiding the more

obvious dangers: be steers a fairly happy middle course between the

incomprehensibility and intimidation of the reader thal would result from too

detailed a representation of non-standard dialect and the unrcpresentativeness,

22

lack of realism, caricatures and stereotypes that might have resulted from

contenting himself with a few, highly conventionalized devices. 12 As has been

illustrated, his literary dialect operates at the three linguistic levels of lexicon,

grammar and phonology. Janes does not simply settle for a handful of

conventions (perhaps at one linguistic level only) - a technique that would run .

the risk of his literary dialect amounting to nothing more than "token local

colour".I] Rather, he has elected to represent non-standard speech in a

sufficiently detailed manner for it to fulfill the functions of setting and involved

characterization discussed above. The literary dialect, then, is integral to

House of Hate.

NOTES

1. An alternative version of this paper was published under the title "Non­standard Dialect in Percy Janes' House of Hate". Canadian Literature133 (Summer 1992), 129-141. A short draft was read by GrahamShorrocks at the Symposium on Non-standard Varieties of Language,University of Stockholm, April 1991. Thanks are due to George Casey,Tom Dawe, Bob Hollett, William J. Kirwin, Betty Miller and HaroldPaddock of Memorial University for useful comments and suggestions.We are especially indebted to Pf?rcy Janes for reading an earlier draft andpronouncing our citations on tape. Such deficiencies as doubtless remainare our own responsibility.

2. All page references to the novel are to the edition published byMcClelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1970. The same publisher's 1976reprint (New Canadian Library No. 124) contains an Introduction byMargaret Laurence. The pagination of the text itself is, however,identical to that of the first edition.

3. cr. Hiscock's (1982: 114) commeot 00 Lowell's literary dialect io Ib!lNew Priest in Conception Bay: "One cannot separate Lowell's use ofdialect from the story. It is as much a literary tool as, say, humour orforeshadowing." De Leon (1985: 172) noted that "one of Janes' majorstrengths lies in his use of dialogue", and that "in Hoyse of Hate Janesaccurately creates dialogue that fosters realism".

23

4. See Shorrocks (1981) and Shorrocks (1988: 911), where a number ofthese points are raised.

5. See Brunner (1925) for an early but important demonstration of this basicfact.

6. The influence of publishers on literary dialect is a subject aboul whichsingularly little is known. Gash (1989), in a rather informal account ofnegative aUitudes to non-standard dialect generally, refers to his ownexperiences, as a novelist, of hosUlity towards literary dialect on the partof publishers, literary agents and editors. In Janes' case, there was nointerference by the publisher (Janes, personal communication),

7. Cf. Chapman (1984: 74, 182-85). The cited comments of Thomas Hardyand George Eliot are particularly illuminating, See also Mace (1987: 18­22), Shorrocks (1981) and Shorrocks (1988: 911).

8. Dictionary of Newfoundland English, p. 176.

9. What is colloquial, vulgar or slang can of course be a matter of debate.However, the seventh edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary ofCurrent English lists ctnlm. as colloquial, &IaI2 as vulgar, and .eOO, ID..U.2and kI1ll&k...llIl as slang.

10. For examples of A: before past participles in the South-West of England,see responses in Orton and Wakelin (1967-68) to the Survey of EnglishDialects questions IX.3.2-3,5-7.

11. Contrast with this the lack of change on the part of Ank and Mavis, asthe quotation from p. 199 indicates (above).

12. Reviewers and critics generally have applauded Janes' dialogue, nomatter how censorious they have been in other respects. Cockburn(1970: 116): "...he handles idiomatic dialogue with much skill" (from anotherwise extremely negative assessment); O'Flaherty (1979: 175): liThelanguage of the Stone family, brilliantly conveyed in Janes's book... ";Porter (1976: 1): IIMr. Janes has a splendid ear for speech andidiom... "; Thompson (n.d.: 2): liThe narrator has a good ear fordialogue... "; Toronto Star: liThe author is obviously at home with thecoarse, hodge-podge dialect, a technique that often degenerates into tokenlocal colour. Here it adds lart humour to a story that has none of thecuteness or stridency that can invade regional fiction, and a grasp ofhuman nature that lakes it beyond that category. II

13. cr. Toronto Star, quoted in note 12.

24

REFERENCES

Brunner, Karl (1925). "Die Schreibtradition dec Dialektschriftsteller vonLancashire. N Englische StudieD 60, 158-79.

Chapman, Raymond (1984). The Treatment of Sounds in Laoeuage and~. Oxford: Blackwell.

Cockburn, Robert (1970). "House of Hate." The Fjddlehead 84, 115-117.

Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. See Sykes (1982).

De Leon, Lisa (1985). Writers of Newfoundland and Labrador Twentieth~. St. John's: Jesperson Press.

Pictional'S of Newfoundland English. See Story, Kirwin and Widdowson(1982).

Gash, Jonathan (1989). "The Trouble with Dialect." Journal of the LancashireDialect Society 38, 2-6.

Hiscock, Pbilip (1982). "Dialect Represenlation in R.T.S. Lowell's Novel, IMNew Priest in Conception Bay. M [n Languages in Newfoundland andLahr.wIw:, edited by Harold I. Paddock, 2nd ed. St. lobn's: MemorialUniversity of Newfoundland, 114-23.

Horwood, Harold. Review of House of Hate. In Percy Janes Reviews andAr1kkb., n.p.

~ = Typescript of an interview with Percy Janes. Undergraduateproject. Department of English Language and Literature, MemorialUniversity of Newfoundland, 1985. Interviewer: Les Cuff.

lanes, Percy (1970, 1976). House of Hate. Toronto: McClelland andStewart. First published 1970. Reprinted with an Introduction byMargaret Laurence.

Laurence, Margaret (1976). Introduction to Janes (1976), vii-xi.

Lowell, Robert Traill Spence (1858. 1974). The New Priest in ConceptiooBay. Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Co., 1858. Toronto: McClellandand Stewart, 1974.

Mace, Renate (1987). Funktionen des Dialekts jm regionalen Roman yonGaskell bis Lawrence. ScriptOralia 3. Ttibingen: Gunter Narr.

25

Q'Flaherty, Patrick (1979). The Rock Observed Sbldjes in the Literahlre ofNewfoundland. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Orton, Harold and Martyn F. Wakelio (eds.) (1967-68). Surv".)' of EnglishD.i.a..ltcl.s (8): The Basic Material. Vol. IV: The Southern Counties.(Three Parts.) Leeds: E. I. Arnold for the University of Leeds.

Percy Janes Reviews and Articles on His Work. Compiled November 1976by Centre for Newfoundland Studies, Memorial University ofNewfoundland. No pagination. [Scrapbook of clippings from author'sfiles. Compiler's title.] .

Porter, Helen [19767]. "Book Review". Typescript of a review of~H.att. In Perej' Janes Reyiews and Articles I n.p.

Shorrocks, Graham (1981). "A Note on Dialect Orthographies.'! 1mlrnal.J2fthe Lancashire Dialect Socjety 30, 12-15.

Shorrocks, Graham (1988). "A Phonemic and Phonetic Key to theOrthography of the Lancashire Dialect Author James Taylor Staton(1817-1875).' Lore and Language 7/1, 91-108. A translation (withsome improvements) of the same author's "Bin phonemischer undphonetischer SchlUssel zor Orthographie des Dialektschriftstellers JamesTaylor Staton (1817-1875) aus Lancashire." Zeitschrift flir Djalektologjeund Linguisljk 52 (1985), 306-323.

Story, G.M., W.I. Kirwin and I.D.A. Widdowsoo (eds.) (1982). Dictionary ofNewfoundland English. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Sykes, J.B. (1982). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English.Seventh ed. Oxford: Clarendon.

