ritual Activism; The case for Fela Kuti and Black Africa

7/23/2019 ritual Activism; The case for Fela Kuti and Black Africa

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Cjvf if geltreo evfr hf whe sh`pfs thf iusjg ed l`tjel,

`lm J g`rf let whe i`kfs thf o`ws. L`peofel

Klewofmcfjs pewfr jl ` gesijg sflsf; jtsrhythi.

Elgf yeu st`rt te h`vfrhythi yeu st`rt te h`vfklewofmcf. Dfo` Kutj

^`cf

rjtuò`gtjvjsithf g`sf der dfo` kutj

& ao`gk `drjg`

gur`tfm ayìi` ajr`ceder àjc`jo dr`lgfs eoudulij-o`ye kutj,

` weifls' rjchts `gtjvjst

thf pestgeoeljò geultry `lm pfrsel, thf emms `lm thfjr s`ljty;el KfoofrsI`mlfss `lm Geoeljz`tjel, Ougfres]hf êojtjgs ed Qjtuò.

Qjtuò der psyghjg `lm segjò ul`ljijty `lm wfoolfss.

El thf m`y pfepof s`jm ceemayf te Dfo` @ljkuo`pe-Kutj,

thf sul shelf `lm thf hf`vfls r`jlfm `t thf sìf tjif. Shfl thjs h`ppfls,

` Ljcfrj`l ijcht easfrvf th`t ` tjcfr h`s cjvfl ajrth te ` ghjom.

Klex Qeajlsel, Dfo`; Drei Sfst @drjg` te Sfst Are`mw`y


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^`cf

"J gìf a`gk heif wjth thf jltflt te gh`lcf thf wheof systfi.

J mjml't klew J w`s cejlc te h`vf ... sugh herrers! J mjml't klew thfy cell`

cjvf if sugh eppesjtjel afgùsf ed iy lfw @drjg`ljsi. "

O`r`y Mflzfr jl Dfo` ]hjs Ajtgh ed ` Ojdf,

ay G`roes Ieerf

Qfojcjeus Ievfiflts `lm êojtjgs jl Wua-W`h`r`l @drjg`

]frflgf E. Q`lcfr

Kòjoeiaf rfi`rks th`t "hjstery h`s mfielstr`tfm tjif `lm `c`jl th`t pf`s`lts' petfltjò der arjlcjlc àeut

if`ljlcduo `lm o`stjlc gh`lcf js r`rfoy `gtjv`tfm drei wjthjl thfisfovfs òelf.... @s ` ruof thf mfgjsjvf d`gter

geifs drei eutsjmf." Aut drei whei5 Let drei oegò @drjg`l prephfts, ojvjlc jl thfjr mrfì werom; let drei

of`mfrs ed i`ss l`tjelòjsi, "whe thfisfovfs afoelc te thf pewfrduo go`ssfs" `lm whe lew epprfss thf pfepof jl

thfjr turl; let fvfl drei of`mfrs ed `rifm rfveoutjel whe h`vf òo tee edtfl usfm "thf i`ssfs te durthfr thfjr ewl

sfodjsh `jis [whjghY h`s ofm thf pfepof te afgeif suspjgjeus ed `ly rfveoutjel`ry djrfar`lms go`jijlc te bejl wjththfi der ojafr`tjel."

Jl thjs gelgrftf sjtu`tjel ed geltfiper`ry @drjg` wf `rf `skjlc wh`t thf pessjajojtjfs` rf der thf pewfrofss` lm

jipevfrjshfm i`ssfs te p`rtjgjp`tf jl thf kjlm ed [ojafr`tjelY thfeoecy wf mfsgrjafm... ^fepof `t thf cr`ssreets rf`gt

jl d`gf ed ` crewjlc sflsf ed pewfrofsslfss `lm fxpoejt`tjel. ]hf prfpelmfr`lt rf`gtjel js th`t ed pfepof

fvfrywhfrf whe... afgeif gelvjlgfm th`t jlmffm thfy `rf... pewfrofss, jcler`lt, er eut ed teugh wjth thf

i`jlstrfì ed hjstery. ]hfy mfvfoep rfdofxfs ed jldfrjerjty... ]hfy try te jlsuo`tf thfisfovfs jl ` ojttof werom ed thfjr

ewl.... []hfyY `rf ojkfoy te mfvfoep str`tfcjfs ed survjvò th`t jl thf oelc rul prevf sfod-mfdf`tjlc. Weiftjifs thfy

t`kf rfducf jl... seif typf ed rfojcjeus guots, er ethfr mjstr`gtjlc heaajfs.... ^fepof cft usfm te ojvjlc jl ` mrfì

werom. Jt afgeifs mjddjguot der thfi te `lòysf fvflts `lm rfòjtjfs seafroy.... @lm yft jt js thf pfepof `t thf

cr`ssreets th`t h`vf thf petfltjò der if`ljlcduo gh`lcf. Kòjoeiaf rfi`rks th`t "hjstery h`s mfielstr`tfm tjif `lm

`c`jl th`t pf`s`lts' petfltjò der arjlcjlc àeut if`ljlcduo `lm o`stjlc gh`lcf js r`rfoy `gtjv`tfm drei wjthjl

thfisfovfs òelf.... @s ` ruof thf mfgjsjvf d`gter geifs drei eutsjmf." Aut drei whei5 Let drei oegò @drjg`l

prephfts, ojvjlc jl thfjr mrfì werom; let drei of`mfrs ed i`ss l`tjelòjsi, "whe thfisfovfs afoelc te thf pewfrduo

go`ssfs" `lm whe lew epprfss thf pfepof jl thfjr turl; let fvfl drei of`mfrs ed `rifm rfveoutjel whe h`vf òo tee

edtfl usfm "thf i`ssfs te durthfr thfjr ewl sfodjsh `jis [whjghY h`s ofm thf pfepof te afgeif suspjgjeus ed `ly

rfveoutjel`ry djrfar`lms go`jijlc te bejl wjth thfi der ojafr`tjel." Sh`t js lffmfm js truf rfojcjeus ojafr`tjel

(Kòjoeiaf, 0:8=)2 g`pàof ed ulof`shjlc ` pewfr ìelc thesf whe h`vf hjthfrte affl pewfrofss.... ^fepof

afcjl te thjlk der thfisfovfs jl ` grjtjgò w`y....

... ^fepofs ievfiflts jl @drjg` h`vf òw`ys o`gkfm thfjr ewl, j.f. @drjg`l jmfeoecy...[`l m thfyY h`vf cflfròoy

t`kfl thf deri ed p`ssjvf rfsjst`lgf, drfqufltoy o`gkfm `ccrfssjvf pewfr. Drei th`t pfrspfgtjvf jt i`y wfoo af

th`t lewhfrf js thfrf ierf tòk àeut gh`lcf th`l jl @drjg`. Zft, wjthjl @drjg`, dfw g`l rfòoy trjccfr gh`lcf.Hfrfjl ojfs thf crf`t `cely ed @drjg`'s pepuo`r sfltjiflts.... ]e mfsgrjaf pfepof's ievfiflts jl @drjg` jt js

lfgfss`ry te rfgecljsf thfjr ulmfr-oyjlc `ttjtumf, whjgh js elf ed `gtjvf w`jtjlc `lm `gtjvf hepf.... ]e eutojvf thf

rfprfssjel, jl jts v`rjeus deris, js te c`jl vjgtery.


]frflgf E. Q`lcfr


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^`cf

Cr`hì H`rrjsel ]hf Mf`th ed êojtjgò Wtruccof

Arjlcjlc êojtjgò Wtruccof A`gk jl2 @drjg`l êojtjgs, êwfr & Qfsjst`lgf

]hf jipert`lgf ed peojtjgò struccof `s ` kfy letjel jl thf ulmfrst`lmjlc ed geltfiper`ry @drjg`l peojtjgs. Jt mefs se

wjth `l `w`rflfss th`t thjs letjel h`s dòofl eut ed `g`mfijg d`veur. ]hjs `rtjgof skftghfs `l `ppre`gh th`t cjvfs `

kfy reof te peojtjgò struccof jl pregfssfs ed peojtjgò gh`lcf jl sua-W`h`r`l @drjg`. Jl mejlc se, @drjg`l peojtjgò

fgeleijfs `rf sffl `s lfgfss`rjoy geltfstfm `lm thfrfderf thfrf js ` lffm (te rf-werk thf phr`sf ed thf lfw

st`tjsts/jlstjtutjelòjsts) te gelsjmfr arjlcjlc struccof a`gk jl te thf `lòytjgò drìf. êojtjgò struccof js usfm jl thjs

`rtjgof `s ` thferftjgò tfri; jt js let suppesfm te òoumf te ` spfgjdjg jlstjtutjelò deri er ` gfrt`jl peojtjgò `cflm`.

Wtruccof js ` pregfss, ` rfsuot ed ieajojs`tjel prevekfm ay seif deri ed rfsjst`lgf.

]hf Jipert ed ` êstgeoeljò I`sguojljty

Mfrfk Wt`levsky, Dfo` `lm Hjs Sjvfs

Hewfvfr, jd g`pturjlc `l ji`cjlfm, oest @drjg`l purjty js let thf ceò, thfl pfrh`ps Dfo` js ` vfry ceem ghejgf `s `

rfprfsflt`tjvf ed @drjg`l iusjg. Hjs iusjg js ` premugt ed @drjg`'s geoeljò `lm pestgeoeljò hjstery `lm `s sugh

rfprfsflts thf prfsflt rfòjtjfs ed @drjg`. Sh`t Dfo` o`gks jl purjty ed l`tjvf ùthfltjgjty, hf ierf th`l i`kfs up der

jl rjghlfss ed pestgeoeljò dusjel. Der Dfo`, thf jmfltjty ed "@drjg`l" h`s ` usf jl hjs p`l-@drjg`l peojtjgs deraujomjlc seojm`rjty `gress l`tjelò aeulm`rjfs `lm `gress ojlcujstjg `lm guoturò a`rrjfrs jl `l fddert te aujom `l

jltfrl`tjelò peojtjgò ievfiflt.

Behl Hewf. Dfo` `ljkuo`pe kutj2 @l helfst i`l

Shfl Dfo` spekf - `s hf edtfl mjm - jl thf lìf ed @drjg`, hf i`y h`vf affl prebfgtjlc seif ed thf `ttjtumfs ed `

dìeus, fggfltrjg, suggfssduo, Sfstfrljzfm, uppfr-go`ss Zerua` `l`rghjst `lm aehfij`l el ` o`rcfoy

ulgeiprfhflmjlc geltjlflt; aut pfepof òse ulmfrsteem th`t thf @drjg` hf rfdfrrfm te w`s ` geoeljzfm @drjg` whesf

prjv`tf hjstery h`m affl mjsruptfm ay eutsjmf dergfs `lm lffmfm te af rfoùlghfm. ]hjs kl`gk ed afjlc wrelc, aut

rjcht, flmf`rfm Dfo` te hjs gelstjtuflts, aut òse puzzofm fvfryelf `lm flr`cfm thf pewfrduo jlmjvjmuòs jipojgjtoy

grjtjgjzfm, `t thf sìf tjif prevjmjlc thfi wjth ìiuljtjel te usf `c`jlst hji.

Zerua` weifl `lm thf s`lgtjty edàusf

@lmrfw @ptfr, Mjsgeursf `lm jts mjsgoesurfs.

Jt js let ulgeiiel der thesf whe ojvf ìelcst prjijtjvf pfepofs te geif `gress 'easgfljty' jl spffgh `lm `gtjel.

]hjs 'easgfljty' js edtfl let `l fxprfssjel ay `l jlmjvjmuò uttfrfm ulmfr crf`t strfss `lm gelmfilfm `s a`m t`stf,

aut js `l fxprfssjel ay ` creup ed pfrsels `lm js pfrijttfm `lm fvfl prfsgrjafm ay segjfty.

'Geoofgtjvf Fxprfssjels ed Easgfljty jl @drjg`'.

Fxìjljlc thf Qfveoutjel`ry Welcs ed Dulijo`ye Q`lseif-Kutj `lm thf @afekut` I`rkft Seifl's

Ievfiflt jl 0:=>s Sfstfrl Ljcfrj`

]hf prji`ry geltfltjel hfrf js th`t hf w`s hf`vjoy jldouflgfm aeth iusjgòoy `lm peojtjgòoy ay hjs iethfr. Of`mjlc

` creup ed fia`ttofm oegò weifl, Dulijo`ye Q`lseif-Kutj (0:>>-0:38) geldreltfm mffpoy reetfm tr`mjtjelò

p`trj`rghy `lm thf ghekjlc tflt`gofs ed geoeljòjsi jl 0:=>s @afekut`. D`r drei mftr`gtjlc drei thf fxjstjlc

mjsgeursf el Dfo`, thjs p`pfr sffks te `mm ` vjtò mjiflsjel te eur ulmfrst`lmjlc ed hjs cfljus ay fxìjljlc goesfoy

thf gh`r`gtfr ed Dulijo`ye Q`lseif-Kutj (DQK) `lm thf selcs th`t shf `lm thf i`rkft weifl grf`tfm `lm s`lc

murjlc thfjr rfveot jl @afekut`. ]hf r`rf `ttfltjel th`t ` dfw ed Dfo`'s ajecr`phfrs h`vf afstewfm el hjs iethfr's


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^`cf

`gtjvjsi h`s let goesfoy fxìjlfm thf l`turf ed hfr `gtjvjsi jl rfo`tjel te hjs iusjg.

Dfo`'s Deulm`tjel2 Fxìjljlc thf Qfveoutjel`ry Welcs ed Dulijo`ye Q`lseif-Kutj `lm thf @afekut`

I`rkft Seifl's Ievfiflt jl 0:=>s Sfstfrl Ljcfrj`

Whelfk`l, Wtfph`ljf

ô`ys, êssfssjel, `lm Qegk-`lm-Qeoo êojtjgò ]hf`trf jl @drjg`,

^ftfr Vkpekemu

Dfo` h`s let eddfrfm i`ly spfgjdjgs àeut hew ` rfturl te @drjg`l

tr`mjtjelòjsi weuom af squ`rfm wjth iemfrl tfghleoecy, whjgh hf mjstrusts.

]hf thjl ojlf aftwffl rfojcjel `lm mrì`, aftwffl rjtuò` lm thf`trf, thf "s`grfm," pfrh`ps sòvjdjg l`turf ed thf twe,

`lm p`rtjguo`royth fjr gfofar`tery` lm tr`lsderi`tjvfqu òjtjfs-ed whjgh Qjgh`rm Wghfghlfrh `s wrjttflw jth

`lòytjgòjl sjcht (0:342J:4-111; 0:86; J:8326-77)-geif te thf derf jl thfsf fxpfrjiflts. Dfo` Iusjg, fspfgjòoy `s

pr`gtjgfm ay thf Ljcfrj`l iusjgj`l, Dfo` @ljkuo`pe- Kutj (derifroy Dfo` Q`lseif-Kutj), h`s òse afgeif ` p`rte d

thf pfrderi jlc `rts segjepeojtjgò pretfsts. Shjof thf oyrjgs ed sugh rfgermjlcs `s "Reiajf" (0:34) `lm "Af`sts ed

Le L`tjel" (0:8:) `rf `lleyjlc fleuch der thf ijojt`ry rfcjif ed Ljcfrj`-thf pfrv`mjlc ji`cf js th`t ed thf jltfo-

ofgtuòoy mfdjgjflt `lm `ljiòjstjg i`l-ed-`ris geltreoojlc thf l`tjel - jt js Dfo`'s ojvf pfrderi`lgfs th`t mrjvf thfrfcjif jls`lf. Dfo`'s ojvf shew js aeth ` iusjgò `lm ` vfraò `tt`gk el thf Ljcfrj`l cevfrliflt. Hf òw`ys h`s `

o`rcf deooewjlc ed stumflt ùmjflgfs òo evfr thf geultry. @t @afekut` jl @prjo 0:8: thf peojgf dergjaoy prfvfltfm

Dfo` drei pfrderijlc der ` stumflt ùmjflgf ed 1>,>>>. ]wjgf (jl 0:38 `lm 0:84) Dfo` @ljkuo`pe-Kutj h`s affl

af`tfl `lm b`jofm der hjs eutspekfl `tt`gks el cevfrliflt gerruptjel `lm peojgf rf-prfssjel. Jl elf s`v`cf `tt`gk ay

seomjfrs jl 0:38, hjs heusf `lm "shrjlf"- thf lìf ed hjs thf`trf jl O`ces-wfrf r`zfm (Cr`ss J:842070-=8). Hf h`s

afgeif thf ròoyjlc pejlt der `lcry uljvfrsjty stumflts `lm mjs`ddfgtfm i`ssfs. Let fvfl thf d`gt th`t hjs sfljer

arethfr js thf Ijljstfr der Hfòth h`s soewfm mewl hjs vfraò `lm iusjgò `tt`gks el thf prfsflt cevfrliflt ed

Ljcfrj`. Jl `l jltfrvjfw wjth Dfo` jl Oelmel, B`lf Arygf easfrvfs th`t selcs sugh `s "Af`sts ed Le L`tjel," wjth jts

rfdr`jl rjmjguojlc thf hui`l rjchts gh`r`mf ed thf ijojt`ry cevfrliflt, h`vf let flmf`rfm Dfo` te ^rfsj-mflt

Aà`lcjm` (0:8:201-07).

