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STUDY GUIDE ORAL BIOLOGY

FIRST YEAR BDSSESSION 2019-20

RASHID LATIF MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGE

Course Title Oral BiologyIntroduction Oral Biology and tooth morphology is a basic science course taught during first

year BDS. It is a diverse field which deals with the development, gross and histological structure, functions and interactions of oral and craniofacial tissues. This speciality is concerned with the study of the nature of the oral and craniofacial tissues along with the application of basic scientific knowledge to oral tissues in health and diseased state. Our teaching methodology includes multimedia lectures, educational videos, interactive sessions in small groups and practical. The following year, the department focuses on the outcome of the particular topic or learning objectives from the students through LMS (Learning Management System), which will be beneficial for both students and faculty.

Target Students 1st year BDS

Course to be studied in first year BDS

Oral Histology: 43%(histology of enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, PDL, alveolar process, mucosa, salivary gland and TMJ)Tooth Morphology: 20%(Anatomy of primary and permanent teeth, timing and sequence of eruption)Oral Embryology: 10%(development of embryo, development of skull, face, tongue, jaws and teeth, development of occlusion, development of dentition, common anomalies)Oral Physiology: 10%(Saliva, taste, smell, mastication, swallowing, pain, speech, bone growth)Oral anatomy: 15%(Muscles, bones, salivary glands, TMJ, Nerve and vascular supply, Eruption of teeth, Articulation of teeth, Age Changes)Laboratory Assignments: 2%(Histological methods)

ORAL HISTOLOGY 43%

Course Title Structure of the Oral TissuesDuration 1 lecture

Learning Objectives

Understanding the basic anatomy of:o Oral cavityo Lipso Tootho Tooth supporting structureso Saliva and salivary glandso Temporomandibular joints

Identify the different landmarks.Learning Outcomes At the end of the course student must be able to:

Learning Outcomes

Identify the components and boundaries of the oral cavity Briefly describe and identify the various structures of the tooth Briefly describe and identify the various structure of periodontium Briefly discuss about oral mucosa, salivary glands, bones of the jaw and TMJ

Assessment

MCQ’s SEQ’s OSPES

Learning Resource Oral Histology Development, Structure and Function – Richard Tencates 9 th

Edition

Course Title Development Of Tooth And Its Supporting TissuesDuration 02 Weeks (6 Lectures)

Learning Out comes

Define odontogenesis, oral epithelium and ectomesenchyme. Learn about initiation and timing of tooth development during IUL Explain primary epithelial band and its parts Discuss parts of dental lamina and its fate Differentiate between dental lamina and vestibular lamina Describe tooth development and its stages Learn about factors involved in:

Initiation of tooth Tooth type determination

Detailed histological features of: Bud stage Cap stage of tooth development.

Define Tooth germ with detailed discussion of its derivatives like: Dental/enamel organ Dental papilla Dental follicle

Detailed histological features of enamel organ at Bell Stage of tooth development

Define transitory structures seen during cap stage of tooth development Learn about:

the process involved in hard tissue formation (enamel and dentin)

vascular and nerve supply Recognize these processes on histological pictures.

To learn about: histological details of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath and its role

in root formation. How single and multi-rooted teeth are formed. Various developmental anomalies and identify them.

Learning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to: Describe sequence of developmental changes occurring in maxillary and

mandibular processes in areas of future dental arches during 6th & 7th week of intra uterine life

Define the following terms/structure: neural crest cells, ectomesenchyme, primary epithelial band, dental lamina, vestibular lamina, tooth bud, lateral lamina, successional lamina, epithelial pearls/Rest cells of Serres, Enamel organ, dental papilla, dental follicle, cervical loop, enamel knot, enamel cord, enamel niche, enamel septum, enamel navel, papillary layer, reduced enamel epithelium, pulp limiting membrane, rest cells of Malassez

Identify on a histological picture/slide the following structures: Oral Epithelium, Mesenchyme, Dental lamina, vestibular lamina, tooth bud

Distinguish, in a table, between dental and vestibular lamina on basis of development, location, histology, function, and fate

Explain components/parts of dental lamina on basis of developmental timings & their attachment to primary, permanent and non-succedenous

Learning Objectives

tooth buds Identify components of dental lamina in histological pictures/slides (lateral

lamina, successional lamina) Explain the clinical significance of remnants of dental lamina(epithelial

pearls) i.e. eruption cysts, odontome, supernumerary tooth Explain histological aspects of bud, cap and bell stages of tooth development

with emphasis on cell shapes, types of cell layers and function of each cell layer (outer enamel epithelium, inner enamel epithelium, stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum)

Identify draw and label enamel organ, dental papilla and dental follicle along with stages of tooth development in histological pictures (bud, early and late cap stage, early and late bell stage)

Describe composition, location, histological appearance (arrangement of fibers, condensation) & fate of dental papilla and dental follicle/sac

Describe location, histological appearance (cell shape) & function of enamel knot, enamel cord and enamel niche

Identify, draw and label enamel knot, cord and niche in histological pictures. Discuss importance and process of angiogenesis in relation with the

developing tooth germ with reference to location and timings Discuss relation of developing nerve fibers with early tooth germ with

reference to location and timings Explain inductive influences of inner enamel epithelial cells of enamel organ

and peripheral cells of dental papilla on each other Describe histodifferentiation, function and movement of enamel and dentin

forming cells (ameloblasts and odontoblasts) in relation to each other Explain source of nourishment for ameloblasts and odontoblasts during hard

tissue formation Describe the formation, histological structure, role and fate (disintegration

and rest cells of Malassez) of Hertwig epithelial root sheath in formation of roots of single and multi-rooted teeth

Identify HERS, Rest cells of Malassez and pulp limiting membrane in histological pictures

Describe clinical relevance of Hertwig epithelial root sheath (lateral canals/accessory canals formation, cyst development)

