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[email protected] www.rheologysolutions.com1
• rheotalk biennial
Information Request Form
At the end of the cumulative issue of
RheoTalk we have provided an Information
Request Form for those that wish further
information. The form can be printed and
filled out and then either faxed or posted.
Alternatively, you can send an email direct
with details of the information you are
seeking to [email protected]
We trust that the Biennial RheoTalk will be
beneficial to all that read and search through
the issue. Any enquiries from the Biennial
RheoTalk not within Australia will be
forwarded to our overseas partner for their
action. Happy reading
• rheotalk biennial
Search FacilityThis file has been created as a PDF which therefore provides full search function. This means that searching can be conducted by any word, phrase, industry type, brand name, application or product model.
• rheotalk biennial
Overview
Welcome to the second edition
of our cumulative Biennial
RheoTalk. This has been
complied to provide our
Australian customers and
readers of RheoTalk with an
easy reference and source
of the product information,
application articles and news
from 2007 - 2008.
The newsletter has been cross indexed and
referenced by industry, so that each key area
can identify the specific information that
relates to their industry. There classifications
that we have used are listed and are also
colour coded:
• Mining Industries
• Polymer Industries
• Food Industries
• Surface Coatings Industries
• Chemical & General Manufacturing
Industries
• Construction & Building Industries
• Pharmaceutical, Cosmetics & Allied
Industries
• All Industries
Additionally, the indexes have been divided
into three sections covering Application
Notes, News & Views, and Product News
& Industry Applications. There is an index
at the beginning of each of these sections,
listing the contents within that section with
a cross reference to the industry that it
applies to.
biennial 07-08
• rheotalk biennial
In This Issue...
Application Notes & Laboratory Reports Product News & Industry ApplicationsApplication Notes ............................ 2-31 Product Focus ........................... 56-105Laboratory Reports............................ 2-31 Product Reviews ........................ 56-105News & Views Product News ........................... 56-105Industry Solutions ............................ 32-55 Information Request Form... 106-110Company News ................................ 32-55
Application Notes& Laboratory Reports
Application Notes• Experimental Influences on the Casson-Viscosity. The Casson Yield Point for Chocolate Tests ........................................................................ 6 •• How to Select the Most Suitable Sensor for Your Application ........................ 7 •• Rheological Analysis of Powder Coatings........................................................ 4 •• Rheological Characterisation of Tooth Paste ................................................ 5 •• Rheological Investigation of Three Rubbers with Different Shore Factors With Respect to their Shape Stability before Curing ........................................ 5 •• Rheological Properties of Fresh Building Materials ........................................ 6 •• Breaking Strength of Chocolate ................................................................ 8 •• A New Approach to Rheological Modelling of an Electrostatic Ash & Water Mixture – Quadratic Law ........................................................ 11 •• A New Definition in Reactor Temperature Control with the Highly Dynamic HAAKE DynaMax System ........................................................................ 10 •• A Numerical Study of Temperature & shear Flow in a Transiently Loaded Lubricant Film ................................................................................ 10 •• Characterisation of the Thixotropic Behaviour of Semi-Solid Foodstuffs ........ 13 •• Dynamic Master Curves of Polymer Modified Asphalt From Three Different Geometries ................................................................ 13 •• Online Quality Control of Polymers & Extruded Films ................................ 11 •• Rheological & Microstructural Analysis of a Model Rennet Casein Gel as Influenced by Cooling Rate ................................................ 12 •• Rheology as a Tool for Immiscible Polymer Blends Characterisation: Interfacial Tension & Compatibilisation ................................ 12 •• Thickening of Electrostatically Stabilised Latices by Ethyl Acrylate-Methacrylic Acid Copolymers with Various Molecular Weights ........ 13 •• Rheological Analysis of Powder Coatings- Paint & Resin Article ................ 30 •• Rheological Characterisation of Asphalt Binders ........................................ 16 •• Rheological Characterisation of Tooth Paste – COSSMA Article 9/2007 ........ 14 •• What Happens When Rheological Properties Change? Looking into Rheological Properties with Simultaneous Collection of Microscopic Images 16 • • • • •• New Measuring Cell for UV Assisted Thermal Curing at Elevated Temperatures ........................................................................ 19 • • • • •• QC Measurements for Liquid Food Products and Packaging ........................ 17 • • • Rheological Behaviour of Automotive Paint Systems........................................ 18 •• Rheological Methods for Determining Molecular Weight & Molecular Weight Distribution ........................................................................ 20 • • • • •• Solvent Trap & Double Cone System for Reproducible Results in Rheological Measurements of Low Viscous Volatile Fluids ........................ 9 •• The Rheological Properties of a Copper Concentrate Slurry: From Surface Chemistry to Pipeline Transport ........................................................ 17 •• Wet-Shotcrete of Refractory Castables ........................................................ 18 • •• Cellulosic Derivatives in Capillary Break-up. Influence of the MWD & Gel Particles ................................................................................ 24 •
ALL
INDU
STRI
ES
POLY
MER
FOOD
SURF
ACE
COAT
INGS
MIN
ERAL
CHEM
ICAL
PHAR
MAC
EUTI
CAL
BUIL
DING
biennial 07-08
2 www.rheologysolutions.com
Application Notes& Laboratory Reports
� Application Notes• Correlation of Misting During Printing with Extensional
Rheological Investigation on Offset Printing Inks ........................................ 24 •• Improved Torque Sensitivity & Normal Force
Resolutions for Routine Measurements ........................................................ 23 •• Overview of Rheology-Based Process Challenges