Qjtuò2 ^frspfgtjvfs `lm Mjiflsjels2G`thfrjlf Afoo

Qjtuò2 ^frspfgtjvfs `lm Mjiflsjels2

G`thfrjlf Afoo

rjtuò `s tr`mjtjelò, geoofgtjvf rfprfsflt`tjel, jipoyjlc th`t thf letjel ed jlmjvjmuò

er jlvfltfm rjtuò w`s ` geltr`mjgtjel jl tfris.

]hf tflmflgy te thjlk ed rjtuò `s fssfltjòoy ulgh`lcjlc h`s celf h`lm jl h`lm wjth thf fquòoy geiiel

`ssuiptjel th`t fddfgtjvf rjtuòs g`llet af jlvfltfm. Vltjo vfry rfgfltoy, iest pfepofs geiielsflsf letjel ed

rjtuò if`lt th`t seifelf geuom let sjipoy mrfì up ` rjtf th`t weuom werk thf w`y tr`mjtjelò rjtuò h`s werkfm.

Wugh ` phfleiflel, jd jt geuom h`ppfl, weuom sffi te ulmfrijlf thf jipert`lt reofs cjvfl te geiiuljty, gustei,

`lm gelsflsus jl eur ulmfrst`lmjlc ed rfojcjel `lm rjtuò.

]hf dulmìfltò fddjg`gy ed rjtuò `gtjvjty

ojfs jl jts àjojty te h`vf pfepof fiaemy `ssuiptjels àeut thfjr po`gf jl ` o`rcfr

ermfr ed thjlcs.

]hjs lfw rjtuò p`r`mjci h`s ierf suatof rìjdjg`tjels `s wfoo. ]r`mjtjelòoy, der fxìpof, thf ofcjtji`tf ùtherjty

`lm fddjg`gy ed rjtuò wfrf goesfoy jltfrtwjlfm. Der jlvfltfm rjtfs, whjgh `rf let mffpoy reetfm jl `ly sh`rfm sflsf ed


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^`cf

tr`mjtjel, hewfvfr, ofcjtji`gy `lm ùtherjty tflm te af gelstrufm ierf ojchtoy `lm el qujtf mjddfrflt creulms. Der

th`t rf`sel, pfrh`ps, iugh crf`tfr wfjcht `ppf`rs te dòo el thf mjiflsjel ed fddjg`gy.

]hf jipojgjt mylìjg `lm flm ed rjtuòjz`tjel - th`t whjgh jt mefs let sff jtsfod mejlc - g`l af s`jm te af thf

premugtjel ed ` rjtuòjzfm aemy. @ rjtuòjzfm aemy js ` aemy jlvfstfm wjth ` sflsf ed rjtuò. ]hjs sflsf ed rjtuò

fxjsts `s `l jipojgjt v`rjfty ed sghfifs whesf mfpoeyiflt werks te premugf segjeguoturò sjtu`tjels th`t thf

rjtuòjzfm aemy g`l meijl`tf jl seif w`y. ]hjs js ` pr`gtjgò i`stfry, te usf Aeurmjfus tfri, ed str`tfcjg

sghfifs der rjtuòjz`tjel, `lm jt `ppf`rs `s ` segjò jlstjlgt der grf`tjlc `lm i`ljpuo`tjlc geltr`sts. ]hjs sflsf js

let ` i`ttfr ed sfod-gelsgjeus klewofmcf ed `ly fxpojgjt ruofs ed rjtuò aut `s `l jipojgjt guotjv`tfm mjspesjtjel.

Qjtuòjz`tjel premugfs thjs rjtuòjzfm aemy threuch thf jltfr`gtjel ed thf aemy wjth ` strugturfm `lm strugturjlc

flvjreliflt.

Drff `t O`st - Lew ]h`t thf Ljchti`rf js Evfr, Dfo` H`s ` Mrfì ay

Qecfr Wtfddfls, E^]JEL, Wfp/Egt 0:84.

Dfo` @ljkuo`pe Kutj2 Hf She G`rrjfs Mf`th jl hjs êugh. Ao`gk ^rfsjmflt. A`lm of`mfr `lm rfveoutjel`ry dreiO`ces, Ljcfrj`. Hfs oest geult ed thf tjifs hfs affl jiprjselfm. Hjs iest rfgflt aust put hji afhjlm a`rs der 08

ielths. ]hf gh`rcfs wfrf ao`t`ltoy dòsf; fvfltuòoy thf bumcf whe h`m sfltflgfm hji gìf te afc hjs dercjvflfss,

`dtfr whjgh thf i`cjstr`tf w`s kjgkfm edd thf aflgh `lm Dfo` rfof`sfm ulgelmjtjelòoy, òo thf gh`rcfs mreppfm.

.0:84, drei Oes @lcfofs, hf rfturlfm te Ljcfrj` `s ` djrfar`lm, jlvfltjlc ` lfw deri ed iusjg gòofm @dreaf`t,

` rfm-het ijx ed dulk `lm Sfst @drjg`l rjmmjis. Hjs treuaofs st`rtfm òiest jiifmj`tfoy. Hjs oyrjgs lìfm lìfs

`lm mfi`lmfm rfderis jl thf pest-gjvjo w`r yf`rs ed thf Wfvfltjfs.

Elf ed thf thjlcs th`t d`sgjl`tfm if jl thf Ljcfrj`l Lfwsw`tgh `rtjgof th`t `ppf`rfm rjcht `dtfr yeur rfof`sf

w`s yeur tòkjlc àeut thf Lfw @cf iusjg `lm iusjg der thf @cf ed @qu`rjus. ]e us thjs sffis ojkf

seifthjlc ` Gòjderlj` hjppjf ijcht s`y, `lm te hf`r yeu, thf hf`m ed thf Ievfiflt ed thf ^fepof jl O`ces,

Ljcfrj` tòkjlc ` mfsjrf te i`kf Lfw @cf iusjg àseoutfoy d`sgjl`tfm if.

J w`s vfry spjrjtuòoy `w`rf, aut suagelsgjeusoy spjrjtuòoy `w`rf. Aut jl 0:80 J afgìf gelsgjeusoy spjrjtuòoy`w`rf.

S`s th`t threuch ^redfsser Hjlmu5Zfs, threuch ` tr`lgf J h`m te ce threuch. Zeu sff, J h`ppfl te klew th`t seif hui`l afjlcs h`vf te ce threuch `

kjlm ed gh`lcf ed ojdf `t ` p`rtjguo`r tjif ed thfjr ojvfs.

Shfl thf strugturf js rf`my der thf tr`lsderi`tjel5Fx`gtoy. Shfl thf fxpfrjflgf ed thf strugturf js rf`my, thf tr`lsderi`tjel h`s te t`kf po`gf whfthfr elf ojkfs jt er

let. J mjm let klew àeut thf tr`lsderi`tjel. Iy iethfr whe klfw àeut jt h`m mjfm. We thfrf w`s leaemy te hfop

if threuch thf tr`lsderi`tjel. thf purpesf ed thf tr`lgf w`s te shew if wh`t ojdf w`s òo àeut, whjgh J s`w

vfry gof`roy. Jt w`s ojkf ` djoi, jt w`s ` wheof twe heur rjtuò J wflt threuch jl whjgh J s`w ` oet ed thjlcs. Jt w`s

vfry spjrjtuò `lm rfò.

Drff `t O`st - Lew ]h`t thf Ljchti`rf js Evfr, Dfo` H`s ` Mrfì ay

Qecfr Wtfddfls, E^]JEL, Wfp/Egt 0:84.

Tj`, L`jb` Iusjg Aoec, òse ]hf Whrjlf.


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^`cf

` hjstery ed rjtuòs js hjstery ed rfpremugtjel, geltfst`tjel, tr`lsderi`tjel ...

Hew g`l ` lfw ghurgh, sgheeo, kjlcmei, geoely, l`tjel, p`rty, "Geiiel I`rkft," er ethfr "ji`cjlfm geiiuljty"

geif jlte afjlc fxgfpt threuch jts ewl gh`r`gtfrjstjg rjtuòs5 G`l ` st`tf af uli`mf ay ` g`rljvò5

Hjstery, Wtrugturf, `lm Qjtuò, Behl M. Kfooy `lm I`rth` K`po`l

Tjgter ]urlfr, ]hf Qjtuò ^regfss2

Wtrugturf `lm @ltj-Wtrugturf.

Wjlgf segjftjfs `rf pregfssfs rfspelsjvf te gh`lcf, let djxfm strugturfs, lfw rjtuòs `rf mfvjsfm er aerrewfm, `lm eom

elfs mfgojlf `lm mjs`ppf`r. Lfvfrthfofss, deris survjvf threuch doux, `lm lfw rjtuò jtfis, fvfl lfw rjtuò

geldjcur`tjels, tflm ierf edtfl te af v`rj`lts ed eom thfifs th`l r`mjgò levfotjfs.

J rfifiafr sffjlc hji der thf djrst tjif bust `s jd jt w`s yfstfrm`y. ]hreuch thf goeums ed siekf `lm òtfrfm ay thf

"geif hjthfr" coew ed rfm `lm aouf auoas th`t erm` jlfm thf goua, hf steem wjth rfo`tjvf f`sf. `l eiljpetflt

syiaeo ed ` aeom `lm `lcry lfw @drjg`. J w`s jlst`ltoy ifsifrjzfm `lm weuom af der ojdf. Hf w`s a`rfghfstfm `lm sffifm eaojvjeus te thf thjl djoi ed swf`t th`t mfdjfm thf geeo wjlm afjlc mjspfrsfm ay

hucf gfjojlc d`ls àevf `lm th`t gevfrfm hjs sjlfwy faely drìf. Elf gjrgof - jl wh`t iust af seif typf ed

tr`mjtjelò Zerua` ghòk - flgjrgofm elf fyf i`kjlc hji oeek ierf ojkf ` wjlkjlc r`ggeel th`l `rcuàoy @drjg`'s

iest vjar`lt sjlcfr so`sh `gtjvjst. Jkfb`, jt js gjrg` o`tf 0:3> "]hf Whrjlf"

Aà` js Mf`m -- Aut Oelc Ojvf Aà`.

Jwfmj Ebjli`h

@ljkuo`pe-Kutj w`s thf eloy supfrst`r @drjg`l `rtjst whe w`s puaojgòoy

flc`cjlc rjtuò pr`gtjgfs whjof fxpoerjlc @drjg`l tr`mjtjelò iusjg.

Ghjkuku`lce Guxji`-Rw`. @lceo`l Aemy ^`jltjlc ^frderi`lgfs2

@rtjguo`tjels ed Mj`sperjg Mjsoeg`tjel, êstgeoeljòjsi `lm Jltfrguoturòjsi jl Arjt`jl.

@ljkuo`pe-Kutjs rjtuòjstjg gfrfieljfs jl hjs sf`rgh der mffpfr @drjg`l spjrjtuòjty `lm iemfrljty. J w`s d`sgjl`tfmte djlm eut th`t @ljkuo`pe-Kutj pfrderifm ojvf jl hjs shjlf fvfrym`y `t 12>>ì jl sjoflgf, p`yjlc rfspfgt te thf

Zerua` spjrjts ed Wh`lce, Jd`, Fshu `lm Ecul; thf sìf crf`t spjrjts th`t `rf deulm jl @dre-Gua`l, Ar`zjoj`l,

H`jtj`l `lm G`rjaaf`l guots `lm jl Lerth @ifrjg` jl veemee. Murjlc thfsf pfrderi`lgfs hf s`grjdjgfm ` ghjgkfl `s

` deri ed aofssjlc hjs iusjg (Eoerulyeiy, 1>>72 078). Hf s`grjdjgfm ` ghjgkfl te rfprfsflt thf pewfr `lm gress

gellfgtjels aftwffl thf vjsjaof iertò werom `lm thf jlvjsjaof jiiertò werom, thf ghjgkfl w`s thf if`ls `lm

`vfluf aftwffl thf twe weroms (Tfò, 1>>72 7:). ]hf tr`ddjg ed flfrcy `lm dergfs aftwffl thfi js sft-up murjlc thf

s`grjdjgf ed thf ghjgkfl. Sh`t J deulm `ppfòjlc w`s th`t, murjlc @ljkuo`pe-Kutjs rjtuòs ...thf jltflt `lm

fiph`sjs ed s`grjdjgf js let upel thf mf`th ed thf `ljiò, jt js upel thf tr`lsdusjel ed jts ojdf... drei thf physjgò te

spjrjtuò werom (Mfrfl, 1>>=2 104).Jl ethfr werms, dofsh `lm aoeem afgìf thf fssflgf ed ojdf `lm mf`th ` mjvjlf

flfrcy wjth thf cems jl Zerua` iytheoecjgò mjvjljty (Eoerulyeiy, 1>>72 076).

]e thf ^`l-@drjg`l werom, Dfo` w`s ` tewfrjlc djcurf whe `rcuàoy geiajlfm fofiflts ed purf `rtjstry, peojtjgò

pfrsfvfr`lgf, `lm ` iystjg, spjrjtuò gelsgjeuslfss jl ` w`y th`t le ethfr jlmjvjmuò fvfr h`s. Wpjrjtuòoy, ofss js

klewl àeut Dfo`, fxgfpt th`t hjs spjrjtuò vjsjel crfw drei thf @drjg`l tr`mjtjel `lm hjs afojfd jl thf suaojif

pewfr ed iusjgj`ls hjs mf`th w`s letfm jl thf Sfstfrl prfss ay lfwsp`pfrs `lm i`c`zjlfs r`lcjlc drei ]hf

Lfw Zerk ]jifs`lm]jifi`c`zjlf teQeoojlc Wtelf`lm Wpjl.

G`rtfr T`l ^fot, ]hf Af`t, 0::3


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^`cf

]hfy wfrf gfrt`jloy trf`tfm `s sugh ay thf Ljcfrj`l cevfrliflt, whjgh a`llfm hjs iusjg el cevfrliflt r`mje

st`tjels `lm h`r`ssfm, af`t `lm jiprjselfm Dfo` el ` luiafr ed egg`sjels. ]hf iest arutò jlgjmflt eggurrfm jl

0:33 whfl hulmrfms ed seomjfrs surreulmfm `lm evfrr`l hjs geiiulò heif, aurlfm jt te thf creulm, jlburfm

mezfls ed suppertfrs `lm rfsjmflts, af`t Dfo` hjisfod te ulgelsgjeuslfss, arekf hjs h`lms, `lm thrfw hjs sfvflty-sfvfl yf`r eom iethfr drei ` wjlmew, gùsjlc hfr jlburjfs drei whjgh shf o`tfr mjfm.

Jt w`s thjs `tt`gk th`t gfifltfm Dfo`'s rfveoutjel`ry peojtjgò geiijtiflts. Jt w`s òse `dtfr thjs `tt`gk th`t hf

i`rrjfm thf twflty-sfvfl weifl, m`lgfrs jl hjs a`lm, jl ` tr`mjtjelò trjaò gfrfiely, `l `gt wjth l`tjelòjst

evfrtelfs jl Ljcfrj` `lm `l `ddjri`tjel ed trjaò guoturf, geltfxts whjgh `rf mjddjguot der Sfstfrl ùmjflgfs te

`pprfgj`tf.