Thompson, Kent (n.d.). "Book Review". Typescript of a review of~~. eRC, Fredericton. ]n Percy Janes Reviews and Articles ,n.p.

Toronto Star 31/1170. Review of House of Hate. ]n Percy Janes Reviewsand Articles ,D.p.

26

ALEXANDER JOHN ELLIS (1814-1890):A BmLIOGRAPHY OF HIS WRITINGS

compiled byRobert Sanders

fJu1JIEllis's Philological Writings

Part I of this bibliography (Studies in Phonetics Spe!ljog Reform andUniversal Language) appeared in RLS 13 (1990, 2-13. Part II appears here ina new format and with some additions and corrections. I

154. 1863a. "Pig and Whistle". The Athenaeum nf I September, 1863,pp.348-349.

ISS. 1863b. "Pig and Whistle". The Athenaeum of 26 September, 1863,pAIl.

156. 1867a. "On Palaeotype; or, the Representation of Spoken Sounds forPhilological Purposes by Means of the Ancient Types".Transactions or-the Philological Society, 1867, Supplement.I-52.

IS7. l86Th. Syllabus of a Lecture 00 the Pronunciation of English in the16th 14th and 13th Centuries Illustrated by Passages fromShakespeare Chaucer and Others as They Might Haye Been Readat That Time. (London Institution 1867-68. Conversazione,Wednesday, December 18, 1867). London: Waterlow & Sons.

IS8. 1868a. "Shakespeare's Pronunciation". The Antbenaeum of 25 January,1868, pp.129-130.

159. 1868b. "The Pronunciation of Shakespeare's Name". The Anthenaeumof IS February, 1868, pp.253-254.

160. 1868-69. "On the Only English Proclamation of Henry III, 18 Oetnber,1258, and Its Treatment by Former Editors and Translators,

I Abstracted with permi!sion from Robert A. Sanders, "Alexander John Ellis: A Studyof a Victorian Philologist." 3 vols. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of EnglishLanguage and Literature, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1977, pp. 898ff. This newversion was prepared by the editor as an appendix (pp. 327·330) to Graham Shorrocks, "A.J.Ellis as Dialectologist: A Reassessment", Hjstoriographja Lingujstica 18,213 (1991), 321­334. It is reprinted here with kind permission of the publisher, John Benjamins.

27

Considered and Illustrated, to Which Are Added Editions of the"Cuckoo Song" and "The Prisoner's Prayer,'1 Lyrics of the XIIICentury". Transactions of the Philological Society, 1869. 71 ~77,108-27. (Also published separately, London: Asher & Co., 1868.)

161. 1869a. "Corrections in Chaucer". The Athenaeum of J9 June, 1869,pp.829-830.

l62. 1869b. "The Only English Proclamation of Henry the Third". IM.Alhtna= of 8 May, 1869, pp.637-638.

163. 1869c'7 GIQssjc A New CODcuren1 System of Spelljng Intended toRemedy the Defects without Interfering with the Use of ExistingEnglish Orthography. London: D.p.

164. 1869d? Three Lectures on GIQssjc or New phonetic Writing withOrdinary Letters Deliyered before the Philological Society Collegeof Preceptors and Society of Arts, 1869-70. London: Author.

165. 1869-89. Qn Early English Pronunciation with Especia! Reference toShakspere and Chaucer Contajning an Inyestigation of theCorrespondence of Writing with Speech in England from theAnglo-Saxon Period to the present Day preceded by a SystematicNotatiQn Qf All Sooken Sounds by Means of the Ordinary printingTypes Including a rearrangement Qf Prof F J Child's memoirson the language Qf ChaUcer and Gower and reprints of the raretracts by Salesbury on English 1547 and Welsh and by Barclayon French 1521 [ 1. 5 vols. London: Philological Society ­Asher & Co.; Early English Text Society & Chaucer Society ­Triibner & Co.

166. 1870. "Provincial Glossary". Notes and Queries, Series 4 of 7 May,1870, p.442.

167. 1870-72. liOn Glosik, A Neu Sistem ov Ingg!ish Spe!ing, Proapoa.zdfaur Konlrur.enl Eus, in Aurder 100 Remidi dhi Difek.lS, widhou.tDitrak.ting from dhi Valeu ov Our Prezent Aurthog.rafi".Transactions of the Philo!ogical SQcjety,1872.89-118.

168. 1871a. "Chaucer's Alexandrines". The Athenaeum of 30 September,1871, p.431.

169. 1871b7. varieties of Engljsh Pronunciation An appeal to all personsinterested !" the pas~ ~nd present sla~e of the ~n~ljsh la,g~age tocOQperate ID ascertammg and collcclmg the eXlstlDg yanehes of

28

English speech and to unite in forming an "English DialectSociety" being revised and extended extracts from the notice toPart III of a treatise QD Early English Pronunciation. London &Berlin: Asher & Co.

170. 1872a. "The Pronunciation of Shakespeare's Name". The Athenaeum of17 April, 1872, p.207.

171. 1872b. "Notice". Pennsylvania Dutch' A dialect of South German withan infusion of English by Samuel S. Haldeman. London, Hertford:Philadelphia Reformed Church Publication Board.

172. 1871:-743. "First Annual Address of the President to the PhilologicalSociety. Delivered at the Anniversary Meeting, Friday, 17 May,1872". Transactions of the Philological Society, 1874. 1-34.

173. 1873-74b. "Second Annual Address of the President to the PhilologicalSociety, Delivered at the Anniversary Meeting, Friday, 16th May,1873". Transactions of the Philological Society, 1874. 201-252.

174. 1874a. "Third Annual Address of lhe President to the PhilologicalSociety, Delivered at the Anniversary Meeting, Friday, 15th May,1874". Transactions of the Philological Society, 1874. 354-460.

1':/5. 1874b. Practical Hints on the Ouantitatiye Pronunciation of Latin Forthe use of classical teachers and linguists. London: Macmillan.

176. 18740. "Vowel Changes in the English Dialects". The Academy 5 of 7March, 1874, pp.265-66.

177. 1874d. "On Dr. Weymouth on Early English Pronunciation". ~~ 6 of 7 November, 1874, pp.509-51O.

178. 1875a. "Classified Lists of Words to Illustrate West SomerselshirePronunciationM. The Dialect of West Somerset by F.T. Elworthy. 'London: English Dialect Society.

179. 187Sb. Appendix to Lecture on the School and College Pronunciation ofGreek 15 December 1875. London: Hodgson.

180. 1875-76. "Table of Gtossic Letters in Alphabetical Order Drawn Up byAlexander J. Ellis". "The Dialect of West Somerset" by FrederickElworthy. Transactions of the Philological SocietY,1876. 197-272.(Also published in The Dialect of West Somerset by F. T.Elworthy. London: English Dialect Society, 1875.)

29

18l. 1876a. "The Northumbrian 'Burr' or 'Crhoup'". The Academy 9 of 15January, 1876, p.55.

182, 1876b. "The GeTa Linda Book", The Academy 9 of 24 June, 1876,p.6JO.

183. 18760, "The English, Dionysian, and Hellenic Pronunciations of Greek,Considered in Reference to School and College Use".~l:i= of 11aouary, 1876, pp.22-24.

184. J876d. "The English Dionysian and Hellenic pronunciations of GreekConsidered in Reference to School and College Use A Reprintwith Large Additions of the Report in the "Educational Times" ofthe 1st of January 1876 of a Lecture Deliyered at the College ofPreceptors on 15th December 1875. London: C. F. Hodgson &Sons.

185. 18700. "BngJish Metre". Transactjons of the Philological Society,1876.397435. .

186. 1876f. "Mr. Alexander J. ElIis~s Remarks on Professor Mayor's TwoPapers on Rhythm". Transactions of the Phi1ologjcal~,1876.435-469.