for the Mineral Processing Industries ........................................................ 23 •• Slurry Rheology & Pipeline Transport Properties, an Overview ........................ 22 • •• The Influence of Thickeners on the Application Method of Automotive
Coatings and Paper Coatings – Rheological Investigation ................................ 22 •• Continuous On-Line Rheometry for Industrial Slurries ................................ 29 •• Measuring Coatings ................................................................................ 29 •• Rheological Measurements in the Coatings Industries – The Last 60 Years 27 •• Rheological Properties of Bitumen Modified with
Polyethylene and Polyethylene Based Blends ................................................ 28 •• Small Scale Compounders for Pharmaceutical Research ................................ 30 •• Measurement of the Irganox Content in Polypropylene Polymers
During Extrusion ........................................................................................ 28 •
� Laboratory Reports
• Test Methods for Characterisation and Optimisation of Recycling Polymers 4 •• Correlation Between Mixer Tests & The Extrusion Behaviour of PVC Dry Blends 14 •• Evaluating the Plasticisation Process of Different Soft-PVC Samples ................ 15 •• NanoComposites – Examples on Compounding of Nanoclay
Blends in Twin Screw Extruders. ................................................................ 21 •• Pharma MiniLab – Small Scale Compounder for Pharmaceutical Research 21 •• Small Scale Catheter Production ................................................................ 21 •• A Collaborative Study of the Structure and Rheological Properties
of EVOH/SMA Blends Produced by Reactive Extrusion ................................ 27 •• New Die Design for the Characterisation of the Extensional
and Shear Properties of Polymers for Laboratory and On-Line Use ................ 28 •• Recent Developments in Bench-Top Twin-Screw Compounders ................ 25 •
ALL
IND
US
TRIE
S
PO
LYM
ER
FOO
D
SU
RFA
CE
CO
ATI
NG
S
MIN
ERA
L
CH
EMIC
AL
PH
AR
MA
CEU
TIC
AL
BU
ILD
ING
[email protected] 07-08
3
biennial 07-08
4 www.rheologysolutions.com
Polymers are used daily in thousands of tons.
Recycling of the used polymers is essential to
reduce the amount of waste. One of the key
problems in polymer recycling is the separation of
the polymers to defined sorts of polymers such as
PE, PP, PVC and Polyesters etc.
Even sorted materials show a wide variation of
flow behaviour, which eventually precents a
smooth processing of the recycled polymers.
The report describes various test methods to
analyse the flow and processing behaviour of
polymers.
The test were mainly operated with a recycling
granulate, made of HDPE – cosmetic bottles. The
bottles were sorted, grinded and washed to clean
the material and to remove the paper sticking on
the polymer. After drying, the material was
packed in drums for further processing.
The laboratory report includes an overview of the
following test methods: Testing of Melt Flow Rate
(MFR); Capillary Rheology; Laboratory Extruder
Tests; and Laboratory Mixer Tests.
A full copy of “Test Methods for
Characterisation and Optimisation of
Recycling Polymers” is available by quoting
reference no: LR-45�
application notes & technical articles
Test Methods for Characterisation
and Optimisation of Recycling
Polymers
Powder coatings are a cost effective and
environmentally friendly alternative to liquid
coatings. Traditional coatings systems network
via a thermally activated process. This usually
involves placing a powder coated surface into an
oven between 160°C to 200°C in temperature.
The powder melts at around 80°C to 120°C and
becomes an even film. At temperatures of
between 110°C to 140°C the network reaction
begins. The curing time typically lasts between
15 and 30 minutes, depending on the
temperature and reactivity of the system. New to
the market place are U.V. curing powder coating
systems, where the curing process takes place in
a shorter amount of time, even at temperatures of
below 100°C. A further advantage of the U.V.
induced networking is that it works virtually
independently of temperature. This opens up new
application possibilities for coating heat sensitive
surfaces like wood or synthetics.
When powder coating different substrates it is not
only smooth, tough surfaces that are desired but
also adhesive strength, corrosion protection and
durability.
The melting and curing relationship of powder
coatings can be rheologically analysed using
oscillation tests with an air bearing rheometer.
The advantage of this method is that the
structural change of the coating as a function of
time or temperature can be demonstrated without
disturbing the process ie. at very small oscillation
amplitudes.
The rheological measurements that are usually of
interest are complex viscosity h*, complex
modulus G*, the loss factor tan d as well as the
phase displacement angle d. As many powder
coatings become very hard after the complete
curing process, parallel measurements using
plate plate geometry PP20 with 20 mm plate
diameter are recommended for the rheological
tests.
Rheological analysis of powder coatings takes
place at temperatures of somewhere between
80°C and 250°C. This range can easily be
covered using the electric temperature unit
TC501 with cone heating. The following outlines
some recommendations of practical examples
and typical measurement definitions. All
measurements have been carried out using the
air bearing rheometer Haake RheoStress, with the
high temperature measuring unit TC501 with
cone heating and the parallel plate geometry
PP20 (20mm plate diameter). As a standard
measurement the gap was set at 0.5 mm.
A full copy of “Rheological Analysis of
Powder Coatings” is available by quoting
reference no: V-157�
application notes & technical articles
Rheological Analysis of Powder
Coatings
polymer industries
surface coatingsindustries
[email protected] 07-08
5
A great variety of rubber parts is produced for the
automotive industry. To minimise problems during
the assembly of the cars and to ensure best
performance, the parts have to be manufactured
with the smallest possible variation in size and
shape. The size can be controlled by the extrusion
and injection parameters – the shrinking of the
material can often be well estimated. But what
about the shape? The problem is not only the
relaxation of the rubber after leaving the mold –
this can be controlled by an appropriate design of
the injection process. There can also be variation
of the shape before entering the oven for
vulcanisation, which takes typically half an hour.