Explain relevance of root formation and root completion with tooth eruption in oral cavity with emphasis on time required for primary and permanent teeth

Explain the abnormalities expected to occur during tooth development in relation with tooth size and number (microdontia, macrodontia, hypodontia, anodontia, supernumerary and supplemental teeth)

Assessment

MCQ’s SEQ’s Viva Voce Assignments Presentations Open Book Examination

Learning Resource Oral Histology Development, Structure and Function – Richard Tencates 9th EditionOrban’s Oral Histology and Embryology

Course Title Enamel: Composition, Formation and StructureDuration 02 Weeks (6 Lectures)

Learning Out comes

Discuss the physical properties of enamel, composition, structural composition- rods, inter rod and rod sheath

Define Amelogenesis and learn about its stages: morphogenetic and histodifferentiation phases, secretory phase, transition and maturation phases

Learn about Enamel proteins and their roles Process of Mineralization of enamel, Structural and organizational features of enamel Age changes in enamel. Defects of amelogenesis- enamel hypoplasia,

amelogenesis imperfect. flourosis, staining etcLearning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to:

Learning Objectives

Describe physical characteristics of enamel in terms of anatomical location, hardness, thickness, permeability, color, translucency and brittleness

Define the following terms/structure: rods, inter-rod, rod sheath, amelogenesis, aprismatic enamel, papillary layer, apoptosis, primary enamel cuticle, reduced enamel epithelium, nasymyth’s membrane, neonatal line, striae of retzius, cross striation, perikymata, hunter schreger bands, dentinoenamel junction, enamel tufts, enamel lamellae, enamel spindles, gnarled enamel, pits, enamel caps, focal holes, enamel brochs, attrition, abrasion, erosion

Describe embryological origin (from germ layer) and functions of enamel Enlist chemical composition of enamel including percentage of each content Describe and identify key-hole/fish scale pattern of enamel as seen in

electron microscope (arrangement of rod, inter-rod and rod sheath) Describe dimension, shape, function and growth of enamel crystallites

(hydroxyapatite) Describe number, course, orientation, dimension, constituents and

significance of enamel rods in primary and permanent teeth Enumerate different morphological and functional phases/stages which an

ameloblast passes through during amelogenesis Identify ameloblast in different stages of amelogenesis Explain morphogenetic, histodifferentiation and secretory phases of

amelogenesis in terms of function, presence/absence of basal lamina, shape, size and arrangement of cells, location and shape of nucleus, presence/absence of mitotic activity and location of junctional complexes

Explain formation and location of Tome’s process and its role in enamel mineralization during secretory phase of amelogenesis

Describe location, formation and function of prismatic and aprismatic enamel

Classify enamel proteins according to their function during amelogensis Describe cell shape, size and volume, protein secreting activity, apoptosis,

basal lamina formation seen in ameloblasts during Transition phase of amelogenesis

Explain the modulation cycle seen during maturation phase of amelogensis in terms of significance, changes in morphology and function of ameloblasts, and permeability of junctional complexes

Describe process of hydroxyapatite crystal growth and organic content degradation and removal during maturation proper of amelogenesis

Describe morphological changes in ameloblasts, during post maturation

phase of amelogenesis Discuss incremental growth lines in enamel in terms of daily/weekly growth

in um, significance, direction and causes Identify in pictures/histological slides Striae of Retzius in longitudinal and

cross section of enamel Explain cause of formation, location and significance of neonatal line in

primary and permanent teeth Identify neonatal line in pictures/histological slides of ground section of

enamel Describe location, cause, course, histological appearance and number (per

um occlusally and cervically) of Perikymata in enamel Describe location, cause of formation, course and histological appearance of

Hunter Schreger bands in enamel Identify Perikymata and Hunter Schreger bands in images/pictures Describe histological appearance and significance of Dentinoenamel junction

in longitudinal and cross section of a tooth Identify dentinoenamel junction in pictures/slides Describe location, cause of formation, course, distance and content of

Enamel Tufts Identify, draw and label Enamel Tufts in histological pictures of ground

section of enamel Explain location, appearance, content and clinical significance of Enamel

Lamellae Identify, draw and label Enamel Lamellae in pictures/images Discuss location, appearance, cause of formation, dimension, extension of

Enamel Spindles Identify, draw and label Enamel Spindles in pictures/images Describe cause of formation, location and significance of Gnarled enamel Describe size, location and histological appearance, cause of formation of

pits, enamel caps, focal holes and enamel brochs Discuss morphological, histological, environmental and functional changes

which occur in enamel due to aging Discuss flourosis, congenital syphilis, amelogenesisimperfecta and its types

in terms of clinical presentation and affected stages of amelogenesis

Assessment



Course Title Dentin and DentinogenesisDuration 1.5Weeks (4 Lectures)Learning Out comes Introduction to

o Dentino Physical and chemical properties of dentino Types of dentin

o Pattern of dentin formation Learning about the steps involved in Dentinogenesis

o Mineralization of dentin: Globular and Linear Mineralization in terms of matrix vesicle formation and fusion

o Formation of root dentin Discuss about the various histological features of dentin like dentinal

tubules, intertubular dentin, peritubular dentin, Incremental growth lines, granular layer of Tomes, sclerotic dentin dead tracts

Age changes of dentin, Learn about Dentin sensitivity, Clinical considerations- dentinogenesis imperfect, dentin dysplasia.