187. 1876g. Syllabus Qf a Lecture on Engljsh pialects Their Classes andSounds on Thursday March 9 1876. London: LQndon Institute.

188. 1877a. "Mr. Sweet and Glossic tl• The Academy 12.576.

189. 1877b. "The Ancient British Numerals". The Athenaeum of 22September, 1877, p.37!.

190. 1877~79. "The' AnglQ-Cymric Score". Transactjons of the PhilolQgical~,1879.316-72. (Also publisbed separately, London:Printed for private circulation, 1878.)

191. 1878a. "Mr Sweet and GIQssic". The Academy, 13.12, 78, 213.

192. 1878b. [Rev.] "Publications of the English Dialect Society". IM~, 14 of 14 September, 1878, pp.272-274.

193. 1878c. [Rev.) "Publications of the Englisb Dialect Society". IM~, 14 of 28 September, 1878, pp.318-320.

30

194. 188Q-8Ia. "Notes on the Welsh Phonetic Copy". "An Early EnglishHymn to the Virgin (Fifteenth Century) and a Welshman's PhoneticCopy of It Soon After. Printed from two MSS of the HengwrtCollection" ed. by F. J. Fumivall. Transactjons of the philological·~,1881, Appendix U.33-43. (Also published separately,London: English Dialect Society - Triibner & Co.)

195. t8RO-81b. "Tenth Annual Address of the President to the PhilologicalSociety, Delivered at the Anniversary Meeting, Friday, 20th May,1881". Traosactions of the Philological Society. 1881,252-321.

196. 1881. ·On the Delimitation of the English and Welsh Languages". YCmm1mdm 5.173-208. (Also published in Transactions of thePbilological Society, 1882-84, Appendix U.5-40.)

197. 1882-84. "Report of Researches into the Language of the SouthAndaman Islands·. ·On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the AndamanIslands· by Edward Horace Man. (Eleventh Annual Address of thePresident to the Philological Society, 19th May, 1882).Transactions of the Pbilological Society, 1884.44-73. (Alsopublished in ·On the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the AndamanIslands· by Edward Horace Man. Journal of the AnthropologicalInstitute of Great Britain and Ireland 12(1883).393-394; and in Onthe Aboriginallnbahjtants of the Andamao Islands by EdwardHorace Man. London: Anthropological Institute of Great Britain &Ireland - Triibner &. Co., 1883.)

198. 1885. ·Cockney Pronunciation". Appendix to Old London Street Criesand the Cries Qf Today with Heaps of Qyaint Cyts Including Hand·coloured frontispiece by Andrew W. Tuer. London: Field &Tuer.

199. 1885-86. "Report on Dialectal Work from 1st May, 1885-7th May,1886". Proceedings of the Philological Society, 1886.xvii-xxxix.

200. 188~87a. Report on pialectal Work from May 1885 to May 1887. 2Parts. London: English Dialect Society - Triibner & Co.

'201. 1886-87b. "Second Report on Dialectal Work". Proceedings of thePhilological Society, 1887.xxi-xl.

202. 1889. "A Few Results. Last Chapter of Early Engljsh PronunciationPart V". Phonetjsche Studien 2.283-98.

31

203. 1890. English Dialects Thejr sounds and homes' being an abridgmentof the author's IExisting Phonology of English Dialects' whichforms Part y of hjs 'Early Engljsh Pronunciatjon' with a selectjonof the examples reduced to the glossic notation. London: EnglishDialect Society - Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co.

204. 1893. "Chaucer's Pronunciation", The Poetical Works of GeoffreyCI1alI= ed. by Richard Norris. 6 vols. Appendix A. London:George Bell & Sons.

******RLS REPRINT EDITION

Nos. 1-10 (1968-1982) are available in a single-volume reprint edition, withcorrections, paper covers, 268pp. Price: C$12.S0 + 7% Goods and ServicesTax (= C$13.38 in total).

Also available: A Festschrift for Edgar Ronald Scary Essays in EnglishLaDf:uage and I iterature Presented by Colleagues and Former Students. St.John's: University of Toronto Press for the Memorial University ofNewfoundland, 1975. Hard covers, 224 pp. Price: C$5.00 + 7% Goods andServices Tax (=C$5.35 in total).

Both volumes are currently available post free. Please send orders and cheques(made payable to the Department of English, Memorial University ofNewfoundland) to:

Graham ShorrocksEditor, Regjonal Language StudiesDepartment of English Language & LiteratureMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NewfoundlandCanadaAlB 3X9

32

A SUPPLEMENT TO THE BmLIOGRAPHY OF NEWFOUNDLANDFOLKLORE AND LANGUAGE

(G.S.)

"Newfoundland Folklore and Language: A Bibliography." compiled by PhilipHiscock, appeared in RLS 12 (1989): 2-56. The present Supplement containsomissions, updates and corrections,- as well as some titles that have appearedsince the original bibliography was compiled. For reasons of economy ofspace, I have not duplicated here relevant entries from RLS. 13 and 14. SeeSharrocks, compo (1991; 1993). For further references on Inuktitut, seeHutchings (1974).

Items S5 and 542 were previously given as forthcoming in Thomas (inpress). This volume has now appeared as Thomas and Widdowson (1991).The full bibliographical information now available has relevance to other entriesin this volume as well. Specific details: item 55, pp. 111-125.[Newfoundland hallad); 59, pp. 289-308; 82, pp. 215-226. [FrenchNewfoundland; L'Anse-l-Canards); 100, pp. 309-328; 187, pp. 169-176; 272,Diane E. Goldstein, pp. 27-40; 2TI, pp. 126-153; 311, Violetta~Halpert, pp. 78-108; 350, pp. 177-190; 447, pp. 227-244; 476, Martin l.Lovelace, pp. 41-52; 542, inverted commas around Fishermen's Broadcast, pp.191-212; 717, pp. 154-165; 843, pp. 53-TI; and 935, pp. 245-258.

Item 127 is out of sequence. Under entry 218, 1m should read 1225..Under entry 290, .82.;B should read.82.;2. Item 309, Christmas Mummjng inNewfoundland' Essays in AOlbCOJ)Qlogy Folklore and History, was publishedas No. 1 in Memorial University Series; was reprinted in Scholarly ReprintSeries. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976; and has now beenreissued with a Preface to the paperback edition and a Supplement to the Select.Bibliography: SCholarly Reprint Series. Toronto: University of TorontoPress, 1990.

Item 590 has been reprinted in Historical Dialectology Regional andSlll:iaI, Ed. Jacek Fisiak. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyler, 1988. 377-395. Alsoin Dialects Of Eng1isb Studies in Grammatical Variatjoo. Ed. Peter Trudgilland J. K. Chambers. London: Longman, 1991. 29-46. The laller is a revised

. version. Item 593 is out of sequence. Item 594 is a revised version of anM.A. thesis, Dept. of English Language and Literature, MUN, 1966.

Entry 651 now reads: -Gossip. Rhetoric and Objects: A SociolinguisticApproach to Newfoundland Furniture. - In Perspectiyes on American.E1lmi.nJ.rc., Ed. W. R. Ward. New York: Norton for Winterthur Museum.

II am grateful to Pat Byrne and Gerald Thomas for a number of suggestions.

,--II

III

i "I 1988. 303·345, Item 665 now reads: "Alexander Smith: In Dictionary ofCanadian Biography, Vol. XII (189H900). Ed. Frances G. Halpenny.Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 974-915. Item 803 appeared inEncyclQpedia Canadiana 7 (1958). 321-322. And in entry 846lk..rularJ1 shouldread l!ll..Rnard.

956. Antler, Ellen. "Women's Work in Newfoundland Fishing Families.".A1Ianlis 2 (1977): I1J6.1J3.

957, Barter, Geraldine. A Critically Annotated Bibliogranhy of WorksPubUshcd and UnpUblished Relating to the Traditjonal C\I!lure ofFrench Newfoundlanders. St. lohn's: Centre d'Etudes Franco~

Terrneuviennes, MUN, 1977.