Ao`gk ^rfsjmflt2 ]hf @rt `lm Ofc`gy ed Dfo` @ljkuo`pe-KutjFxhjajtjel gur`tfm ay ]rfver Wgheeli`kfr der thf Lfw Iusfui

Buoy 00 - Wfptfiafr 18, 1>>7

Dfo` @ljkuo`pe-Kutj (0:78-:3) w`s ` iusjgò rfveoutjel`ry whe `ghjfvfm ` ofvfo ed st`rmei jl hjs l`tjvf Ljcfrj`

a`rfoy ji`cjlàof. @ gh`rjsi`tjg `lm geltrevfrsjò a`lmof`mfr wjth r`w sfx `ppfò, Dfo` w`s ` pewfrduo `gtjvjst `lm

`rcuàoy @drjg`'s iest pjelffrjlc `lm jldoufltjò iusjgj`l. Hf jlvfltfm ` lfw iusjgò cflrf gòofm @dreaf`t th`t

ifrcfm Ljcfrj`l hjchojdf iusjg, Zerua` pfrgussjel `lm @ifrjg`l dulk `lm b`zz jlte elf jldfgtjeus creevf.

Jlbfgtjlc peojtjgòoy gh`rcfm oyrjgs el tep ed thf iuotj-o`yfrfm rhythis, hjs iusjg afgìf ` gòo te `ris `c`jlst

tyr`lly `lm jlbustjgf.

@ df`rofss ghìpjel ed thf epprfssfm, Dfo` w`s òse ` utepj`l vjsjel`ry. Hf prego`jifm hjs geipeulm, whfrf hf

rfsjmfm wjth hjs fxtflmfm dìjoy, a`lm i`tfs `lm strfft teuchs, `l jlmfpflmflt l`tjel der thf i`rcjlòjzfm i`ssfs,drff drei thf o`ws `lm burjsmjgtjel ed thf Ljcfrj`l cevfrliflt. Hf gòofm thjs geultfrguoturf h`vfl thf Kò`kut`

(Ww`hjoj der "r`sgò") Qfpuaojg, lìfm `dtfr ` prjsel gfoo hf elgf eggupjfmd Dfo`'s d`gf-edds wjth thf cevfrliflt

turlfm vjeoflt el sfvfrò egg`sjels; ijojt`ry r`jms ed Kò`kut` jl 0:3= `lm 0:33 mfstreyfm thf geipeulm, arutòjzfm

jts jlhàjt`lts, `lm ofdt Dfo` hespjtòjzfm `lm jiprjselfm. @l òofcfm gurrflgy-siuccojlc vjeo`tjel whjof tryjlc te

ae`rm ` po`lf der hjs 0:8= @ifrjg`l teur ofm te hjs `rrfst `lm jiprjseliflt der evfr fjchtffl ielths.

Mfspjtf sugh `tt`gks, Dfo` rfi`jlfm ulmftfrrfm jl sprf`mjlc hjs iusjg `lm ifss`cf. Hf rfgermfm ierf th`l sfvflty

òauis `lm mfojvfrfm sfvfrò fofgtrjdyjlc pfrderi`lgfs ` wffk `t hjs ljchtgoua jl O`ces, thf @drjk` Whrjlf. Jt w`s

let eloy thf hettfst goua wjth thf dulkjfst iusjg jl @drjg`, aut ` po`gf ed peojtjgò fipewfriflt `lm spjrjtuò upojdt

whfrf thf Zerua` Erjsh` (cems) `lm hfrefs ed thf @drjg`l mj`sper` sugh `s Iògeoi X, Kwìf Lkrui`h, `lm

Dfo`'s iethfr, Eoudulijo`ye Q`lseif-Kutj, thf of`mfr ed thf Ljcfrj`l l`tjelò `lm dfijljst ievfiflts, wfrf

vflfr`tfm.

@t thf hfjcht ed hjs pepuo`rjty jl thf ijm-0:3>s, Dfo` teek te gòojlc hjisfod thf "Ao`gk ^rfsjmflt," ` ieljkfr

werthy ed hjs p`l-@drjg`l `ppfò `lm peojtjgò ìajtjels. Shfl hf p`ssfm `w`y `t thf `cf ed djdty-fjcht deooewjlc `

preoelcfm a`ttof wjth @JMW, ierf th`l ` ijoojel pfepof `ttflmfm hjs pregfssjelò dulfrò threuch thf strffts ed

O`ces. Dfo` h`s sjlgf `ghjfvfm `l jgeljg st`tus th`t sjtu`tfs hji òelcsjmf sugh geultfr-guoturò djcurfs `s Aea

I`rofy `lm Ghf Cufv`r`. Hjs iusjg h`s affl sìpofm, gevfrfm, `lm p`jm trjautf te ay `l ulafojfvàof `rr`y ed

`rtjsts `lm hf js ghfrjshfm ay iusjgj`ls drei ^ùo IgG`rtlfy te Ies Mfd. Mfspjtf thf geltrevfrsjfs surreulmjlc

hji, le elf g`l mfly hjs ar`vfry jl thf d`gf ed cevfrliflt arutòjty er thf d`gt th`t hf grf`tfm seif ed thf afst


8/45





^`cf

m`lgf iusjg fvfr rfgermfm. ]em`y Dfo`'s ofc`gy js aeth seafrjlc `lm jlspjr`tjelò, aut hjs ojdf `lm struccofs `rf `s

rfofv`lt `s fvfr.

Ao`gk ^rfsjmflt2 ]hf @rt `lm Ofc`gy ed Dfo` @ljkuo`pe-Kutj js ` grjtjgò iuotjifmj` fxpoer`tjel ed thf ojdf `lm

ofc`gy ed Dfo`, `lm thf djrst iusfui fxhjajtjel ed jts kjlm. @oelc wjth o`rcfoy lfw werk drei thjrty-deur

geltfiper`ry vjsuò `rtjsts, jt jlgoumfs meguiflt`ry phetecr`phy `lm vjmfe, `lm `l fxtflsjvf fxpoer`tjel jl seulmed Dfo`'s iusjgò hjstery `lm ofc`gy. ]hf `rtjsts' pfrselò jlvfstjc`tjels spf`k te thf werom jl whjgh Dfo` ojvfm `lm

te thf i`ly sjmfs ed hjs pfrselòjty-peojtjgò mjssjmflt, l`tjvjst spjrjtuòjst, ulà`shfm sfx syiaeo, husa`lm te

twflty-fjcht weifl, utepj`l vjsjel`ry, `lm iusjgò pjelffr.



]hus, Dfo` iust af geltjluòoy rfgrf`tfm `s thf ijsecyljst l`tjvf prfgjsfoy afgùsf hf geltjluòoy thrf`tfls te

fxgffm thesf aeulm`rjfs. Jl hjs iusjg, jl hjs oyrjgs, jl hjs puaojg pfrsel`, jl hjs ojdf, `lm fvfl jl hjs mf`th, thf

jtfr`tjels ed thf prf-fxjstjlc sgrjpts ed r`gf `lm sfx `rf rfgeiajlfm `lm rfgjrguo`tfm jl w`ys th`t òse werk te

mfstàjojzf thf aeulm`rjfs `lm ofcjtji`gy ed thfsf rfprfsflt`tjels. ^frh`ps jl thf let tee mjst`lt duturf, elf i`y djlm

` pestgeoeljò i`sguojljty afjlc `rtjguo`tfm jl thf sfrvjgf ed ` r`mjgò thjrm-werom dfijljsi, geipoftf wjth

peoycyly, `s ` ghòoflcf te thf jipojgjt jipfrjòjsi ed i`ly fxjstjlc Sfstfrl dfijljsis. ]hjs pessjajojty sffis le

ierf ulojkfoy th`l thf rfgflt tr`lsderi`tjels "quffr" jmfltjtjfs h`vf ulmfrcelf. Jd sugh ` thjlc h`ppfls, Dfo` wjoo

mfsfrvf seif ed thf grfmjt der prfp`rjlc `lm treuaojlc thf creulm el whjgh duturf jtfr`tjels ed pestgeoeljòi`sguojljtjfs wjoo t`kf po`gf.



thf rfpojg`tjel `lm fxp`lsjel ed meifstjg rjtuòs.

@s hàjtuò, gfrfieljò, `lm physjgò i`ljdfst`tjels ed ` weromvjfw,

rjtuòs mr`w pfepof tecfthfr

(Of`gh 0:44).

]hreuch rjtuò,

afojfds àeut thf uljvfrsf geif te af `gqujrfm, rfjldergfm,

`lm fvfltuòoy gh`lcfm

(Kfrtzfr 0:882:).

Qjtuòs h`vf affl usfm ay òo cevfrliflts te rfjldergf thfjr ofcjtji`gy.M`vjm J. Kfrtzfrs Qjtuò , eojt jgs, lm ewfr.

thf g`sf der stumyjlc peojtjgò rjtuòs `lm te fxpoerf thfjr iest jipert`lt gh`r`gtfrjstjgs.

Jl 1>0>, sfvfltffl @drjg`l st`tfs gfofar`tfm thfjr djdtjfth jlmfpflmflgf `lljvfrs`ry, heleurjlc thf m`tf whfl thfy

afgìf jlmfpflmflt drei thfjr derifr geoeljò i`stfrs. Iest ed thfi mjm se wjth iugh peip `lm p`cf`ltry aut

òse ìjmst grjtjgò rfdofgtjels ed mjs`ppejltfm hepfs `lm duturf ghòoflcfs. Ethfr geultrjfs, ojkf Lìjaj` `lm

Rjiaàwf, geiifier`tfm twflty er thjrty yf`rs ed jlmfpflmflgf. Ethfrs `w`jtfm thfjr syiaeojgòoy gh`rcfm

reulm ajrthm`ys `lm bust i`rkfm thfjr usuò `lluò l`tjelò m`ys.

G`reo` Ofltz]hf 1>0> jlmfpflmflgf buajoffs2

"J gìf a`gk heif wjth thf jltflt te gh`lcf thf wheof systfi.

J mjml't klew J w`s cejlc te h`vf ... sugh herrers! J mjml't klew thfy cell`

cjvf if sugh eppesjtjel afgùsf ed iy lfw @drjg`ljsi. "


9/45





^`cf

O`r`y Mflzfr jl Dfo` ]hjs Ajtgh ed ` Ojdf,

ay G`roes Ieerf

I`mlfss `lm Geoeljz`tjel, Qjgh`rm Kfoofr

^syghj`try jl thf Arjtjsh `lm Drflgh Fipjrfs, 08>>-0:41.

I. B. Djfom, Wf`rgh der Wfgurjty2 `l Fthle-psyghj`trjg stumy ed Qurò Ch`l` (Oelmel 0:4>). Djfom letfs `l `pp`rflt

gerrfo`tjel aftwffl ojtfr`gy `lm sghjzephrflj`, aut pejlts eut th`t, wjtheut rfojàof djcurfs el thf jlgjmflgf ed

ojtfr`gy wjthjl `cf-creup, le gof`r gelgousjels g`l af mr`wl2 J weuom ojkf te strfss th`t thjs gerrfo`tjel js, der

sfvfrò rf`sels, hjchoy ijsof`mjlc `lm mefs let pejlt te ` gelgousjel th`t sghjzephrflj` js gùsfm ay ojtfr`gy

(p.708). O`tfr jl thf aeek, whfl mjsgussjlc ghreljg sghjzephrflj`, shf i`kfs thjs pejlt `c`jl, gelgoumjlc th`t

'ojtfr`tf sghjzephrfljgs `rf ierf gelspjgueus th`l joojtfr`tf, aut let lfgfss`rjoy ierf luifreus' (p.=67). @ sjijo`r

gelgousjel w`s rf`ghfm ay C. ]eeth, whe òse werkfm el Ch`l`. Hf mr`ws `ttfltjel te thf d`gt th`t gfrt`jl

gjrguist`lgfs jl thf ojvfs ed ojtfr`tfs 'geiajlf te i`kf thf ojtfr`tf oul`tjg aeth preijlflt `lm segjòoy ul`ggfptàof

`lm, let ull`turòoy, succfst te thf g`suò easfrvfr th`t ojtfr`gy js jtsfod ` gùsò d`gter'. Hf gelgoumfs th`t 'thjs

survfy prevjmfs le fvjmflgf jl suppert ed thf hypethfsjs th`t psyghesjs js geiielfr jl thf Sfstfrljsfm creup th`l

jl thf rfst ed thf pepuo`tjel'. C. ]eeth, Wtumjfs jl Ifltò Joolfss jl thf Ceom Ge`st (Oelmel, 0:6>), gjtfm jl

G`rethfrs, ]hf @drjg`l Ijlm. ...

Dfo` @ljkuo`pe-Kutj w`s ` Ljcfrj`l iusjgò ofcflm `lm hui`l rjchts `gtjvjst. Hjs vjfws `lm fdderts el hui`l

rjchts wfrf `mijxturf ed pfrselò prjlgjpofs `lm segjftò jldouflgf. @ i`l ed geipofx gh`r`gtfr, Dfo` fxhjajtfm

thfsf threuch hjs selcs; thf geldojgt aftwffl tr`mjtjel `lm iemfrljsi, jlmjcfleus `lm derfjcl guoturfs `lm thf

rfsuot`lt fddfgt ed jmfltjty grjsjs jl @drjg`l segjfty. ]hf tyr`lly ed thf i`ssfs ay thf ruojlc go`ss `lm thf `ddouflt

wfrf thf i`ber thfifs ed hjs selcs. @s ` geur`cfeus fpjteif, Dfo` usfm hjs selcs te fmug`tf `lm flgeur`cf

epprfssfm @drjg`l pfepof te djcht der thfjr rjchts.

]hjs `rtjgof h`s mjsgussfm thf ojdf `lm hui`l rjcht `gtjvjsi ed Dfo` @ljkuo`pe-Kutj ay `meptjlc thf grjtjgò segje-

ajecr`phy thfery `s thf gelgfptuò drìfwerk. Hflgf, thf a`gkcreulm `lm thf jldouflgf ed jlmjvjmuòs `lm creups

po`yfm i`ber reofs el Dfo`s g`rrjfr `lm jl gh`rtjlc jmfeoecjgò af`rjlc wjth hjs ji`cf gof`roy mjspo`yfm. ]hf `rtjgof

h`s òse mjsgussfm thf fddfgts ed geoeljò ruof jl @drjg`, fgeleijg `lm segje-peojtjgò epprfssjel jl Ljcfrj` `lm thf

rfspelsf ed Dfo`s selcs te thfsf.

]fbuieo` Eo`ljy`ls aeek fxìjlfs thf `fsthftjg `lm peojtjgò mjiflsjels ed Dfo` @ljkuo`pe-Kutjs `dre-af`t, `

iusjgò jmjei th`t mr`ws drei iuotjpof styofs ojkf hjchojdf, b`zz, `lm v`rjftjfs ed jlmjcfleus @drjg`l iusjg, `lm

threuch whjgh Dfo` `mmrfssfm i`ly ed thf ghòoflcfs th`t afsft thf @drjg`l pestgeoeljò flvjreliflt.

Eo`ljy`l `rcufs th`t `dre-af`t, jl jts duoo i`turjty, gelstjtutfm thf mfleufiflt ed Dfo`s tr`lsderi`tjel drei `l

`peojtjgò hustofr te `l jmfeoecjgòoy geiijttfm `rtjst.

Iusjgò df`turfs ojkf iuotjo`yfrfm estjl`te p`ttfrls, gerreaer`tjvf pulgtu`tjels ed ar`ss jlstruiflts, seoe-meijl`tfm

gòo-rfspelserjò phr`sfs, `lm thf shffr dergf ed ` i`ssjvf flsfiaof, theuch jljtjòoy mfvejm ed `ly strelc peojtjgò

if`ljlc jl Dfo`s iusjg, weuom o`tfr afgeif af`rfrs ed ` mjssjmflt peojtjgò jmfeoecy.

Jl spjtf ed thf go`rjty ed Dfo`s peojtjgò ifss`cf, hewfvfr, ` sffijlc fofiflt ed ìajvòflgf pfrv`mfs hjs iusjg.

