1

“Rights of the Garment

workers in Bangladesh:”

Prepared By:

Md. Abdul AlimMasters of Business Administration

2

Table of Content

Serial No. Title Name Page No.

Chapter : 0101 1.1 Introduction 01

1.2 Statement of the problem 021.3 Objectives of Research 031.4 Methodology 041.5 Sources and Materials 041.6 Importance of the Research 041.7 Review of literature 041.8 Scope and Limitation 05

Chapter : 0202 2.1 The concept of The Rights of Garment Workers 06

2.2 Definition of Garment workers 062.3 Right to Wages 062.4 Right to leaves and Holidays 07-082.5 Right to Welfare 08-102.6 Right to Compensation 10-122.7 Right to Leisure and recreation 12-132.8 Right to medical facilities 13-142.9 Right to participation in trade union 14-152.10 Right to safety in the workplace 162.11 Right to remedies under laws 16-17

Chapter : 0303 Conclusion 18

Chapter : 0404 Bibliography 19

3

Table of Figure

SerialNo.

Title Name PageNo.

01 Figure 2.1: Garments workers in work place 06

02 Figure 2.2: Garments workers in residents staying on holidays 08

03 Figure 2.3: Garments workers want to his/her rights in work place 08

04 Figure 2.4: Garments workers strike in highway for getting rights in work

place

11

05 Figure 2.5: Garments workers in medical 14

06 Figure 2.6: Garments workers rights under law 17

4

Chapter: 01

1.1 Introduction:

The garment industry is by far the country’s most important manufacturer, earning around

$5 billion annually and accounting for about two thirds of all exports. Bangladesh has about

2,500 garment factories with up to 10 million livelihoods dependent on it directly or

indirectly. About 80 per cent of garment workers are women. The Ready Made Garments

sector has more potential than any other sector to contribute to the reduction of poverty.

Despite the phenomenal success of the RMG sector the working conditions and wages of

workers in the industry are cause for serious concern. Bangladesh’s current position as a

leading garments exporting nation needs to be consolidated. The economy-wide

reverberations of failure would be disastrous. We believe it is in everybody’s interest to

sustain this industry – an industry which changed the lives of so many people, particularly

women, in Bangladesh. The problems in the industry pre-date the riots which took place

just over a month ago and which were attended by deaths, injuries and the destruction of

property. Over the years, hazardous working conditions have resulted in the deaths of many

workers through factory fires and collapses. The Spectrum Factory building collapse of

April 2005 killed 64 people, injured over 70 and left hundreds jobless. In February 2006 a

fire destroyed the four-story KTS Textile Industries in Bangladesh’s port city of Chittagong

again killing scores of mostly young and female workers. Workers, who are mostly young

women, also face an acutely difficult working environment – wages are low, hours are

long, forced labour is practiced, child labour exists, sexual harassment exists, freedom is

curtailed, whether it be locked doors or rights of association, and there are a multititude of

other practices which go against international labour standards and codes of conduct . At

the level of legislation and business dealings, lack of implementation of laws, restrictive

laws and unfair buying practices by buyers compound the issue of non-compliance. Above

this aspect my research paper I discuss various problems of the garments worker, their life

style, the concept of rights of garments workers and various reasons violation of rights of

garments workers.

5

1.2 Statement of the problem:

The Garment industry is the most important source of foreign currency. Bangladesh has

about 2,500 garment factories and 10 million people are dependent one it directly or

indirectly an about 80 percent garment workers are woman. The garments sector has

become an important institution for reduction of poverty. But the workers face many

problems during working time and outside. The main problems faced by garments worker

are:-

Lower wages.

No leisure time.

Torture [physically and mentally]

Negative outlook to them of the society

1.3 Objectives of Research:

The research has the following objectives:-

To clarify the concept of rights Garment workers.

To examine the legal reasons for the protection of rights of garment workers.

To evaluate the measure for enforcement of rights of garment workers.

1.4 Methodology:

The present study explores the challenges of rights of garment workers in Bangladesh. It is

exploratory in nature based on a qualitative approach. The study also uses context analysis

and survey methods for collecting data and information.

1.5 Sources and Materials:

Those data and information collected from primary and secondary source. Primary sources

are:-

Convention, constitutional law, garment related people, the labor court etc. and secondary

sources are books, journals, articles, newspapers, internet and so on.

