Rivers of South India CRUX
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Rivers of South India CRUX East Flowing Peninsular Rivers (Draining
in Bay of Bengal)
Mahanadi River Godavari River Krishna River Kaveri (Cauvery) River
Pennar River Subarnarekha River
Brahamani River Baitarani River Sarada River Ponnaiyar River Vaigai
River
** A river basin is the part of land through which a main river and
all its tributaries flows.
1 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Mahanadi River
The Mahanadi basin extends over states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha
and comparatively smaller portions of Jharkhand, Maharashtra and
Madhya Pradesh draining an area of 1.4 lakh Sq.km.
Total course - 900 km. [A river delta is a landform created by
deposition of sediment that is
carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters
slower-moving or stagnant water. This occurs where a river enters
an ocean, sea or reservoir. Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri,
all form deltas.]
Source - River Mahanadi originates from Sihawa Mountain in Dhamtari
District of Chhattisgarh.
The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land
accounting to 54.27% of the total area.
The total length of river from its origin to the confluence of Bay
of Bengal is about 851 Km, of which, 357 Km lies in Chhattisgarh
and balance 494 Km in Odisha.
After receiving the Seonath River (Shivnath), it turns east and
enters Odisha state.
Seonath - The Seonath is the longest tributary of Mahanadi, its
length is 290 Kms.
At Sambalpur, the Hirakud Dam (one of the largest dams in India) on
the river has formed a man-made lake 35 miles (55 km) long. It
enters the Odisha plains near Cuttack and enters the Bay of Bengal
by forming a delta.
Other small streams between the Mahanadi and the Rushikulya
draining directly into the Chilka Lake also forms part of the
basin.
Its main tributaries are The Seonath (left bank) The Jonk (right
bank) The Hasdeo (left bank) The Mand (left bank) The IB (left
bank) The Ong (right bank) The Tel (right bank)
Major projects Hirakud Dam Dudhawa Dam is located in Dhamtari
district of Chhattisgarh. Gangrel Dam (Ravishankar Sagar), located
in Dhamtari district,Chhattisgarh. It is a key water supplier of
Bhilai
Steel Plant. Sondur Dam on Sondur River in Dhamtari district,
Sondur is a tributary of Mahanadi. Hasdeo Bango Dam is a dam across
the Hasdeo river in Chhattisgarh, India. Tandula Dam on Tandula
river which is a tributary of Seonath river.
Satkosia Tiger Reserve (Odisha) was designated in 2007, and
comprises the Satkosia Gorge Wildlife Sanctuary and the adjacent
Baisipalli Wildlife Sanctuary. This Gorge is made by the Mahanadi
River.
The Mahanadi basin is rich in mineral resources. It therefore has a
favorable industrial climate. The Important industries presently
existing in the basin are the Iron and Steel plant at Bhilai,
aluminium factories at
Hirakud and Korba, paper mill near Cuttack and cement factory at
Sundargarh.
2 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Godavari River The Godavari is the largest river system of the
Peninsular India and
is revered as Dakshina Ganga. The Godavari is India's second
longest river after the Ganga. Longest
river of South India. Source - Godavari rises in the Sahyadris
Brahmagiri Mountains near
Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district of Maharashtra. Measuring more
than 3 Lakh Km 2 it forms one of the largest river
basins in the Indian subcontinent. The catchment area of the river
is spread in the states of Maharashtra
(48.6%), Telangana + Andhra Pradesh (23.4%), Madhya Pradesh
(10.0%), Chattisgarh (10.9%), Orissa (5.7%) and Karnataka
(1.4%).
The total length of Godavari from its origin to outfall into the
Bay of Bengal is 1,465 km out of which the length in Maharashtra is
694 Km.
Important Tributaries of Godavari Left bank tributaries - Purna,
Pranhita, Indravati and Sabari
River. Right bank tributaries - Pravara, Manjira, Manair,
Kinnersani. Pranhita is the largest tributary covering about 34% of
its
drainage basin. Wardha and Wainganga river merge and forms Pranhita
river.
Indravati is the 2 nd largest tributary, known as the "lifeline" of
the Kalahandi, Nabarangapur of Odisha & Bastar district of
Chhattisgarh. (Indravati National Park, Chitrakoot Waterfall -
Indravati river)
Manjira is the longest tributary and holds the Nizam Sagar
reservoir.
Singur Dam in Telangana is also on the Manjira River and it is a
major source of drinking water for Hyderabad.