Learning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to:

Learning Objectives

Define dentin, predentin, mantle dentin, circumpulpal dentin, primary dentin, secondary dentin, tertiary dentin, reactive dentin, reactionary dentin, dentinogenesis, osteodentin, von Korff’s fibers, Hyaline layer, dentinal tubules, dead tracts, peritubular dentin, inter tubular dentin, inter globular dentin, granular layer of tomes, sclerotic dentin, contour lines of Owen, Lines of von Ebner

Describe composition by weight and volume, physical properties, innervation, vascularity, permeability, functions and age changes of dentin

Describe formation, location, structure, thickness and function of predentin, primary, secondary and tertiary dentin

Explain process of dentinogenesis in terms of odontoblasts formation and differentiation, role of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath, organic matrix deposition and mineralization

Describe Globular and Linear Mineralization in terms of matrix vesicle formation and fusion

Tabulate the differences between coronal and radicular dentin in terms of location, formation and orientation of dentinal tubules

Identify in histological slides/pictures pre dentin, primary dentin, secondary dentin, tertiary dentin, dentinal tubule, intertubular dentin, peritubular dentin, interglobular dentin, Incremental lines, granular layer of tomes, sclerotic dentin, dead tracts

Discuss the dentinal tubules in terms of extension diameter, content and functions

Describe location, appearance, cause and significance of interglobular dentin, sclerotic dentin, granular layer of Tomes,

Describe different theories to explain the process of dentin sensitivity

Assessment



Course Title Dental Pulp:Duration 1Week(3 Lectures)

Learning Out comes

Define Dental pulp Enumerate and identify its major contents Identify histological zones of dental pulp Differentiate the types of cells in the pulp Learn about ground substance of the pulp Describe the branching pattern and communication of vessels present in

pulp Enumerate the types of nerves in the pulp and its branches Learn about regulation of pulpal blood flow Explain age related changes seen in dental pulp


Learning Objectives

Describe pulp in terms of location, content, developmental origin and function

Describe the names, location, content and function of four histological zones seen in dental pulp under microscope

Identify, draw and label four histological zones of dental pulp as seen in images/slides.

Enlist constituents of dental pulp in terms of cells and extracellular substances

Discuss origin, type, size, orientation, and location of collagen fibers in dental pulp

Identify, draw and label functional odontoblastic cell at higher magnification Describe location, shape, number, arrangement, function and histological

features of odontoblastic cells in a functional tooth Differentiate active and resting odontoblastic cell in terms of histological

features and functionality Describe histological features, shape, location and functions of cells present

in pulp (fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes)

Describe the orientation, histology, size, type and functions of blood vessels and nerves (myelinated, unmyelinated) in dental pulp

Define and identify plexus of Rashkow in terms of histological appearance, location and function

Discuss age related changes seen in dental pulp in terms of volume, content, vascularity, innervation, pathology

Describe types, formation, location, arrangement, appearance and clinical significance of pulp stones Identify pulp stones in pictures/images

Assessment



Course Title PeriodontiumDuration 3Weeks(8 Lectures)

Learning Out comes

Components of periodontium (cementum, alveolar process and Periodontal ligament)

Composition. Physical characteristics. Functions of cementum. Cementogenesis Distribution of cementum varieties along root surface and their differences. Classification of cementoenamel junction. Cementodentinal junction. Clinical consideration (hypercementosis, cementicles, etc) Alveolar process Cells and fibers and ground substance of periodontal ligament. Principal fibers of PDL and gingival ligament. Vascular supply and nerve supply of PDL. Types of nerve endings present. Age changes. Effect on supporting system of tooth in case of changes in

functional demand Define attached gingiva, free gingiva, gingival sulcus, junctional epithelium,

sulcular epithelium, dentogingival junction, ColLearning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to:Learning Objectives Define and enumerate the components of periodontium

Define cementum, periodontal ligament, gingiva, cementoenamel junction, Sharpey’s fibers, cementoid, cementodentinal junction, hypercementosis, ankylosis, cementicles, lamina dura, bundle bone

Describe physical properties of cementum in terms of harness, location, thickness, function, vascularity, innervation, types, formative cells and permeability

Identify cementum in ground section of tooth Discuss chemical composition of cementum in %age (inorganic and organic

including names of cells, types of collagen fibers and non-collagenous proteins)

Classify cementum in terms of presence or absence of cells, origin of collagen fibers (extrinsic and intrinsic) and combination of both

Identify in histological pictures/slides the different types of cementum Describe the four cementum types (primary, secondary, mixed and acellular)

in terms of cells, origin of fibers, location, function, formation/development and mineralization

Differentiate intrinsic and extrinsic collagen fibers in terms of formation, location, histology and dimension

Classify cementoenamel junction in terms of enamel and cementum overlapping also discuss clinical significance

Describe histological appearance and significance of cementodentinal junction

Discuss age related changes occurring in cementum in terms of appearance, thickness, cementicles and repair process

Describe periodontal ligament development, location, average width, content (names of cells, types of collagen fibers, elastic and reticular fibers, ground substance) function, remodeling and age changes

Enumerate the five principal fiber bundles of periodontal ligament Identify in images/histological slides, draw and label, and also describe the

location, direction/orientation, origin, insertion and function of principal fibers of periodontal and gingival ligament

Describe blood supply of periodontal ligament in terms of names of blood vessels, branching pattern, routes, plexus location, diameter, difference in

vascularity of anterior vs posterior teeth, mandible vs maxillary teeth. Discuss nerve supply of periodontal ligament in terms of names of nerves,

types of nerve fibers, location and branching Discuss names, location, histological appearance and function of nerve

endings present in periodontal ligament Discuss histological changes seen in supporting system of tooth in increased

or decreased functional load

Assessment



Course Title BONE (covered in Anatomy department, only revision in Oral Biology)Duration 1Week(3 Lectures)

Learning Out comes

Composition of bone. Define bone , alveolar bone, alveolar process, lamina dura, sharpey’sfibres,

bundle bone, Supporting bone, cortical bone, spongy bone, interdental bone, inter radicular bone, periosteum, endosteum, osteon, haversian canal, Volkman’s canal, circumferential lamellae, concentric lamellae, interstitial lamellae

Histology of compact and spongy bone in terms of formative and resorptive cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts), lamellae, Haversian and volkman’s canals