6

1.5 Importance of the Research:-

This research will clarify the rights of the garment workers and will provide the legal

remedies for violation for their rights. I believe that, this research will be very helpful for

the readers and the garment workers. They will be able to know about their rights remedies

and process of enforcement of their rights The defines of any study will be helpful for the

legislative to repave the legislating to garment workers.

1.6 Review of literature:

Some of the book are Article published different are review below-

a) Mir Abdul Halim, Bangladesh Labour Laws, Sufi prokashoni, Dhaka, Bangladesh, First

published: July- 2011.

This book is not sufficient to know deeply about the Labour Laws. This book has not

explanation the right of freedom of speech. There is no explanation to the section.

Explanation should be added for clear explanation.

b) Md. Abdul Halim, The Bangladesh Labour code- 2006, first published: July- 2008.

This book is very helpful for the students because it has clear explanation, comment and

note of the section.

1.7 Scope and Limitation:

This research is on the Garment workers in Bangladesh. This research will define the

workers and will describe the importance and necessity of the Garment workers in

Bangladesh. This also will prescribe the rights and remedies of the Garment workers.

However it has limitation that is it will concentrate only on the garment workers in

Bangladesh, not for other workers.

7

Chapter: 02

2.1 The concept of The Rights of Garment Workers

This chapter is mainly discussed about the concept of rights of garment workers in

Bangladesh. In this research we must know some concepts which are given bellow:

2.2 Definition of Garment workers

Sewing is the craft of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with needle and

thread. Sewing is one of the oldest of the textile arts, arising in the Paleolithic Era. There

are many definitions of garment workers as are-

A person who makes garments is called garment workers. Someone whose occupation is

making or repairing fur garments products is called garment workers. Someone says that

the persons who makes or mends dresses in the factory or garment industry is called

garment workers. In another sense, someone who does work as sewing or embroidery with

a needle someone who sells men’s clothes a garment maker who performs the finishing

steps person whose occupation is making and altering garments someone who does work as

sewing or embroidery with a needle.

Figure 2.1: Garments workers in work place

8

2.3 Right to Wages

Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of

himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing, medical care, necessary social

services, and the right to security.” Wages and benefits are one of the primary interests an

employee may have, and unfortunately, disputes over the payment of wages and provision

of benefits are not uncommon. There is a wide range of laws concerning wages and

benefits, and this section provides information on employees’ legal rights on those issues

including tips on overtime pay, employee health insurance, and retirement plans. All

employees are entitled to be paid for the work they have done. They are also entitled to be

paid if they are ready and willing to work but their employer has not provided them with

any work to do, unless your employment contract says otherwise. If you’re an employee,

you’re entitled to be paid if you can’t work because you are off sick or away from work on

maternity leave, paternity leave or adoption leave, or parental leave. You are also allowed a

certain number of days paid holiday a year. In most of these situations, you are entitled to

your usual wage whilst off work. There are some exceptions to these rules. For example,

parents on maternity leave, paternity or adoption leave, or parental leave, are entitled to a

certain amount of paid leave but the law sets out the rate at which this must be paid and it

may not be as much as their usual wage. If you are employee on sick pay, your contract

may give you less pay than your normal pay. By law, most employees are entitled to the

legal minimum statutory sick pay. Your contract may give you more pay than this.

You may be entitled to unpaid time off work in other circumstances, for example, in a

family emergency or on jury service.

2.4 Right to leaves and Holidays

Most workers have the right to take a minimum amount of paid holiday. This is

called statutory holiday. You have the right to take statutory paid holiday from work if

you are a worker. This includes people who work full-time, part-time, agency workers and

casual workers. Only people who are self-employed and a few other exceptions will not be

entitled to statutory paid holiday. The rules about statutory holiday apply regardless of how

long you have worked for your employer and regardless of how old you are. However, you

don’t have the right to statutory holiday if you’re a child under school leaving age. Before 1

April 2009, your right to paid holiday from work was 4.8 weeks. Your leave year may have

started before 1 April 2009 and carries on after 1 April 2009. If so, your annual leave will

9

be worked out on a pro-rata basis 4.8 weeks pro rata for the period before 1 April 2009 and

5.6 weeks pro rata for the period from 1 April 2009. Your contract of employment may

give you the right to take more than the statutory amount of paid holiday. However, it

cannot give you less. If your contract gives you the right to take more than the statutory

amount of paid holiday, this is called contractual holiday. The law doesn’t say how much

contractual holiday you should get, or whether or not it should be paid, how much paid

holiday can take?