958. BenneU, Margaret The Last Stronghold' SCQttish Gaelic Traditions inNewfoundland. St. John's; Breakwater, 1989.

959. Blake, Edith. ·On Seals and Savages." Nineteenth Century 25: 146(1889): 513-526.

960. Boyd, Cynthia. "An Occupational-biographical Study of William Winter(1863-1936): An Analysis of a Furniture Maker and the FurnitureMaking Process in Clarke's Beach. Newfoundland.· M.A. thesis,Dept. of Folklore, MUN, 1992.

961. Brown, Cassie, with Harold Horwood. Death on the Ice The GreatNewfoundland Sealing Disaster of 1914. Toronto: DoubledayCanada, 1972.

962. Brown, Thee. "The Mummer's Play in Devon and Newfoundland.".I'lllI<I2m 63 (1952): 30-35.

963. Butler, Gary R. "The Lu1i.o Tradition in French-Newfoundland Culture:Discourse and Belief." In The Good People' New FajryJoreJlnm. Ed. Peter Narv'ez. New York: Garland, 1991. 5-21.

964. Saying Isn't Believing Conversational Narrative and theDiscourse of Tradition in a French-Newfoundland Community. St.John's: ISER, MUN, 199J.

965. Condon, Eileen M. ·Confirmation: A Folklore Ethnography of RomanCatholic Parish Practice in Newfoundland" M.A. thesis, Dept. ofFolklore, 1992.

34

966. Dawe. Tom. The Loon in the Dark Tide' Old Newfoundland GhostSIllW. St. John's: Coff, 1981.

967. --. The Yams of Ishmael Drake. St. John's: Cuff, 1982.

968. Desplanques, Marie-Annick. "Women, Folklore and Communication:Informal Social Gatherings in a Franco-Newfoundland Context. It

Ph.D. diss., Dept. of Folklore, MUN, 1992.

969. Dillon, Virginia. "The Anglo-Irish Element in the Speech of theSouthern Shore of Newfoundland." M.A. thesis, MUN, 1968.

970. Drysdale, Patrick D. "A First Approach to Newfoundland Phonemics."Journal of the Canadian Linguistic Association 5: 1 (1959): 25-34.

971. Dupont, Jean-Claude and Jacques Mathieu, eds. Hfrjtage de lafuncophooje caoadienoe -- traditions orales. Ste-Foy: Univ. ofLaval, 1986. [Incorporates a contribution on French Newfoundlandfolklore, by Gerald Thomas.)

972. Fulton, Patricia. "Social and Personal Values and Attitudes ofNcwfoundland Lightkccpcrs: A Dyadic life History of a MarriedCouple." M.A. thesis, Dept. of Folklore, MUN, 1989.

973. Gushuc, W. J. "Newfoundland's Oral Tradition: Thc·Force of theSpoken Word." The Morn;of Watch 1:2 (1974): 1-2.

974. -. "Newfoundland's Unique Culture: The Hunting Tradition." IIniMornjof Watch 1:3 (1974): 1-4.

975. -- and Harold Paddock. "Spelling and the Newfoundland Dialect."The Morn;of Watch 2:4 (1975): 9-13.

976. Halley, Morgiana. "Marine Disasters in Newfoundland Folk BalladryIncluding a Classificatory System for Sea Disaster Narrative."M.A. thesis, Dept. of Folklore, MUN, 1989.

977. Hewson, John. Beothuk Vocabularies' A Comparative Study. St.John's: Newfoundland Museum, 1978.

978. Hollett, Robert C., compo "Linguistic Research·in Newfoundland. II RLS10 (1982): 1\-14; \I (1987): 21-30. [Bibliographies.]

979. Hunter, Alfred C., compo Glossary of JJnfamjliar and Other InterestingWords in the Newfoundland Journal of Aaron Thomas [ed. Jean M.

35

Murray. Lendon: Lengman, J968]. St. John's: slencil publ. bylhe compiler, J970.

980. Hutchings, David B., compo IILabrador Eskimo: A Bibliography. II RLS5 (1974): 4-8. [See also the Note in RLS. 8 (1978): 52.]

981. Keegan, Nora Healey. Footprints in the Sand. St. John's: Jesperson,1979. [Memories of life on the Wesl Coasl of Newfoundland.]

982. Kirwin, William J., compo "Bibliography of Writings on NewfoundlandEnglish." RLS. J (1968): 4-7. [See also the supplementary Notesin RLS. 3 (1971): 23; RLS. JO (1982): 25; RSL 11 (1987): 30.]

983. "Black English' in Newfoundland?' RLS. 4 (1972): 33.

984. ----, camp. "Linguislic Research in NewfoundJand." &LS 3 (1971): 13­J5; 4 (1972): 31-33; 5 (1974): 30-34; 8 (1978): 48-51.[Bibliographies.]

985. "Linguistic Research Materials in the Folklore Archive atMemorial University." RLS. I (1968): 11-13.

986. "The Present State of Language Studies in Newfoundland." RLS 1(1968): 1-3.

987. Lannon, Alice and Mike McCarthy. Fahles Fairies and Folklore ofNewfoundland. 51. John's: Jesperson, 1991.

988. Lill, Jianxiang. "Continuation and Acculturation: A Study of Foadwaysof Three Immigrant Chinese Families in 51. John's,Newfoundland." M.A. thesis, Dept. of Folklore, MUN, 1991.

989. Loder, Millicent Blake. Dau~hter of Labrador. St. John's: Cuff, 1989.

990. McConnell, R. E. Our Own Voice Canadian English and How it jsS!wIiJ:lI. Toronto: Gage, 1979. [See esp. pp. 147-160 onNewfoundland English. Reviewed in RLS. Il.]

991. MacKinnon, Richard. tlVemacular Architecture in the Codroy Valley:Local and External Influences on the Development of a BuildingTradition." Ph.D. diss., Dept. of FoJklore, MUN, J99l.

992. McNaughton, Janet. liThe Role of the Newfoundland Midwife inTraditional Health Care, 1900 to 1970." Ph.D. diss., Depl. ofFolklore, MUN, 1990.

36

993. McCann, Phillip. ·Culture, State Formation and the Invention ofTradition: Newfoundland,1832-1855." JournalofCanadjan~ 23 (1988): 86-103.

994. McGrallt, P. T. "The Fisherfolk of Newfoundland." Qlllin& 44 (1904):306-321.

995. Moakler, Leo. It A Miscel1any of Newfoundland Folklore."Newfoundland Anceslor 7:4 (Winter 1991): 137-142.

996. Narviez, Peter. "Newfoundland Berry Pickers 'In the Fairies':Maintaining Spatial, Temporal, and Moral Boundaries ThroughLegendry." In The Good PeoDle' New Fajrylore Essays. Ed.Peter Narvliez. New York: Garland, 1991. 336-368.

9tTl. Overton, James. "Coming Home: Nostalgia and Tourism inNewfoundland."~ 14 (1984): 84-97.

998. "Dirt and Danger. Development and Decency in Newfoundland. It

Canadian Journal of CommunicatioD 12 (1986): 37-57.

999. --. "A Newfoundland Culture?" Journal of Canadian Studies 23(1988): 5-22.

1000. --. "Progressive Conservatism? A Critical Look at Politics, Cultureand Development in Newfoundland." In Social Scjence Monograph~ S. Ed. Robert Garland. Saint John: Univ. of NewBrunswick, 1985. 84-102.

1001. -. "Promoting 'The Real Newfoundland': Culture as TouristCommodity." Studies in Political Economy. 4 (1980): lIS-137.

1002. ----. ·Tourism and 'The Taste of Newfoundland'." New MaritimesJuly-August 1987, 12-14.

