Argument

The

Greeks

Rhetoric

Rhetoric

The ways we convince people to do, think, or say what we want

The Tree of Rhetoric

The Tree of Rhetoric

Logos

The Tree of Rhetoric

Logos

Pathos

The Tree of Rhetoric

Logos

Pathos

Ethos

Logical

Logos

Syllogism:

All students want to Learn

Brenda is a Student

Brenda Wants to Learn

Logos

Enthymeme:

All students want to Learn

Brenda is a Student

Brenda Wants to Learn

Commonplace--Audience already believes this

LogosDeductive Reasoning: Reasoning from Principles

We all know that freedom is better than slavery, so a freer school system is clearly better for all

Inductive Reasoning: Reasoning from Experience

In every school system we studied, those with later start times had better attendance and Test Scores

Logos

Statistics:

45% of High school principals believe that school should start sooner

Logos

Cause/Effect:

If we start school later, Students will learn more

The Tree of RhetoricPathos

Emotional

EmotionalThe use of emotional argumentation to persuade and convince

EmotionalAppeals to Negative Emotions: Fear, Discrimination, Revenge

EmotionalAppeals to Negative Emotions: Fear, Discrimination, Revenge

Appeals to Positive Emotions: Love, Charity, Brotherhood

EmotionalAppeals to Negative Emotions: Fear, Discrimination, Revenge

Appeals to Positive Emotions: Love, Charity, Brotherhood

Use of Figurative Speech: metaphors, rhetorical questions, parallelism

Is Pathos more or lessEffective/Fair

than Logos in Argumenation?

The Tree of Rhetoric

Ethos

Credibility

Credibility

Persuading by convincing the audience that the speaker is worth listening to

Credibility

Trustworthiness

Credibility

Trustworthiness

Similarity

Credibility

Trustworthiness

Similarity

Special Knowledge

Credibility

Trustworthiness

Similarity

Special Knowledge

Expert Knowledge

Credibility

Trustworthiness

Similarity

Special Knowledge

Expert Knowledge:

I want to convince the principal to let students wear political messages on their t-shirts. Which ethos issues should I consider?

The Tree of Rhetoric

Emotional

Logical

Credibility

Classical GreekOratory

Classical Oration

Introduction (Exordium): beginning the web, draw interest

Narration (Narratio): factual info, define the problem

Confirmation (Confirmatio): detail about the arguments, the nuts and bolts of your case

Refutation (Refutatio): addresses counter-arguments, consider audience

Conclusion (Peroratio): satisfying close