Histology and function of osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclasts Regulation of bone cell formation Intramembranous, endochondral and sutural bone development Bone remodeling. Clinical consideration

Learning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to:Learning Objectives Define bone, alveolar bone, alveolar process, lamina dura, sharpey’sfibres,

bundle bone, Supporting bone, cortical bone, spongy bone, interdental bone, inter radicular bone, periosteum, endosteum, osteon, haversian canal, volkman’s canal, circumferential lamellae, concentric lamellae, interstitial lamellae

Classify bone according to gross appearance and development Discuss histology of compact and spongy bone in terms of formative and

resorptive cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts), lamellae, Haversian and Volkman’s canals

Identify in histological slides/images compact and spongy bone Describe composition, function, regulation, remodeling (phases, normal

turnover rate in cortical and trabecular bone, turnover rate in children /adults/old age) and age changes of bone

Describe histology and function of osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclasts

Identify in images/pictures bone cells

Assessment



Course Title Physiologic tooth movement: Eruption and Shedding Duration 1 week (03 Lectures)

Learning Out comes

Eruption and its phases of tooth movement. Pre-Eruptive tooth movement. Eruptive tooth movement and its theories Post eruptive tooth movements Histology and causes of tooth shedding. Pattern of shedding Local and systemic causes of premature and delayed eruption of teeth Orthodontic tooth movement


Learning Objectives

Define eruption, shedding, pre eruptive tooth movement, eruptive tooth movement, post eruptive tooth movement, active eruption, passive eruption, Gaubernacular cord, Gaubernacular canal, natal teeth, neo natal teeth

Differentiate the three types of physiological tooth movements (pre eruptive, eruptive and post eruptive) in terms of direction of movement, movement in µm, need and significance

Discuss mechanism and factors responsible for eruptive tooth movement Describe the three types of movement a tooth makes post eruption to

maintain its functional position in the jaw in terms of mechanism and significance

Discuss histology and causes of tooth shedding Enlist local and systemic causes of premature and delayed eruption of teeth

Assessment



Course Title Salivary glandsDuration 1 week (04 Lectures)

Learning Out comes

Introduction and anatomy of salivary glands, Composition and functions of saliva. Development of major and minor salivary glands Ductal system of salivary glands. Cells of ducts. Structure and function of myoepithelial cells Formation and secretion of saliva. Ductal modification of saliva. Histological features of major and minor salivary glands. Age changes and clinical consideration xerostomia etc Histology of Salivary

glands (Major and Minor).Learning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to:

Learning Objectives

Define saliva, acini, myoepithelial cell, primary saliva, secondary saliva Describe development, histological structure (of acini and ductal system e.g.

staining, shape of acini, number of secretory cells per acini, shape of secretory cells, shape location and size of nucleus, location of cell organelles, lumen size, granules, serous demilunesetc ) and gross anatomy of major and minor salivary glands (location, size, number, name and opening of ducts, nerve supply and blood supply)

Identify, on histological slides/images, serious, mucous and mixed salivary glands

Describe myoepithelial cells in terms of location, histological appearance (shape, processes) and function

Describe histological and functional changes in salivary glands due to aging Classify ductal system of salivary glands Describe process of ductal modification and regulation of primary and

secondary saliva in terms of secretion/reabsorption of electrolytes at different flow rates

Enlist local and systemic diseases effecting salivary glands anatomy and function (ductal blockage, autoimmune diseases, bacterial and viral infections, trauma, diabetes, cysts, fibrosis, dry mouth)

Discuss etiology, sign and symptoms of Xerostmia, pellicle,sialolith, mucocele, sialorrhea, Sjorgen syndrome

Assessment



Course Title Oral MucosaDuration 2 weeks (06 Lectures)

Learning Out comes Introduction to oral mucosa. Functions of oral mucosa. Organization of the oral mucosa with clinical features Classify and identify oral mucosa according to location and function

(masticatory mucosa, lining mucosa, specialized mucosa) Differences between keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium.

Define Fordyce spot, linea alba, odland body, keratohyaline granules, orthokeratinization, parakeratinization, acanthosis, acantholysis, hyperkeratosis, keratinocytes, non-keratinocyte, melanosomes, melanophage

Location, shape, size and significance of Odland bodies/membrane coating granules/lamellar bodies in keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium

Location, shape, size of keratohyaline granules in keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium

Histological features and functions of non-keratinocyte in oral epithelium (melanocytes, langerhans, merkel , inflammatory cells) in terms of shape of cell, origin and location

Exogenous and endogenous pigmentation in oral cavity with examples (Amalgam tattoo, Burton line)

Junctions in oral cavity (mucogingival, dentogingival, mucocutaneous) Histological features of lamina propria (papillary layer, reticular layers, cells,

fibers, ground substance, blood vessels, nerves) Blood supply and nerve supply of oral mucosa. Taste buds and tongue papillae: location, shape, covering epithelium and

function of tongue papillae (fungiform, filliform, circumvallate papillae) Age changes and clinical considerations

Learning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to:Learning Objectives Define oral mucosa,vermillion border, vermillion zone, vestibule, fordyce

spot, lineaalba, odland body, keratohyaline granules, orthokeratinization, parakeratinization, acanthosis, acantholysis, hyperkeratosis, keratinocytes, non-keratinocyte, melanosomes, melanophage, attached gingiva, free gingiva, gingival sulcus, mucogingival groove, juntional epithelium, sulcular epithelium, mucocutaneous junction, mucogingival junction, dentogingival junction, Col, submucosa

Identify fordyce’s granules in pictures/images Describe boundaries, appearance, texture, histology, functions, age changes,

blood supply and nerve supply of oral mucosa Classify and identify (in images/pictures) oral mucosa according to location

and function (masticatory mucosa, lining mucosa, specialized mucosa) Tabulate histological differences between keratinized and non-keratinized

oral epithelium in terms of name of cell layers, cell shapes, granules, filaments, nuclues

