R.K. SRIVASTAVA, KALPANA SAGAR & GUFRAN BEIG*...Comparative Study of Air Quality in Jabalpur during Diwali Festival Author: R.K. SRIVASTAVA, KALPANA SAGAR & GUFRAN BEIG Subject: International

International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 4, Issue 2, February -2015 34 ISSN 2278-7763

Copyright © 2015 SciResPub. IJOART

Comparative Study of Air Quality in Jabalpur during

Diwali Festival R.K. SRIVASTAVA, KALPANA SAGAR & GUFRAN BEIG*

Environmental Research Laboratory, P.G. Department of Environmental Science, Govt. Model

Science College (Autonomous), NAAC RE-Accredited – ‘A’ Grade, College with Potential for

Excellence, UGC, Jabalpur 482001(M.P.) India

*Senior scientist-F and programme director, Indian Institute of Tropical meteorology (IITM )

Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune- 411008, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT

The Air Quality Monitoring Data is generated from Air Quality Monitoring

Stations (AAQMS) under the ministry of earth sciences, New Delhi, INDIA, to

study the trends in annual average concentration air pollutants during Diwali

festival of Particulate Matter (PM) in Jablapur. The ambient air quality monitoring

network involves measurement of a number of air pollutants. A variety of methods

exist to measure particulate matter as well as gaseous pollutants in air. This study

evaluates the effects of particulate air pollution associated short-term exposure of

particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Diwali festival. Fireworks display during

festive celebrations can cause acute short term air pollution. Concentration of air

pollutants such as particulate pollutants (PM10 & PM2.5) and gaseous pollutants CO,

NO2 & CH4 was monitored for six consecutive days during Diwali in, a densely

populated residential area near, Jabalpur, India for assessing the impacts of

fireworks on ambient air quality. The study was conducted for three consecutive

years i.e. 2012, 2013 and 2014. The result shows that air quality deteriorates during

Diwali festival is due to the use of excessive amount of firecrackers. A

comparative account of three years air quality data is also presented.

Keyword: Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5), Air Quality, Meteorological

Parameter, firework comparison of air quality, Diwali festival.\

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Capsule Abstract:- In 2012 Jabalpur city was the most polluted among the all

three years during Diwali days as compared to 2013 or 2014.

INTRODUCTION:-

Air pollution levels in big cities are a growing cause for concern in

recent years. The Particulate Matter (PM) – dust, fumes, smoke, and gases – is way

above permissible limits in many of our big cities. These levels see a quantum

jump during festivals, the main culprits being crackers, inflammable substances,

and artificial colors. The word Diwal, is made of two words; deep (lamp or diyas)

and avali (row), which means a line or a row of lamps. During the festival

of Diwali lamps are lit in every home and workplace. That is why this festival is

also known as the 'Festival of Lights'. Diwali a festival of light is also celebrated as

a festival of fire crackers, which generates lot of noise, toxic gases, dust and solid

waste affecting adversely the public in general and asthmatic patients in particular.

In the Gregorian calendar, Diwali night falls between mid-October and mid-

November. Before Diwali, people breathe clean air and in Diwali night they

breathe a lot of pollution by atmosphere. Thakur et.al (2010) studied air pollution

from fireworks during festival of lights (Deepawali) in Howrah, India - a case

study. Fireworks display during festive celebrations can cause acute short term air

pollution. Deepawali –the festival of light– is celebrated in India. Concentration of

air pollutants such as SPM (suspended particulate matter), PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and

NO2 were monitored for six consecutive days during Deepawali in Salkia, a

densely populated residential area near Kolkata, India, for assessing the impacts of

fireworks on ambient air quality. The pollutant concentrations as recorded on

Deepawali were found to be several times higher compared to a typical winter day

value. The results indicated the huge contribution of fireworks on the pollutant

levels. The particulate concentrations on Deepawali exceeded its respective 24

hour residential standards by several times.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar



