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8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/river-rehabilitation-in-the-netherlands-perspectives-of-the-european-water 1/42
12 J anuary 2004
River rehabilitation in theNetherlands: perspectives of theEuropean Water Framework Directive
Hugo CoopsRIZA, the Netherlands
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 22
The Netherlands
River Rhine
River Meuse
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 23
Rhine catchment
• Length 1320 km
• Catchment basin 185 000 km2,(25 000 km2 in the Netherlands)
• Discharge (Lobith): 2300 m3/s
(620 – 11 885 m3/s)
• Nine countries: CH, FL, I, A, D, F,LUX, B, NL
• Population 50 million
• Major navigation route
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 24
Navigation
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 25
The Rhine: a heavilymodified river
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 26
Pollution of the Rhine
• 1970 – 1980: sewer of Europe
• 1986 Sandoz accident
• Rhine Action Programme:return of the salmon?
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 27
Successful sanitation:oxygen
Oxygen concentrationat Lobith
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1954 1965 1976 1987 1998 2009
%
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12 January 28
Successful sanitation:phosphorus
Phosphorus concentrationRhine at Lobith
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1968 1973 1979 1984 1990 1995 2001 2006
m g / l
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 29
Cadmium concentrationRhine at Lobith
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1968 1973 1979 1984 1990 1995 2001 2006
u g / l
Successful sanitation:cadmium
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 210
Alien invaders
Corophium curvispinum
Jaera istri
Corbicula fluminea
Dreissena polymorph
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 211Ecosystem of the Lower
Rhine: characteristicecotopes in forelands
Backwaters
Floodplain forest Grassy levees
Secondary channel
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 212
Floodplain forest
•Natural vegetation inflooplains
•High nature values•Effects on geomorphology
•Role in bank protection•Effects on river discharge
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 213
Floodplain forest: waveattenuation
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 214
Water bodies in Rhineforelands
Oxbow lake Sand mining pit
Clay pit Inundated foreland
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 215
Ecotopes
• Reference state
• Target state: ecotope objectives
• Present state: ecotope map
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 216
Reference state
•Geographical reference
•Historical reference
• Theoretical reference
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 217
Danube Delta trophicgradients project
• Large, semi-pristine delta/floodplain
• Gradient of hydrological connectivity
• Ecosystem functioning and impact of
eutrophic river water
• Three lake types
• Seasonal trends in flood pulse, algal andvegetation succession, and fish migration
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 218
Lake types of the DanubeDelta
Type 2 Type 1 Type 3
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12 January 219
Lake classification
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 220
River Concepts
• River Continuum Concept (Vannote et al.1980)
• Flood Pulse Concept (J unk et al. 1989)
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 221
River Continuum Concept
•Processing of organic matterin downstream direction
•Dominance of
shredders > grazers >> collectors
•Longitudinal gradient
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 222
Flood Pulse Concept
•River – floodplain interaction
•Inundation cycle drivesbiogeochemical processes
•Relocation of organic matterand biota
• Transversal gradients
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 223
Hydrological connectivity
• Longitudinal, transversal, vertical
• Flood pulse vs. Flow pulse
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 224
Connectivity gradients:biodiversity
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 226
Connectivity gradient:Danube Delta
Type 2 Type 1 Type 3
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 227
Seasonal fish migration:tench
L.Isac
L.Uzlina
L.Chiril
L.Cuibul cu Lebede
L.Isac
L.Uzlina L.Chiril
L.Cuibul cu Lebede
Tench Tinca tinca2001 2002
Exchange between lakes - different by hydrology
June September
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 228
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
1-
jan
31-
jan
1-
mrt
31-
mrt
30-
apr
30-
mei
29-
jun
29-
jul
28-
aug
27-
sep
27-
okt
26-
nov
26-
dec
date
discharge (m3.s-1)
2
20
50
150
Rhine
Lower Rhine: extremevariability
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 229
Connectivity for fish:barbel nursery grounds
Germany
The Netherlands
?
Larvae drift downstream
?Temporal residence in side channels
Spawning on gravel banks
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12 January 231Aquatic macrophytes in
floodplain lakes along theRhine
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 - 10 10 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 300 > 300
Age of the lakes (years)
F r e q u e n c y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
< 2 2 - 20 20 - 50 50 - 150 > 150
Long-term inundation duration (days/year)
F r e q u e n
c y
32
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 232
Extreme floods 1994 and1995
• Impact on river management
• Effects of climate change
• Reconsidering target state
33
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 233
Target state: compromisingriver functions
Hydraulic roughness of ecotopesSpatial arrangement Critical water levels
34
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 234
Retain – Store - Discharge
35
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 235
Measures in the Lower Rhine
36
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 236
Side channels
37
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12 January 237
Floodplain lowering
38
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 238
Detention reservoirs
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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40
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 240
EU Water FrameworkDirective (2)
• Assessment: EQR(Fish, Macro-invertebrates,Phytoplankton,Macrophytes & phytobenthos
• Related research projects:- STAR (standardisation of riverclassifications)- FAME (assessment based on fish)
- CEN (standards for monitoring)
Bad Poor Moderate Good Very good
Referencecondition
41
8/6/2019 River rehabilitation in the Netherlands: perspectives of the European Water Framework Directive
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12 January 241
Rehabilitation stages
1. Chemical rehabilitation(Reduction of pollutants, recovery of biota inthe river channel)
2. Morphological rehabilitation(Reconnection of the floodplain, enhancedgeomorphological dynamics, recovery of floodplain biota)
3. Hydrological rehabilitation(Restoring natural flood pulse, recovery of transgressive biota)
42