Due to gravitational force there can be significant
changes in shape of an injected part depending
on the rubber formulation used. To avoid such
effects and to improve production performance, it
would be highly advantageous to predict the
respective properties of the sample. The
presentation will show, that prediction of shape
stability is possible with appropriate rheological
investigations.
A full copy of "Rheological Investigation of Three Rubbers with Different Shore Factors with Respect to their Shape Stability before Curing" is available be quoting reference no: V-169
application notes & technical articles
Rheological Investigation ofThree Rubbers with Different Shore Factors with Respect to their Shape Stability before Curing
What is actually in the tooth paste?
Tooth pastes are viscoelastic products well known
in every day life. Its main components are
abrasives, moisture agents, binding agents,
surfactants, sweeteners, preservatives, artificial
coloring, flavors and special active ingredients.
As abrasives often hydroxides, carbonates,
phosphates or silicates are used which are to
support the mechanical cleaning effect of the
tooth brush. Moisture agents like glycerin, sorbit,
lignite or polyethylenglycols prevent a drying out
of the tooth paste; at the same time they increase
the low temperature stability and have a texture
building effect.
Binding and thickening agents give the tooth
paste its desired texture and prevent a phase
separation between fluid and solid. Hydrocolloids
like Alginate, Carrageenan, Methylcellulose or
Xanthan are mainly used as binding agents. A
frequently used thickening agent is high-disperse
silicium dioxide or Bentonite.
Surfactants decrease the surface tension thus
improving the even distribution of the tooth paste
in the mouth. In dental care only tasteless, non-
toxic anion surfactants are suitable like e.g.
sodium lauryl sulfate, or coconut aliphatic
monoglyceride sulfonate.
Sweeteners as well as the flavors serve as taste
correctives. Preservatives are necessary as
protection from microbial decomposition.
Colors and pigments are finally used for the
coloring of striped tooth pastes. Besides this,
there may be active ingredients as protection
from caries or for the care of the gums or
painsensitive teeth.
How is tooth paste produced?
The production of tooth paste is either done
batch-wise in a vacuum mixer or in continuous
production processes. In the continuous
production 5 different process steps can be
differentiated: gel production, metering of liquid
components, metering of solids, mixing process
as well as homogenization and ventilation.
A full copy of “Rheological Characterisation
of Tooth Paste” is available by quoting
reference no: V-142
application notes & technical articles
Rheological Characterisation of Tooth Paste
polymer industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
biennial 07-08
6 www.rheologysolutions.com
After the introduction of the OICCC standard
recently, rheological tests are a must in the
industry for quality assurance of the chocolate.
They include measurements at different shear
rates up to 60s-1 to be performed after a defined
pre-treatment of the chocolate. With the
computerised rheometers available today the
measuring conditions and procedures can be
preset so that most of them can be carried out
automatically by the push of a button. This will
reduce the time effort for routine tests drastically
and the saved work capacity can be used
otherwise. However, even when working
accurately and, on the first glance, with identical
pre-treatment of the samples the results can
differ considerably especially in comparison with
tests performed by someone else and with
different instruments. Some of these
measurement-related aspects should be
introduced and explained. However, the
dependence of the flow properties of chocolate
on their composition will not be discussed here.
History
From the rheological point of view chocolate is
not an easy fluid: it is a suspension of cocoa,
sugar and solid milk particles in a continuous fat
phase. The mix of the substances and their
interactions are strongly dependent on production
and pre-treatment. The yield point of chocolate
e.g. increases with longer tempering time since
the cocoa butter is already partly crystallising (i.e.
physical networks are forming which have to be
broken off before a possible shearing). In order to
obtain comparable results special attention has to
be paid to the correct reproducibility of the pre-
treatment of the sample (there are tolerances
even within the OICCC standard which can have
their effects on the results, e.g. the cool-
down/tempering times when filling the chocolate
into the rheometer). The differences occurring for
thixotropic chocolate are especially dramatic:
Here, the viscosity depends on the stirring time
(shearing time).
However, allowing sufficient time for preshearing
can eliminate errors (the necessary time can be
determined by test with a constant shear rate).
Two successively recorded flow curves of a
sample of a nougat cream available on the
market (measuring time 3 min each) which also
had a different history is shown. A slight decrease
of the viscosity can be detected which can be the
result of the small thixotropy but also of
sedimentation or homogenizing effects by
shearing.
A full copy of “Experimental Influences on
the Casson-Viscosity...” is available by
quoting reference no: V-129�
application notes & technical articles
Experimental Influences on the
Casson-Viscosity. The Casson
Yield Point for Chocolate Testing
The rheological behavior of building material
suspensions plays a central role in the
processability of cement bonded building
materials and thus also in the rheological
behavior of their properties in hardened state. On
account of the widely spread application of very
different admixtures and materials, the empirical
test methods at disposal are, up to date,
inadequate in their validity for assessing the
rheological properties of these materials in fresh
state. Investigations with the rotational rheometer
– HAAKE RheoStress 600 – however, enable a
comprehensive description of the rheological
behavior of these materials.
Different problems with the description of the
rheological behavior of fresh building material
suspensions will be briefly explained in this
article. Finally, individual measuring methods for
determining these properties, as well as the
results that were won in the scope of an
investigation program for the development of
pumping-capable self-compacting light-weight
concrete will be introduced.