Identify in histological pictures/images keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium

Describe location, shape, size and significance of Odland bodies/membrane coating granules/lamellar bodies in keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium

Describe location, shape, size of keratohyaline granules in keratinized and non-keratinized epithelium

Discuss location, shape, covering epithelium and function of tongue papillae (fungiform, filliform, circumvallate papillae)

Identify tongue papillae in histological slides/images Discuss and identify histological features (shape, size, type of cells), location

and function of taste bud Describe and identify histological features and functions of non-keratinocyte

in oral epithelium (melanocytes, langerhans ,merkel , inflammatory cells) in

terms of shape of cell, origin and location Describe exogenous and endogenous pigmentation in oral cavity with

examples (Amalgam tattoo, Burton line) Describe histological features of lamina propria (papillary layer, reticular

layers, cells, fibers, ground substance, blood vessels, nerves) Identify on patients/images junctions in oral cavity, gingiva, free gingiva,

attached gingiva, col, interdental gingiva

Assessment



Course Title TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (Gross Anatomy covered in Anatomy department)

Duration 1.5 week (04 Lectures)

Learning Out comes

Types of joints. TMJ and its anatomy. Development of TMJ. Glenoid fossa, Articular surfaces of condylar cartilage. Articular disc anatomy. Histology and functions of articular disc, anterior

lamina, posterior lamina. Joint capsule, synovial membrane, location and histology. Synovial fluid,

composition and functions. Blood supply and innervations of TMJ. Clinical consideration. Dislocation, TMD, ankylosis, arthritis, articular disc

displacement Mechanoreceptive signals during orofacial motor activities

Learning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to:Learning Objectives Classify joints (Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) according to their morphology

Define temporomandibular joint, bilaminar zone, synovial membrane, capsule

Describe temporomandibular joint in terms of its development, gross anatomy, components, histology, biomechanics (also including origin, insertion and action of muscles of mastication), blood supply, innervation along with nerve endings (location and function) and clinical significance (dislocation, ankylosis, arthritis, articular disk displacement, TMJ Dysfunction)

Describe articular disk in terms of its shape, location, histology (fiber types and their orientation/arrangement, types of ground substance and cells) location, function, vascularity, innervation, anterior and posterior bands/laminae along with their attachment

Describe histology, attachment, appearance, vascularity, innervation and function of joint capsule

Describe location, extent, function, appearance, histology of synovial

membrane (cellular intima and sub intima) Describe formation, appearance, consistency, composition and function of

synovial fluid Identify, draw and label Temporomandibular joint showing its different

components

Assessment



ORAL PHYSIOLOGY (10%)

Course Title Oral Physiology (Covered by Physiology department, Only revision done in Oral Biology)

Duration 2 weeks (06 Lectures)

Learning Out comes

Physiology of:o Boneo Saliva o Speecho Taste and taste pathwayo Orofacial paino Proprioception o Mastication and chewing cycle o Olfactiono Swallowing


Learning Objectives

Describe the process involved in Bone and calcium metabolism, factors affecting calcium metabolism with clinical consideration

Describe composition, pH, volume, function (in terms of effects and components responsible for those effects), formation and secretion of saliva

Describe taste pathway along with its neurological control from higher centers

Describe basic events of speech production (initiation, phonation, articulation) and its neurological control by higher centers

Classify sounds based on vowels and consonants Describe mastication in terms of structural apparatus, muscles involved,

chewing cycle (opening,closing and occlusal phase) and neurological pathway controlling mastication

Enumerate stages of mastication (pull back process of tongue, squeeze back mechanism), and reflexes of mastication (jaw jerk reflex, jaw unloading reflex, jaw open reflex)

Discuss stages of swallowing (oral, pharyngeal and esophageal phases), names of higher centers along with neurological pathway controlling it

Describe physiology of pain Describe physiology of proprioception

Assessment

MCQ’s SEQ’s Viva Voce Assignments Presentations

Learning Resource Oral Histology Development, Structure and Function – Richard Tencates 9th EditionClinical Oral Physiology - Timothy S. Miles

GENERAL AND OROFACIAL EMBRYOLOGY (10%)

Course Title General and Orofacial Embryology (covered by Anatomy department, Only revision done in Oral Biology)


Learning Out comes

General embryology: Brief revision of General Embryology: Germ cell formation and fertilization Prenatal development Induction competence and differentiation Formation of three layered embryo Formation of neural tube Germ layers: folding of embryo The neural crest -definition and causes of congenital defects

Facial Growth and development: Facial types, Facial profiles Male and female faces, Age changes Basic concepts of facial growth: size increases and remodeling Displacement process Curve of occlusion, Mandibular condyle and growth

Head and neck embryology revision Development of face and associated anomalies. Development nose,

lips and associated anomalies Development of primary and secondary palate and associated

anomalies,Development of tongue and thyroid and associated anomalies

Development of maxilla and mandible Secondary growth cartilages of maxilla and mandible

Learning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to:Learning Objectives Define fertilization, zygote, embryo, germ layer, notochord, morula,

blastocyst, trophoblast, neural crest cells Describe germ layer formation and fate Describe neural crest cells in terms of formation, migration, role in orofacial

development and associated anomalies (Treacher Collins syndrome) Enumerate derivatives of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm, neural crest

cells, pharyngeal arches, pouches and clefts Describe the developmental of mandible in terms of growth cartilages

(names, period of activity, role and fate of primary and secondary growth cartilages), ossification centers, spread of ossification, post natal growth

Describe the formation of different components of mandible condyle, ramus, coronoid process and body of mandible

Describe the prenatal growth of maxilla in terms of time frame, processes involved, location of ossification center, spread of ossification, name, location, role and fate of growth cartilages

Describe post natal growth of maxilla in terms of theories associated with growth (functional matrix, cartilage growth, sutural growth), bone remodeling and its impact on growth and position of maxilla

