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Inside the world of Impressionism The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts
From Monet to Boldini, all the way to Renoir.
Romanticism “Feeling is all!”
Realism The art of depiction of daily life
DOUBLE-SPECIAL SPREAD
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Table of Contents Taken inside the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts.
Volume 6 Number 3
Cover: Sketch of a ballerina by Edgar Degas
Romanticism: itʼs about rawness and emotions……………………………………. p.3 Living in the 18th Century Romanticism in literature. (& Add painting chacterics) Artist Profile: Francisco de Goya The Third of May Realism: Painting the truth, painting the reality as it is……………………………p.10 The fight against Romanticism Realism in art Artist Profile: Gustave Courbet Portrait of Jo, the Beautiful Irish Girl.
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Taken inside the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts.
The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts - Once upon a time… Impressionism……..p.16
Rich Bum Magazineʼs favorite two:
Degasʼ The Dancing Class
Fantin-Latourʼs Roses in a Bowl
The impressionism movement………………………………………………………….p.20
Luncheon of the Boating Part 1 by Renoir
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Romanticism
Liberty Leading the People (1830), Eugene Delacroix
Ask anyone on the street: "what is
Romanticism?" and you will certainly
receive some kind of reply.
Everyone claims to know the
meaning of the word romantic. The
word conveys notions of sentiment
and sentimentality, a visionary or
idealistic lack of reality. It connotes
fantasy and fiction
Historical Context
Romanticism appeared in conflict
with the Lumieres (Enlightenment).
Some could go as far as to say that
Romanticism reflected a crisis in
Enlightenment. In fact, Romanticism
is rejecting the Neo-Classic
movement considered too severe
and strong.
Romanticism was the new thought,
the critical idea and the creative
effort necessary to cope with the old
ways of confronting experience. The
Romantic era can be considered as
indicative of an age of crisis. Even
before the French Revolution of
1789, it was believed that the ancien
regime seemed ready to collapse.
Once the French Revolution entered
its radical phase in August 1792 the
fear of political disaster also spread.
King killing, Robespierre, the Reign
of Terror, and the Napoleonic
armies all signaled chaos -- a chaos
which would dominate European
political and cultural life for the next
quarter of a century.
Romantic themes
Literature was the first branch of art
to be influenced by the movement
that is Romanticism, although the
concepts remain the same in all the
art forms.
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The Romantics emphasized the
importance of nature and the primal
feelings of awe, apprehension and
horror felt by man on approaching
the sublimeness of it.
Unlike the age of Enlightenment,
which focused on rationality and
intellect, Romanticism placed
human emotions, feelings, instinct
and intuition. The Romantic writers
trusted their emotions and feelings
to create poetry.
Romantics also developed the love
for the exotic. Hence, far off and
mysterious locations were depicted
in many of the artistic works from
that period. Exoticism is also one of
the most prominent characteristics
in art, along with sentimentality and
spirituality.
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Artist Profile: Francisco de Goya Born in 1828 in Fuendetos, Spain, Goya was a consummately artist
whose multifarious paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected
contemporary historical
upheavals and influenced
important 19th- and 20th-
century painters. Like
Velazquez, Goya was a
Spanish court painter whose
best work was done apart
from his official duties. He is
known for his scenes of
violence, especially those
prompted by the French
invasion of Spain. The
series of etchings Los
desastres de la guerra ("The
Disasters of War", 1810-14) records the horrors of the Napoleonic
invasion. His masterpieces in painting include The Naked Maja and
The Clothed Maja (c. 1800-05). He also painted charming portraits
such as Senora Sabasa Garcia.
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Saturn Devouring His Son (1819 – 1823).
The Bewitched Man (1797 – 1798)
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Title: Tres de Mayo
Artist: Francisco de
Goya (DOB: 30
March 1746 in
Fuendetodos,
Aragon, Spain. DOD:
16 April 1828 in Bordeaux, France)
Year: 1814.
Material: Canvas
Size: 266 x 345 cm
(104.5 x 135.7 inches).
Location: Prado Museum Madrid, Spain.
Technique: Oil.
This painting shows the random executions of Spanish citizen as a result from the fighting in the
Puerto del Sol area of Madrid. A national uprising in Spain followed, and scenes such as Goyaʼs
Tres de Mayo (Third of May) were repeated throughout the Spanish countryside, as the French commanders failed to quell the national mood, and instead made it more furious.
Goya panted a very tragic and dark scene. There are a lot of characters in the painting however,
they are all at the same spot. There is scene is both still and dynamic. In fact, the soldiers seem
to be immobile whereas the Spanish citizens are panicking. If this were to be a movie, only the
citizens that havenʼt been shot yet would be moving. The point of focus is the man in the white
shirt with fear written all over his face. The light is also straight on him. Shades of yellows,
beiges and dark brown constitute the majority of the color composition of the painting. The only
vibrant colors are the yellow and white of the manʼs outfit and the blood on the ground. These
three (3) colors are also the colors found on the Spanish flag. This painting would be an allegory to
what is happening to the country back then.