1003. -. "A Whale for the Kjlling and the Politics of Culture and Ecology."Journal of Canadian Studies 22 (l987): 84-103.

·1004. Paddock, Harold. "Keep Up the fince." RLS 5 (1974): 22-29.

1005. --, compo "Linguistic Research in Newfoundland." RLS 7 (1976): I­S; 9 (1980): 5-9. [Bibliographies.)

1006. Pastore, Ralph T. Shanawdjthjt's People The Archaeology of the~. St. John's: Atlantic Archaeology Ltd., 1992.

37

!oo? Peere, Isabelle. "Death and Worldview in a Ballad Culture: TheEvidence of Newfoundland." Ph.D. diss, Dept. of Folklore, 1992.

1008. Peters, Robert D. "The Social and Economic Effects of the Transitionfrom a System of Woods Camps to a System of Commuting in theNewfoundland Pulpwood Industry." M.A. thesis, MUN, 1965.[Includes a glossary of 63 items.]

1009. Pocius, Gerald L. "Gravestones: A Genealogical Resource."Newfoundland Ancestor 6:3 (Fall 1990); 92~98,

1010. ~---~. A Place to Belong' Community Order and Eyeryday Space inCalyert Newfoundland. Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press;Montreal: McGiIIMQueen's Univ. Press, 1991.

1011. __M. "Privacy and Architecture: A Newfoundland Example," InPerspectives in vernacular Architecture III. Ed. Thomas Carterand Bernard L. Herman. Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press,1989.246-247.

1012. Queen, Stuart A. and Robert W. Rabenstein. tiThe NewfoundlandOutport Family." In their The family in various CulhUcs. 4thed. Philadelphia: I. P. Lippencoll, 1974. 379-399.

1013. Quigley, Colin. tI A French-Canadian Fiddler's Musical Worldview: TheViolin is 'Master of the World'. II In~Conceptualization of Music = Selected Reports inEthnomnsjcology 7. Ed. James Porter and Ali Jihad Racy. LosAngeles: Dept. of Ethnomusicology, Univ. of California at LosAngeles, 1988.99-122.

1014. -~-. "'Melodizing' as Generative Process in Music: A Case Study ofFiddle Tune Composition." In EtbnoIDusjcology in Canada. Ed.Robert Witmer. Toronto: Institute for Canadian Music, 1990.166-175. [About Newfoundland fiddler Emile BenoiL]

1015. Riach, W. A. D. "The Aspirate and Dental Fricative; A Survey ofStudents Entering the Faculty of Education, Memorial University,1964-67, and Depth Studies in the High Schools at Ferryland andBay Roberts." M.A. thesis, Univ. afKansas, 1969.

1016. Rieti, Barbara G. "'The Blast' in Newfoundland Fairy Tradition. II InThe Good People' New Eairylore Essays. Ed. Peter Narvaez.New York: Garland, 1991. 284-297.

38

1017. ---. "Newfoundland Fairy Traditions: A Study in Narrative andBelief. It Ph.D. diss., Dept. of Folklore, MUN, 1990.

1018. --. Strange Terrain the Fairy World in Newfoundland. St. John's:tSER, MUN. 1992. rrhe published version of Dr. Rieti's doctoraldiss.)

1019. Rosenberg, Neil V. "Folksong in Newfoundland." In~chansons folkloriaues. Ed. Conrad Laforte. Qu~bec: CELAT,Universit<! Laval, 1989. 45-52.

1020. Rowe, Frederick W. ExtinctioD The Beothuks of Newfoundland.Toronto: McGraw-Hili Ryerson, 1977.

1021. Saug~res. Lise. "Figgy Duff and Newfoundland Culture." M.A. thesis,Dept. of Folklore, MUN, 1992.

1022. Shorrocks. Graham. "~in the Southwest of England and inNewfoundland, and the Question of Celtic Analogues." c.arwfuulJournal of Linguistics 36:2 (19.91): 137-146.

1023. --, camp. "Linguistic Research in Newfoundland." .RLS: t3 (1991):20-28: 14 (1993): 44-47. [Bibliographies.)

1024. Story, George M. A Newfoundland Dialect Dictionary' A Survey of the~. St. John's: MUN, 1956. [Pamphlet.)

1025. -- and William J. Kirwin. "The Dictionary of Newfoundland English:Progress and Promise." RLS 5 (1974): 15-17.

1026. --- and --. "National Dictionaries and Regional Homework." RLS. 3(1971): 19-22. [Includes some Newfoundland material.]

1027. --, - and J. D. A. Widdowson, eds. Dictjonary of Newfoundland.Endiab. 2nd ed. with Supplement. Toronto: Univ. of TorontoPress, 1990. [Cf. item 814.)

1028. -, --- and ---. "Selected Sample Enlries." RLS 6 (1975): 10-17.[The entries are for the miE,.]

1029. Swackhammer, Mac. "Mediating the Conflict Between Heritage.Preservation and Audience Demand: An Example fromNewfoundland." In Etbnomusicology in Canada. Ed. RobertWitmer. Toronto: Institute for Canadian Music, L99O. 239-244.

TI

jI

39

]030. Szwed, John Francis. Private Cultures and PybUc Imagery·InlemersQoal Relations jn a Newfoundland Peasant Society. St.John's: ISER, MUN, 1966.

1031. Taylor, David. "A Survey of Traditional Systems of Boat Design Usedin the Vicinity of Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, and Hardangerfjord,Norway,· Ph.D. diss" Dept. of Folklore, MUN, 1990.

1032. Thomas, Gerald. "Aspects of the Culture of the French Minority ofNewfoundland's West Coast." Occasjonal papers of theInternational Education Center. Halifax: St. Mary's Univ.,[1983]. [i-ii, 1-17)

]033. --, "Le Centre d'l!:tudes franco-terreneuviennes (CEFf)." In.Q1l.a.tr.cSi~c1es d'identitt canadienne. Ed. Rent Dionne. Montreal:Bell.noin, 1983. 17-32.

1034. -, "French Language.· BHL II. Ed. J. R. Smallwood, et al. St.John's: NBP, 1984.405-407.

1035. -. "Functions of the Newfoundland Outhouse." Western Folklore48:3 (1989): 221-243.

1036. -. "Probl~mesde transcription du texte narratif folklorique dans uncontexte franco-terreneuvien." In~. Ed. Pierre Uon andPaul Perron. Ottawa: Didier, 1987. 37-48.

1037. -. "Terre-Neuviens, Franco-Terre-Neuviens, Canadiens: minorit~s etminorit~s." Etudes Canadiennes/Canadian Studies 21:2 (1986):129-/36.

1038. --- and J. D. A. Widdowson, eds. Studies in Newfoundland FolkJore'Community and Process. St. John's: Breakwater for Dept. ofFolklore, MUN, 1991.

1039. Zhu, Nian-qiang. "Told by the Newfoundland Chinese: A Translation,Contextual Description and Analysis of the Jokes Coneeled fromTwo Groups in the St. John's Chinese Community. It M.A. thesis,Dept. of Folklore, MUN, 1991.

40

REVIEW ARTICLE

Charles W. Kreidler. The Pronunciation of English' A Course Book: inFiJllnllIlln. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989. pp. xiii + 335.

The present review sets itself the task of pointing out some weaknessesthat affect the pedagogical strategy in Kreidler's book rather than discussing thetheoretical implications of such an analysis of English pronunciation. Beforedoing this, we shall first present its overall structure.