]`kf, der fxìpof, Dfo`s pfrsjstflt `mveg`gy ed `l ùthfltjg @drjg`l guoturf, `lm j ts lfc`tjel ed thf qujtf

gelsjmfràof jip`gt ed Furepf`l fofiflts el hjs iusjg. Eo`ljy`l fipoeys thf djcurf ed `ltjleiy te flc`cf sughgeltr`mjgtjels, `lm succfsts th`t Dfo`s iusjg js aeth ` syiptei `lm ` rfsjstfr ed ` iemfrljsi th`t js `t elgf

epprfssjvf `lm flgh`ltjlc. ]hf rfsert te `l joousjel`ry @drjg`l ùthfltjgjty w`s str`tfcjg te Dfo`s `ttfipt te

geldjcurf ` pretfgtfm sp`gf wjthjl whjgh hf geuom rfgo`ji `l `cflgy th`t hf afojfvfm h`m affl ulmfrijlfm ay

geoeljz`tjel `lm iemfrljty.

]fbuieo` Eo`ljy`l, @rrfst thf Iusjg! Dfo` `lm Hjs Qfafo @rt `lm êojtjgs

@ rfvjfw ay Aemf Eiebeo`, Ieult Heoyekf.


10/45





^`cf

MJFM. DFO@ @LJKV^@OE-KV]J [sjgY, 68, geldrelt`tjelò d`thfr ed @dre-Af`t; `dtfr suddfrjlc drei @JMW; jl

O`ces. Doìaey`lt `lm ul`peoecftjg--hf i`rrjfm 13 weifl jl elf i`ss gfrfiely--Dfo` ojkfm te strut àeut thf

st`cf go`m eloy jl arjfds. Hf wjfomfm hjs s`xephelf ojkf ` wf`pel, mjrfgtjlc jt `c`jlst thf Ljcfrj`l cevfrliflt jl

selcs ojkf T.J.^. (T`càelms jl êwfr). Hjs geiijtiflt jlveovfm ierf th`l bust `ttjtumf2 hf w`s drfqufltoy`rrfstfm `lm jl 0:8= w`s jiprjselfm.

"Ijofstelfs" eajtu`ry jl ]jifi`c`zjlf2

rjtuò

`gtjvjsithf g`sf der dfo` kutj

& ao`gk `drjg`thf pestgeoeljò geultry `lm pfrsel, thf emms `lm thfjr s`ljty;

el Kfoofrs I`mlfss `lm Geoeljz`tjel, Ougfres]hf êojtjgs ed Qjtuò.

Qjtuò der psyghjg `lm segjò ul`ljijty `lm wfoolfss.

Behl Hewf. Dfo` `ljkuo`pe kutj2 @l helfst i`l gh`r`gtfrjstjg ed Dfo`. Hf h`m le jltfrfst jl pfrdfgt phjoesephjg gerrfgtlfss whjgh h`s ` vfry ojijtfm reof jl

shewajz. @lm, jl `ly g`sf, wh`t wjth elf thjlc `lm `lethfr, geltr`mjgtjels ed ` seiftjifs p`jlduo sert wfrf

`pp`rflt jl Dfo`s ewl ojdf `lm heusfheom. Weif oyrjgs ` strjlc ed `l`rghjst soec`ls mjrfgtf m `c`jlst ` systfi,

`lm ` sfrjfs ed rfcjifs, th`t sffifm te cft stf`mjoy ierf vflò `lm epprfssjvf threucheut hjs werkjlc ojdf.

Dfo`s peojtjgò precrìif, te thf fxtflt th`t hf h`m elf, w`s pfrpftuòoy ulmfr gelstrugtjel; hjs peojtjgò

bumcfiflt w`s usuòoy h`sty, edtfl do`wfm, seiftjifs òiest pfrvfrsf; aut hjs peojtjgò prfbumjgfs - pre-@drjg`l,pre-ulmfrmec, `ltj-peip `lm `ltj-jlbustjgf - wfrf cflfròoy seulm. ]hfy `rf cut dffojlcs sh`rfm ay iest @drjg`ls.

Shfl Dfo` spekf - `s hf edtfl mjm - jl thf lìf ed @drjg`, hf i`y h`vf affl prebfgtjlc seif ed thf `ttjtumfs ed `

dìeus, fggfltrjg, suggfssduo, Sfstfrljzfm, uppfr-go`ss Zerua` `l`rghjst `lm aehfij`l el ` o`rcfoy

ulgeiprfhflmjlc geltjlflt; aut pfepof òse ulmfrsteem th`t thf @drjg` hf rfdfrrfm te w`s ` geoeljzfm @drjg` whesf

prjv`tf hjstery h`m affl mjsruptfm ay eutsjmf dergfs `lm lffmfm te af rfoùlghfm. ]hjs kl`gk ed afjlc wrelc, aut

rjcht, flmf`rfm Dfo` te hjs gelstjtuflts, aut òse puzzofm fvfryelf `lm flr`cfm thf pewfrduo jlmjvjmuòs jipojgjtoy

grjtjgjzfm, `t thf sìf tjif prevjmjlc thfi wjth ìiuljtjel te usf `c`jlst hji.



der thf 'cr`lmiethfrs' (yfyf) ed thf Ereyfyf dfstjvò rfgevfr rfprfssfm hjsterjgò

ifierjfs `lm myl`stjg go`jis th`t, jl tjifs ed grjsjs, g`l trjccfr segjò `lm peojtjgò gh`lcf.

thf 'g`lòjsjlc' dulgtjels ed s`lgtjelfm easgfljty `lm àusf `rf d`r drei h`riofss pòoj`tjvfs der thesf ulmfr

`tt`gk. Ler me thfy ifrfoy rfmrfss `ltjsegjò afh`vjeur, der thf 'cr`lmiethfrs' (yfyf) ed thf Ereyfyf dfstjvò


11/45





^`cf

rfgevfr rfprfssfm hjsterjgò ifierjfs `lm myl`stjg go`jis th`t, jl tjifs ed grjsjs, g`l trjccfr segjò `lm peojtjgò

gh`lcf. ]ruf ay mfdjljtjel, Ereyfyf tfxts let eloy gelstjtutf `l fddfgtjvf deri ed peojtjgò grjtjgjsi-jl elf dìeus

g`sf ròoyjlc thf puaojg te mfpesf `l frr`lt Ea` (kjlc) - aut òse fstàojsh ` puaojg `rghjvf ed fvjmflgf der oegò

i`cjstr`tfs `lm hjsterj`ls jl `mmugjlc tfstjiely, gjtjlc prfgfmflts, `lm rfgòojlc grjtjgò ieiflts jl @yfmf's

turauoflt p`st.

...Der gfltrò te Fv`ls-^rjtgh`rm's `rcuiflt w`s thf jlsjcht th`t s`lgtjelfm easgfljtjfs i`mf segjò sflsf ay

gh`llfoojlc rfprfssfm mfsjrf `lm 'pflt-up fietjel' (jajm.2 :6) jlte h`riofss 'pòoj`tjvfs' (jajm.2 0>>) `lm geoofgtjvf

`gtjvjtjfs th`t wfrf cflfròoy (aut let fxgousjvfoy) s`lgtjdjfm ay gfrfieljò.

thfsf selcs wjthjl ` v`rjfty ed shjdtjlc geltfxts, r`lcjlc drei thf spfgjdjg segjò prebfgt ed thf dfstjvò jtsfod-

whjgh js te estr`gjsf thjfvfs `lm stjci`tjsf 'fvjomefrs'-te thf sfxuò, segje-peojtjgò `lm hjsterjgò 'sua-tfxts' whjgh,

whfl vejgfm, `ggeult der jts mffpfr if`ljlcs `lm rjtuò pewfr. Jl se mejlc, J hepf te ce afyelm g`leljgò `ggeults

ed hew rjtuòjsfm estr`gjsi upheoms cflfrò leris ed segjàjojty

Ijgh`fo F. Tfò, Dfo`2

]hf Ojdf `lm ]jifs ed `l @drjg`l Iusjgò Jgel

@ rfvjfw ay W`zj MjìjljL`tjvjsi jl pestgeoeljò guoturò premugtjel js let ` rfbfgtjel ed thf flgeultfr wjth Furepf er ed iemfrljty `s sugh;

jt mefs let df`r epfllfss, `lm hyarjmjty js let òjfl te jt. Sh`t jt oìflts js thf "dergfm lfgfssjty"0> ed thf l`tjvf te

g`pjtuo`tf, `ppreprj`tf, er aerrew2 ` gh`r`gtfrjstjg gelmj5 tjel ed g`pjtòjst iemfrljty th`t ruofs eut fquòjty jl

`mv`lgf. Dfo`'s l`tjvjsi js let `l `t`vjstjg rfturl te reets aut ` rfgo`jijlc ed "ùthfltjg suabfgtjvjty"2 ` suabfgtjvjty

th`t fxprfssfs, th`t js, suabfgts, jtsfod "drffoy" wjtheut thf fofiflt ed ` grumfoy eavjeus geipuosjel; thf pewfr `lm

ùteleiy ed @drjg` te sfod-mjrfgt jtsfod `lm jts po`gf jl thf werom.

@rrfst thf Iusjg! ]fbuieo` Eo`ljy`l

Dfo` `lm Hjs Qfafo @rt `lm êojtjgs

Wff òse Ofdfavrf's usfduo stumy (048-178). 1. @s jl i`ly ethfr `rf`s ed geltfiper`ry @drjg`l jltfoofgtuò

premugtjel jl whjgh jt `ppf`rs, "l`tjvjsi," suppesfmoy thf goìereus 'rfturl-te-reets' rf`d- djri`tjel ed l`tjvf,

jlmjcfleus tr`mjtjels `c`jlst ` stjdojlc flgre`ghiflt ay thf derfjcl, h`s ` vfry fo`stjg gh`r`gtfr. L`tjvjsi hfrf h`sstr`lcfoy rfdusfm te af aeulm ay jts gelgfptuò "trjaò" er fthljg mfojijt`tjel, `lm h`s affl ul`peoecftjgòoy

tr`lsl`tjelò, geltjlfltò. Jl ethfr werms, l`tjvjsi jl @drjg`l mjsgeursfs r`rfoy spf`ks se iugh jl thf lìf ed thjs

er th`t fthljg guoturf `s ed @drjg`l guoturfs cflfròoy. Ermjl`rjoy, sugh tr`lsl`tjelòjsi g`l h`rmoy af mfsgrjafm `s

"l`tjvjst"; th`t js, jt cflfròoy js lew ` tfstìflt te thf pewfr `lm àjojty ed Furepf`l r`gjòjsi te ghf`pfl `lm

sjipojdy geipofxjty jl jts ewl jltfrfst.

Wff, der jlst`lgf, Hewf's usfduo `lòysjs2 "Shfl Dfo` spekf `s hf edtfl mjm jl thf lìf ed '@drjg`', hf i`y h`vf

affl prebfgtjlc seif ed thf `ttjtumfs ed ` dìeus, fggfltrjg, suggfssduo, Sfstfrljzfm, uppfr-go`ss Zerua` `l`rghjst

`lm aehfij`l el ` o`rcfoy ulgeiprfhflmjlc geltjlflt; aut pfepof ulmfrsteem th`t thf @drjg` hf rfdfrrfm te w`s `

geoeljzfm @drjg` whesf prjv`tf hjstery h`m affl mjsruptfm ay eutsjmf dergfs `lm lffmfm te af rfoùlghfm. ]hjs

kl`gk ed afjlc wrelc, aut rjcht, flmf`rfm Dfo` te hjs gelstjtuflts. . . ." (07>; fiph`sjs `mmfm). ]hjs js wh`t K`ro

I`rx if`ls jl elf ed hjs foequflt gh`r`gtfrjz`tjels ed g`pjtòjst iemfrljty2 Jt geipfos òo l`tjels, el thf p`jl ed

fxtjlgtjel, te `mept thf aeurcfejs iemf ed premugtjel; jt geipfos thfi te jltremugf wh`t jt gòos gjvjojz`tjel jltethfjr ijmst, j.f., te afgeif aeurcfejs thfisfovfs. Jl elf werm, jt grf`tfs ` werom `dtfr jts ewl ji`cf" (8=).

Zft wjthjl thjs uljvfrsòjty, thf jlhfrflt iuotjpojgjty ed rjtuò pr`gtjgfs,

aeth aftwffl `lm wjthjl guoturfs, òse rfdofgts thf duoo mjvfrsjty ed thf hui`l fxpfrjflgf.


12/45





^`cf

Qjtuò, Kfvjl G`rrjge

Elojlf beurlò, Guoturò @lthrepeoecy


]frflgf E. Q`lcfr

Drei th`t pfrspfgtjvf jt i`y wfoo af th`t lewhfrf js thfrf ierf tòk àeut gh`lcf th`l jl @drjg`. Zft, wjthjl @drjg`,dfw g`l rfòoy trjccfr gh`lcf. Hfrfjl ojfs thf crf`t `cely ed @drjg`'s pepuo`r sfltjiflts.... ]e mfsgrjaf pfepof's

ievfiflts jl @drjg` jt js lfgfss`ry te rfgecljsf thfjr ulmfr-oyjlc `ttjtumf, whjgh js elf ed `gtjvf w`jtjlc `lm `gtjvf

hepf.... ]e eutojvf thf rfprfssjel, jl jts v`rjeus deris, js te c`jl vjgtery.

Ojs` B. Ougfre, ]hf êojtjgs ed Qjtuò2

]hf Fifrcflgf ed Go`ssjg I`y` Quofrs.

Fifrcjlc of`mfrs i`y rfpojg`tf `lm fxp`lm tr`mjtjelò rjtuòs te jltfcr`tf jlgrf`sjlcoy o`rcfr luiafrs ed pfepof,

`mv`lgf peojtjgò `cflm`s, `lm sjtu`tf peojtjgò gh`lcf wjthjl klewl guoturò gelstrugts. Qjtuò fvflts flàof thfi

let eloy te preietf surpous premugtjel aut, ierf sjcljdjg`lt, te `ppreprj`tf jt `lm surpous dulms `l fxp`lmjlc

peojtjgò fgeleiy `s wfoo `s gfrfieljfs `lm ethfr puaojg fvflts.

@ Grjtjgò Oeek `t Jlmjgfs Vsfm jl thf Wtumy ed Wegjò Gh`lcf jl Geoeljò @drjg`

Afrl`rm I`cua`lf

Srjtfs Iph`hofof (0:432 74-73)2 J h`vf `ssjijo`tfm thf fmug`tjel eloy thf Sfst h`m te eddfr if. J w`s areucht up

el Furepf`l hjstery `lm ojtfr`turf `lm rfojcjel `lm i`mf te jmfltjdy wjth Furepf`l hfrefs whjof @drjg`l hfrefs

wfrf afjlc mjsgrfmjtfm, fxgfpt thesf th`t afgìf Ghrjstj`ls er sjclfm `w`y thfjr o`lm `lm drffmei; whjof @drjg`l

cems wfrf afjlc siekfm eut. ]hf styof ed `lòysjs usfm jl thfsf stumjfs h`s `gtfm, peojtjgòoy `s wfoo `s

segjeoecjgòoy, `s ` pewfrduo iystjdjg`tjel ed thf rfò segjò dergfs `t werk. Jt wjoo af shewl o`tfr jl thjs p`pfr th`t

thf pessjajojty ed peojtjgò `gtjel ay @drjg`ls te gh`lcf thf st`tus que h`s affl mfljfm jipojgjtoy ay thf w`y jl

whjgh segjò gh`lcf h`s affl gelgfptuòjzfm. ]hfsf stumjfs `rf ` a`m fxìpof ed wh`t Ijoos (0:402 6=) gòos

àstr`gtfm fipjrjgjsi2 Jlsed`r `s stumjfs ed str`tjdjg`tjel h`vf affl melf jl thf lfw styof, le lfw gelgfptjels h`vf

`rjsfl.

I`zj Ekere Ebj`ku,

Furepf`l trjaòjsi `lm @drjg`l l`tjelòjsi

]e thf mfcrff th`t hf fiaemjfs aeth thfsf v`ryjlc leris, hf werks wjthjl twe sfts ed syiaeos `t thf sìf

tjif, wjth rfsuot`lt mjsh`riely `lm jlgelsjstflgy jl hjs segjò pfrselòjty. ]hjs òse of`ms te drfquflt

geldojgt aftwffl pfrsels; elf's afh`vjeur js qujgkoy sffl ay ethfrs `s mfvj`lt.