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Realism
The Song of the Lark (1884), Jules Breton.
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The words realism, realistic and reality are in commonly used in todayʼs vocabulary, but very delicate; they can indeed define several degrees of reference to reality. They often simply imply the scrupulous observations made by the artist. The term “realism” is more readily used when the artist stays faithful to what he sees.
Historical Context
The historical movement of realism covers everything from 1820 and reacts to Neo-classicism and Romanticism by a return to the study of nature and everyday topics. In a broad sense, it could include nature studies, landscapes painting, outdoor scenery.
Realism emerged in France in the wake of the 1848 Revolution and lasted until 1880. Although several attempts at infusing realism into art had been made throughout art history, the actual wave of realism art swept the art world after Gustave Courbet's independent exhibition in 1855 of his shockingly truthful realism paintings to a scandalized
public who, until then, had only been exposed to original art steeped in the sublime aesthetics of Romanticism or the classical ideal of the Old Masters.
Gustave Courbet; canon of the Realist movement
This movement founds the raison d'etre in what Gustave Courbet himself called the representation of real and existing things. In realism paintings, ordinary, familiar and unadorned figures and objects become worthy subjects. Often implying a moral or social message, realism paintings present a straightforward depiction of the grim lives of the common folk. But not all realism paintings are intentionally imbued with social consciousness or political subversion; there are also realist paintings that capture every day scenes of contemporary life that the audience may find sweetly sentimental or innocuously spontaneous.
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Artist Profile: Gustave Courbet
Born in 1819 in France,
Courbet went against
mid-nineteenth century
Romanticism and led the
Realism movement
towards the beauty of
everyday life. Courbet
had significant support
from his father to become a painter, inspiring him to lead a new
movement of painting focusing on rural activities, as seen in The
Stone-Breakers and Burial at Ornan.
Saturn Devouring His Son (1819 – 1823).
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Les Demoiselles des bords de la Seine (1856)
The Cliffs at Etretat (1869)
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Title: Portrait of Jo, the Beautiful Irish Girl.
Artist: Jean Desire Gustave Courbet (DOB: 10 June 1819 in Ornans, Doubs, France. DOD: 31 December 1877 in La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland)
Year: 1865
Material: Canvas
Size: 54 x 65 cm (21.3 x 25.6 inches).
Location: Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden.
Technique: Oil.
During his three-month stay in Trouville in 1865, Courbet attracted a following as a portraitist
among the society women at this fashionable resort on the Normandy coast. He possibly
encountered Joanna Hiffernan (born 1842/43), a "beautiful Irishwoman," through his
acquaintance with fellow artist James McNeill Whistler, who was also working in Trouville in
1865. This image of Jo, Whistler's mistress and model, although dated 1866, was likely painted
in 1865, when Courbet wrote of "the beauty of a superb redhead whose portrait I have begun." He would paint three repetitions with minor variations.
The painting is quite simple. It is a portrait therefore the main focus of the work is the Irish girl.
The background is farely dark creating a contrast with the ladyʼs orange hair and light
complexion. Her movements seem as if sheʼs taking her time. Sheʼs playing with her hair while
looking at herself in the mirror. This is a grooming scene rather calm and serene. Her
movements are very gracious. The light is very natural and the shapes are very organic as well (curls in her hair). Courbet depicted the graciousness of the Irish girl.
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The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts Once Upon a Time… Impressionism
Nathalie Bondil, Director and
Chief Curator of the MMFA and
curator of this exhibition in
Montreal, is delighted that “For
the first and only time, one of
the finest collections of
Impressionist works in North
America will be displayed in a
Canadian exclusive at the
Museum. Montreal will be the sole Canadian venue for this historic tour, which will travel from Europe
to Asia during expansion work at the prestigious Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute in
Williamstown, Massachusetts. Chosen for their exceptional quality, seventy-four paintings by
Bonnard, Corot, Degas, Gauguin, Manet, Millet, Monet, Morisot, Pissarro, Sisley and Toulouse-
Lautrec, including a selection of twenty-one outstanding canvases by Renoir, and the Degas
sculpture Little Dancer Aged Fourteen (on view exclusively in Montreal) will be shown at the MMFA.
The inclusion of academic works by Bouguereau, Gérôme and Stevens, among others, will enable visitors to see how the new ʻmodernismʼ challenged official painting.”