A full copy of “Rheological Properties of
Fresh Building Materials” is available by
quoting reference no: V-217�
application notes & technical articles
Rheological Properties of Fresh
Building Materials
food industries
construction &building industries
[email protected] 07-08
7
The objective of this tech-note is to provide the
information that will be very helpful in selecting
which sensor is most useful for a particular
material, deformation, or temperature range.
Comparisons between different sensor systems
give confidence to operators that they are really
seeing material behavior and not some
instrument artifact.
Basically, three different sensor systems are
compared, those sensors are: concentric cylinders
(Couette system), cone and plate, and parallel
plates.
The utilities for a concentric cylinder sensor are:
• Best for lower viscosities, η0<100 Pa.s
• Good for high shear rates
• Gravity settling of suspensions has less effect
than in cone and plate
• Normal stresses hard to measure because of
curvature and need to transmit signal through
a rotating shaft.
In the case of using a cone and plate, we find
the following utilities:
• Most common instrument for normal stress
measurements
• Simple working equations: homogeneous
deformation
• Nonlinear viscoelasticity G(t, γ)
• Useful for low and high viscosity materials
• High viscosity limited by elastic edge failure
• Low viscosity limited by inertia corrections,
secondary flow, and loss of sample at edges
For parallel plates, these are the next utilities:
• Sample preparation and loading is simpler for
very viscous materials and soft solids
• Can vary shear rate (and shear strain)
independently by rotation rate or by changing
the gap; permits increased range with a given
experimental set up
• Determinate wall slip by taking measurements
at two gaps
• Delay edge failure to higher shear rate by
decreasing gap during an experiment (requires
change of cone angle in cone and plate)
• Measure N2 when used with cone and plate
thrust data
• Preferred geometry for viscous melts for small
strain material functions
For polymer melts it is recommended to use the
cone and plate, but for viscosities exceeding 103
Pa.s and high elasticity, edge failure is a severe
limitation. Squeezing a viscous sample into the
conical shape is also very time-consuming.
Another possibility would be to use parallel plates
with sinusoidal oscillations. Dynamic
measurements with parallel plates are the first
choice for time-dependent studies like curing.
For polymer solutions, the best first option is to
choose cone and plate. Normal stress data can
be collected simultaneously and the entire range
of strain from linear to nonlinear is possible.
Temperature control is typically available over a
wide range, but solvent evaporation at the edge
can cause problems.
In case that we are trying to characterise a
suspension, a narrow gap concentric cylinder is
advised. The outer cylinder should rotate to avoid
inertia problems. Another good solution could be
to use cone and plate if the suspension does not
contain large particles. For both cases, stress-
controlled instruments are recommended
providing the lowest shear rate data and best
measure of yield stress.
A copy of “How to Select the Most Suitable
Sensor for your Application” is available by
quoting reference no: V166 (NP)�
application notes & technical articles
How to Select the Most Suitable
Sensor for your Application
This table shows the comparison between the three sensors described:
Sensor System Advantages Disadvantages
Concentric cylinders Low η, high γ Homogeneous End correction High η fluids are difficult to
(Couette geometry) if Ri/R0 > 0.95 Good for clean N1 impractical
suspension settling
Cone and plate Best N1 High η: edge failure, loading difficult
Best for G(τ, γ) Homogeneous Low η: inertia Evaporation
β < 0.1 rad Need good alignment
Parallel plates Easy to load viscous samples Nonhomogeneous: not good for
Best for G’ and G” of melts, G(τ, γ) OK for G(τ) and η(γ) Edge
curing Vary γ by η and Ω failure Evaporation
(N1-N2)(γ)
all industries
biennial 07-08
8 www.rheologysolutions.com
application notes & technical articles
Breaking Strength of Chocolate
food industries
Chocolate appeals to all of our senses. We see thecolour and the glossysurface of the bar, we smellthe elusive flavours, weweigh it in our hands andfeel how it melts, we hear itbreak and sense itsresistance, and savour thetaste. With so much“sensuality“, it is easy toforget how quickly thepleasure can be destroyed,if even just one of theseproperties is not as weexpect it or are accustomed to.
Even unconsciously, the breaking behaviour of
chocolate plays an important role in influencing
the consumer's impression. Chocolate experts
can even evaluate the quality of a sample by
breaking off a piece.
Rheology plays an important role in several steps
of chocolate production. The liquid chocolate
formulation and the fats used can be
characterised by their viscosities, yield stresses
and solidification behaviours. These parameters
are important for quality control and processing,
and can be determined using rotational or
oscillation measurements.
Sensory properties as experienced during the
melting process, or “mouth feeling“, can be
described with the viscosity curves and the yield
stress. However, these rheological parameters
contain no information about the breaking
strength of the final chocolate bar - and therefore
a new method and new equipment are necessary
to assess the resistance to break.
The HAAKE MARS rheometer, manufactured by
Thermo Scientific, features a highly sensitive
normal force sensor and a very precise lift motor
which allows the customer to apply controlled
axial forces to the sample, pushing or pulling it,
and to analyse its axial deformation.
For example, with a new measuring geometry
(figure 1), chocolate bars can be positioned on
the rheometer and submitted to an increasing
axial force until they break. The new measuring
geometry consists of two parallel support bars
which can be mounted onto a base plate in a
variable distance from 1 to 7 cm. The sample lies
on these bars and a user-defined piston can be
lowered onto the sample, making possible
bending, breaking and penetration tests.