Sh`t js p`rtjguo`roy uljquf àeut thf segjfty jl cflfrò `lm thf gjty jl p`rtjguo`r, js thf d`gt th`t thf jlmjvjmuò af`rs

wjthjl hjisfod twe tetòoy mjddfrflt `lm jlv`rjàoy jlgeip`tjaof vòufs `lm afojfds 2 @s ` ifiafr ed thf tr`mjtjelò

segjfty hf af`rs wjth hji thf leris `lm vòufs ed hjs segjfty; `s elf òse fxpesfm te thf vòufs ed thf Sfst, hf

g`rrjfs thf aurfùgr`tjg vòufs fiph`sjzfm ay thf geoeljsfr. ]e thf mfcrff th`t hf fiaemjfs aeth thfsf v`ryjlc

leris, hf werks wjthjl twe sfts ed syiaeos `t thf sìf tjif, wjth rfsuot`lt mjsh`riely `lm jlgelsjstflgy jl hjs

segjò pfrselòjty. ]hjs òse of`ms te drfquflt geldojgt aftwffl pfrsels; elf's afh`vjeur js qujgkoy sffl ay ethfrs `smfvj`lt. @s wjth thf jlmjvjmuò se wjth thf gjty, whjgh afgùsf jt gelt`jls aeth thf tr`mjtjelò `s wfoo `s wfstfrl

st`lm`rms ed vòuf `lm pr`gtjgf, òse fiaemjfs geldojgt `lm mjsh`riely. ]hjs geldojgt i`ljdfsts jtsfod tem`y jl

tr`mjtjelò l`tjelòjsi, `s rfdofgtfm jl thf deri`tjel ed thf v`rjeus kjlms ed erc`ljz`tjels wjth ` strelc tjlcf ed

tr`mjtjelòjsi, jl thf lfw ura`l gfltfrs.


13/45





^`cf

Afoo's Qjtuò ]hfery, Qjtuò ^r`gtjgf

[QYjtuò h`s sjiuot`lfeusoy afgeif `l eabfgt, ` ifthem, `lm fvfl seifthjlc ed ` styof ed sgheo`rshjp el thf

@ifrjg`l `g`mfijg sgflf.Weif thferjsts h`vf trjfm te aujom el `lm jiprevf pfrderi`lgf thfery, aut thfy

`rf stjoo vuolfràof te grjtjqufs, sugh `s thf d`gt th`t seiftjifs rjtuò jslt ` pfrderi`lgf aut js jltflmfm te

gùsf gh`lcf jl thf eutsjmf werom (=7)

Qjtuò cjvfs sh`pf `lm if`ljlc te segjfty `lm guoturf.

Mr. Afoos geltrjautjel te thf djfom ed rjtuò stumjfs dercfm ` lfw drìfwerk der mfdjljlc rjtuò `s ` sjtu`tjelò `lm

str`tfcjg `gtjvjty hfr dulmìfltò rf-ji`cjljlc ed thf l`turf `lm dulgtjel ed rjtuòjz`tjel - thf tfri Afoo

prfdfrrfm whfl spf`kjlc ed rjtuò `s ` deri ed prjvjofcfm `gtjel - derfvfr òtfrfm eur gelgfptjel ed thf sjipof

mjgheteijfs ed afojfd `lm afh`vjer, thf jlmjvjmuò `lm thf geoofgtjvf, thf s`grfm `lm thf pred`lf.

Qfz` @so`l el G`thfrjlf Afoos Qjtuò2 ^frspfgtjvfs `lm Mjiflsjels.

]hf Wflsf ed Qjtuò thf prji`gy ed thf segjò `gt jtsfod, hew jts str`tfcjfs `rf oemcfm jl thf vfry mejlc ed

thf `gt, `lm hew rjtuòjz`tjel js ` str`tfcjg w`y ed `gtjlc jl spfgjdjg segjò sjtu`tjels. ]hf drìfwerk ed

rjtuòjz`tjel g`sts ` lfw ojcht el thf purpesf ed rjtuò `gtjvjty, jts segjò fddjg`gy, `lm jts fiaemjiflt jl

geipofx tr`mjtjels `lm systfis.

Qjtuò klewofmcf afgìf let seifthjlc fxtfrlò te mejlc er afjlc,

aut r`thfr '` i`ttfr ed p`rtjgjp`tjel jl thf elcejlc mrì` ed thf werom' (B`gksel 0:8:, 06).

Qjgh`rm G. B`lkewsky, ]hf Aemy jl ^frderi`lgf,

Iusjg, Wpjrjt êssfssjel `lm thf Jl-Aftwffl


G`thfrjlf Afoo

rjtuò `s tr`mjtjelò, geoofgtjvf rfprfsflt`tjel, jipoyjlc th`t thf letjel ed jlmjvjmuò

er jlvfltfm rjtuò w`s ` geltr`mjgtjel jl tfris.

]hf tflmflgy te thjlk ed rjtuò `s fssfltjòoy ulgh`lcjlc h`s celf h`lm jl h`lm wjth thf fquòoy geiiel

`ssuiptjel th`t fddfgtjvf rjtuòs g`llet af jlvfltfm. Vltjo vfry rfgfltoy, iest pfepofs geiielsflsf letjel ed

rjtuò if`lt th`t seifelf geuom let sjipoy mrfì up ` rjtf th`t weuom werk thf w`y tr`mjtjelò rjtuò h`s werkfm.

Wugh ` phfleiflel, jd jt geuom h`ppfl, weuom sffi te ulmfrijlf thf jipert`lt reofs cjvfl te geiiuljty, gustei,

`lm gelsflsus jl eur ulmfrst`lmjlc ed rfojcjel `lm rjtuò.

]hf dulmìfltò fddjg`gy ed rjtuò `gtjvjty

ojfs jl jts àjojty te h`vf pfepof fiaemy `ssuiptjels àeut thfjr po`gf jl ` o`rcfr

ermfr ed thjlcs.




th`t rf`sel, pfrh`ps, iugh crf`tfr wfjcht `ppf`rs te dòo el thf mjiflsjel ed fddjg`gy. ]hfrf js jlgrf`sfm prfssurf

der thf jlvfltfm rjtf te shew th`t jt werks; thjs js wh`t ofcjtji`tfs thf rjtf sjlgf thfrf js le tr`mjtjel te me thjs.


14/45





^`cf

Ed geursf, thf fxpfgt`tjels ed wh`t jt if`ls te werk `rf òse let thf sìf `s der tr`mjtjelò rjtuòs, der whjgh le elf

`skfm whfthfr thf rjtf werkfm, bust whfthfr jt w`s melf gerrfgtoy. Jl seif segjftjfs `lm gesieoecjfs, gerrfgt

pfrderi`lgf ed ` rjtuò i`mf jt fddfgtjvf whfthfr yeu w`ltfm jt te af er let.

Qjtuò, `ltj-strugturf, `lm rfojcjel, I`thjfu Mfdofi@ mjsgussjel ed Tjgter ]urlfr's pregfssuò syiaeojg `lòysjs

@oo rjtuòs, jt sffis, `rf jl ]urlfr's pfrspfgtjvf rfojcjeus; thfy òo "gfofar`tf er geiifier`tf tr`lsgflmflt pewfrs"

(T. ]urlfr `lm F. ]urlfr 0:8121>0). Wtjoo, ]urlfr mjm vjfw rjtuòs jl iemfrl jlmustrjò segjfty `s h`vjlc seif

gh`r`gtfrjstjgs mjddfrflt drei thf trjaò rjtuòs hf stumjfm jl Lmfiau segjfty. Jl trjaò segjftjfs "òo ojdf js pfrv`mfm

ay jlvjsjaof jldouflgfs" (]urlfr 0:34`26>3). Jl thjs w`y, trjaò segjftjfs `rf wheooy rfojcjeus, `lm rjtuò `gtjels

surreulmjlc thfjr rfojcjels `rf "l`tjelwjmf"; thfy `rf erjfltfm tew`rms "òo ifiafrs ed thf wjmfst fddfgtjvf

geiiuljty" (]urlfr 0:33a2=6). Jl iemfrl segjftjfs, el thf ethfr h`lm, rfojcjel js "rfc`rmfm `s seifthjlc

`p`rt drei eur fgeleijg, peojtjgò, meifstjg `lm rfgrf`tjelò ojdf.

Qjtuò, `ltj-strugturf, `lm rfojcjel, I`thjfu Mfdofi

Qjtuò ay Kfvjl G`rrjgeZft wjthjl thjs uljvfrsòjty, thf jlhfrflt iuotjpojgjty ed rjtuò pr`gtjgfs,

aeth aftwffl `lm wjthjl guoturfs, òse rfdofgts thf duoo mjvfrsjty ed thf hui`l fxpfrjflgf.

Hew mefs rjtuò drìf eur segjò fxpfrjflgfs5

Sh`t `rf thf rfo`tjelshjps aftwffl rjtuò syiaeos

`gress segjò djfoms5 She fxfrgjsfs geltreo jl rjtuòs;

er me rjtuòs fxfrgjsf geltreo upel thfjr `gters5

Qjtuò js `rcuàoy ` uljvfrsò df`turf ed hui`l segjò fxjstflgf2 bust `s elf g`llet flvjsjel ` segjfty wjtheut

o`lcu`cf er fxgh`lcf, elf weuom af fquòoy h`rm-prfssfm te ji`cjlf ` segjfty wjtheut rjtuò. @lm whjof thf werm

rjtuò geiieloy arjlcs te ijlm fxetjgjzfm ji`cfs ed prjijtjvf ethfrs mjojcfltoy flc`cfm jl iystjgò `gtjvjtjfs,

elf g`l djlm rjtuòs, aeth s`grfm `lm sfguo`r, threucheut iemfrl segjfty2 geoofgtjvf fxpfrjflgfs, drei thf

Eoyipjgs te thf geiifier`tjel ed l`tjelò tr`cfmjfs; gygojgò c`thfrjlcs, drei wffkoy gelcrfc`tjels `t thf oegòghurgh te thf `lluò turkfy g`rvjlc `t ]h`lkscjvjlc te thf jltexjg`tjel ed I`rmj Cr`s; `lm pfrselò ojdf-p`ttfrls,

drei ierljlc creeijlc reutjlfs te thf w`ys jl whjgh wf crfft `lm jltfr`gt wjth elf `lethfr. Qjtuò js jl d`gt `l

jlfvjtàof geipelflt ed guoturf, fxtflmjlc drei thf o`rcfst-sgòf segjò `lm peojtjgò pregfssfs te thf iest jltji`tf

`spfgts ed eur sfod-fxpfrjflgf. Zft wjthjl thjs uljvfrsòjty, thf jlhfrflt iuotjpojgjty ed rjtuò pr`gtjgfs, aeth aftwffl

`lm wjthjl guoturfs, òse rfdofgts thf duoo mjvfrsjty ed thf hui`l fxpfrjflgf. Jt w`s thfl lfjthfr purf gejlgjmflgf ler

prjijtjvjst fxetjgjz`tjel th`t po`gfm rjtuò `t thf gfltfr ed thf mfvfoepiflt ed `lthrepeoecjgò theucht2 jt w`s jlstf`m

rjtuòs rjgh petfltjò jlsjchts `s `l eabfgt ed segjeguoturò `lòysjs.

M`lly K`po`l ]hf Welcs ed thf Wjrfl2 Flcjlffrjlc L`tjelò ]jif el Jsr`foj Q`mje,

thf reof ed iusjg r`mje jl sh`pjlc geoofgtjvf fxpfrjflgf `lm l`tjelò sfltjiflt.^`rtjguo`roy `t tjifs ed l`tjelò geiifier`tjel er fifrcflgy, K`po`l `rcufs th`t Jsr`foj mjsg begkfys mr`w upel `

geiiel hàjtus te premugf ` uljdjfm iusjgò `tiesphfrf whjgh flcjlffrs l`tjelò ieem shjdts, `t elgf po`yjlc `

gfltrò reof jl mftfrijljlc thf jipert`lgf ed fvflts wjthjl puaojg gelsgjeuslfss, whjof òse `ddjrijlc l`tjelò

jmfltjty threuch thf gelstrugtjel ed geoofgtjvf fxpfrjflgf. K`po`ls g`sf let eloy mr`ws `ttfltjel te thf fxp`lsjel ed

rjtuòjstjg geoofgtjvf fxpfrjflgfs afyelm oegò ùmjflgfs threuch thf mfvfoepiflt ed iemfrl i`ss ifmj`, aut òse

hjchojchts thf fssfltjò reof ed rjtuò jl thf premugtjel `lm rfpremugtjel ed thf iemfrl l`tjel-st`tf.


15/45





^`cf

Qjtuò klewofmcf afgìf let seifthjlc fxtfrlò te mejlc er afjlc,

aut r`thfr '` i`ttfr ed p`rtjgjp`tjel jl thf elcejlc mrì` ed thf werom' (B`gksel 0:8:, 06).

Behl Ao`gkjlc flc`cfm jl ` sjijo`r sf`rgh der if`ljlc r`thfr th`l fxpo`l`tjel

ìelc thf Tflm`, drei whei hf of`rlfm th`t iusjg, whfl pfrderifm wfoo, jl thf prepfr geltfxt `lm

der thf rjcht pfrsel, flàofs ` m`lgfr te 'geif d`gf te d`gf wjth hfr/hjs ethfr sfod,

thf rfò sfod ed thf `lgfster spjrjt' (0:86, 43)


Iusjg, Wpjrjt êssfssjel `lm thf Jl-Aftwffl

Qjtuò `lm Iytheoecjgò Qfgupfr`tjel jl thf Mrì` ed Fsjà` Jreaj

Jsjmerf Mjò Qfgrf`tjlc jl tfris ed geltfiper`ry fxpfrjflgf sjtu`tjels jl whjgh rjtuò h`m gecflgy, `lm trf`tjlc iyths `s

iòofàof l`rr`tjvfs g`pàof ed ùtherjzjlc `l jmfeoecjgò pesjtjel, hjs `ttfipts `t thf fxp`lsjel ed Jcae rjtuò jlte

geltfiper`ry (Ljcfrj`l) ojdf `rf sjcljdjg`ltoy i`rkfm ay ` mffp afojfd jl thf rfojcjeus fddjg`gy ed rjtuò. Jreaj's

thf`tfr js stjoo ` heusf ed d`jth jl whjgh thf gfrfiely ed mrì` mefs let eloy prevjmf spfgt`gof `lm fltfrt`jlifltaut js òse `jifm `t rfseovjlc pr`gtjgò preaofis jl segjfty2 `l jmfeoecjgò rfseoutjel ed thf peojtjgò jip`ssf th`t h`s

gh`r`gtfrjzfm thf pest-geoeljò st`tf.

Jl rfòjty, hf guotjv`tfs `lm h`rlfssfs thf `lgjflt petflgy `sgrjafm te rjtuò te ùthfltjg`tf ` lfw sfguo`r vjsjel. Hjs

fxp`lsjel ed rjtuò jlte ojdf `lm cjvjlc ed ` sfguo`r a`sf te th`t ojdf js jlmffm i`rkfm ay `l jgelego`stjg prebfgtjel ed

tr`mjtjelò Jcae p`r`mjcis te d`gjojt`tf sfguo`r prebfgts. Jreaj js easfssfm ay thf pessjajojty ed thf rfcflfr`tjel ed `

segjfty oàerjlc ulmfr thf aurmfl ed cujot.


Iusjg, Wpjrjt êssfssjel `lm thf Jl-AftwfflJl êwfr `lm ^frderi`lgf, Beh`llfs Dàj`l gòos `ttfltjel te thf vòuf ed `tt`jljlc pr`g tjgò `s eppesfm te ifrfoy

mjsgursjvf klewofmcf threuch pfrderijlc wjth ethfrs. ]hjs klewofmcf js fiaemjfm jl ievfiflts, cfsturfs `lm

jltfr`gtjels. Goesfoy òojfm wjth thf fthes ed r`mjgò fipjrjgjsi (`lm `ptoy prfsfltfm jl iusjgò tfris), hf mfsgrjafsthjs kjlm ed flc`cfiflt `s ` sjtu`tjel jl whjgh 'thf fthlecr`phfr mefs let gòo thf tulf, aut po`ys òelc' (0::>, 08).