Purna is a prime river in the water scarce Marathwada region of
Maharashtra.
Cities on the bank of Godavari - Nashik, Nanded, Rajamundhry,
Ramagundam, Bhadrachalam.
Before falling into the Bay of Bengal, Godavari river is divided
into West Godavari and East Godavari.
3 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Major Projects on Godavari Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project - At
the juncture of the rivers Godavari and its tributary Pranahita
in
Telangana. Polavaram Project - Andhra Pradesh Jayakwadi Dam -
Aurangabad, Maharashtra
River Godavari supports active wildlife also Wainganga River Basin
is home to two oldest tiger reserves viz. Tadoba Andhari tiger
reserve in Maharashtra
and Pench tiger reserve which is shared by Madhya Pradesh &
Maharashtra. . Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary (Telangana) Pranhita
Wildlife Sanctuary (Telangana) Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary
(Telangana) Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary(Andhra
Pradesh), renowned for reptiles, is a part of Godavari Delta.
Statewise Drainage Area (Km 2 )
4 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Krishna River The Krishna is the second largest eastward draining
interstate river
in Peninsular India. It rises in the Mahadev range of the Western
Ghats at an altitude of
1,337 m near Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra. It flows for a distance
of 305 km in Maharashtra, 483 km in
Karnataka and 612 km in Andhra Pradesh before finally falling into
the Bay of Bengal.
The length of the river is about 1,400 km. The two largest
tributaries are the Bhima (north) and the
Tungabhadra (south). Overall largest is Tungabhadra. The longest
tributary of Krishna river is Bhima (861 km) and second
longest is Tungabhadra (531 km).
Dams on Krishna river
Basava Sagar Dam , previously known as Narayanapura Dam across
Krishna River at Yadgir District, Karnataka. Srisailam Dam is
constructed across the Krishna River in Kurnool district, Andhra
Pradesh. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is a masonry dam across the Krishna
River at
Nagarjuna Sagar which straddles the border between Guntur district
in Andhra Pradesh and Nalgonda district in Telangana.
The Tungabhadra Dam also known as Pampa Sagar is constructed across
the Tungabhadra River, a tributary of the Krishna River. Located in
Ballari, Karnataka.
Prakasam Barrage stretches across the Krishna River connecting
Krishna and Guntur districts in Vijayawada, Krishna district.
Almatti Dam is a hydroelectric project on the Krishna River in
North Karnataka.
5 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Name of Tributary Drainage Area (Km 2 )
Length (km) Name of Tributary
Drainage Area (Km 2 )
Tungabhadra 71,417 531
Krishna River Tributaries Right bank - Ghatprabha,
Malprabha,Tungabhadra,
Dudhganga, Panchganga, Koyna. Left Bank - Bhima, Musi, Dindi,
Paleru, Munneru. The Koyna is a small tributary & known for
Koyna
Dam (Maharashtra). The Bhima originates from the Bhimashankar
hills,
Matheran (Maharashtra) and joins the Krishna near Raichur
(Karnataka) after for a distance of 861 km.
The holy city of Pandharpur is on the bank of Bhima River.
Bhimashankar is one of the twelve esteemed Jyotirlinga
shrines.
At Wazirabad, it receives its last important tributary, the Musi,
on whose banks the city of Hyderabad is located.
The Tungabhadra is formed by the unification of the Tunga and the
Bhadra originating from Gangamoola in the Central Sahyadri.
Its total length is 531 km. It was known as Pampa during the epic
period. The city of Hampi is built on its bank.
Cities on the bank of Krishna River - Amravati, Vijayawada,
Srisailam, Mahabaleshwar.
6 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Cauvery River Kaveri is the only perennial river of South India.
Sometimes it is also called ‘Ganga of the South’. It rises on
Talakaveri in Brahmagiri Hill of the Western Ghats in Karnataka
state, flows in a southeasterly direction for
765 km through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, and falls in
Bay of Bengal. The total length of the river from source to its
outfall into Bay of Bengal is about 800 km. Of this, 320 km is in
Karnataka, 416 km is in Tamil Nadu and 64 km forms the common
boundary between Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu States. The important tributaries joining Cauvery in
the Coorg district are the Kakkabe, the Kadanur and the Kummahole.