You are entitled to a minimum of 5.6 weeks’ holiday a year. This is called statutory

holiday. To work out how many days holiday you can take a year, you need to multiply 5.6

by the number of days you work in a week.

Figure 2.2: Garments workers in residents staying on holidays

2.5 Right to Welfare

Work just isn’t working for too many in America today. The government agencies charged

with protecting workers’ health and safety have abandoned scores of regulatory priorities

and scaled back enforcement efforts, leaving millions of workers under-protected. Millions

of people work without such basic rights as paid sick days. Too many who try to organize

in order to negotiate improved working conditions in their workplaces end up fired or find

10

their efforts undermined by anti-organizing campaigns. Those whose rights are violated

sometimes discover they lack meaningful remedies, as they either must depend on

government agencies that may not respond to their problems or face obstacles to exercising

their right to take their cases to court.

Figure 2.3: Garments workers want to his/her rights in work place

The Foundation’s Workers’ Rights Program supports groups seeking policy and system

reforms to improve the lives of low-wage working people, with a focus on securing their

basic legal rights to safe, healthy, and fair conditions at work. Specifically, the Program

makes grants to groups seeking reforms that will do the following:

Make Work Safe and Healthy– by preventing illness, injury, and death on the job, and

improving workers’ compensation;

Make Work Pay– by empowering workers to hold low-road employers accountable for

wage theft, misclassification, and contingent work abuse, particularly through policies that

create or improve private rights of action and fee shifting; and Build Workers’ Advocacy

Power by improving the ability of low-wage workers to act collectively for policy and

system reform.

11

Additionally, the Program supports investigative journalism, national broadcast news

coverage, and other high-profile media and public education about workers’ rights issues.

This is available to those who have paid a specific number of social insurance

contributions, i.e. PRSI. The different payments usually have the term ‘benefit’ in the title.

If you are an EEA national, social security contributions paid in EU countries including

new accession states can be used for benefit claims. You can collect special forms from

your country before leaving, which will make it easier to make claims in Ireland. If you are

a non – EEA national you must have a valid immigration status in order to be eligible for a

social welfare payment. If you are an employment permit holder and you terminated your

employment involuntarily you may be eligible for contribution based payments if you have

paid sufficient PRSI contributions.

Your residence in Ireland or the Common Travel area

Your reasons for leaving Ireland or the Common Travel area

Your employment record in Ireland and abroad

Your main centre of interest

Your future intention to remain in Ireland

If you are a non – EEA national you must have a valid immigration status in order to be

eligible for a social assistance payment. If you are an employment permit holder and

become unemployed and you don’t have enough PRSI contributions, you will have to pass

the Habitual Residence Condition in order to qualify for a social assistance payment. You

will receive the payment as long as your immigration status is still valid. If you do not

satisfy the Habitual Residence Condi Social Welfare Appeal If you disagree with the

decision of the Deciding Officer of the Social Welfare Services concerning your

entitlements, you have the right to appeal to the Social Welfare Appeals Office. The

Appeals Office operates independently of the Department and is responsible for

determining appeals against decisions on social welfare statutory entitlements. It also deals

with appeals by persons dissatisfied with certain decisions made by Health Boards in

relation to Supplementary Welfare Allowance. Homeless services for migrant workers are

dependent on their immigration status. Therefore a range of options, albeit limited, are open

to people. For more information on this contact MRCI or the organization listed below.

12

If you are homeless you should contact your local authority or call the free phone number

1800 724 for advice and information on accessing emergency accommodation. For more

information on different homeless services in Dublin see Cross care Map of Homeless

Services.

2.6 Right to Compensation

The purpose of this background paper is to lay out the fundamental principles and

guideposts of the right to compensation for injuries under general international law. In

effect, it is intended as an exegesis of the phrase “principles of international law or equity”1

in paragraph 11 of UN General Assembly Resolution 194 (III), adopted December 11,

1948, upon which Palestinian claims for refugee compensation are often based:

and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and

for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or in equity,

should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible.