Study of temporal variation in ambient air quality during

Diwali festival in India was studied by Singh et.al (2010). The variation in air

quality was assessed from the ambient concentrations of various air pollutants

particulate matter, SO2, and NO2 for Pre-Diwali, Diwali festival, Post-Diwali, and

foggy day Delhi (India), from 2002 to 2007. The extensive use of fireworks was

found to be related to short-term variation in air quality. During the festival

concentrations of PM10, SO2, and NO2 increased two to six times during the Diwali

period when compared to the data reported for an industrial site. The levels of

these pollutants observed during Diwali were found to be higher due to adverse

meteorological conditions, i.e., decrease in 24 h average mixing height,

temperature, and wind speed. These results indicate that fireworks during the

Diwali festival affected the ambient air quality adversely due to emission and

accumulation of TSP, PM10, SO2, and NO2.

Khaparde et.al (2011) studied Influence of burning of fireworks on

particle size distribution of PM10 and associated Barium at Nagpur.

Influence of burning of fireworks on particle size distribution of PM10 and

associated barium (Ba) were studied at a congested residential cum commercial

area of Nagpur city, India. Sampling was carried out by cascade impactor before

Diwali, during Diwali, celebrations of marriage functions, and New Year’s Eve.

Noticeably, increased levels of PM10 and Ba were observed during Diwali as

compared to days before Diwali and other activities. Distribution of Ba varied with

respect to particle size, in accordance with the intensity of the fireworks used on

different days and distance between the burning of firecrackers from the

monitoring site.

Kumar and Goyal (2012), reported Forecasting of Air Quality

Index in Delhi Using Neural Network Based on Principal Component

Analysis. The air quality index is a number, based on the comprehensive effect of

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concentrations of major air pollutants, used by Government agencies to

characterize the quality of the air at different locations, which is also used for local

and regional air quality management in many metro cities of the world. Thus, the

main objective of the study is to forecast the daily AQI through a neural network

based on principal component analysis (PCA). The AQI of criteria air pollutants

has been forecasted using the previous day’s AQI and meteorological variables,

which have been found to be nearly same for weekends and weekdays. The

evaluation of the PCA-neural network model has been made by comparing its

results with the results of the neural network and observed values during 2000–

2006 in four different seasons through statistical parameters, which reveal that the

PCA-neural network is performing better than the neural network in all of the four

seasons.

Rao et.al (2012) studied Air quality status during Diwali festival of

India: a case study. The PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected during Diwali

celebration from study area and characterized for ionic concentration of four

anions NO3-

, NO2-

, Cl-, SO

4- and five cations K

+, Mg

2+, NH

4+, Ca

2+, Na

+. The

results showed that the ionic concentrations were three times compared to those on

pre and post Diwali days.

Sharma et.al (2013) investigated ambient air quality and noise

monitoring during Deepawali festival in Haridwar city of Uttarakhand state

(India). Four parameters viz. RSPM, SPM, SO2 and NO2 were studied for non-

festive and festive days during Deepawali at two busy intersections of Haridwar

city namely; Ranipur More and Singh Dwar. Noise levels were also monitored for

both sites with the help of Sound Level Meter. They found that concentration of

particulate matter (RSPM, SPM, SO2 & NO2) higher on festive day as compared to

the non festive day at the study site. The results of noise monitoring show an

enhanced pressure of noise during the festival of light.

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Nasir et.al (2014) investigated impact of fireworks on ambient air

quality as a case study. Fireworks activity causes short-term air pollution. The

festival of Diwali is celebrated with firecrackers in India during

October/November every year. The ambient air quality was assessed in Vadodara

city, Gujarat state of India during Diwali festival for the consecutive years 2009,

2010, and 2011. During the festival day, the average concentration of PM10 was

increased 35 times compared with a normal day before Diwali. Similarly,

concentration of SO2 has increased 23 times and NOx has increased 3 times on the

festival day. The diurnal pattern of the above pollutants showed an increase in the

night. Air quality index calculated for 24 h average during Diwali 2009 in two

stations exceeded a value of 125 indicating severe air pollution in Vadodara city.