The book is organized into 14 chapters, the first of which 0-14) is abackground to existing English varieties and an introduction to some basicconcepts. Cbs. 2-4 (15-73) cover the way speech sounds are produced,segmented and classified. Chs. 5-8 (76-155) and ch. II (197-218) deal withstress (the main course) and phonotactic phenomena. In cbs. 9-10 (156-196) adetailed analysis of intonation is presented. Finally, chs. 12~14 (219~292)

discuss stress position in relation to word and phrase structures plus someinteresting phonologically-motivated processes such as voice assimilation, vowel'reduction and palatalization. The remaining discussion is of atlomorphicvariations as exemplified in spirantization, velar softening, voicing, and vowelshift in English. The book also has two appendices. Appendix 1 (293-304)introduces some systems for transcribing vowels. Appendix II (305-316) refersto cases of affixation (suffixation in particular) and stress placement in English.The book ends with noles (317-321), a hibliography (322-328) and an index(329-335).

Unlike previous publications in this vein such as Hyman (1975),Ladefoged (1975), Sommerslein (1977), Kenslowicz & Kisseberth (1979), orLass (1984) to name a few, where the theoretical approach is spell out - be it­eclectic or based upon a particular school of thought - Kreidler's book doesnot familiarize the reader with the underlying theory or theories used in thedescription. Right at the beginning, the author stresses: ·The student needs todo analysis, going from observed facts to general statements and then testingthese with more observations· (preface). It appears, as one reads the book, thatthe student is given a mass of interesting data to work on but he is not giventhe opportunity to understand the theoretical persuasions which justify thedescription. Kreidler says that he purposely avoids discussion of more recenttheoretical issues (preface). This is offered as an indication of the introductorynature of the book and therefore a discussion of the approach is necessary. Forexample, the discussion of Syllables and Stress (ch. 5) would have been clearerfor the layman if Pulgram's (1970) syllable division had been introduced. Theauthor summarizes in a way (85-86) Pulgram's principles of maximal opensyllabicity, minimal coda and maximal onset, and that of the irregular coda.This constitutes a sound ground for observation for the layman when tacklingsyllabication and phonotactic constraints (Hyman 1975: 188ro. Better still,

41

Kahn's (1976) approach to the syllable seems to til perfectly well into thediscussion of syllable structure (75ff).

The author uses, without warning, a hi-segmental interpretation of vowellength (8), (VIV I), which raises the question of the phonotactics of the languageand its implications for phonological processes2• While the affricates It-I andtjl are treated as unit phonemes (39), which is fair if only for the sake ofpattern congruity, the vowels are nonetheless treated as sequences of two (ormore) phonemes. The problem arises in practice when branching trees areintroduced (75). Putting the 'free' vowels and 'R vowels' under theirrespective nodes becomes ~ real difficulty for the unaware. Certainly. alVeIapproach (50-53) makes it easier to identify and distinguish rhotie and noo­rhotie varieties of English (54-56). Nevertheless, it doesn't do justice to thefacts as the syJlable is taken as a unit for segment organization (ch. 5). Ananalysis of long vowels as short vowels plus a phoneme of length (/:1) seemsmore appropriate in that it reduces the already crowded English vowel systemto a minimum and puts long vowels and diphthongs on a par - that is complexnuclei which are similar in distribution.

The second weakness lies in missing generalizations and some confusionsin the text. In 'Predicting Word Stress' (chs. 11-12) a general rule of stresscould have been posited if some conventional notations were introduced toallow the collapsing of the three rules of stress (200-214) into one rule withdisjunctive ordering (Kenstowicz & Kisseberth, 1979:353). Stress placem"ent inEnglish is not presented as a process in itself, but rather as dictated by a fixedset of rules based on morphological information, which is not always the case.Different labels are given for [~] which is alveolar-ridge (37), palatal (42), andlamino-alveolar (100). Ik,g,~1 are velar (42) and dorsal (101). A featurespecification [+fricative] is introduced (103) whereas [+cont.] is discussed.earlier (26ff). Similarly, features like [+ fronting], [+ backing] (66) onlycomplicate the matter for the layman, mainly as the section is on 'binaryfeatures for vowels' (4.7). Consequently, the vowel feature matrix (67) has anawful lot of empty slots.

Finally, the reviewer would have liked to have seen ch. 6 on surfacelinguistic phenomena right after ch. 3 and ch. 7 (phonotactics) following the.discussion on syllable structure of ch. S. Moreover, an introductory book ofthis kind requires at least some references for further reading to be included atthe end of each chapter.

2 Geminate vowels are usually argued for in Arabic phonology so that a parallelism isdrawn between IV\VII and IC\C11 within word boundaries and to explain consonant andvowel reduction processes that operate in the language. Incidentally, Lass (1984:138) reportscases from Icelandic which justify the representation 1V1V11 for long vowels.

42

Kreidler's summaries, exercises and feedbacks at the end of each chapterare check-points for knowledge and understanding that he builds in for the 'neophyte before he invites him to the next chapter. Such a presentation ismeritworthy on pedagogical grounds. However, his efforts would have been al1the more meritorious if the weaknesses and confusions mentioned above wereremoved.

~: p. 7 (line 10 up), 'whch' should read 'which'; p. 27 (I. 18 down),'they' should read 'then'; p. 70 (I. 5 d.) 'concern' should read 'concerns'; p.110 (I. 11 d.), (".:J should read [Ira,,,] for 'rider'; p. 119 (1.7 d.) example(c) lei and Ijl should read ItI and Ijl respectively. Also on p. 267(Palatalization Rule); p. 146 (I. 14 d.) wrong surface representation for'entering'; p. "251 (I. 17 d.) chart 13.1, 5th example from the left transcriptionmistake in 'W3r' for ·were'; p. 267, two intruding v symbols in the SC of thePalatalization Rule; p. 271 (I. 11 d.), '/lnrmll' should read '/lnorm/l'; p. 272(I. 16 d.): S is missing in the slants, 151 is missin, in the surface form of the 1stderivation for 'analysis'; p. 273 (Is. 7 & 8 up): J instead of j. Also, p. 274 (I.5 d.) and p. 287 (I. 5 up); p. 275 (I. I d.): stress must be on the secondsyllable; p. 289 example (b) 'demagogy' is missing from the set of words; p.296 (I. 16 d.) transcription mistake for 'book-learning', (1.13 up), asteriskmissing in the transcription for 'dinner'.

Omissions from the bibliography: Trudgill (1984), Berks (1958), Halliday(1967 and 1970) and Bing (1983).

Bm=:

Hyman, L. M. 1975. Phonology' Theory and Analysis. New York: Holt,Rinehart & Winston.

Kahn, D. 1976. Syllable-based Generalizations in English Phonology.Doctoral dissertation, M.I.T. Published by Garland PublishingCompany, New York, 1980.

Kenstowicz, M. & Kisseberth, C. 1979. Generatiye Phonology· Description~. New York: Academic Press .

. Ladefoged, P. 1975. A Course in Phonetics. New York: Harcourt BraceJovanovich.

Lass, R. 1984. Phonology' An Introduction to the Basic Concepts.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Polgram, E. 1970. Syllable Word Nexus Cursus. The Hague: Mouton.

Sommerstein, A. H. 1977. Modern PhonoJ0C"Y. London: Edward Arnold.

Reviewed by Farouk A. N. BOUHADIBADepartment of English, LL.E.University Es-S6nia, OranAlgeria

44

LINGUISTIC RESEARCH IN NEWFOUNDLAND

(G.S.)

Algonquian:

Dawe-Sheppard, Audrey. "Micmac Numerals: An Etymological Study." InBlack ([1991]. lRLS 13]). 21-26.

Hewson, John. "Owls and Windigos." International Journal of American~ 58 (1992): 234-235.

"Person Hierarchies in Algonkian and Inuktitut." [See underComparative and HJstorical.]

"Verbal Derivation in Micmac. II Journal of the Atlantic ProvincesLinguistic Associatjon 13 (1991): 21-33.