Such an analysis is necessary, in part, because General Assembly resolutions are not

binding in and of themselves. While most GA resolutions are mere recommendations made

pursuant to Article 10 of the UN Charter, in certain circumstances they can be considered

persuasive restatements of existing law or can, if repeated over time, “achieve the effect of

such binding force through the acceleration of the custom generating process or through the

doctrine of estoppels.”

13

Figure 2.4: Garments workers strike in highway for getting rights in work place

Claims for relief under international law always begin with the law of state responsibility,

which is considered to consist of the “secondary rules” that determine the legal

consequences of failure to fulfill substantive legal obligations, which are considered the

“primary rules. According to the International Law Commission (ILC)’s 1996 Draft Rules

on State Responsibility, every act by a state which is wrongful under some “primary” rule

of international law imposes international responsibility on that state. Wrongful acts occur

when an injury is a) caused by conduct consisting of an action or omission which is

attributable to the State under international law; and b) that conduct constitutes a breach of

an international obligation of the State. It does not matter whether the “primary”

international obligation is found in customary law or treaty; nor does it matter whether the

same act is considered lawful by the state’s own internal law. However, a breach only

occurs “if the act was performed at the time when the obligation was in force for that

State.”

It has long been a general and undisputed principle of international law, going back to

Blackstone as well as Grotius that where there is a legal right, there is also a legal remedy

or action at law whenever that right is invaded. This is the flipside of the principle that

14

states have the obligation to make restitution for their wrongful acts and violations of

international law. Resolving issues over the nature or extent of the reparation to be made

for the breach of an international obligation is, in fact, one of the functions of the

International Court of Justice (ICJ). “Ordinarily, emphasis is on forms of redress that will

undo the effect of the violation.”

2.7 Right to Leisure and recreation

Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The “need to do

something for recreation” is an essential element of human biology and psychology.

Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are

considered to be “fun”. The term recreation implies participation to be healthy refreshing

mind and body.

The term recreation appears to have been used in English first in the late 14th century, first

in the sense of “refreshment or curing of a sick person”, and derived from Old French, in

turn from Latin.

Humans spend their time in activities of daily living, work, sleep, social duties, and leisure,

the latter time being free from prior commitments to physiologic or social needs, a

prerequisite of recreation. Leisure has increased with increased longevity and, for many,

with decreased hours spent for physical and economic survival, yet others argue that time

pressure has increased for modern people, as they are committed to too many tasks. Other

factors that account for an increased role of recreation are affluence, population trends, and

increased commercialization of recreational offerings. While one perception is that leisure

is just “spare time”, time not consumed by the necessities of living, another holds that

leisure is a force that allows individuals to consider and reflect on the values and realities

that are missed in the activities of daily life, thus being an essential element of personal

development and civilization. This direction of thought has even been extended to the view

that leisure is the purpose of work, and a reward in itselfand “leisure life” reflects the

values and character of a nation. Leisure is considered a human right under the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights. Recreation is difficult to separate from the general concept

of play which is usually the term for children’s recreational activity. Children may playfully

imitate activities that reflect the realities of adult life. It has been proposed that play or

15

recreational activities are outlets of or expression of excess energy, channeling it into

socially acceptable activities that fulfill individual as well as societal needs, without need

for compulsion, and providing satisfaction and pleasure for the participant. A traditional

view holds that work is supported by recreation, recreation being useful to “recharge the

battery” so that work performance is improved. Work, an activity generally performed out

of economic necessity and useful for society and organized within the economic

framework, however can also be pleasurable and may be self-imposed thus blurring the

distinction to recreation. Many activities may be work for one person and recreation for

another, or, at an individual level, over time recreational activity may become work, and

vice-versa. Thus, for a musician, playing an instrument may be at one time a profession,

and at another a recreation there is a lot more to do. Recreation is an essential part of

human life and finds many different forms which are shaped naturally by individual

interests but also by the surrounding social construction. Recreational activities can be

communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful, and useful

for society or detrimental. A list of typical activities could be almost endless including most

human activities, a few examples being reading, playing or listening to music, watching

movies or TV, gardening, hunting, hobbies, sports, studies, and travel.