Jl thf geltfxt ed stìafoj rjtuò, 'po`yjlc òelc,' jl jts ojtfrò sflsf, if`lt sylghreljzjlc iy sjlcjlc `lm shq5shjq

po`yjlc wjth thf rfst ed thf sull5', deooewjlc thf edtfl suatof gufs ed thf yjll`, mjrfgtjlc eur iusjgò flfrcjfs

tew`rms thf tr`lgf m`lgfr `lm hfr pessfssjlc spjrjt, `lm fltfrt`jljlc `l ùmjflgf. ]hfsf iuotjpof `lm sjiuot`lfeus

jltfr`gtjels, `ggermjlc te ]hei`s B. Gserm`s, `rf usfduooy gelstrufm `s 'sei`tjg iemfs ed `ttfltjel', whjgh `rf

'guoturòoy foàer`tfm w`ys ed `ttflmjlc te `lm wjth elf's aemy jl surreulmjlcs th`t jlgoumf thf fiaemjfm prfsflgf

ed ethfrs' (1>>1, 1==). Jl thf hf`t ed ` stìafoj pfrderi`lgf, iy aemjoy fxpfrjflgf w`s iuotjo`yfrfm. Qjtuò

klewofmcf afgìf let seifthjlc fxtfrlò te mejlc er afjlc, aut r`thfr '` i`ttfr ed p`rtjgjp`tjel jl thf elcejlc

mrì` ed thf werom' (B`gksel 0:8:, 06).

@drjg`l Qjtuòs ed Geldojgt, Fmw`rm Lerafgk

Cougki`l's wrjtjlcs el gusteis ed @drjg`l pfepofs `rf ìelc thf f`rojfst `lthrepeoecjgò werks th`t prfsflt

hypethfsfs gelgfrljlc segjòoy jltfcr`tjvf fddfgts ed fxprfssjels ed geldojgt. Cougki`l's grjtjgjsi (0:=:`2 0>) ed

Iòjlew-skj der hjs "rfdusò te sff geldojgt `s ` iemf ed jltfcr`tjlc creups `lm te rfgec-ljzf th`t hestjojty aftwffl

creups js ` deri ed segjò aò`lgf" js pfrh`ps thf djrst fxpojgjt fxprfssjel ed thjs pejlt ed vjfw ay `l `lthrepoecjst.

Cougki`l's jltfrprft`tjels `rf ulusuò jl `lethfr rfspfgt.


16/45





^`cf


Mfrfk Wt`levsky, Dfo` `lm Hjs SjvfsHewfvfr, jd g`pturjlc `l ji`cjlfm, oest @drjg`l purjty js let thf ceò, thfl pfrh`ps Dfo` js ` vfry ceem ghejgf `s `

rfprfsflt`tjvf ed @drjg`l iusjg. Hjs iusjg js ` premugt ed @drjg`'s geoeljò `lm pestgeoeljò hjstery `lm `s sughrfprfsflts thf prfsflt rfòjtjfs ed @drjg`. Sh`t Dfo` o`gks jl purjty ed l`tjvf ùthfltjgjty, hf ierf th`l i`kfs up der

jl rjghlfss ed pestgeoeljò dusjel. Der Dfo`, thf jmfltjty ed "@drjg`l" h`s ` usf jl hjs p`l-@drjg`l peojtjgs der

aujomjlc seojm`rjty `gress l`tjelò aeulm`rjfs `lm `gress ojlcujstjg `lm guoturò a`rrjfrs jl `l fddert te aujom `l

jltfrl`tjelò peojtjgò ievfiflt.

Jl ]jifi`c`zjlf, thf fpjthft ed "@drjg`l" sfrvfs ierf te heiecfljzf `lm easgurf thf rfò mjddfrflgfs ìelc

@drjg`ls drei thf c`zf ed Sfstfrl fyfs, `lm grf`tfs `l ji`cjlfm, òiest iythjg, sp`gf gòofm "@drjg`" whjgh `gts `s

` rfpesjtery der ` hest ed Sfstfrl df`rs `lm mfsjrfs. Jl elf g`sf thf ceò js te evfrgeif mjddfrflgfs; jl thf ethfr jt js

te mfly thf fxjstflgf ed thesf mjddfrflgfs.

]hf tfxt ed thf arjfd "Ijofstelfs" eajtu`ry jl ]jifi`c`zjlf rf`ms jl jts fltjrfty2

MJFM. DFO@ @LJKV^@OE-KV]J [sjgY, 68, geldrelt`tjelò d`thfr ed @dre-Af`t; `dtfr suddfrjlc drei @JMW; jl

O`ces. Doìaey`lt `lm ul`peoecftjg--hf i`rrjfm 13 weifl jl elf i`ss gfrfiely--Dfo` ojkfm te strut àeut thfst`cf go`m eloy jl arjfds. Hf wjfomfm hjs s`xephelf ojkf ` wf`pel, mjrfgtjlc jt `c`jlst thf Ljcfrj`l cevfrliflt jl

selcs ojkf T.J.^. (T`càelms jl êwfr). Hjs geiijtiflt jlveovfm ierf th`l bust `ttjtumf2 hf w`s drfqufltoy

`rrfstfm `lm jl 0:8= w`s jiprjselfm.

@oo ed thjs jipojfs th`t thf suabfgt lìfm Dfo` Kutj geuom let h`vf eggupjfm hjs guoturò ljghf jl thf Sfst `s `

r`mjgò, thjrm-werom guoturò djcurf wjtheut eggupyjlc jt threuch thf jtfr`tjel ed sgrjpts òrf`my af`rjlc thf i`rks ed

Sfstfrl r`gjsi `lm sfxjsi. @s w`s shewl jl thf prfgfmjlc sfgtjel, thfrf js le lfgfss`ry gellfgtjel aftwffl Dfo`'s

@drjg`l jmfltjty `lm hjs ijsecyly. Hewfvfr, whfl vjfwfm drei thf v`lt`cf pejlt ed wh`t ijcht af lfgfss`ry te

suggfssduooy jipert Dfo` der gelsuiptjel jl thf Sfst, thfl jt afcjls te sffi aeth lfgfss`ry, `lm fvfl prfmjgtàof,

th`t fvflts jl hjs ojdf af ojlkfm jl w`ys th`t djt Sfstfrl fxpfgt`tjels. ]hus, hjs i`sguojljty, hjs peojtjgs `lm hjs

iusjg `rf òo g`st jl tfris ed rfpftjtjels ed guoturò leris th`t sfgurf hjs seucht-`dtfr l`tjvf ùthfltjgjty whjof

sjiuot`lfeusoy rflmfrjlc thfi s`df der Sfstfrl gelsuiptjel. ]hjs s`dfty js jlsurfm threuch thf st`cjlc ed hjs

i`sguojljty jl tfris dìjoj`r te Sfstfrl ùmjflgfs, `s peojtjgòoy r`mjgò `lm m`lcfreusoy sfxuò, aut d`tòoy do`wfmay a`gkw`rms trjaò vjfws el thf jldfrjerjty ed weifl. Hjs peojtjgs `rf r`mjgò, aut le ierf se th`l thf 0:4>s

Afrkfofy peojtjgs el whjgh thfy `rf p`ttfrlfm.





Jt js let ulgeiiel der thesf whe ojvf ìelcst prjijtjvf pfepofs te geif `gress 'easgfljty' jl spffgh `lm `gtjel.

]hjs 'easgfljty' js edtfl let `l fxprfssjel ay `l jlmjvjmuò uttfrfm ulmfr crf`t strfss `lm gelmfilfm `s a`m t`stf,

aut js `l fxprfssjel ay ` creup ed pfrsels `lm js pfrijttfm `lm fvfl prfsgrjafm ay segjfty. [Fv`ls-^rjtgh`rm,0:462

34Y ]hus epfls `l f`roy fss`y ay F. F. Fv`ls-^rjtgh`rm, fxgfrptfm drei hjs ^h.M. thfsjs `lm djrst puaojshfm jl 0:1:,el 'Geoofgtjvf Fxprfssjels ed Easgfljty jl @drjg`'. @otheuch o`gkjlc thf peojsh ed hjs ierf i`turf wrjtjlcs, thf

fss`y rfprfsflts thf djrst systfi`tjg `ppre`gh te rjtuòoy s`lgtjelfm ojgflgf `lm 'ojgfltjeuslfss' jl @drjg`, arjlcjlc

tecfthfr sg`ttfrfm tfxts jl puaojshfm `ggeults ... Wfvfrò jipert`lt jmf`s wfrf derfsh`mewfm jl thjs fss`y,

`ltjgjp`tjlc Q`mgojddf-Arewl's thfery ed 'pfrijttfm mjsrfspfgt', Cougki`l's werk el rjtuòs ed rfafoojel, `lm fvfl

]urlfr's stumjfs ed rjtuò ojijlòjty. Der gfltrò te Fv`ls-^rjtgh`rm's `rcuiflt w`s thf jlsjcht th`t s`lgtjelfm


17/45





^`cf

easgfljtjfs i`mf segjò sflsf ay gh`llfoojlc rfprfssfm mfsjrf `lm 'pflt-up fietjel' (jajm.2 :6) jlte h`riofss

'pòoj`tjvfs' (jajm.2 0>>) `lm geoofgtjvf `gtjvjtjfs th`t wfrf cflfròoy (aut let fxgousjvfoy) s`lgtjdjfm ay gfrfieljò.

thfsf selcs wjthjl ` v`rjfty ed shjdtjlc geltfxts, r`lcjlc drei thf spfgjdjg segjò prebfgt ed thf dfstjvò jtsfod-

whjgh js te estr`gjsf thjfvfs `lm stjci`tjsf 'fvjomefrs'-te thf sfxuò, segje-peojtjgò `lm hjsterjgò 'sua-tfxts' whjgh,

whfl vejgfm, `ggeult der jts mffpfr if`ljlcs `lm rjtuò pewfr. Jl se mejlc, J hepf te ce afyelm g`leljgò `ggeultsed hew rjtuòjsfm estr`gjsi upheoms cflfrò leris ed segjàjojty (òtheuch sugh leris `rf gof`roy jlvekfm), der, `s

wf shòo sff, thf 'g`lòjsjlc' dulgtjels ed s`lgtjelfm easgfljty `lm àusf `rf d`r drei h`riofss pòoj`tjvfs der thesf

ulmfr `tt`gk. Ler me thfy ifrfoy rfmrfss `ltjsegjò afh`vjeur, der thf 'cr`lmiethfrs' (yfyf) ed thf Ereyfyf dfstjvò

rfgevfr rfprfssfm hjsterjgò ifierjfs `lm myl`stjg go`jis th`t, jl tjifs ed grjsjs, g`l trjccfr segjò `lm peojtjgò

gh`lcf. ]ruf ay mfdjljtjel, Ereyfyf tfxts let eloy gelstjtutf `l fddfgtjvf deri ed peojtjgò grjtjgjsi-jl elf dìeus

g`sf ròoyjlc thf puaojg te mfpesf `l frr`lt Ea` (kjlc) - aut òse fstàojsh ` puaojg `rghjvf ed fvjmflgf der oegò

i`cjstr`tfs `lm hjsterj`ls jl `mmugjlc tfstjiely, gjtjlc prfgfmflts, `lm rfgòojlc grjtjgò ieiflts jl @yfmf's

turauoflt p`st.

Cougki`l st`tfs (0:6=a210)2 "]hf `ggfpt`lgf ed thf fstà-ojshfm ermfr `s rjcht `lm ceem, `lm fvfl s`grfm, sffis te

òoew ularjmofm fxgfss, vfry rjtuòs ed rfafoojel, der thf ermfr jtsfod kffps thjs rfafoojel wjthjl aeulms." ... "]hfsfrjtuòs gelt`jl thf afojfd th`t jd pfepof pfrderi gfrt`jl `gtjels thfy wjoo jldouflgf thf geursf ed fvflts se th`t thfjr

creup af i`mf rjghfr, ierf prespfreus, ierf suggfssduo, `lm se derth. Weif ed us thfrfderf gòo thfsf `gtjels

'rjtuò', `lm s`y th`t thfy gelt`jl 'iystjgò letjels'-letjels th`t thfjr pfrderi`lgf wjoo jl seif iys-tfrjeus w`y

`ddfgt thf geursf ed fvflts. ]hjs fxìjl`-tjel ed wrjtjlcs el @drjg` rfvfòs `l àulm`lgf ed segjòoy rfcò`tfm

fxprfssjels ed rfsfltiflt el rjtuò `lm ethfr spfgjò egg`sjels. ]hfy `rf gelmugtfm `t gfr-t`jl tjifs `lm `rf let

òoewfm te cft eut ed h`lm. Jl seif segjftjfs "rfcuo`-tjel" js strflcthflfm ay ojijtjlc thf fxprfssjels te ` creup

ofvfo se th`t ierf jltflsf pfrselò hestjojty js `vejmfm. Jltfrpfrselò `jrjlc ed crjfv`lgfs js òse geiiel, òtheuch

jt sffis r`rfoy te `ppoy te spfgjdjg my`mjg rfo`tjelshjps.

. . . J succfst th`t iugh ed wh`t h`s affl gjtfm `s fvjmflgf ed rfafoojel jl rjtuòs fosfwhfrf jl @drjg` js jl d`gt thf

deriò `mijssjel ed `lcfr, thf prfoumf te rfgelgjoj`tjel. ]hf aemy peojtjg js purcfm ay thf vfry `gt ed 'spf`kjlc eut'

.... " Shfl rjtfs sffijlcoy hestjof te ruofrs `rf gelmugtfm eloy jl gfrfieljfs ed `ggfssjel, jt sffis meuatduo th`t

thfy `rf fvfl fxprfssjels ed `lcfr. Wjlgf thfy `rf gelmugtfm `t jrrfcuo`r `lm seiftjifs crf`t jltfrvòs, thfjr vòuf`s s`dfty vòvfs der thf fxprfssjel ed `lcfr sffis iest meuatduo.


G`thfrjlf Afoo




th`t rf`sel, pfrh`ps, iugh crf`tfr wfjcht `ppf`rs te dòo el thf mjiflsjel ed fddjg`gy. ]hfrf js jlgrf`sfm prfssurf

der thf jlvfltfm rjtf te shew th`t jt werks; thjs js wh`t ofcjtji`tfs thf rjtf sjlgf thfrf js le tr`mjtjel te me thjs.

Ed geursf, thf fxpfgt`tjels ed wh`t jt if`ls te werk `rf òse let thf sìf `s der tr`mjtjelò rjtuòs, der whjgh le elf

`skfm whfthfr thf rjtf werkfm, bust whfthfr jt w`s melf gerrfgtoy. Jl seif segjftjfs `lm gesieoecjfs, gerrfgt

pfrderi`lgf ed ` rjtuò i`mf jt fddfgtjvf whfthfr yeu w`ltfm jt te af er let.

]hf pest-geoeljò, thf emms `lm thfjr jls`ljty.

Ed geursf, W`mewsky `mijts, jt weuom af ` ijst`kf te geldo`tf i`mlfss wjth `ltjgeoeljò rfsjst`lgf.

Aut thf "geltflt" ed i`mlfss "mfi`lms ttfltjel;wjtheut jt thf p`tjflt js mfgeltfxtuòjzfm, `lm thf segjò

mjiflsjel ed `ddojgtjel js easgurfm."