Cauvery then enters the Mysore district . Tributaries joining the
river from the left are the Harangi, the Hemavathi, the Shimsha and
the Arkavathi. The tributaries joining it from the right are the
Lakshmanathirtha, the Kabani, and the Suvarnavathi. Further down,
the river enters Tamil Nadu state where the many tributaries,
namely, the Bhavani, the Noyil, and the
Amravathi join it from the right. In Karnataka the river bifurcates
twice, forming the sacred islands of Srirangapatnam (It was capital
of Tipu Sultan’s
Kingdom) and Sivasamudram, 50 miles apart.
Major Projects Krishnaraja sagar dam - Karnataka Mettur dam - Tamil
Nadu Grand Anicut Dam - Tamil Nadu
Largest tributary of Cauvery - Shimsha Longest tributary of Cauvery
- Hemavathy
7 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Pennar River Pennar River (also known as Uttara
Pinakini) is one of the major rivers of the peninsula.
The Pennar rises in the Chenna Kasava hill of the Nandidurga range,
in Chikkaballapur district of Karnataka and flows towards east
eventually draining into the Bay of Bengal.
The total length of the river from origin to its outfall in the Bay
of Bengal is 597 km.
The Somasila Reservoir (Andhra Pradesh) is on this river.
Tributaries of Pennar River Left Bank: Jayamangali, Kunderu. Right
bank: Chiravati, Papagni.
Statewise Drainage Area :: Andhra Pradesh (48,276 Km 2 ), Karnataka
(6,937 Km 2 ). Total Drainage Area :: 55,213 Km 2
8 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Brahamani & Baitarani River The basin consisting of Brahmani
and Baitarani extends over states
of Odisha, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh having an area of 51,822
Sq.km.
The Brahmani is the second largest river in Odisha (largest is
Mahanadi). It originates as two major rivers namely the Sankh and
the Koel from the Chhotanagpur Plateau and both join near Rourkela
forming the major river Brahmani. It flows through Sundargarh,
Keonjhar, Dhenkanal and the coastal plains of Kendrapara and Jajpur
districts before discharging into the Bay of Bengal at Dhamra. The
Brahmani is 799 km long.
The Baitarani River originates from Guptaganga hills in Keonjhar
district of Odisha.
A major portion of the river basin lies in the state of Odisha,
while a smaller part of the upper reach lies in Jharkhand state.
Initially the river flows in a northern direction for about 80 km
and then takes an abrupt right turn near Champua and flows in a
south easterly direction and finally discharges into Bay of Bengal
through the deltaic area of river Brahmani.
The river travels a total distance of 360 km.
Rushikulya River The Rushikulya River is one of the major
eastern
flowing rivers in the state of Odisha and covers the entire
catchment area in the districts of Kandhamal and Ganjam of
Odisha.
The Rushikulya originates at an elevation of about 1000 metres from
Daringbadi hills of the Eastern Ghats range. The place from where
the river originates, Daringbadi is called the ‘Kashmir of
Odisha’.
At the Rushikulya beach Olive Ridley Turtles lay eggs in large
numbers.
Subarnarekha
It is one of the longest east flowing inter-state rivers. It covers
large areas of Jharkhand and some parts of
West Bengal and Odisha. The Subarnarekha river originates near
Nagri village
in Ranchi district of Jharkhand. The total length of the river is
about 395 Km.
Hundru Falls is created on its course.
River Vamsadhara It is an important east flowing river
between
Rushikulya and Godavari, in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh states in
India.
Another river with similar course is Nagavali River .
Just South of Nagavali is another river called Sarada river that
lies entirely in Visakhapatnam.
Ponnaiyar River (South Pennar) It covers a small area in the state
of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The river originates
in the Nandi Hills in the Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka and
flows through Tamil Nadu
before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
9 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Vaigai River It originates in Varusanadu Hills in Theni & it
passes through the towns of Theni, Dindigul and Madurai and
finally
empties into the Palk Strait.
Palar River Palar is a river of southern India. It rises in the
Nandi Hills in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka state, and
flows 93
kilometres in Karnataka, 33 kilometres in Andhra Pradesh and 222
kilometres in Tamil Nadu before reaching its confluence into the
Bay of Bengal at Vayalur.
10 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
by Dr. Gaurav Garg
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**
11 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
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15 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
Name of Tributary Drainage Area (Km 2 )
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16 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
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Statewise Drainage Area :: Andhra Pradesh (48,276 Km 2 ), Karnataka
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18 © Copyright 2020 Study IQ
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