2.8 Right to medical facilities

Inadequate medical facilities and data may mar the efforts of the Taraba State government

to curtail the outbreak of meningitis in the state. Seventy-eight cases of meningitis have

been reported to the Taraba State Ministry of Health and five deaths recorded as at

Wednesday. However, only one case has been medically confirmed to be meningitis in the

10 out of 16 local governments of the state. Speaking in his office in Jalingo, the state

capital on the killer disease, Dr. Ebenezer Apaku, Director of Primary Health Care and

Disease Control, said most of the cases involve people living in the remote areas of the

state without access to adequate medical facilities. “The airborne disease usually occurs all

year round but during the dry or hot season, the prevalence is high. The level of

surveillance is also high.“We also need to confirm the strain of the bacteria. This is

important to give the right vaccination. If you give the wrong vaccine, you will not be

helping the patients. But from the isolated cases we are having, it has not reached the

threshold of epidemic now,” he said. Apercu disclosed that it is the policy of the Federal

Ministry of Health with the advice from the World Health Organization (WHO) that once

16

the threshold of epidemic for meningitis has not been reached; there is no need to vaccinate

the affected community. But he did not say at what point the threshold will be reached. The

Medical Director of Zing General Hospital, Emmanuel Scheme corroborated the fact that

meningitis is usually on the prowl in the state during the hot season.“So far, we have one

unconfirmed case of meningitis in the hospital.

Figure 2.5: Garments workers in medical

2.9 Right to participation in trade union

The trade unions have always been denied any effective role in the garment sector and so

have little influence over the workforce or abilities as mediator’s relations. But every

worker along with the garment has a fundamental right to form and participate in trade

union. When disturbances reach a certain peak new promises are made to allow trade union

activity, but as unrest subsides most factory bosses maintain their refusal to concede to

allowing union representation. One of the most important functions of the trade unions is to

promote and train factory managers from among the workers and the masses of the working

people generally. At the present time we have scores of such factory managers who are

quite satisfactory, and hundreds who are more or less satisfactory, but very soon; however,

we must have hundreds of the former and thousands of the latter. The trade unions must

much more carefully and regularly than hitherto keep a systematic register of all workers

17

and peasants capable of holding posts of this kind, and thoroughly, efficiently and from

every aspect verify the progress they make in learning the art of management. The trade

unions must take a far greater part in the activities of all the planning bodies of the

proletarian state, in drawing up economic plans and also programmers of production and

expenditure of stocks of material supplies for the workers, in selecting the factories that are

to continue to receive state supplies, to be leased, or to be given out as concessions, etc.

The trade unions should undertake no direct functions of controlling production in private

and leased enterprises, but participate in the regulation of private capitalist production

exclusively by sharing in the activities of the competent state bodies. In addition to

participating in all cultural and educational activities and in production propaganda, the

trade unions must also, on an increasing scale, enlist the working class and the masses of

the working people generally for all branches of the work of building up the state economy;

they must make them familiar with all aspects of economic life and with all details of

industrial operations from the procurement of raw materials to the marketing of the

product; give them a more and more concrete understanding of the single state plan of

socialist economy and the worker’s and peasant’s practical interest in its implementation.

The drawing up of scales of wages and supplies, etc., is one of the essential functions of the

trade unions in the building of socialism and in their participation in the management of

industry. In particular, disciplinary courts should steadily improve labour discipline and

proper ways of promoting it and achieving increased productivity; but they must not

interfere with the functions of the People’s Courts in general or with the functions of

factory managements. This list of the major functions of the trade unions in the work of

building up socialist economy should, of course, be drawn up in greater detail by the

competent trade union and government bodies. Taking into account the experience of the

enormous work accomplished by the unions in organizing the economy and its

management, and also the mistakes which have caused no little harm and which resulted

from direct, unqualified, incompetent and irresponsible interference in administrative

matters, it is most important, in order to restore the economy and strengthen the Soviet

system, deliberately and resolutely to start persevering practical activities calculated to

extend over a long period of years and designed to give the workers and all working people

generally practical training in the art of managing the economy of the whole country.

18

2.10 Right to safety in the workplace

Employees have the right to a workplace that is reasonably free of safety and health

hazards. A federal agency the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

typically sets and enforces standards to ensure the safety and health of America’s workers.