The festival of Diwali and it associated fireworks, which were not so

common in the past, are slowly penetrating into rural Brahmaputra Valley. Studied

by Deka & Hoque (2014) analyzed Diwali fireworks: early signs of impact on

PM10 properties of rural Brahmaputra valley. The mean PM10 concentration

during the monitoring campaign was found to be the maximum concentration of

PM10 was recorded on the Pre-Diwali night. Elemental and ionic constituents of

PM10 were analyzed by ICP-OES and Ion Chromatograph (IC), respectively.

Pearson’s correlation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were carried out to

trace the impact of Diwali celebrations.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The present study has been aimed to assess the air quality

during the Diwali festival (a festival in which large quantities of crackers are used)

& its comparison with previous years air quality data during the same period. This

study provides the useful information about the changes occurred in air quality

data in three years of study i.e. 2012, 2013 & 2014.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

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1.1 Site specifications –

Jabalpur is a fast developing city of central Madhya Pradesh situated at

23°9′38″N 79°56′19″E. It is heart of the country. The Narmada River is a part of

this city. This city has a sub tropical type of climate with May being the hottest and

January being the coldest month. The area of the city 367 km2 (142 sq mi).

1.2. Sampling and analytical procedure –

Ambient Monitoring is the systematic, long-term assessment of

pollutant levels by measuring the quantity and types of certain pollutants in the

surrounding, outdoor air. Emissions Measurement is the process of monitoring

particulate and gaseous emissions from a specific source.

Ecotech established an instrument for environmental monitoring

that is WinAQMS (Air Quality Monitoring Station). WinAQMS has been designed

as a client/server program. This means that WinAQMS has two parts: the client

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http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Jabalpur&params=23_9_38_N_79_56_19_E_type:city(1267564)_region:IN-MP



and the server. The server handles all the communication between the logger and

the analysers, recording of data and starting/stopping of calibrations. The client is

concerned with giving the users access to settings and data. On its own the server

has no user interface and there is no way you can interact with it using the mouse

or keyboard. The client is the visual interface of WinAQMS and communicates

with the server by requesting information or receiving information that it has asked

for at a prior time. This arrangement means that the WinAQMS server must always

be turned on before the WinAQMS client program can connect to it.

Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM): The Met One instruments model

BAM-1020 automatically measures and records particulate concentration levels

using the principal of beta ray attenuation. This method provides a simple

determination of concentration in units of milligrams or micrograms of particulate

per cubic meter of air. A small 14

C (carbon 14) element emits a constant source of

high-energy electrons known as beta particles.

These beta particles are detected and counted by a sensitive scintillation

detector. An external pump pulls a measured amount of dust-laden air through a

filter tape. After the filter tape is loaded with ambient dust, it is automatically

placed between the source and the detector thereby causing an attenuation of the

beta particle signal. The degree of attenuation of the beta particle signal is used to

determine the mass concentration of particulate matter on the filter tape, and hence

the volumetric concentration of particulate matter in ambient air.

AWS (Automatic Weather Station):- This instrument provides metrological data

e.g. wind speed, pressure, humidity, temperature, wind direction and rain fall with

the help of intercept-software. It gives every 10 minutes data.

OBSERVATION TABLE

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Table 1 - Ambient concentration of particulate and gaseous pollutants compare

with meteorological parameter (temp.) in the college campus recorded Pre-Diwali,

Diwali and Post-Diwali 2012.

Day Year

Particulate

Pollutants

(μg/m3) Daily

avg.

Meteorological Parameter Gaseous

Pollutants

2012 PM2.5 PM10

Relative

Humidity

(%)

wind

speed(m/s)

Temp.