The new bending geometry was used to
investigate the breaking behaviour of small bars
of milk and dark chocolate. The distance of the
support bars was fixed at 5 cm. The piston was
cylindrical with a diameter of 6 mm. The piston
was lowered at a rate of 1.3 mm/min.
The comparison of the results in figure 2 shows a
much greater deformation prior to breakage for
the dark chocolate - it is more elastic than the
milk chocolate. The normal force increases
quickly and then falls to zero almost immediately
(blue curve). This behaviour is typical for hard and
brittle samples.
Figure 1. Breaking test on a chocolate bar on the
HAAKE MARS using the new bending geometry
The milk chocolate is much “softer“, which can
be seen in the moderate increase in the normal
force (red curve). Only a third of the normal force
required for the dark chocolate is needed to
break the milk chocolate bar. The bar breaks in
two steps: first it cracks to about the middle of its
thickness before breaking completely.
Using the new bending geometry for the HAAKE
MARS rheometer, it was possible to characterise
two types of chocolate with respect to their
breaking behaviour. The axial deformation, the
necessary normal force for breakage and the
shape of the force/deformation curves can be
used as evaluation parameters. With the same
method, different formulations of a certain
chocolate type may be analysed for an efficient
product development, or the quality of different
production lots can be controlled.
Unlike subjective sensory tests which depend on
the test person, the new method provides
objective and reproducible results, independent of
the analyst.
� Continued on page 9
[email protected] 07-08
9
� Continued from page 8
This new accessory significantly broadens the
application range of the HAAKE MARS rheometer.
The determination of additional relevant product
properties can be performed on the same
instrument used for the analysis of flow and
visco-elastic behaviour of the samples - which is
much more cost efficient than the purchase of a
second specific instrument. The new geometry for
bending and breaking tests is just one example of
the wide range of application specific accessories
available for the HAAKE MARS.
A copy of this application note is available
by quoting V-222.�Figure 2. Breakage curves of half bitter (blue) and a mild (red) chocolate bars
• application notes
Solvent Trap & Double Cone System for Reproducible Results in Rheological Measurements of Low Viscous Volatile Fluids
all industries
AbstractRheological measurements of low viscous volatile
fluids require the control of the surrounding
atmosphere of the measuring gap. The solvent
trap creates a defined atmosphere around the
measuring gap and the unique HAAKE double
cone system provides a sealed system for low
viscous samples.
IntroductionLow viscous water-based glues are a good
example for volatile low viscous fluids. In order
to get good measuring results in the low shear
regime a controlled stress (CS) rheometer (HAAKE
RheoStress 600) was used. To show the
advantage of the solvent trap (Fig. 1) and the
unique HAAKE double cone system (Fig. 2),
measurements were performed with and without
solvent trap and double cone system.
A complete copy of this application note is
available by requesting V-229�
biennial 07-08
10 www.rheologysolutions.com
The new DynaMax platformis designed to control thetemperature in jacketedreactors more efficientlythan other types oftemperature controlsystems.
DynaMax systems' “time to temperature” is the
fastest in the industry. Temperature deviation
control is accomplished with the help of Dynamic
Heat Load Suppression (DHLS) technology. Most
importantly, DynaMax systems are designed not
only to increase yields, but also to safeguard
equipment and the operator.
Jacketed reactor vessels and temperature control
units have been used for years to respond to and
to maintain the temperatures of exothermic and
endothermic reactions. These partially or fully
automated systems can be found in such markets
as Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology, and
Food and Beverage. The typical uses for the
jacketed reactors are:
• product development
• process development
• process optimisation
• safety investigations
• scale up applications
Maintaining precise temperature control is
desirable to ensure the process is kept in control
for repeatability and reproducibility. Both low and
high pressure options are available to control
double-jacketed reactor vessels. Correct selection
of a temperature control unit can be difficult,
however, because there are many parameters
that determine the heating/cooling requirements
inside the reaction vessel. Here are some
examples:
• heat transfer efficiency of the jacketed vessel
(glass, stainless steel etc)
• flow rate of the heat transfer fluid through
the jacketed vessel
• flow state of the medium inside the reactor
boiler (stirrer speed, flow resistance, etc)
• temperature difference between medium
inside the reaction boiler and heat transfer
liquid
• viscosity and thermal capacity of the heat
transfer fluid
Written by: Toni Kölbli, Thermo Fisher Scientific,
Temperature Control, Karlsruhe, Germany
A full copy of this application note is
available by quoting TC06-01�
application notes & technical articles
A New Definition in Reactor
Temperature Control with the Highly
Dynamic HAAKE DynaMax System
construction &building industries
Abstract
A numerical study was undertaken to provide an
understanding of the influence of thermal
conditions on friction build-up for a paraffinic
mineral oil (PAM). Matlab 6.5 was used to
perform computations for two lubricated infinite
and rigid plates in relative motion, subjected to a
transient load pulse. Two different rheological
models, one nonlinear viscous and one nonlinear
viscoelastic (Ree-Eyring), were used.
From the friction coefficients calculated it is
concluded that viscosity effects do not account
for the phenomenon of decreasing friction
coefficient with increasing maximum pressure of
the loading pulse. It appears that an explanation
for this phenomenon must be sought in the
friction properties of the interface of the ruptured
solidified lubricant. It is also concluded that the
thermal properties of the lubricated medium
present in the contact affect friction and the
formation of shear bands.
Keywords: EHD, TEHL, transient, viscoelastic,
nonlinear, rheology, lubricant, friction,
thermodynamic, heat, equation.