Describe and identify development of face in terms of processes involved and their role in formation of lips, nose, forehead, cheeks and jaws

Discuss and identify in pictures/images developmental anomalies associated with incomplete fusion of facial processes (unilateral, bilateral and median cleft lip, oblique facial cleft, median cleft/frontonasal dysplasia, lateral facial cleft, mandibular cleft)

Describe and identify development of primary and secondary palate in terms of time frame, processes involved, fusion of shelves and associated anomalies (cleft palate and its types)

Discuss etiological factors responsible for congenital defects effecting facial development

Describe the development of tongue

Assessment


Learning Resource Oral Histology Development, Structure and Function – Richard Tencates 9th EditionLangman’s Oral Embryology

ORAL ANATOMY: 15%

Course Title Head and Neck Anatomy (Covered by Anatomy department, only revision in Oral Biology)


Learning Out comes

• Mandible, relations, attachments and structure passing through the mandibular canal.Maxilla, relations, attachments

Vestibule, lips, cheeks, oral cavity and soft palate, structure, blood supply, venous drainage and nerve supply. Movements and muscles of soft palate.

Tongue, structure, relations, muscles, blood supply, venous drainage and nerve supply.

Structure of tooth, blood supply & nerve supply of teeth.• Face, skin, superficial fascia, muscles of facial expression, blood supply,

venous drainage & nerve supply.• TMJ, structure, relations, movements, muscles of mastication, blood supply,

venous drainage and nerve supply• The parotid region including parotid gland its duct, relations, blood supply,

venous drainage & nerve supply.• Submandibular region, including submandibular and sublingual glands, their

structure, relations, blood supply, venous drainage and nerve supply.• Course and relations of cranial nerves, associated ganglia, functional

components, nuclei, branches and clinical significance • Blood vessels, course, branches & distribution. (Branches of internal carotid

artery supplying in the region of oral cavity & major draining veins)• Articulation of teeth and movement during mastication• Age changes of teeth and jaws, and their integument. Eruption and resorption of teeth


Learning Objectives

Tabulate muscles of facial expressions (corrugator supercilii, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, platysma, buccinators,mentalis, risorius, zygomaticus majorandminor,depressorangulioris, depressor labiiinferioris, levatorlabii superior alaequaenasii, procerus, compressor naris, dilator nariis, depressor septi) with their origin, insertion, action and nerve supply

Tabulate muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid) with their origin, insertion, action and nerve supply

Tabulate intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue with their origin, insertion, action and nerve supply

Discuss clinical significance of muscles of facial expressions, muscles of mastication, muscles of tongue

Describe and identify course and relations of cranial nerves, associated ganglia, functional components (SVE,GVE, GVA, SVA, GSA), surface marking, nuclei, branches and clinical significance

Describe and identify bones of the face in terms of shape, attachments, boundaries, foramina and their content

Describe and identify blood supply of face (surface marking, course, branches and anastomosis) and lymphatic drainage of face along with clinical considerations

Identify in models/images muscles of facial expressions, muscles of tongue, muscles of mastication, land marks on skull and mandible

Assessment


Learning Resource Oral Histology Development, Structure and Function – Richard Tencates 9th EditionClinical Oral Physiology - Timothy S. Miles

TOOTH MORPHOLOGY (10%)

Course Title Tooth Morphology

Introduction

Tooth morphology is a field of anatomy dedicated to the study of human tooth structures. The development, appearance, and classification of teeth fall within its purview. (The function of teeth as they contact one another falls elsewhere, under dental occlusion) Tooth formation begins before birth, and the teeth's eventual morphology is dictated during this time. Dental anatomy is also a taxonomical science: it is concerned with the naming of teeth and the structures of which they are made, this information serving a practical purpose in dental treatment.

Target Students 1st year BDSCourse to be studied in first year BDS

1. Oral Histology 2. Tooth morphology

Course Title Introduction to tooth morphology/NomenclatureDuration 4 lectures

Learning outcomes

• Classify dentition according to shape (homodont, heterodont), sets of teeth (monophyodont, diphyodont, polyphyodont), time period (deciduous, permanent)• Dental formulae, sequence of eruption and age of emergence of permanent and deciduous teeth.• Commonly used numbering systems (universal, palmer notation and FDI) used in dentistry with examples from primary and permanent teeth• Define, identify and differentiate, on tooth specimen/models/images, anatomical crown, clinical crown, anatomical root, clinical root, enamel, dentin, cementum, cervical line, pulp cavity, cusps, tubercles, cingulum, ridges (marginal, triangular, transverse, oblique and cusp ridges), inclined plane, mamelons, fossa, developmental (primary) groove, supplemental (secondary) groove, fissure, embrasures, sulcus, pit, contact point, contact area, lobe, line angles, point angles, tooth surfaces (mesial, distal, lingual/palatal, buccal/labial, incisal/occlusal), height of contour• Number and significance of lobes in permanent and primary teeth• General occlusal curvatures and axial positions of teeth. Height of contour, cervical line curvatures, Crown surface form, contact areas, interproximal spaces and embrasures.

Learning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to:Learning Objectives Classify dentition according to shape (homodont, heterodont), sets of

teeth (monophyodont, diphyodont, polyphyodont), time period (deciduous, permanent)

Discuss time frame and significance of dentition periods (primary, mixed and permanent)

Describe dental formulae, sequence of eruption and age of emergence of permanent and deciduous teeth.

