Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”

Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in

oneplace [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power

[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.

) Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

1850224, 000 looms

>1 million workers

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

× Rigid schedule.

× 12-14 hour day.

× Dangerous conditions.

× Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Mass Production Mass Production MethodsMethods

1. Division of Labor2. Standardization3. Assembly Line4. Higher Standard of

Living

That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

The Enclosure Movement

The Enclosure Movement

“Enclosed” Lands Today

“Enclosed” Lands Today

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Early CanalsEarly Canals

Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

Mine & Forge [1840-1880] More powerful than water is

coal.

More powerful than wood is iron.

Iron refined into steel. Innovations make steel feasible. * “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” * “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. * Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child “hurriers”

Child “hurriers”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

early 1700s

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

early 1700s

Spinning Mule 1779Spinning Mule 1779Samuel CromptonSamuel Crompton

The Power LoomRichard Arkwright, late 1700sThe Power LoomRichard Arkwright, late 1700s

Cotton Gin 1793Cotton Gin 1793Eli WhitneyEli Whitney

Steam Engine 1769 James Watt

Steam Engine 1769 James Watt

Steam TractorSteam Tractor

Steam Ship 1807Robert Fulton

Steam Ship 1807Robert Fulton

Early Steam Locomotive 1814

George Stephenson

Early Steam Locomotive 1814

George Stephenson

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

Magnetic Coil & Magnetic Coil & Electricity 1831Electricity 1831

Michael FaradayMichael Faraday

Telegraph 1844Telegraph 1844Samuel MorseSamuel Morse

Telephone 1876Telephone 1876Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell

Light bulb 1879Light bulb 1879Thomas EdisonThomas Edison

Television 1934Television 1934Vladimir ZworykinVladimir Zworykin

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851

London

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851

London

Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

Adam SmithAdam Smith

•Laissez-faire economics – Ideas

•Wealth of Nations –

•Book

• “the invisible hand”

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

× Population growth willoutpace the food supply.

× War, disease, or faminecould control population.

× The poor should have

less children.

× Food supply will then keep up with population.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo

× “Iron Law of Wages.”

× When wages are high,workers have morechildren.

× More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.

The Utilitarians:The Utilitarians:× Jeremy Bentham

× John Stuart Mill

× There is a role to play for government

intervention to provide some social safety net.

The Socialists: Utopians

The Socialists: Utopians

× People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.

× Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

× Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].

The Socialists:The Socialists: Utopians Utopians•Robert Owen

•Philosophy

•New Landmark, Scotland

The Socialists:The Socialists: MarxistsMarxists

•Scientific Socialism

•Communist Manifesto

•Failure in Europe

•Karl Marx/F. Engels

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages

under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.

11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.

17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.

22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.

27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.

32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.

37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.

42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.

47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.

52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.

57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire

Industrial Staffordshire

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today

The New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!The New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:

The “Lady Bountifuls”

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The LudditesThe Luddites

The Neo-Luddites Today

The Neo-Luddites Today

BritishSoldiers Fire on British

Workers:

Let us die like men, and not be sold

like slaves!

BritishSoldiers Fire on British

Workers:

Let us die like men, and not be sold

like slaves!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

The Chartists

The Chartists

KeyKey

        Chartistsettlements

         Centres of Chartism

      Area of plug riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter”

The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.

Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.

Votes for all men.Equal electoral districts.Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.Payment for Members of Parliament.Annual general elections.The secret ballot.

The ChartistsThe Chartists

A physical force—Chartists arming for

the fight.

A female Chartist

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

Give manufactures more outlets for their products.Expand employment.Lower the price of bread.Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition.Promote international peace through trade contact.

Government Response

Government Response Abolition of slavery in the

coloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].

Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor.

New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses.

Reform Bill [1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continent

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continent Northeast France. Belgium. The Netherlands. Western German states. Northern Italy East Germany Saxony

Industrialization By 1850Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Railroads on the Continent

Shares in World Trade:

Leading European Nations

Shares in World Trade:

Leading European Nations

The EndThe End