Choose a link from the list below for information and tips on workplace health and

Workers’ right to workplace health and safety appear as standards in workplace health and

safety laws. These laws are known as “regulations”. It is illegal for an employer not to

follow a regulation. A regulation contains the minimum protection an employer must give a

worker against dangers to the worker’s good health and safety. The minimum protection is

defined as a standard. When an employer doesn’t set the workplace’s health and safety

standards as high as the standards found in regulations, then the regulations need to be

properly enforced. Government inspectors play an important role in the enforcement of

regulations by ensuring that employers are meeting the legal standards.

2.11 Right to remedies under laws

Bangladesh employs 3.4 million garment workers in 4,200 ready-made-garments (RMG)

factories that produce US$12.59 billion in export earnings, representing 78% of the

country’s total. Contributing nine percent of the gross domestic product, the industry is

directly or indirectly responsible for the employment of 24 million people. The minimum

wage is $43/month or about $10/week. This equals 20 cents an hour, the lowest wage, by

far, of any major garment producing country. Studies show that this wage fails to cover the

cost of the minimum nutritional needs of even a single worker, let alone her family. The

Bangladesh Center for Worker Solidarity was borne out of a worker movement to form the

first trade union in a factory sourcing for a garment retailer. Since the early 1990s, the

BCWS has had a long tradition of advancing workers’ rights by documenting labor abuses

and violations and strengthening the capacity of workers to advocate for themselves and

advance their own interests. BCWS is highly regarded by labor rights advocates world-

wide and by apparel companies as well. Levi Strauss & Co. has called BCWS “a globally

respected labor rights organization, which has played a vital role in documenting and

working to remedy labor violations in the apparel industry in Bangladesh.” The project has

been successful in providing women workers with a better/solid understanding of their

rights and the legal protections that they can invoke to defend them. It has also been

19

successful in educating women workers about codes of conduct which they previously had

no knowledge of. Women now have the confidence to ask factory management about their

codes of conduct, to question the failure to implement their commitments and to negotiate

with management to defend their rights. To do this, trained female workers have taken the

initiative to organize their respective factory workers and to form female led unions . Many

women who hadn’t had the chance to attend the leadership training programs were able to

benefit from BCWS reading and educational materials and the organization’s broader

awareness raising campaigns. Among 14 factories, 4 became ready for union registration.

This is a truly remarkable victory, especially given the current political situation in

Bangladesh which has served to further limit the ability of workers to defend their rights.

Figure 2.6: Garments workers rights under law

20

Chapter: 03

Conclusion

This chapter is mainly discussed about some concept of definition of garments workers,

rights of the garments workers in Bangladesh, rights to wages, rights to leave and holydays

and all rights of garments workers. There are lots of laws for the protection of rights of

garments workers in Bangladesh. But it not enforcement in proper way, in my research I try

to analysis it with very carefully.

This is the last chapter of my research and I found lots of information about rights of

garments workers in Bangladesh. In the last of my research I write down how we can protect

the garments workers rights and what can our government do for protecting the rights of

garments workers in Bangladesh.

Lastly, I discussion about the rights of garments workers in Bangladesh. Where the rights of

garments workers are violated in our country. The garments workers are very important and

essential person for our society. They work hard and soul everyday from morning to

evening. So our Government should take any action so that the rights of garments workers

are not violated.

21

Chapter : 05

Bibliography

Abdul Halim Mir, Bangladesh Labour Laws, Sufi Prokashoni, Dhaka, 2011.

Md. Halim Abdul, the Bangladesh Labour Code, 2006. CCB Foundation, Dhaka, 2011.

The Constitution of Bangladesh, Published by the Government, 2011.

The constitution of Bangladesh, Published by the Government, 1972.

The Bangladesh Labor Act 2006, Published by the Government, 2006

www.negotiations.com/articles/collective-bargaining

The Health and Safety Act 1992, Published by the Government.

V. I. Lenin, Role and Functions of the Trade Unions, Progress Publishers, Moscow,

1965

Yukic Thomas. Fundamentals of Recreation, 2nd edition. Harpers & Row, 1970,

Library of Congress 70-88646.

Rehabilitation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental

Freedoms: Preliminary Report, 1990.

www.umich.edu/~cibe/students/Azad-new.pdf

www.adviceguide.org.uk/england/…e

Public Welfare Foundation, 2010.

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.