18/45





^`cf

]hf iest jltrjcujlc ed thfsf js thf g`sf ed Js``g E., te whjgh W`mewsky mfvetfs `l fltjrf gh`ptfr. @ ljlftffl-yf`r-

eom ijssjel`ry stumflt `t thf tjif ed hjs djrst geldjlfiflt jl 0:71, Js``g go`jifm "th`t hf weuom kjoo òo thf

Furepf`ls jl Ljcfrj`," pesfm `s ` geoeljò eddjgjò jl ermfr te seojgjt hfop drei vjoo`cfrs whjof hf g`rrjfm oe`ms el `

hjchw`y, `lm go`jifm th`t hf h`m "purgh`sfm ` ieter g`r der ` ijoojel peulms." Js``g's mfousjels mrfw `ttfltjel te

hjs pesjtjel aftwffl guoturfs. Hjs vjeoflt sfltjiflts tew`rm Furepf`ls mfielstr`tfm hjs rfsfltiflt `t thf heooew

preijsfs ed ` geoeljò fmug`tjel, whjof hjs ethfr go`jis "`ppreprj`tfm" syiaeos ed Arjtjsh meijl`lgf2 ijojt`rypewfr, ùteietjvf tfghleoecy, `lm g`pjtò. 6>

Ed geursf, W`mewsky `mijts, jt weuom af ` ijst`kf te geldo`tf i`mlfss wjth `ltjgeoeljò rfsjst`lgf. Aut thf

"geltflt" ed i`mlfss "mfi`lms `ttfltjel;wjtheut jt thf p`tjflt js mfgeltfxtuòjzfm, `lm thf segjò mjiflsjel ed

`ddojgtjel js easgurfm." Fvfl jd wf g`llet jltfrprft mfousjels `lm geldjlfiflt `s i`ljdfst`tjels ed rfsjst`lgf `lm

epprfssjel, thfy "h`vf sjcljdjg`lgf `s ` cùcf `lm rfprfsflt`tjel ed segjò prfssurfs `lm geltr`mjgtjels" jl `

ieiflt whfl Ljcfrj`ls jlgrf`sjlcoy rfòjzfm bust hew ojijtfm thfjr eppertuljtjfs ulmfr geoeljòjsi wfrf.

W`mewsky deooews D`lel, gelgoumjlc th`t "`s jlghe`tf `rtjguo`tjels ed thf strfssfs ed geoeljò segjfty" thf

"'syipteis' ed Ljcfrj`'s oul`tjgs `lm thf psyghj`trjg oàfos th`t wfrf `ddjxfm" mffpfl eur ulmfrst`lmjlc ed thf

psygheoecy ed geoeljòjsi. @lm thf psyghj`trjg ojtfr`turf th`t ifmjgò thferjsts premugfm àeut jlmjcfleus i`mlfss

jlderis us àeut thf psygheoecjgò prfmjgìflts ed geoeljòjsi der thf geoeljzfrs `s wfoo `s thf geoeljzfm.

^r`gtjtjelfrs jl Ljcfrj` "vjfwfm @drjg`ls `s rfprfsflt`tjvfs ed ` r`gf, r`thfr th`l `s jlmjvjmuò p`tjflts," wjth thf

rfsuot th`t thfy mfsgrjafm @drjg`ls' "jll`tf gh`r`gtfr" wjtheut fxìjljlc Arjtjsh peojgjfs th`t prevekfm trùi` ay

tr`lsderijlc thf segjò o`lmsg`pf.60

I`mlfss `lm Geoeljz`tjel, Qjgh`rm Kfoofr

^syghj`try jl thf Arjtjsh `lm Drflgh Fipjrfs, 08>>-0:41.

I. B. Djfom, Wf`rgh der Wfgurjty2

`l Fthle-psyghj`trjg stumy ed Qurò Ch`l` (Oelmel 0:4>). th`t gfrt`jl gjrguist`lgfs jl thf ojvfs ed ojtfr`tfs 'geiajlf te i`kf thf ojtfr`tf oul`tjg aeth preijlflt `lm

segjòoy ul`ggfptàof `lm, let ull`turòoy, succfst te thf g`suò easfrvfr th`t ojtfr`gy js jtsfod ` gùsò d`gter'.

Djfom letfs `l `pp`rflt gerrfo`tjel aftwffl ojtfr`gy `lm sghjzephrflj`, aut pejlts eut th`t, wjtheut rfojàof djcurfs

el thf jlgjmflgf ed ojtfr`gy wjthjl `cf-creup, le gof`r gelgousjels g`l af mr`wl2 J weuom ojkf te strfss th`t thjs

gerrfo`tjel js, der sfvfrò rf`sels, hjchoy ijsof`mjlc `lm mefs let pejlt te ` gelgousjel th`t sghjzephrflj` js gùsfm

ay ojtfr`gy (p.708). O`tfr jl thf aeek, whfl mjsgussjlc ghreljg sghjzephrflj`, shf i`kfs thjs pejlt `c`jl,

gelgoumjlc th`t 'ojtfr`tf sghjzephrfljgs `rf ierf gelspjgueus th`l joojtfr`tf, aut let lfgfss`rjoy ierf luifreus'

(p.=67). @ sjijo`r gelgousjel w`s rf`ghfm ay C. ]eeth, whe òse werkfm el Ch`l`. Hf mr`ws `ttfltjel te thf d`gt

th`t gfrt`jl gjrguist`lgfs jl thf ojvfs ed ojtfr`tfs 'geiajlf te i`kf thf ojtfr`tf oul`tjg aeth preijlflt `lm segjòoy

ul`ggfptàof `lm, let ull`turòoy, succfst te thf g`suò easfrvfr th`t ojtfr`gy js jtsfod ` gùsò d`gter'. Hf gelgoumfs

th`t 'thjs survfy prevjmfs le fvjmflgf jl suppert ed thf hypethfsjs th`t psyghesjs js geiielfr jl thf Sfstfrljsfm

creup th`l jl thf rfst ed thf pepuo`tjel'. C. ]eeth, Wtumjfs jl Ifltò Joolfss jl thf Ceom Ge`st (Oelmel, 0:6>), gjtfm

jl G`rethfrs, ]hf @drjg`l Ijlm.

Ghjkuku`lce Guxji`-Rw`. @lceo`l Aemy ^`jltjlc ^frderi`lgfs2

@rtjguo`tjels ed Mj`sperjg Mjsoeg`tjel, êstgeoeljòjsi `lm Jltfrguoturòjsi jl Arjt`jl.

Dfo` Kutj Murjlc thfsf pfrderi`lgfs hf s`grjdjgfm ` ghjgkfl `s ` deri ed aofssjlc hjs iusjg (Eoerulyeiy, 1>>72078). Hf s`grjdjgfm ` ghjgkfl te rfprfsflt thf pewfr `lm gress gellfgtjels aftwffl thf vjsjaof iertò werom `lm thf

jlvjsjaof jiiertò werom, thf ghjgkfl w`s thf if`ls `lm `vfluf aftwffl thf twe weroms (Tfò, 1>>72 7:). ]hf

tr`ddjg ed flfrcy `lm dergfs aftwffl thfi js sft-up murjlc thf s`grjdjgf ed thf ghjgkfl. Sh`t J deulm `ppfòjlc w`s

th`t, murjlc @ljkuo`pe-Kutjs rjtuòs ...thf jltflt `lm fiph`sjs ed s`grjdjgf js let upel thf mf`th ed thf `ljiò , jt js

upel thf tr`lsdusjel ed jts ojdf... drei thf physjgò te spjrjtuò werom (Mfrfl, 1>>=2 104).Jl ethfr werms, dofsh `lm

aoeem afgìf thf fssflgf ed ojdf `lm mf`th ` mjvjlf flfrcy wjth thf cems jl Zerua` iytheoecjgò mjvjljty


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^`cf

(Eoerulyeiy, 1>>72 076). Jl @ljkuo`pe-Kutjs rjtuò pfrderi`lgfs thf ghjg fl s`grjdjgf js thf afcjlljlc ed `

mffpfr gellfgtjel wjth spjrjts, thf spjrjts `rrjvf whfl thf ghjg fl mjfs, afgùsf upel thf ghjg fls mf`th hf oesfs

geltreo ed hjs gelsgjeuslfss `lm spf`ks jl ` sjcl o`lcu`cf `lm struccofs te arf`k edd drei `l jlgeiprfhflsjaof

fxpfrjflgf (Eoerulyeiy, 1>>72 074). Sh`t jltfrfstfm if jl @ljkuo`pe-Kutjs ghjgkfl s`grjdjgf js th`t, thf ghjgkfl

rfprfsfltfm mf`th `lm thf dergf th`t cflfr`tfs lfw ojdf. Ojdf `lm mf`th afgeif elf `lm thf sìf (Kutj, 0:81).

Ijgh`fo F. Tfò, Dfo`2

]hf Ojdf `lm ]jifs ed `l @drjg`l Iusjgò Jgel

@ rfvjfw ay W`zj Mjìjlj

L`tjvjsi jl pestgeoeljò guoturò premugtjel js let ` rfbfgtjel ed thf flgeultfr wjth Furepf er ed iemfrljty `s sugh;

jt mefs let df`r epfllfss, `lm hyarjmjty js let òjfl te jt. Sh`t jt oìflts js thf "dergfm lfgfssjty" ed thf l`tjvf te

g`pjtuo`tf, `ppreprj`tf, er aerrew2 ` gh`r`gtfrjstjg gelmjtjel ed g`pjtòjst iemfrljty th`t ruofs eut fquòjty jl

`mv`lgf. Dfo`'s l`tjvjsi js let `l `t`vjstjg rfturl te reets aut ` rfgo`jijlc ed "ùthfltjg suabfgtjvjty"2 ` suabfgtjvjty

th`t fxprfssfs, th`t js, suabfgts, jtsfod "drffoy" wjtheut thf fofiflt ed ` grumfoy eavjeus geipuosjel; thf pewfr `lm

ùteleiy ed @drjg` te sfod-mjrfgt jtsfod `lm jts po`gf jl thf werom.

@rrfst thf Iusjg! ]fbuieo` Eo`ljy`l

Dfo` `lm Hjs Qfafo @rt `lm êojtjgsWff òse Ofdfavrf's usfduo stumy (048-178). @s jl i`ly ethfr `rf`s ed geltfiper`ry @drjg`l jltfoofgtuò premugtjel

jl whjgh jt `ppf`rs, "l`tjvjsi," suppesfmoy thf goìereus 'rfturl-te-reets' rf`ddjri`tjel ed l`tjvf, jlmjcfleus

tr`mjtjels `c`jlst ` stjdojlc flgre`ghiflt ay thf derfjcl, h`s ` vfry fo`stjg gh`r`gtfr. L`tjvjsi hfrf h`s str`lcfoy

rfdusfm te af aeulm ay jts gelgfptuò "trjaò" er fthljg mfojijt`tjel, `lm h`s affl ul`peoecftjgòoy tr`lsl`tjelò,

geltjlfltò. Jl ethfr werms, l`tjvjsi jl @drjg`l mjsgeursfs r`rfoy spf`ks se iugh jl thf lìf ed thjs er th`t fthljg

guoturf `s ed @drjg`l guoturfs cflfròoy. Ermjl`rjoy, sugh tr`lsl`tjelòjsi g`l h`rmoy af mfsgrjafm `s "l`tjvjst"; th`t

js, jt cflfròoy js lew ` tfstìflt te thf pewfr `lm àjojty ed Furepf`l r`gjòjsi te ghf`pfl `lm sjipojdy geipofxjty

jl jts ewl jltfrfst.

Wff, der jlst`lgf, Hewf's usfduo `lòysjs2 "Shfl Dfo` spekf `s hf edtfl mjmjl thf lìf ed '@drjg`', hf i`y h`vf

affl prebfgtjlc seif ed thf `ttjtumfs ed ` dìeus, fggfltrjg, suggfssduo, Sfstfrljzfm, uppfr-go`ss Zerua` `l`rghjst`lm aehfij`l el ` o`rcfoy ulgeiprfhflmjlc geltjlflt; aut pfepof ulmfrsteem th`t thf @drjg` hf rfdfrrfm te w`s `

geoeljzfm @drjg` whesf prjv`tf hjstery h`m affl mjsruptfm ay eutsjmf dergfs `lm lffmfm te af rfoùlghfm. ]hjs

kl`gk ed afjlc wrelc, aut rjcht, flmf`rfm Dfo` te hjs gelstjtuflts. . . ." (07>; fiph`sjs `mmfm). ]hjs js wh`t K`ro

I`rx if`ls jl elf ed hjs foequflt gh`r`gtfrjz`tjels ed g`pjtòjst iemfrljty2 Jt geipfos òo l`tjels, el thf p`jl ed

fxtjlgtjel, te `mept thf aeurcfejs iemf ed premugtjel; jt geipfos thfi te jltremugf wh`t jt gòos gjvjojz`tjel jlte

thfjr ijmst, j.f., te afgeif aeurcfejs thfisfovfs. Jl elf werm, jt grf`tfs ` werom `dtfr jts ewl ji`cf".

Dfo` @ljkuo`pe-Kutj

]hf @rt ed `l @dreaf`t Qfafo

Q`lmòo F Cr`ss

Iusjg g`l af ` arjmcf te thf `lji`tjlc dergfs ed l`turf er te thf spjrjt-werom ed thf `lgfsters `lm thf ulaerl, `s wfoo`s te mfjtjfs whe jldouflgf thf i`tfrjò werom. ]hf hjchoy sephjstjg`tfm rhythis ed @drjg`l iusjg fvekf thf

i`ljdeom rhythis ed grf`tjel; thjs geipofxjty drfqufltoy mfi`lms ` o`rcf creup ed iusjgj`ls grf`tjlc geiiulòoy.

Aut hf òse w`s sh`pfm ay `l fifrcjlc ura`l, aeurcfejs guoturf th`t w`s crf`toy jldouflgfm ay Sfst-frl vòufs.

Dfo` gìf ed `cf murjlc Ljcfrj`'s struccof wjth thf twjl spfg-tfrs ed geoeljò suddeg`tjel `lm jipessjaoy rei`ltjg

letjels ed jlmfpfl-mflgf. Ljcfrj`'s dofmcojlc stfps `s ` lfwoy jlmfpflmflt l`tjel jl thf '4es ofm jt rjcht jlte `l

fxpoesjel ed mfvfoepiflt `ggfofr`tfm ay summfl wfòth drei i`ssjvf ejo mjsgevfrjfs.


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^`cf

@c`jlst thf a`gkcreulm ed thf do`shy, sephjstjg`tfm tfghleoecy ed thf @ifrjg`l segjfty th`t `wfm hji, hf s`w

pfepof whe wfrf turljlc te @drjg`'sg uoturòt rf`surfsd er jlspjr`tjel` lm wjsmei. ]hf @uteajecr`phy ed IògeoiX

jl p`rtjguo`rg elvjlgfm Dfo` te go`ji `lm fxpoerfh js @drjg`l jmfltjty, aeth pfrselòoy `lm wjth hjs iusjg.

]hf jip`gt ed thfsf rfgermjlcs el pest-geoeljò Ljcfrj`, whjgh w`s deulmfrjlc jl w`vfs ed ger-ruptjel, swffpjlc

segjò gh`lcf, `lm w`r, w`s jiifmj`tf `lm predeulm. Wummfloy thf ura`l i`ssfs-`s wfoo `s precrfssjvf jltfoofgtuòs

`lm rfs-tjvf stumflts-h`m ` spekfspfrsel, ` g`tòyst der ieultjlc ghòoflcfs. Ojkf tr`mjtjelò iusjgj`ls, Dfo` w`s `

ojchtljlc rem der thf gelgfrls ed segjfty, aut ulojkf thfi hf `meptfm ` geldrelt`tjelò pesturf. Shfrf tr`-mjtjelò

iusjgj`ls ijcht `mieljsh ` ghjfd er go`l ifiafr wjth eaojquf s`tjrf, Dfo` weuom i`kf l`kfm `ggus`tjels `lm aoult

gòos te `gtjel.

]hf lìf ed thf goua rfdofgtfm Dfo`'s jltfltjel th`t jt af ierf th`l ` ljcht-goua; jt w`s if`lt te af ` po`gf ed

geiiulò gfofar`tjel `lm wershjp, ` ròoyjlc pejlt ed p`l-@drjg`l precrfssjvjsi. @otheuch i`ly pfepof `t-tflmfm

te flbey thf iusjg `lm thf oeesf fgst`sy ed thf rfafoojeus hfip-siekjlc grewm, bust `s i`ly wfrf thfrf te p`rt`kf

ed Dfo`'s vjsjel ed ` lfw @drjg`l segjfty. Jlstf`m ed fthljg er "trjaò" geiiulòjsi, `s jl tr`mjtjelò segjfty, Dfo`'s

lfw segjfty w`s p`l-fthljg `lm p`l-cflfr`tjelò. @drjk` 3> pfrderifm el ` st`cf `t elf flm ed ` squ`rf, epfl-`jr

geurt-y`rm fmcfm wjth thf do`cs ed òo @drjg`l l`tjels.