Discuss commonly used numbering systems (universal, palmer notation and FDI) used in dentistry with examples from primary and permanent teeth

Define, identify and differentiate, on tooth specimen/models/images, anatomical crown, clinical crown, anatomical root, clinical root, enamel, dentin, cementum, cervical line, pulp cavity, cusps, tubercles, cingulum, ridges (marginal, triangular, transverse, oblique and cusp ridges), inclined plane, mamelons, fossa, developmental (primary) groove, supplemental (secondary) groove, fissure, embrasures, sulcus, pit, contact point, contact area, lobe, line angles, point angles, tooth surfaces (mesial, distal, lingual/palatal, buccal/labial, incisal/occlusal), height of contour

Enumerate line and point angles of anterior and posterior teeth Describe number and significance of lobes in permanent and primary

teeth Describe shape, location and function of interproximal spaces,

embrasures and contact areas

Assessment


Learning Resource Wheelers, Concise dental anatomy and morphology fuller

Course Title Incisors Duration 4 lectures

Learning Out comes

Make difference between maxillary central and lateral incisors List the appropriate age concerning developmental chronology of

permanent incisors Demonstrate knowledge of morphology of each surface of the incisor crown

as well as root Can describe the general characteristics of maxillary incisors Can determine from diagram weather incisor is left or right, central or lateral Determine knowledge of any variation or anomalies regarding maxillary

incisorsLearning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to:

Learning Objectives

Tabulate initiation of calcification, completion of enamel and root in terms of months/years

Discuss and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, the general considerations including tooth surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, labial, lingual and incisal outlines, mesiodistal dimensions and contours, inclination of incisal margin, shape of mesioincisal and distoincisal line angles, shape and curvature of cervical margin, number and location of developmental depressions, location and boundaries of lingual fossa, location, shape and inclination of cingulum, location of imbrications lines, marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area

Describe number, shape and inclination of root Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals and pulp

horns Differentiate, on morphological basis, central and lateral incisor of the

same and/or different arch

Carving of Maxillary central incisor according to natural tooth dimensions on wax block/soap

Assessment



Course Title Canines Target Students 1st year BDSDuration 2 lectures

Learning Out comes

List the appropriate age concerning developmental chronology of permanent canines

Describe morphology of each surface of the canine crown as well as root Make comparisons between incisors and canines Determine from a diagram or description whether a given canine is maxillary

or mandibular or right or left Determine the correct universal or palmer notation of permanent canine Demonstrate the knowledge of any variation or anomalies in permanent

canine development


Learning Objectives


Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, the general considerations including tooth surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, labial, lingual and incisal outlines, mesiodistal dimensions and contours, length and inclination of mesioincisal and distoincisal slope, shape and curvature of cervical margin, location, and extent of lingual and buccal ridges, number and location of developmental depressions, location and boundaries of lingual fossae, location shape and inclination of cingulum, , marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area

Differentiate, on morphological basis, mandibular and maxillary canine, canine and incisors

Draw and label canines from labial, lingual, mesial, distal and occlusal aspect

Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals and pulp horns

Describe number, shape, inclination and variation of root

Assessment MCQ’s SEQ’s Viva Voce Assignments Presentations


Course Title Premolars Target Students 1st year BDSDuration 3 lectures

Learning Out comes

List the appropriate age concerning developmental chronology of permanent maxillary premolars

Describe morphology of each surface of the Premolar crown as well as root Make comparisons between anterior teeth any bicuspid. Determine from a diagram or description whether a given premolar is

maxillary or mandibular or right or left Determine the correct universal or palmer notation of permanent premolars. Demonstrate the knowledge of any variation or anomalies in permanent

premolar development


Learning Objectives


Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, tooth surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, buccal, lingual/palatal and occlusal outlines, mesiodistal dimensions and contours, shape and curvature of cervical margin, boundaries of occlusal table; number, location, size, variation (U, H and Y type occlusal morphology in case of mandibular 2nd premolar) of cusps, name, number and location of pits, grooves and fossae, boundaries of fossae, location, size, variations of marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area, mesial concavity, developmental depressions, location and formation of transverse ridge, location and names of cusp ridges and inclined planes

Describe number, shape, inclination and variations of root/roots Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals and pulp

horns Differentiate, on morphological basis, mandibular and maxillary

premolars Draw and label premolars from buccal, lingual/palatal, mesial, distal

and occlusal aspect

Assessment



Course Title Molars Target Students 1st year BDSDuration 4 lecturesLearning Out comes List the appropriate age concerning developmental chronology of

permanent maxillary Molars

Describe morphology of each surface of the molars crown as well as root Make comparisons between anterior teeth and molars Determine from a diagram or description whether a given molar is maxillary

or mandibular or right or left Determine the correct universal or palmer notation of permanent molars. Demonstrate the knowledge of any variation or anomalies in permanent

molar development


Learning Objectives


Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, tooth surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, buccal, lingual/palatal and occlusal outlines, mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions and contours, shape and curvature of cervical margin; boundaries of occlusal table, number, location, size, variation of cusps; name, number and location of pits, grooves and fossae, boundaries of fossae, location, size, location of marginal ridges, height of contour, contact area, mesial concavity, developmental depressions, location and formation of transverse ridge, location and formation of oblique ridge in case of maxillary molars, location and names of cusp ridges and inclined planes

Describe number, shape, inclination and variations of root/roots Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals and pulp horns Differentiate, on morphological basis, mandibular and maxillary molars, first

and second molars of the same arch, molars and other permanent teeth Draw and label molars from buccal, lingual/palatal, mesial, distal and

occlusal aspect Carving of Mandibular first permanent molar according to normal tooth

dimension on wax block/soap

Assessment



Course Title DECIDUOUS TEETHTarget Students 1st year BDS

Duration 6 lectures Learning Out comes List the appropriate age concerning developmental chronology of deciduous

teeth Describe morphology of each surface of the deciduous teeth crown as well

as root Make comparisons between deciduous teeth and permanent teeth. Determine from a diagram or description whether a given deciduous tooth is

maxillary or mandibular or right or left or permanent Determine the correct universal or palmer notation of deciduous teeth Demonstrate the knowledge of any variation or anomalies in deciduous

teeth


Learning Objectives

Describe general morphological differences between permanent and deciduous teeth

Describe and identify, on models/images/teeth specimen, tooth surfaces, shape of mesial, distal, buccal, lingual/palatal and occlusal outlines, mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions and contours, boundaries of occlusal table, number, location, size, variation of cusps; name, number and location of pits, grooves and fossae, boundaries of fossae, location, size, location of marginal ridges, height of contour, developmental depressions, location and formation of transverse and oblique ridge.