(°C)

CO

(ppm)

CH4

(ppb) NO2(ppb)

Pre-

Diwali 10.11.12 63 109 57 2 21 0.27 2771 19

11.11.12 63 105 49 3 22 0.33 2527 17

12.11.12 60 103 55 3 23 0.38 2566 30

Diwali 13.11.12 106 142 52 2 23 0.47 2935 32

Post-

Diwali 14.11.12 136 161 54 2 22 0.67 3081 47

15.11.12 82 97 55 3 20 0.20 2075 14

16.11.12 75 112 56 3 20 0.23 2859 10

Daily variation in 2012

Fig. 1- Daily variation PM2.5 (2012) Fig. 2- Daily variation of PM10 (2012)

109 105 103

142 161

97 112

0

50

100

150

200

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

μg

/m3

Date

Daily Variation of PM10 PM10

63 63 60

106

136

82 75

0

50

100

150

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

μg

/m3

Date

Daily Variation of PM2.5 PM2.5

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Fig. 3- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Relative Humidity in 2012

Fig. 4- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Wind Speed in 2012

Fig. 5- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Temperature in 2012

63 63 60

106

136

82 75

109 105 103

142 161

97 112

57

49

55

52

54 55

56

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

020406080

100120140160180

Re

lati

ve H

um

idit

y in

%

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with R.H. PM2.5PM10Relative Humidity (%)

63 63 60

106

136

82 75

109 105 103

142 161

97 112 2

3 3

2 2

3 3

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

020406080

100120140160180

Date

Win

d S

pee

d in

m/s

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with W.S. PM2.5

PM10

wind speed(m/s)

63 63 60

106

136

82 75

109 105 103

142 161

97 112

21

22

23 23

22

20 20

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

020406080

100120140160180

Tem

per

atu

re in

C

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with Temp. PM2.5PM2.5Temp. (°C)

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Fig. 6- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with CO (Carbon Monoxide) in 2012

Fig. 7- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with CH4 (Methane) in 2012

Fig. 8- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide) in 2012

63 63 60

106

136

82 75

109 105 103

142 161

97 112

0.27 0.33

0.38 0.47

0.67

0.20 0.23

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8

020406080

100120140160180

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n o

f cO

(p

pm

)

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

µg/m

3

Date

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with CO PM2.5PM10CO (ppm)

63 63 60

106

136

82 75

109 105 103

142 161

97 112

2771 2527 2566

2935 3081

2075

2859

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

020406080

100120140160180

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n o

f C

H4

(pp

b)

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

µg

/m3

Date

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with CH4

PM2.5PM10CH4 (ppb)

63 63 60

106

136

82 75

109 105 103

142 161

97 112

19 17

30 32

47

14 10

0

10

20

30

40

50

020406080

100120140160180

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n o

f N

O2

(p

pb

)

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

µg/m

3

Date

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with NO2

PM2.5PM10NO2(ppb)

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Day Year

Particulate

Pollutants

(μg/m3) Daily

avg.


Pollutants

2013 PM2.5 PM10

Relative

Humidity

(%)

wind

speed(m/s)

Temp.

(°C)

CO

(ppm)

CH4

(ppb) NO2(ppb)

Pre-

Diwali 31.10.13 53 103 78 2 25 0.24 2845 11

01.11.13 55 92 74 2 24 0.10 2533 15

02.11.13 61 101 81 2 25 0.11 2593 14

Diwali 03.11.13 70 113 92 3 25 0.15 2410 15

Post-

Diwali 04.11.13 81 121 101 2 24 0.14 2060 21

05.11.13 68 100 84 2 22 0.13 2184 18

06.11.13 51 82 67 2 22 0.14 2067 14

Daily variation in 2013

Fig.9- Daily variation of PM10 (2013) Fig.10 - Daily variation of PM2.5 (2013)

103 92

101 113

121

100 82

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

μg

/m3

Date


53 55 61

70

81

68

51

0102030405060708090

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

μg

/m3

Date


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Fig. 13- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Temperature in 2013

53 55 61 70

81 68

51

103 92

101 113

121

100 82

78 74 81

92 101

84

67

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Rel

ativ

e H

um

idit

y in

%

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

µg/m

3

Date


53 55 61 70

81 68

51

103 92

101 113

121

100 82

2 2

2

3

2

2 2

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Date

Win

d S

pee

d in

m/s

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/3

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with W.S. PM2.5PM10wind speed(m/s)