A full copy of the paper is available by
quoting reference no. RF: 180902-se-01�
application notes & technical articles
A Numerical Study of Temperature
and Shear Flow in a Transiently
Loaded Lubricant Film
chemical & allied industries
[email protected] 07-08
11
Abstract
In the paper a new rheological model for an
electrostatic ash and water mixture flow is
proposed. Fundamental equation of the
rheological model was used to determine the
relationship between the shear stress and the
shear rate as well as the equation of a velocity
profile for a flow through a straight pipe.
Experimental results obtained from a capillary
viscometer were used as the basis to determine
the parameters for the proposed model by the
nonlinear regression analysis.
With the Quadratic law a numerical analysis of a
mixture flow through a capillary pipe with the
finite volume method was performed. Derived
equations for the velocity profile, shear stress and
shear rate were validated through comparison of
numerically obtained and theoretical results.
Finally the comparison between the Quadratic law
and Power law is presented.
A full copy of the paper is available by
quoting reference no. RF- 030902-SI-01�
application notes & technical articles
A New Approach to Rheological
Modeling of an Electrostatic Ash
and Water Mixture - Quadratic Law
mining industries
Abstract
Today in modern polymer plants online quality
control is done automatically and alarming the
operators immediately so that the operators can
react and avoid more damage to the final
product. This “close loop”-concept also allows a
grading of the pellet lot.
The Film producers, the customers of the polymer
plants, also use web inspection systems to
control their final product quality, the quality of
the raw materials and also their process
parameters.
Between both control concepts exist some
interrelationships and also problems, because the
environment parameters are different. This
relative correlation and the impact for the polymer
and film producers will be discussed with
practical examples.
This paper was written and presented at the
TAPPI European PLACE Conference 2007 in
Athens on May 14 - 16 by:
Oliver Hissmann - Dipl.-Oec., MBA (USA) ,
Sales Manager
OCS Optical Control Systems GmbH
Email: [email protected]
A full copy of the paper is available on
request by quoting OCS004�
High Speed Pellet Scanning System PS200C from
OCS. The online pellet scan systems inspect the
transparent or opaque granules on a vibrating
channel or moving belt and detect discolouration
and foreign particles. After inspection these
defects can be sorted out into a separate
container. The good material can be fed back into
the process. These systems reach throughputs up
to 250 kg/hr
polymer industries
application notes & technical articles
Online Quality Control of Polymers
and Extruded Films
biennial 07-08
12 www.rheologysolutions.com
Polymer blends have gained an increasingpopularity in the field of polymer science andindustry during the last thirty years. The growth inthe use of polymer blends is mainly due to theirability to combine the properties of their phasesin a unique product, making polymer blendsbroadly employed in automobile, aerospace,packing, and general goods industries. Currently,about 40% of the world polymer market isinvolved with the production of polymer blends,representing trades of billions of US$ a year. Thefinal properties of polymer blends are directlyrelated to the quality of their morphology, which inturn depends on the rheological properties of thephases of the blend, on the composition of theblend, on the processing conditions of the blend,and on the interfacial tension between thepolymers forming the blend. However, mostpolymer blends are incompatible, resulting inmaterials with coarse morphology, weak adhesionamong phases and poor mechanical properties. Infact, the future of polymer blends is based on
methods to achieve stable morphologies, so thatthe enhanced and optimized properties ofpolymer blends do not change during the productprocessing due to phenomena such ascoalescence and breakup. This matter stillremains an industrial challenge and is the objectof intense research.
Interfacial tension between molten polymers hasreceived considerable experimental andtheoretical attention due to its implication inseveral industrial applications such as coating,composites and especially in polymer blends.Interfacial tension is the single most accessibleparameter that describes the thermodynamicstate and structure of an interface in polymerblends, therefore directly related to compatibilityand hence morphology of polymer blends. Also,interfacial tension can be considered as a keyparameter that measures the state of miscibilitybetween incompatible polymers. The compatibilitybetween the phases of a blend can be improvedby the addition of compatibilisers which result ina finer and more stable morphology, betteradhesion between the phases of the blends andconsequently better properties of the final
product. The exact definition of the optimumconcentration of compatibiliser to be added isassociated with the costs minimisation, sincemost compatibilisers are much more expensivethan ordinary polymers.
In this work, rheological measurements areshown to be a useful technique to study polymerblends. In particular, they can be used todetermine the interfacial tension betweenimmiscible polymers and define the optimumconcentration of compatibiliser to be added to theblend. This study is based on the execution ofsmall amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests inthe linear viscoelasticity region of the materials.The determination of interfacial tension is relatedto the study of relaxation spectrum of a polymerblend, which is a result of the contribution of thephases and the interface. The definition of theconcentration of compatibiliser is determinedstudying the applicability of time-temperaturesuperposition (TTS) for the blend as a function ofcompatibiliser concentration.
A full copy of the paper is available byquoting reference no. RF- 110902-br-01�
application notes & technical articles
Rheology as a Tool for Immiscible
Polymer Blends Characterisation:
Interfacial Tension and
Compatibilisation
polymer industries
Cooling is a final process during process cheeseproduction and is therefore critical whendetermining the texture and functional propertiesof the product. It is well established that a slowercooling yields a firmer cheese. However, there is alack of quantitative description of this operation,and the mechanism behind the observation isneeded to better control the cooling process. Therheological data for process cheese cooled atdifferent rates was quantified and was consistentwith the industrial observation. To illustratephysical changes during cooling, rennet casein
gels were studied as our first step inunderstanding the cooling effects on processcheese texture and microstructure. A similar trendin storage modulus to process cheese wasobserved when the casein gels were cooled atdifferent rates. To explain this behavior, aschematic illustration was used as the physicalbases for microstructure of colloidal gels that canresult in different rheological properties. Fractaldimension, floc size, and floc order in the proteinnetwork were treated as three possible variables.The theory developed by Shih et al. (1990) wasused to determine the floc fractal dimension, anda confocal laser scanning microscope observedthe floc size and order. The results showed that
the floc fractal dimension and size were notsignificantly different when casein gels werecooled at different rates. However, the cooling didimpact floc arrangement in the protein network. Ahigher order at a slower cooling rate resulted in ahigher storage modulus, a smaller limit of linearviscoelastic range, and an increase in gelationtemperature. The rheological data were consistentwith the microscopic images, and thehypothesised variables sufficiently explained thephysical changes in casein gels during cooling atdifferent rates.