Mackenzie, Marguerite, transl. A Practical Gyide to Spelling in Montagnais.St. John's: Dept. of Linguistics, Memorial University of Newfoundland,1991. A translation of Gujde "tactjque dtorthographe montagnais. ByLynn Drapeau and Jos~ Mailhot. Wendake Village-des-Hurons: [nstitut&lucatif et Culturel Attikamek-Montagnais, 1989.

"A Survey of Research on Montagnais and Naskapi (lnnu-aimun) inLabrador." Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Associatjon 13(1991): 47-56.

Comparative and Historical:

Bubenik, Vito "Structural Influence of Arabic and Persian on the North­Western Indo-Aryan Languages. In Black ([1991], lRLS 13]. 11-20.

Dresher, B. Elan and Aditi Lahiri. "The Germanic Foot: Metrical Coherencein Old English." Linguistic Inqujry 22,2 (1991): 251-286.

Hewson, John. "Person Hierarchies in Algonkian and Inuktitut." L.in&u..istig29 (1991): 861-875.

English:

Conrad, Margaret. "Who or What Is a Planter?" Newfoundland Ancestor 7,1(Spring 1991): 15-16.

Hewson, John. "Determiners as Heads. H [See under General.]

45

HoUett, Robert. ·Preserving Newfoundland Place Names." Journal of theAtlantic Provinces Lingujstic Assocjatjon 13 (1991): 99-100.

Kirwin, William J. "The Rise and Fall of Dialect Representation inNewfoundland Writings.' In Thomas and Widdowson (1991). 227-244.[See under General.)

--- and G. M. Story. "Place Naming and the Geographical Survey ofNewfoundland.' CJmwna 18,1 (July 1992): 38-41.

Marinis, Victoria. "Four Newfics Talk." M.A. thesis, Albert-Ludwigs­Universitat, Freiburg, 1987. [The Cape Shore. Chiefly phonology, wilha lillie grammar. Copy in CNS.)

Moakler, Leo. "A Look at Some Newfoundland Place Names." NewfoundlandAnW!llr 6,4 (Winter 1990): 136-142.

-. "Unfamiliar Names of Old St. lohn's." Newfoundland AncestoT 7,1(Spring 1991): 4-12.

Paddock, Harold. "Linguistic vs. Non-linguistic Conditioning of LinguisticVariables." Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic AssociatioD 13(1991): 71-83. [Deals with Newfoundland English.)

"On Explaining Macrovariation in the Sibilant and Nasal Suffixes ofEnglish." folia Linguistica HjsWrica 9 (1991): 235-269.

Pocius, Gerald L. "Folk Religion and the Ethnography of Literacy: TheImage of the Word on Newfoundland Gravestones." In Thomas andWiddowson (1991). 259-286. [See under General.]

Shorrocks, Graham. liThe Definite Article in the Dialect of Farnworth andDistrict (Greater Manchester County, Formerly Lancashire)." Q.rb.is 34(1985-1987 [1991], [sic. 1992]): 173-186.

-Ellis as Dialectologist: A Reassessment." Hjstoriographja Lingujstica18,2-3 (1991): 321-334. .

-, compo •A Supplement to the Bibliography of Newfoundland Folklore andLanguage.- Regional Language Studies Newfoundland 14 (1993): 32-39.

-Towards a Survey of Angling Terminology: An Untapped Source ofTraditional and Dialectal Usage." TmnsBcljoos of the PhilologicaJ~ 89,2 (1991): 123-129.

46

--- and Beverly Rodgers. "Non-standard Dialect in Percy Janes' .Hml&...2f~." Canadian Literature 133 (Summer 1992): 129-141.

--- and ---. "Non-standard Dialect in Percy Janes' Novel, House of Hate."Regional Language Studies Newfoundland 14 (1993): 2-25.

Widdowson, J. D. A. "Lexical Retention in Newfoundland Dialect." InThomas and Widdowson (1991). 245-258. [See under General.]

Winsor, Leslie A. "Changes in Place Names in Newfoundland."Newfoundland Ancestor 6,4 (Winter 1990): 143-147.

French:

Butler, Gary. "Beyond the Text: The Importance of Cognitive Expansion· inFolkloristic Analysis." In Thomas and Widdowson (1991), 215-226.(See under General.]

Hewson, John. II Adjeclif pr6pos6 et adjectif postpos6." Actes du XVIlIeCongNg International de J inguistique et de Pbilologie Romanes. Ed.Dieter Kremer. Tiibingen: Max Niemeyer. 1991. II: 142-147.

Lemelin, Jean-Marc. "La Grammaire textuelle de Weinreich." In Black([1991]. IRLS. 13]). 83-90.

General:

Dresher, B. Elan. "A Learning Model for a Parametric Theory in Phonology."Formal Grammar Theory and Implementation. Ed. R. Levine. NewYork & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 290-317. [Fat'comments by KeMeth Church, see pp. 318-326.]

"YOUPIE: A Parameter-based Learning Model for MetricalPhonology. " ReSearch in Humanities Computing I' Papers from the1989 ACH-ALLC Conference. Ed. I. Lancashire. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1991.

Hewson, John. "Determiners as Heads." CQgnitiye linguistics 2 (1991): 317­337.

"The ROles of Subject and Verb in a Dependency Grammar. "Proceedings Qf the Fourteenth International Congress Qf Linguists. Ed.Werner Bahner et al. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1991. 2364-2366.

47

Sanders, Robert A., compo "Alexander John Ellis (1814-1890): ABibliography of his Writings, II. M Regional Language StudiesNewfoundland 14 (1993): 26-31.

Thomas, Gerald and J. D. A. Widdowson, eds. Studies in NewfoundlandFolklore' Community and Process. Canada's Atlantic Folklore andFolklife Series 16. SI. John's: Breakwater Books for the Departmenl ofFolklore, Memorial University of Newfoundland, J991. [Containssevera) studies of a linguistic character.]

Other:

Bubenik, Vit. liOn the Acquisition and Maintenance of a Minority Language:Czech in Canada. M Varieties of Czech Theory and Reamy. Ed. EvaEckert. Amsterdam and Atlanta: Rodopi, 1992. 99-119.

Mazurkewich, Irene. "Language Maintenance in Labrador: Trying to Hold theLine. II Journal of the Atlantic prOvinces Linguistic Associatjon 13(1991): 57-69.

Additions to Previous Bibliographies:

Notes of genealogical interest may be found in Newfoundland and LabradorGenealogical Society Newsletter 1~3 (l984~87)j now entitled NewfoundlandAill;l:S1llr 4- (1988-). The Newfoundland and Labrador Genealogical Societyalso has a small publication series, which includes several items dealing withcemetery inscriptions.

To RLS JJ (1987):

Dawe, Audrey. "The Eastern Algonkian Animate Intransitive Negative." InPapers from the Ninth Annual Meetjng of the Atlantic ProvincesLingujstjc Associatjon November 8-9 1985. Ed. L. Falk et al. Halifax:Saint Mary's University, n.d. 33-41.

French, Margot A. "Markedness and the Acquisition of Pied-piping andPreposition Stranding. It In Papers from the Ninth Annual Meeljng of theAtlantic Provinces Linguistjc Association November 8-9 1985. Ed. L.Falk et al. Halifax: Saint Mary's University, n.d. 52-64.

Inglis, Stephanie. "Basic Formative Elements in the Micmac Verb. II In~from the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Atlantic provinces LinenjstjcAssocjation November 8·9 1985. Ed. L. Falk et al. Halifax: SaintMary's University, n.d. 84-91.

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MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLANDFOLKLORE AND LANGUAGE PUBLICATION SERIES

Bibliographical and Special Series:

1. Michael Taft, A Regional Discography of Newfoundland andLabrador, 1904-1972 (1975), xxx, 102 pp. ($4.00, paper)

Attempts to list every commercial record featuring a Newfoundlandperformer and a wide range of privately produced discs. Documents theselective adoption by Newfoundlanders of mainland popular music styles.