53 55 61 70

81 68

51

103 92

101 113

121

100

82

25

24

25 25

24

22 22

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Date

Tem

per

atu

re in

C

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with Temp. PM2.5PM10Temp. (°C)

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Fig. 14- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with Carbon Monoxide in 2013


Fig. 16- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide) in 2013

53 55 61 70

81 68

51

103 92

101 113

121

100

82

0.24

0.1 0.11

0.15 0.14 0.13 0.14

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

pp

m

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with CO PM2.5PM10CO (ppm)

53 55 61 70

81 68

51

103 92

101 113

121

100

82

2845 2533 2593

2410 2060 2184 2067

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

pp

b

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date


PM2.5PM10CH4 (ppb)

53 55 61 70

81 68

51

103 92

101 113

121

100 82

11

15 14 15

21 18

14

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140C

on

cen

trat

ion

in p

pb

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date


PM2.5PM10NO2(ppb)

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Day Year

Particulate

Pollutants

(μg/m3) Daily

avg.


Pollutants

2014 PM2.5 PM10

Relative

Humidity

(%)

wind

speed(m/s)

Temp.

(°C)

CO

(ppm)

CH4

(ppb) NO2(ppb)

Pre-

Diwali 20.10.14 38 64 68 2 26 0.29 2315 8

21.10.14 42 80 66 2 24 0.33 2172 8

22.10.14 46 85 62 1 24 0.29 2401 8

Diwali 23.10.14 86 129 62 2 23 0.30 2604 14

Post-

Diwali 24.10.14 64 103 59 2 23 0.20 2131 17

25.10.14 50 83 77 2 26 0.32 2080 8

26.10.14 42 69 71 1 22 0.35 2082 8

Daily Variation in 2014

Fig. 17- Daily Variation of PM10 (2014) Fig. 18– Daily Variation of PM2.5 (2014)

64 80 85

129

103

83 69

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date


38 42 46

86

64

50 42

0102030405060708090

100

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date


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Fig. 21- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with temperature in 2014

38 42 46

86

64 50

42

64 80 85

129

103

83 69

68 66 62 62 59

77 71

0102030405060708090

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Rel

ativ

e H

um

idit

y in

%

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date


38 42 46

86

64 50

42

64 80 85

129

103

83 69

2 2

1

2 2 2

1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Win

d S

pee

d in

m/s

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with W.S. PM2.5PM10wind speed(m/s)

38 42 46

86

64 50

42

64 80 85

129

103

83 69

26

24 24

23 23

26

22

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Tem

per

atu

re in

C

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with Temp. PM2.5PM10Temp. (°C)

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Fig. 22- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with CO (Carbon Monoxide) in 2014


Fig. 24- Comparison of PM10 and PM2.5 with NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide) in 2014

38 42 46

86

64 50

42

64 80 85

129

103

83 69

0.29 0.33

0.29 0.3

0.2

0.32 0.35

00.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.4

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

pp

m

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date

Comparision in PM10 & PM2.5 with CO PM2.5

PM10

CO (ppm)

38 42 46

86

64 50

42

64 80 85

129

103

83 69

2315 2172 2401

2604

2131 2080 2082

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

pp

b

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date


PM2.5

PM10

38 42 46

86

64 50

42

64 80 85

129

103

83 69 8 8 8

14

17

8 8

024681012141618

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

pp

b

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

g/

m3

Date


PM2.5PM10NO2(ppb)

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Table 4–Comparison of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration on Diwali day

(2012, 2013 & 2014)

Year PM2.5 PM10 NO2 CO CH4 Wind

Speed Temp.

Relative Humidity

2012 106 142 32 0.47 2935 2 23 52

2013 70 113 15 0.15 2410 3 25 92

2014 86 129 14 0.30 2604 2 23 62

Figure-25 Comparison PM10 & PM2.5 all the three year

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Ambient concentration of Particulate pollutant (PM10 & PM2.5) compared with

meteorological parameter like-Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Temperature as

well as compared with gaseous pollutants like- CO, NO2, CH4 was studied during

2012, 2013& 2014 in Pre-Diwali, Diwali, and Post-Diwali days at Jabalpur city.