A full copy of the paper is available byquoting reference no. RF- 200902-US-01�
application notes & technical articles
Rheological and Microstructural
Analysis of a Model Rennet Casein
Gel as Influenced by Cooling Rate
food industries
[email protected] 07-08
13
Abstract
Polymer modified asphalt is highly temperaturesensitive material. To obtain the master curves ofdynamic material functions, for this material, onehas to perform the testing over the temperatureinterval from -30ºC to at least 90ºC. Since the
polymer modified asphalt undergoes the transition
from a glass-like to the Newtonian-like material,
in this temperature range, the benefit of using the
three testing geometries is studied, here. The
geometries used were: plate-plate (for the mid
range temperatures); torsion bar (for the low
temperatures) and bob and cup (for the high
temperatures). The advantage of the combination
of these three geometries is discussed. Stress
and strain controlled rheometers were used to
conduct all dynamic experiments. Master curves
obtained by these geometries cover up to 20
decades of the reduced frequency.
Keywords: Polymer modified asphalt, dynamic
material functions, time temperature
superposition, different geometries.
A full copy of the paper is available byquoting reference no. RF- 110902-JO-01�
application notes & technical articles
Dynamic Master Curves of Polymer
Modified Asphalt from Three
Different Geometriesconstruction &
building industries
Electrostatically stabilised lattices having varioussizes were used to study the thickening of alkalis-solutable ethyl acrylate-methacrylic acidecopolymer (50 wt. % of the acid; MW = 0.78 x105, 4.36 x 105 and 11.6 x105). It was foundthat the effect increases with the molecular
weight of the copolymers and with the decreasing
size of the latex particles. The pronounced
tendency towards non-dredging flocculation and
phase separation suggest that the thickening
effect of the materials results from depletion
(volume restriction) flocculation rather that
depletion stabilisation. The role of the effective
volume fraction of the dissolved copolymer as a
variable which controls the rheological properties
of the thickened lattices was testedexperimentally.
Keywords: Electrostatically stabilized lattices, Ethylacrylate-methacrylic acid copolymers,Flocculation, Rheological properties, Thickening
A full copy of the paper is available byquoting reference no. V-26�
application notes & technical articles
Thickening of Electrostatically
Stabilised Latices by Ethyl Acrylate-
Methacrylic Acid Copolymers with
Various Molecular Weights
surface coatings industries
Abstract
Many food products exhibited the thixotropicbehavior, in which, the apparent viscosity ofmaterial decreases with time of shearing atconstant shear rate.
The structural kinetic model (SKM) was used to
characterise the thixotropic behavior of threedifferent kinds of food products. Foods selectedfor analysis represent the fluid and semisolid foodmaterials. They include milled sesame,concentrated yogurt and mayonnaise. Thestructural kinetic model postulates that thechange in the rheological behavior is associatedwith shear-induced breakdown of the internalstructure of the food product. This model for thestructure decay with time at constant shear rateassumes nth order kinetics for the decay of thematerial structure with a rate constant, k. The
dependence of the degree and the extent of
thixotropy of the materials on the temperature,
composition and shear history of the food product
was determined.
Key words: structural kinetic model, milled
sesame, concentrated yogurt, mayonnaise,
thixotropy.
A full copy of the paper is available byquoting reference no. RF -110902-JO-01�
application notes & technical articles
Characterisation of the Thixotropic
Behavior of Semi-Solid Foodstuffs
food industries
biennial 07-08
14 www.rheologysolutions.com
Abstract
This report describes the correlation between
measurements done on a laboratory mixer with
PVC Dry Blends and their processing behaviour
on a counter-rotating twin screw extruder.
Introduction
On July 1st, 2006, the EU Directive 2002/95/EG
(RoHS-Directive, Restriction of Hazardous
Substances“) was put into force. It restricts
producing and trading of products containing i.e.
lead, mercury and cadmium.
Because a lot of PVC compounds still contain
lead as stabilising media, there is urgency for the
PVC industry to replace these stabilisers by less
dangerous materials like CaZn stabilisers.
Changing the formulation of a PVC compound by
using a new stabiliser, always takes the risk that
also the production behaviour will change. The
reason behind this is the fact that stabilisers also
work as a lubricant. So the change of stabilisers
will influence the fusion behaviour of the PVC
compound. To make sure that the PVC compound
keeps its processing properties it is necessary to
adapt the whole compound formulation.
The most common tool to check the fusion
behaviour of PVC compounds is the laboratory
mixer test. It is an easy and reliable method to
characterise the fusion and degradation behaviour
of PVC compounds.
The samples used for this investigation were
three PVC Dry Blends with new lead free
formulations.