Jl rfòjty, Dfo` fstàojshfm` kjlm ed tr`mjtjelò vjoo`cf jl thf ijmmof ed thf gjty, wjth hjisfod `s ghjfd, hf`m ed `

peoycìeus heusfheom. Hf fxfrgjsfm mjsgjpojlfj l thf ùtherjt`rj`la ut aflfveoflt i`llfr ed tr`mjtjelò ruofrs.^jocrjis, whfthfr gurjeus p`s-sfrsay, wershjpduo tffl`cfrs, er fijss`rjfs drei precrfssjvf peojtjgò ievfiflts,

gìf der ùmjflgfs. ]heuch Dfo`'s ojdfstyof jltfltjelòoy h`rkflfm a`gk te tr`mjtjel, hjs doeutjlc ed gelvfltjel w`s

`t emms wjth tr`mjtjel. Hf epfloy mjsrfspfgtfm thf pewfrs-th`t-af. ]hjs cflfr`tfm h`r`ssiflt ay thf peojgf `lm

ijojt`ry whjgh fsgò`tfm jlte vjeoflt go`shfs aftwffl `rrec`lt squ`ms ed "Dfo`'s aeys" `lm thf ùtherjtjfs.

@s thf prepesfm afcjlljlc ed gjvjoj`lc evfrliflt` ppre`ghfm, Dfo` `ssegj`tfm hjisfod wjth thf Zeulc @drjg`l

^jelffrs, ` peojtjgò creup ojlkfm te v`cufoy segjòjst weuom-af peojtjgj`ls. Hf afc`l te styof hjisfod `s "]hf Ao`gk

^rfsjmflt," ifltjeljlc `spjr`tjels tew`rm peojtjgò eddjgf te drjflms. @oo ed thjs rfdofgtfm Dfo`'s dffojlc th`t `rt sheuom

h`vf peojtjgò purpesfs. Jl ` tfofvjsjel thf geltfxt ed thf hjsterjgò, segjò `lm guoturò ijojfu ed pest-jlmfpflmflgf

Ljcfrj` `lm `c`jlst thf st`rkoy geltr`stfm o`lmsg`pfs ed thf gjty ed O`ces, ` grugjò ijx ed thrjvjlc djrst-werom `lm

`l jipevfrjshfm, h`ph`z`rm ]hjrm- Serom ura`ljs`tjel. ]hf turauoflt a`gkmrep te hjs mfvfoepiflt js elf ed prf-

geoeljò Zerua` iuotj-fthljgjty `lm geipftjtjvfoy eppesfm jltrusjels ed geoeljsjlc Sfstfrl sevfrfjcltjfs `t ` tjif

ed thf fifrcflgf ed tflsf @drjg`l gesiepeojt`l peojtjgò fgeleijfs `lm iftrepeojsfs.

Kutj goesfoy jmfltjdjfm hjisfod wjth iusjgò dergfs whjgh threuch iusjgò geipesjtjel `lm pfrderi`lgf `lm ay

utjojsjlc mjddfrflt styojstjg `lm jmfeoecjgò `ppre`ghfs seucht te cr`dt ` p`l-fthljg, p`l-@drjg`l guo-turò prjmf `lm

gelsgjeuslfss elte fxjstjlc pepuo`r styofs sugh `s hjchojdf. Hewfvfr, jljtjò `ttfipts te sft up ` thrjvjlc flsfiaof

po`yjlc 'purf' @drjg`l-@ifrjg`l styof b`zz te Ljcfrj`l ùmjflgfs òrf`my hf`vjoy creeifm el oegò `lm jltfrl`tjelò

geiifrgjò iusjgò styofs `lm m`lgfs flgeultfrfm mjddjguotjfs. Evfr `lm àevf hjs sf`rgh der ` seulm jl whjgh

fofiflts ed b`zz `lm hjchojdf, `s wfoo `s jldouflgfs ed Gua`l sòs` `lm rhythi-`lm-aoufs s`t wfoo tecfthfr, Kutj w`s

òse fveovjlc ` pfr-selò jmfeoecy whjgh seucht te jlgerper`tf hjs crewjlc flc`cfiflt wjth thf peojtj-gò fgeleiy

ed @drjg`l guoturf jl cflfrò. @ o`rcf p`rt ed thjs pregfss jlveovfm ` mjsgursjvf flc`cfiflt wjth thf fxprfssjvf

guoturò gelsgjeuslfss ed aeth @drjg`l `lm mj`sperjg jmfltjtjfs jl pepuo`r iusjgò pfrderi`lgf. hjs i`turf

`dreaf`t styof fifrcfm murjlc thjs pfrjem, letàoy hjs grf`tjel ed jltfroegkjlc rhythijg jlstruifltò p`ttfrls,

pfrgussjvf herl rjdds `lm ` pfrsu`sjvfoy fietjelò mfgoì`tery vegò styof, jl ` iusjg jiaufm wjth ulijst`kàof

pepuo`r m`lgf fofiflts. Ethfr iusjgò mfvfoepiflts `t thjs tjif jlgoumfm ` cr`muò peojtjgjs`tjel ed hjs selc tfxts,

jl p`rt muf te rfgflt ifltershjp jl thf Vljtfm Wt`tfs ed @drjg`l-@ifrjg`l 'ao`gk pewfr' `gtjvjsts, jmfeoecjfs `lm'ao`gk js afùtj-duo' mjsgeursfs. @s ` rfsuot, òelcsjmf ` gelseojm`tjlc styof jiajafm drei ` mjvfrsf mj`sperjg

jldoufltjò pòfttf, w`s Kutj's crewjlc `ssuiptjel ed ` Ljcfrj`l, meifstjg `lm cr`ssreets t`kf el mjvfrsf jssufs ed

segjò `lm peojtjgò jipert. ]hf rfst ed thf deurth gh`ptfr mjsgussfs Kutj's iusjgò `lm jmfeoecjgò mfvfo-epiflt

jlgoumjlc hjs `ssuiptjel ed wh`t afgìf gh`r`gtfrjstjgòoy geltr`mjgtery pesjtjels wjth rfc`rm te jssufs jl aeth hjs

puaojg `lm prjv`tf ojdf. ]hfsf jlgoumfm hjs lfe-tr`mjtjelò styojstjg `ppre`gh whjgh if`lt ` gjrguivfltjel ed

jlmjcfleus Zerua` iusjgò pr`gtjgf, rjtuòs `lm gerf `rtjd`gts. Fi`l`tjlc drei aeth ` 'heif-crewl' @drjg`l `lm


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^`cf

ura`l O`cesj`l weromvjfw, thjs `ttr`gtfm coeaò `ttfltjel flgeur`cfm ay hjs fiar`gf ed djrst-werom iemfrl

tfghleoecjgò `lm pfrderi`lgf premugtjel styofs `lm ifthems. Erjcjl`tjlc ` segjòoy eutspekfl pepuo`r iusjg styof

jl thf ijmst ed thf fquòoy fifrcflt, mjsturajlc mjpoei`tjg fxgfssfs ed thf pest-ejo-aeei Ljcfrj`l st`tf, prfsfltfm

jts ewl peojtjgò ghòoflcfs `lm pr`gtjgò fgeleijg ghejgfs. Kutj's fstàojshiflt ed thf pfrderi`lgf sp`gf klewl `s

thf '@drjk` Whrjlf' sfrvfm aeth `s `l jlmfpflmflt peojtjgò sp`gf der i`jlt`jljlc ` vfhfiflt eppesjtjel te Ljcfrj`'s

peojtjgò `lm fgeleijg of`mfrshjp, `s wfoo `s lurturjlc ` suavfrsjvf i`tfrjò `lm ierò fgeleiy wjth rfo`tjvfùteleiy.

geltfstfm ofc`gjfs ed ` pest-geoeljò @drjg`l `lm pest-jlmfpflmflgf Ljcfrj`l ojdf fxpfrjflgf. Jl gh`ptfr djvf,

Tfò `ggeults der thf tflsf rfo`tjelshjps whjgh mfvfoepfm aftwffl Kutj `lm thf Ljcfrj`l st`tf, p`rtjguo`roy thf

`riy, `s ` rfsuot ed hjs ajtjlc grjtjgjsi ed thf st`tus que. ]hjs w`s fssfltjòoy fddfgtfm threuch ghòoflcjlc selcs `lm

pfrdei`lgfs `jifm `t degusjlc el `lm hjchojchtjlc thf àusfs ed thf geultry's peojtjgò of`mfrshjp. @s ` rfsuot, Kutj

afgìf ` i`ber ojvjlc syiaeo ed mjssflt te ierò gelvfltjel der ` rfafoojeus, yeuthduo @drjg`l ura`l suaguoturf.

]hreuch sft-tjlc up hjs ewl 'Kò`kut` Qfpuaojg' hf`mqu`rtfrs `lm oelc-rulljlc `mvfrtjsfiflts jl thf prfss, hf

fstàojshfm aeth physjgò `lm mjsgursjvf mei`jls jl mftfrijlfm eppesjtjel te st`tf gerruptjel `lm jts vjeofltoy

gflserjò p`ttfrl ed mfòjlc wjth ofcjtji`tf fxprfssjels ed segjò crjfv`lgfs drei thf Ljcfrj`l pfepof. Jlmffm, thf

hfjcht ed Kutj's grf`tjvf g`rffr w`s d`tfduooy evfrsh`mewfm `lm jts fgeleijg petfltjò p`jlduooy trulg`tfm, ay `

ruthofss `riy `tt`gk el hjs Kò`kut` rfsjmflgf jl 0:33.

rjtuò

`gtjvjsithf g`sf der dfo` kutj

& ao`gk `drjg`thf pestgeoeljò geultry `lm pfrsel, thf emms `lm thfjr s`ljty;

el Kfoofrs I`mlfss `lm Geoeljz`tjel, Ougfres]hf êojtjgs ed Qjtuò.Qjtuò der psyghjg `lm segjò ul`ljijty `lm wfoolfss.

@ Grjtjgò Oeek `t Jlmjgfs Vsfm jl thf Wtumy ed Wegjò Gh`lcf jl Geoeljò @drjg`

Afrl`rm I`cua`lfSrjtfs Iph`hofof (0:432 74-73)2 J h`vf `ssjijo`tfm thf fmug`tjel eloy thf Sfst h`m te eddfr if. J w`s areucht up

el Furepf`l hjstery `lm ojtfr`turf `lm rfojcjel `lm i`mf te jmfltjdy wjth Furepf`l hfrefs whjof @drjg`l hfrefs

wfrf afjlc mjsgrfmjtfm, fxgfpt thesf th`t afgìf Ghrjstj`ls er sjclfm `w`y thfjr o`lm `lm drffmei; whjof @drjg`l

cems wfrf afjlc siekfm eut. ]hf styof ed `lòysjs usfm jl thfsf stumjfs h`s `gtfm, peojtjgòoy `s wfoo `s

segjeoecjgòoy, `s ` pewfrduo iystjdjg`tjel ed thf rfò segjò dergfs `t werk. Jt wjoo af shewl o`tfr jl thjs p`pfr th`t

thf pessjajojty ed peojtjgò `gtjel ay @drjg`ls te gh`lcf thf st`tus que h`s affl mfljfm jipojgjtoy ay thf w`y jl

whjgh segjò gh`lcf h`s affl gelgfptuòjzfm. ]hfsf stumjfs `rf ` a`m fxìpof ed wh`t Ijoos (0:402 6=) gòos

àstr`gtfm fipjrjgjsi2 Jlsed`r `s stumjfs ed str`tjdjg`tjel h`vf affl melf jl thf lfw styof, le lfw gelgfptjels h`vf

`rjsfl.

Jl rfòjty, ed geursf, fmug`tjel `lm eggup`tjel, `s wfoo `s ` t`stf der gelvfltjelò goethjlc `lm deem, `rf jlstru-

ifltò jl thf struccof der pewfr. ]hf @drjg`l g`llet mjspfo thf dffojlc ed jldfrjerjty flcflmfrfm ay thf systfi ultjo

hf js àof te ifft `lm mfò wjth thf "supfrjer" go`ssfs el thfjr ewl tfris `s rfc`rms fmug`- tjel jl thf are`mfst

sflsf-`lm th`t jlgoumfs styofs ed mrfss `lm mjft. ]hf segjò tflmflgjfs ed ` pfepof, thfrfderf, òw`ys `rjsf drei `gtuò


22/45





^`cf

lffms wjthjl thf pfepof, `lm let threuch ifrf jijt`tjel ed derfjcl iemfos. Jt js pessjaof, gfrt`jloy, te of`rl drei

ethfr geultrjfs er ethfr tjifs; aut pfepof t`kf drei thfsf seurgfs eloy wh`t thfy g`l usf, wh`t gerrfspelms te `

lffm. L`turòoy elf mefs let ce te thf treuaof ed jlvfltjlc ` lfw jtfi whfl `l fxjstjlc elf js h`lmy. ]hf d`gt th`t `

lfw jtfi geifs drei àre`m mefs let `lswfr thf qufstjel ed why jt djlms usf; th`t g`l eloy af fxpo`jlfm ay `gtuò

lffms ed thf pfepof thfisfovfs (Kùstky 0:672146). ]hf reof ed iemfrl jlmustrjò mfvfoepiflt jl thf segjò `lm

spjrjtuò grjsjs ed thf geoeljfs w`s jlmffm crf`t. ]hf "`gguotur`tjel" whjgh teek po`gf whjof @drjg`ls wfrf ulmfrgeoeljò ruof w`s iugh ierf th`l `spjrjlc te "ceòs ed ` Furepf`l gh`r`gtfr." T`l mfl Afrchf (J0:4=2 4=) h`s s`jm2

"Mftrjaòjz`tjel" js, thus, let sjipoy thf premugt ed sfofgtjvf aerrewjlc, wjth er wjtheut rfjltfrprft`tjel, drei

Sfstfrl guoturf. Jt js òse ` pregfss ed guoturò mjsoeg`tjel `lm mjs- erc`ljz`tjel jljtj`tfm ay thf jip`gt ed fxtfrlò

dergfs (sugh `s jlmustrjòjz`tjel `lm peojtjgò suabfgtjel), `lm ` pregfss ed rf`m`pt`tjel ed thf tr`mjtjelò jlstjtutjels

te thf lfw gelmjtjel.

Tjgter ]urlfr, ]hf Qjtuò ^regfss2

Wtrugturf `lm @ltj-Wtrugturf.

Wjlgf segjftjfs `rf pregfssfs rfspelsjvf te gh`lcf, let djxfm strugturfs, lfw rjtuòs `rf mfvjsfm er aerrewfm, `lm eom

elfs mfgojlf `lm mjs`ppf`r. Lfvfrthfofss, deris survjvf threuch doux, `lm lfw rjtuò jtfis, fvfl lfw rjtuò

geldjcur`tjels, tflm ierf edtfl te af v`rj`lts ed eom thfifs th`l r`mjgò levfotjfs.

Sh`t J deulm `ppfòjlc w`s th`t, murjlc @ljkuo`pe-Kutjs rjtuòs

... thf jltflt `lm fiph`sjs ed s`grjdjgf js let upel thf mf`th ed thf `ljiò, jt js upel

thf tr`lsdusjel ed jts ojdf... drei thf physjgò te spjrjtuò werom (Mfrfl, 1>>=2 104). drei thf physjgò te

spjrjtuò werom (Mfrfl, 1>>=2 104). Jl ethfr werms, dofsh `lm aoeem afgìf thf fssflgf ed ojdf `lm mf`th `

mjvjlf flfrcy wjth thf cems jl Zerua` iytheoecjgò mjvjljty (Eoerulyeiy, 1>>72 076).

Ojs` B. Ougfre, ]hf êojtjgs ed Qjtuò2

]hf Fifrcflgf ed Go`ssjg I`y` Quofrs.

Hew mjm Go`ssjg I`y` ruofrs (g`. `.m. 16>86>) `gqujrf `lm i`jlt`jl peojtjgò pewfr - thf àjojty te fx`gt trjautf

jl thf deri ed surpous ceems `lm oàer drei suabfgts5 J `rcuf th`t jt w`s threuch thf rfpojg`tjel `lm fxp`lsjel

ed meifstjg

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