From Table-1,2 & 3 it can be observed that PM10 & PM2.5 is recorded 142µg/m3 &

106µg/m3 in 2012 (fig. 1, 2) for 2013, it is 113 µg/m

3 & 70 µg/m

3(fig. 9,10) and

in 2014 it is 129 µg/m3

& 86 µg/m3

(fig. 17,18) during Diwali day. It means that

pollution level is high in 2012 & 2014 and moderate in 2013. The result shows that

the average PM2.5 concentration was around 60µg/m3in Pre-Diwali days in 2012

which was nearly similar 60µg/m3

in the year 2013 and decreased in 2014 which is

38µg/m3. The average concentration of PM2.5 rose in Diwali day, the maximum

106

70 86

142

113 129

2012 2013 2014Co

nce

ntr

atio

n in

/m

3

Year

PM2.5 & PM10 concentration on Diwali in year 2012, 2013 & 2014

PM2.5 PM10

IJOART



was observed on the next day 136µg/m3, 81µg/m

3 & 64µg/m

3 in 2012, 2013&

2014, respectively. Similar results are also observed for PM10 for both year 2012 &

2013 and it is above 100µg/m3, and in 2014, it decreased to 80µg/m

3for Pre-Diwali

days.

(Fig. 3, 11, 19) shows the comparison in PM10 & PM2.5 with relative humidity

in 2012, 2013 & 2014. In 2012, Relative humidity is low; moderate in 2014 but it

is highest in 2013 as compared to 2012 & 2014 during the Diwali period.

(Fig. 4, 12, 20) PM10 & PM2.5 compared with Wind Speed. In 2012 & 2014

wind speed is 2m/s and in 2013, it there is a little increase up to 3m/s.

(Fig. 5, 13, 21) shows the comparison between PM10 & PM2.5 with Temperature

In 2012 & 2014, temperature is 23ºC and increase up to 25ºC in 2013.

Correlation Study: - This table presented r-value of correlation between

particulate matters & meteorological parameter.

Parameter PM2.5 PM10

2012 2013 2014 2012 2013 2014

Relative

Humidity

r= - 0.1008

(-ve corr.)

r=0.9539

(strong +ve

corr.)

r= - 0.4718

(-ve corr.)

r= - 0.1505

(-ve corr.)

r=0.9691

(strong +ve

corr.)

r= - 0.5521

(moderate –

ve corr.)

Temperature r=0.1853

(+ve corr.)

r=0.0993

(+ve corr.)

r= - 0.3723

(-ve corr.)

r=0.4047

(+ve corr.)

r=0.5284

(moderate

+ve corr.)

r= - 0.3746

(-ve corr.)

Wind Speed

r= - 0.6029

(moderate

-ve corr.)

r=0.2955

(+ve corr.)

r=0.3445

(+ve corr.)

r= - 0.7455

(moderate -

-ve corr.)

r=0.3879

(+ve corr.)

r=0.3263

(+ve corr.)

IJOART



Gaseous pollution CO, CH4 & NO2 in 2012 and 2014 is (0.47ppm, 2935ppb and

32ppb), (0.30ppm, 2604ppb, 14ppb) and in 2013 it is low (015ppm, 2410ppb,

15ppb).

It means that 2012 is the most polluted among the all three years during Diwali

days as compared to 2013 or 2014 (fig. 25).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are thankful to Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology,

Pune, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, New Delhi, for funding this study

in the form of a Major Research Project. The authors are also thankful to the

Principal, Govt. Model Science College, Jabalpur 482001, MP, India for providing

necessary facilities.

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Documents

R.K. SRIVASTAVA, KALPANA SAGAR & GUFRAN BEIG*...Comparative Study of Air Quality in Jabalpur during Diwali Festival Author: R.K. SRIVASTAVA, KALPANA SAGAR & GUFRAN BEIG Subject: International