Describe number, shape, inclination of root/roots Describe number, location and significance of pulp canals Differentiate, on morphological basis, deciduous incisors vs permanent

incisors, mandibular vs maxillary deciduous molars, first vs second molars of the same arch, deciduous vs permanent molars

Draw and label deciduous teeth from labial/buccal, lingual/palatal, mesial, distal and incisal/occlusal aspect

Assessment



Course Title Occlusion Target Students 1st year BDS

Duration 2 lectures

Learning Out comes

Describe over jet (along with normal value in mm), increased, decreased, edge-to-edge and reverse overjet

Describe overbite (along with normal value in mm), deep bite, open bite and closed bite

Describe three types of molar relations in primary dentition (mesial step, distal step, flush terminal plane) and canine relationship.

Role of first permanent molar for development of occlusion.Learning Objectives At the end of the course student must be able to:Learning Objectives Define occlusion, articulation, freeway space (normal value in mm), leeway

space (normal value in mm), normal class 1 occlusion (incisal, canine and molar relation), malocclusion, centric occlusion, centric relation, primate space, ugly duckling stage, diastema

Describe features of ideal occlusion in terms of spacing, vertical inclination, overjet, overbite, and generalized spacing between the teeth in primary dentition

Define over jet (along with normal value in mm), increased, decreased, edge-to-edge and reverse overjet

Define overbite (along with normal value in mm), deep bite, open bite and closed bite

Define three types of molar relations in primary dentition (mesial step, distal

step, flush terminal plane) Describe occlusal curvatures (curve of Spee, Wilson and Monsoon) along

with formation, direction, shape and significance

Assessment


Learning Resource Wheelers

Course Title DEVELOPMENTAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL ANOMALIESTarget Students 1st year BDS

Duration 2 lecture

Learning Out comes

Describe four stages of morphological tooth development and related anomalies

Describe process of eruption, resoprption and exfoliation and related anomalies

Role played by 1st permanent molar for development of occlusion Normal eruption sequence Terms such as enamel cuticle, hertwigs sheath, ankyloses etc Each dentition stage should be clear Anomalies related to each developmental stage and each tooth


Learning Objectives

Define and discuss developmental causes and morphological appearance of effected teeth in anodontia, hypodontia, mesiodens, distodens, macrodontia, microdontia, taurodontium, dilacerations, flexion, germination, fusion, concrescence, segmented roots, dwarfed roots, hypercementosis, accessory cusps, accessory roots, enamel pearls, peg laterals, Talon’s cusp, Hutchinson’s incisors, Mulberry molars, dens in dente, complex odontoma, compound odontoma, enamel dysplasia, dentin dysplasia, enamel hypoplasia, enamel hypocalcification, enamel hypomaturation, amelogenesisimperfecta, mottled enamel, dentinogenesis imperfect, tetracycline staining, Turner’s tooth

Enlist common anomalies effecting development, size, number and shape of teeth

Assessment



Course Title Oral BiologyPractical

1. Draw and label on manual steps in formation of three layered embryo2. Draw and label site of initial osteogenesis related with mandible3. Draw and label the tooth structure4. Draw and label on manual dental and vestibular lamina,bud stage andcap stage

of tooth development5. Draw and label on manual bell stage of tooth development, HERS root

formation6. Practical use of microscope7. Draw and label on manual Maxillary Incisors8. Draw and label on manual ultrastructure of enamel showing rods and interrods9. Draw and label on manual life cycle of ameloblasts10. Draw and label on manual Mandibular Incisors11. Draw and label on manual types of dentin12. Draw and label odontoblasts13. Draw and label on manual stages of dentinogenesis14. Draw and label on manual maxillary and mandibular canines15. Draw and label on manual pulp zones16. Draw and label on manual types of cementum and their location17. Draw and label on manual principal fibers of PDL and gingival ligaments18. Draw and label on manual Maxillary 1st and 2nd premolars19. Draw and label on manual endochondral bone formation20. Draw and label on manual histology of compact bone 21. Draw and label on manual Mandibular 1stand 2nd premolars22. Draw and label on manual tissue components of oral mucosa23. Draw and label on manual taste bud24. Draw and label on manual Gaubernacular cord25. Draw and label on manual maxillary 1st molar26. Draw and label on manual gross structure of TMJ 27. Draw and label on manual synovial membrane28. Draw and label on manual maxillary 2nd and 3rd molar 29. Draw and label on manual serous cells and mucous cells30. Draw and label on manual histology of major and minor salivary glands31. Draw and label on manual mandibular 1st molar32. Draw and label on manual mandibular 2nd and 3rd molar 33. Draw and label on manual primary maxillary incisors 34. Draw and label on manual primary mandibular incisors35. Draw and label on manual primary maxillary and mandibular canines 36. Draw and label on manual primary maxillary 1st and 2nd molar37. Draw and label on manual primary mandibular 1st and 2nd molar38. Carving of Permanent maxillary central incisors on wax block39. Carving of permanent maxillary 1st molar on wax block 40. Preparation of ground section of tooth mounted on glass slides

41. Preparation of slides with H&E staining techniques42. Microscopic examination of normal human oral and dental tissues

Assessment Observed OSPE Non Observed OSPE Table Viva Voce

Documents

RLMC-Rashid Latif Medical Collegerlmc.edu.pk/uploads/dental/study guide Oral Biology 1st... · Web view(The function of teeth as they contact one another falls elsewhere, under dental