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Visitors will be able to admire
Monetʼs landscapes, from The
Cliffs at Étretat to the Dutch tulip
fields and Spring in Giverny, the
pastoral banks of the Seine
painted by Caillebotte and Sisley
and the cityscapes of Pissarro,
such as The Louvre from the
Pont Neuf. Works by Degas
include the famous Before the
Race with the horses and the
jockeys in their brightly coloured silks. The exotic settings of Gérôme contrast with the elegant subjects
of Stevens and Boldini. Twenty-one Renoirs selected from the thirty-two Renoirs currently in the Clark
collection vividly illustrate the blazing talent of the master of Impressionism: his celebration of female
beauty (Girl with a Fan, A Box at the Theater, Blonde Bather, …), his landscapes (Sunset, Venice, the
Dogeʼs Palace, Bay of Naples, Evening), still lifes (Apples in a Dish, Peonies, …) , and portraits (Self-
portrait, Marie-Thérèse Durand-Ruel Sewing, …).
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Rich Bum Magazineʼs favorite two paintings
Title: La classe de dance (The Dance Class)
Artist: Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, better
known as Edgar Degas (DOB: 19 July 1834
in Paris, France DOD: 27 September 1917 in Paris, France)
Year: 1873-75.
Material: Canvas
Size: 85 x 75 cm (31.5 x 29.5 inches).
Location: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Quebec, Canada.
Technique: Oil.
Edgar Degas depicts in this painting a dance class. There is a old man placed around several young
girls dressed in their white ballerina outfits. They all have a different color bows like they have different
poses. Their body screams exhaustion and boredom. The painting is very humorous as the teacher is
trying to teach them ballet; they dance that require ultimate gracefulness, yet they all have a sassy
attitude, which is a form of disrespect. It is a very playful scene regardless. There seem to be big
windows behind the teacher as the room is very bright. Degas closely observed the most spontaneous,
natural, ordinary gestures, the pauses when concentration is relaxed and the body slumps after the
exhausting effort of practicing and the implacable rigor of the class. The slightly raised viewpoint looking
diagonally across the studio accentuates the vanishing perspective of floorboards.
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Title: Roses in a Bowl
Artist: Henri Fantin-Latour
(DOB: 14 January 1836 in
Grenoble, Isere, France
DOD: 25 August 1904 in
Bure, Orne, Lower Normandy, France)
Year: 1883.
Material: Canvas
Size: 30 x 41.7 cm (11.8 x 16.4 inches).
Location: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Quebec, Canada.
Technique: Oil.
The title is very self-explanatory of the painting. Fantin-Latour painted a bouquet of roses in a bowl.
The composition of the artwork is fairly simple: the background is simple and then at the foreground
there are faded flowers. They seem as if they have been there for a while as their colors are quite
dull-looking. This work of art is a still life and is there no form of movement. The mood is calm and
serene; the roses are dying slowly yet they still look elegant. Being an impressionist, Fantin-Latour
uses thin brush strokes which is very noticeable if the viewer looks at the way he painted the petals,
he made them look full but damaged by time. The imperfections of the roses make them look genuine. The shapes are very organic and makes the painting even more natural.
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Impressionism
The impressionist style of painting is
characterized chiefly by
concentration on the general
impression produced by a scene or
object and the use of unmixed
primary colors and small strokes to
simulate actual reflected light.
Impressionism, French
Impressionnisme, a major
movement, first in painting and later
in music, that developed chiefly in
France during the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. Impressionist
painting comprises the work
produced between about 1867 and
1886 by a group of artists who
shared a set of related approaches
and techniques.
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Title: Luncheon of the Boating
Party (Le dejeuner des canotiers).
Artist: Pierre-Auguste Renoir
(DOB: 25 February 1841,
Limoges, Haute-Vienne, France.
DOD: 3 December 1919 in
Cagnes-sur-Mer, Provence-Alpes-Cote dʼAzur, France)
Year: 1880-81.
Material: Canvas
Size: 129.9 x 172.7 cm (51 x 68 inches).
Location: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Quebec, Canada.
Technique: Oil.
The painting depicts a group of Renoir's friends relaxing on a balcony at the Maison Fournaise along
the Seine river in Chatou, France. The painter and art patron, Gustave Caillebotte, is seated in the
lower right. Renoir's future wife, Aline Charigot, is in the foreground playing with a small dog. On the
table is fruit and wine.
The painting is very busy and dynamic. The charcters are interacting with eachother, drinking,
laughing. In terms of balance, Renoir is extremely clever and succeeds in balancing two figures on the
left with twelve on the right. By tilting the floorboards, the artist allows characters in the upper-right
background to be easily visible and this adds to the feeling of intimacy and informality. The colors
adopted by Renoir are very rich and he contrasts the deep blue and green with vivid red and greens.
Brimming with color this painting reflects both the time period and Impressionist style. The artists
combination of thickly applied brushstrokes and more delicate ones adds to the composition, and specks of red and white make the painting easy on the eye.
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