2. Alison Feder and Bernice Schrank, eels. Literature and Folk Culture:Ireland and Newfoundland. (Papers from the Ninth Annual Seminar ofthe Canadian Association for Irish Studies, at Memorial University ofNewfoundland, February 11-15, 1976), 1977. ix, 182 pp. ($5.00,paper)

Papers by Richard Walsh, Michael Molloy, Bryan MacMahon, KevinDanaher, Ronald Ayling, Herbert Halpert, William Kirwin, on manyaspects of the vernacular and literary cultures of Ireland andNewfoundland.

3. Neil V. Rosenberg, 00. Folklore and Oral History. (Papers from lheSecond Annual Meeting of the Canadian Aural/Oral History Association,St. John's, Newfoundland, October 3-5, 1976), 1978. xx, 101 pp.($4.00, paper)

These papers, by historians, linguists, anthropologists and folklorists, andwith an emphasis on Newfoundland and Labrador, provide anintroduction to the use of oral data in the study of culture and history.

4. Gerald Thomas, Songs Sung by French Newfoundlanders, A Catalogueof the Holdings of the Memorial University of Newfoundland Folkloreand Language Arcbive, 1978. ix., 93 pp. ($4.00, paper)

Lists 180 songs in 283 variants collected from singers in francophonecommunities on Newfoundland's Port-au-Port peninsula between 1971and 1978. Provides Index of Titles and First Lines and Index of Singerswith Repertoires by Titles and First Lines. Brief biographical notes oneach singer.

5.

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Kenneth S. Goldstein, ed, Canadian Folklore Perspectives, 1978. vii,68 pp. ($4.00, paper)

Papers by Neil V. Rosenberg, Elli Kangas Maranda, Ban Seng Hoe, andCarole Henderson Carpenter, on the public perception of folklore andpolitical aspects of its study in Canada.

6. Paul Mercer, Newroundland Songs and Ballads In Print 1842-1974: ATitle and First-Line 1ndex. 1979. xv, 343 pp. ($9.95, paper)

The first attempt to list by title and first line all published texts orNewfoundland folksongs. Cross-referenced to Child, Laws, and Taft.

7. Kenneth S. Goldstein and Neil V. Rosenberg, eds. Folklore Studies in1I0nour or lIerbert lIalpert-A Festschrift, 1980. ix, 395 pp. ($11.95,paper)

Twenty-six essays on a variety of folklore topics from Canada, Britainand the United States by friends, colleagues and former students of Dr.Herbert Halpert.

8. Herbert Halpert, ed. A Folklore Sampler From the Maritimes. Witha Bibliographical Essay on the Folktale in English, 1982. xix, 272 pp.

An annotated collection of folklore from the Canadian Maritimes;includes an extensive bibliographical essay on the Folktale in English.

Monograph Series:

I. Gerald Thomas, The Tall Tale Bnd Philippe D'Aleripe. An Analysis orthe Tall Tale Genre with Particular Reference to Philippe D'Alcripe's LaNouvelle Fabrique des Excellents Traits de Verite, together with anAnnotated Translation or the Work, 1977. xv, 259 pp. ($7.50, paper).

This translation and study of a sixteenth century French collection of talltales includes a discussion of the tall tale in France and America and itsrelationships with other folklore genres.

2. Hilda Chaulk Murray, More Than 50%: Woman's Life in aNewroundland Outport 1900-1950, 1978. xiv, 160 pp.

A study of the part played by women in the working, domestic, andsocial1ife of a fishing village. (PubHshed in their Atlantic Folklore­Folklife Series by Breakwater Books, SI. John's, Newfoundland.

50

Available from booksellers and the publisher only. n2t from theDepartment of Folklore).

3. Colin Quigley, Close To The Floor: Folk Dance In Newfoundland,1985. 127 pp. ($10.00, paper)

An exploration of the social and cultural meanings of folk dance inNewfoundland, historically and in the present, based on archival sourcesand extensive fieldwork.

Community Studies Series:

1. Victor Butler I The Little Nord Easter: Reminiscences or a PlacentiaBayman. Edited with an Introduction by Wilfred W. Wareham. Prefaceby J.D.A. Widdowson, 1975; new cd., 1980. 160 pp.

The written reminisceDc~ of Victor Butler-fisherman, master of tradingvessels, carpenter and marine engineer-are supplemented by oralinterviews. A firsthand account of life and work in Placentia Baycommunities before Confederation and resettlement. (Revised editionpublished in their Atlantic Folklore-Folklife Series by Breakwater Booles,St. Jobo's, Newfoundland. Available from booksellers and the publisheronly; n2l from the Department of Folklore).

2. Aubrey M. Tizzard, On Sloping Ground: Reminiscences of OutportlJfe in Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland. Edited, with an Introductionby J.D.A. Widdowson, 1979; new cd., 1984. 228 pp. ($9.95, paper)

Recollections of daily life in a Notre Dame Bay outport in the 1920's and1930·s. Extensively illustrated with contemporary photographs. (Revised'edition published in their Atlantic Folklorc-Folklife Series by BreakwaterBooks, St. Jobo's, Newfoundland. Available from booksellers and thepublisher only; nm from the Department of Folklore).

Reprint Series:

1. Halpert, Herbert. Folklore and Newfoundland, An InformalIntroduction to the Materials and Methods of Folklore, 1969.

An introduction to folklore studies in Newfoundland and in general withemphasis on bibliographic aids to the development of library holdings infolklore. (Reprinted from the Papers of the Bibliographical Society ofCanada, Vol. V1I1 (1%9), pp. 10-22).

51

2. Rosenberg, Neil V. Country Music In the Maritimes: Two Studies,1976.

Two studies of the relationship between folk: and country music in theMaritime Provinces; the first describes a regional model for theinteraction of musical styles; the second discusses research techniques andarchiving. (Reprinted from The Journal of Country Music, 5 (1974),76-83, and Phonographic BUllelin, 14 (May, 1976), 18-21).

3. Halpert, Herbert. Ireland, Sheila and Newfoundland, 1977.

Explores the complex of dites and etiological legends surrounding theterm "Sheila's brush", and its cognates, which is given in Newfoundlandto a storm which fonows St. Patrick's Day. (Reprinted from Literatureand Folk Culture: Ireland and Newfoundland, Alison Feder andBernice Schrank, oos., 1977),

4. Halpert, Herbert and Neil V. Rosenberg, Folklore Studies at MemorialUniversity: Two Reports, 1978.

The first report describes the development of regional studies atMemorial University which led to the founding of the Department ofFolklore and the creation of the Folklore and Language Archive.Newfoundland students were encouraged to contribute by recording thecultural traditions of their home communities. The second report is ahistory of the Archive and a description of its policies with regard toresearch, indexing, transcription, special coJlections, and publication.(Reprinted from The Canadian Forum, LIJI:638 (March, 1974), 31-32,and Laurentian University Review, VIJI:2 (Fehruary, 1976), 1077-114).

S. Halpert, Herbert and Violetta M. Halpert, Neither Heaven Nor Hell,1979.

Discusses the theme of afterworld locations that are neither heaven norhell through their appearance in folktale, legend, dite, belief and folkspeech. (Reprinted from Melanges en I'honneur de Luc Lacourciere,Jean Claude Dupont, rt..a1, cds. Montreal: Lemeac, 1978).

6. Michael Taft, Travelling the Outports: Two Studies in NewfoundlandItinerant Culture.

The influence of travelling performers--a country musician and a movieexhibitor--on the culture of outport Newfoundland.

All reprints are $1.00 each.

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Available from: The Secretary. Department of Folklore, Memorial Universityof Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Ale 5S7.

Post free on receipt of advance payment. Please add 7% Goods and ServicesTax and make cheques payable to Memorial University of Newfoundland.

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