Institute of agricultural engineering- livestock technology -

Institute of agricultural engineering

- livestock technology -

Risk and prediction of aerobic-induced silage bale deterioration

Kerstin Jungbluth

Institute of agricultural engineering

- livestock technology -

Table of Contents

Silage Reheating Experiments1. Introduction2. Material and Methods3. Results4. Conclusions and Future Prospects

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Institute of agricultural engineering

- livestock technology -

Silage Reheating Experiments1. Introduction

- Great importance of silage in animal production- Process of ensiling is completely understood

- conditions for high silage quality are known- risc of silage deterioration is small

- (Woolford, 1984)

- Deterioration of silage is a worldwide problem for farmprofitability and feed quality

- Silage deteriorates as it is exposed to air(Tobacco et al. 2011)

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Institute of agricultural engineering

- livestock technology -

Silage Reheating Experiments1. Introduction

- Low compacted silage bales are strongly threatened byreheating (Büscher et al. 2013)

- High compaction and airtight coverage prevent andreduce energy losses (Maack et al., 2007)

- If plastic film is opened time of air influence has to beshort (Büscher et al. 2013)

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Institute of agricultural engineering

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Silage Reheating Experiments2. Material and Methods

- 8 tons with a volume of 60l- Filled with maize silage- 40kg (low-density; n=4) or

50kg (high-density; n=4)- 3 temperature sensors in each

ton (Experiment 1)- 3 temperature sensors and one

oxigen sensor in each ton (Experiment 2)

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+ Oxygensensor

air

Temperature sensor 2

Temperature sensor 1

Temperature sensor 3

Institute of agricultural engineering

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Silage Reheating Experiments3. Results (Experiment 1)

Weight: 50kg Weight:40kg

Reheating of corn silage in tons of different densities

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Silage Reheating Experiments3. Results (Experiment 1)

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15202530354045

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168

temperature (

°C)

hours  after opening

bucket 1 (low density)

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108120132144156168

temperature (

°C)

hours  after opening

bucket 3 (low density)

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168

temperature (

°C)

hours  after opening

bucket 6 (high density)

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168

temperature (

°C)

hours  after opening

bucket 8 (high density)

Institute of agricultural engineering

- livestock technology -

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-0,50,00,51,01,52,02,53,03,54,0

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

oxyg

en s

enso

r ou

tput

tem

pera

ture

(o C

)Silage Reheating Experiments

3. Results (Experiment 2)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80 9

20

25

30

35

40

45

tem

pera

ture

(o C

)

day

day1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80 9

Institute of agricultural engineering

- livestock technology -

Silage Reheating Experiments4. Conclusions and Future Prospects

High compaction of plant material reduces energy losses

Physical factors have great influence on silage deterioration

Further investigation of physical influencing factorscreate a prediction model for silage deterioration

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Institute of agricultural engineering

- livestock technology -

5. ReferencesBüscher, W.; Y. Sun; P. Lammers; F. Ross; C. Maack; Lin JianHui; Cheng QiAng; Sun Wei. (2009). Improved bulk

density determination of silage round bales from penetrometer data. Verbesserte Dichtebestimmung von Silageballen mit Penetrometern Landtechnik Vol. 64 No. 3 pp. 187-190

Büscher, W.; C. Maack; Y. Sun; J. Lin; Q. Cheng; H. Zhang; (2013). Density distribution research of silage round bales with a penetrometer test bench. Landtechnik 68(1), pp. 26–29

DLG. 2006. Praxishandbuch Futterkonservierung (Practical handbook feed preservation). 7. Edition. Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft e.V. (Ed.). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: German Agricultural Society.

Maack, C.; A. Wagner; W. Büscher. 2007. Einfluss der Partikelstruktur auf die Verdichtbarkeit verschiedener Siliergüter (Influence of Particle Composition on Compressibility of Different Materials Adapted for Silage). 8th Conference Construction, Engineering and Environment in Livestock Farming, 9th and 10th October 2007 in Bonn, Germany. Association for Technology and Structures in Agriculture (KTBL) (Ed.), Frankfurt am Main, Germany. pp. 439-444

Sanglerat, G. (1972). The penetrometer and soil exploration. Developments in geotechnical engineering. Elsevier publishing company. Amsterdam.

Sun, Y; W. Buescher; J. Lin; P. Schulze Lammers; F. Ross; C. Maack; Q. Cheng; W. Sun. (2010). An improved penetrometer technique for determining bale density. Biosystems Engineering, Volume 105, Issue 2, Feb. 2010, 273-277

Tobacco, E.; F. Righi; A. Quarantelli; G. Borreani. (2011). Dry matter and nutrition losses during aerobic deterioration of corn and sorghum silages as influenced by different lactic acid bacteria inocula. Journal of Dairy Science, 94:1409-1419

Vanags, C.; B. Minasny; A. B. McBratney. (2004). The dynamic penetrometer for assessment of soil mechanical resistance. SuperSoil 2004: 3rd Australian New Zealand Soils Conference. Published on CDROM. Website www.regional.org.au/au/asssi/

Woolford, M. K. 1984. The silage fermentation. Microbiology series volume 14. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York and Basel. 10

Institute of agricultural engineering- livestock technology -

Institute of agricultural engineering

- livestock technology -

Thank you for your attention!

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„I would recommend this to any cow – it´s good acids, preservatives, toxines, bugs, effluent – there´s even

some grass here somewhere!“ (Woolford, 1984)