Materials and Methods Polymer:
Three samples of a PVC Dry Blend with different
CaZn-Stabilisers
Test arrangements Mixer Test:
• Torque-rheometer: RheoDrive 4
• Double range torque CAN sensor
• Analysis software PolySoft OS
• Mixer Rheomix600 OS
• Roller Rotors
• Pneumatic feeding ram
Extruder Test:
• Laboratory twin screw extruder:Rheomex
CTW100 OS
• Extruder screws: Standard screws
• Sheet die 50 x 1.0 mm
• Hopper with vibrator
• Melt-pressure sensors
A complete copy of this application note is
available by requesting LR-60�
application notes & technical articles
Correlation Between Mixer Tests and the Extrusion Behaviour ofPVC Dry Blends
HAAKE Laboratory Mixer
polymer industries
HAAKE Laboratory Extruder
Certain product properties of toothpastes can besuccessfully quantifiedusing rheology tests.
In many cases it is possible to make appropriate
adjustments to the rheology during the
development of new products. This eliminates the
need for expensive storage tests and saves costs.
COSSMA is published by Health & Beauty
Business Media GmbH, and in their September
2009 issue the article “Rheological
Characteristics of Toothpaste” written by Dr. Han-
Michale Petri et al. Thermo Fisher Scientific,
Process Instruments, Karlsruhe, Germany will be
published.
Details on COSSMA can be viewed on their
website www.cossma.com
A copy of the full paper as a PDF can be
obtained from Rheology Solutions as
a PDF by quoting HA042.�
application articles
Rheological Characteristicsof Toothpastepharmaceutical, cosmetic
& allied industries
[email protected] 07-08
15
Abstract
A HAAKE PolyLab OS torque rheometer, equipped
with a Mixer was used to test four different soft
PVC samples. The type and amount of plasticizer
was varied. The corresponding torque curves
helped to differentiate the formulas. The PolySoft
Mixer data evaluation is explained in detail in this
application note, and valuable hints are given for
substituting PVC blend ingredients, e.g.
plasticisers, stabilisers.
Introduction
PVC blends are complex mixtures of PVC
particles, fillers, lubricants,stabilisers and
plasticizers. They are used to provide unique
properties to a wide range of end products.
However, manufacturers are often forced to
modify these complex recipes due to
technological advances, cost pressures or
regulatory requirements. For example, two EU
directives came into force, 2002/95/EG (RoHS)
restricting hazardous lead stabilizers in the waste.
CaZn systems now are well investigated, also in
Mixers tests. Another example is the
precautionary EU regulation on phthalate
plasticizers in children’s toys which was widely
discussed in the press.
Plasticisers are used in the PVC industry to soften
the product.
Approximately 100 different plasticizers are in
use, which represents an estimated 7 billion EUR
market. The type and amount of plasticizer have a
major influence on the melt and processing
behaviour when investigating alternate blends. In
addition to tests on the final product, small-scale
tests in a mixer are advisable before starting
production. The mixer test is used for quality
control during production.
The HAAKE Rheomix system offers a quick
method to characterize the influence of
plasticizers on the plasticization and flow process
of PVC dry blends. Using HAAKE Polysoft OS
Software for mixer tests, the evaluation
and comparison of different samples is quite
quick and easy. Different routines are available,
and it is also possible to create customised
evaluation methods. Maxima, minima, points of
inflection, thresholds and slopes can easily be
calculated from all measurement data curves.
application notes & technical articles
Evaluating the Plasticisation Process of Different Soft-PVC Samples
HAAKE PolyLab OS Torque Rheometer
A complete copy of this application note is available by requesting LR-59�
polymer industries
biennial 07-08
16 www.rheologysolutions.com
To gain information about thereasons for certain changes inrheological properties, a newspecial module for the HAAKEMARS has been developed.
It combines a temperature control unit for
cone/plate- and plate/plategeometries
with a state-of the- art microscope. The
RheoScope module is presented and example
data from different applications is shown.
Rheology is a”macroscopic“method, which tells
us how a material behaves under given conditions
but never tells us why. For an understanding
about the reasons why a certain behaviour
occurs, we need to combine rheology with a
“microscopic method“ able to look into the
structure of the material.
Examples for such techniques complementing
rheological measurements are GPC, thermal
analysis, (FT)IR or microscopy. Running two
independent measurements on different
instruments, however, doubles instrument time
and measuring time and often leaves a bit of a
doubt whether the sample and its treatment
before measuring have been exactly the same.
The double effort of time and resources can be
avoided by running two different methods on the
same sample simultaneously, testing its
macroscopic and its microscopic properties. The
two resulting data sets can easily be correlated
since they have been collected at the same time
on the same sample.
A complete copy of this application note is
available by requesting V-228�
application notes & technical articles
What Happens When Rheological Properties Change? Looking into rheological properties with simultaneous collection of microscopic images
polymer industries
chemical & allied industries
food industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
surface coatings industries
The bitumen binders used inasphalt are playing a crucialrole for the performance of theasphalt.
Today, 25% of the binders are polymer modified
bitumen (PmB), providing a more sophisticated
performance and a wider temperature range than
pure bitumen does. The future share of PmB is
likely to grow due to environmental regulations,
due to a higher quote of recycling asphalt and
due to requests for lower temperature processing
e.g. for air port run ways.
A first world-wide applied standard for asphalt
binders was determined in the US Strategic
Highway Research Program (SHRP) which was
started in 1987. The results were published in
1993, standardizing for rheological testing a
Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) to investigate
and predict the fatigue behaviour (4°C and 40°C)
and the behaviour at elevated temperatures
(46°C and 82°C) with a steady state stepped
temperature profile with steps of 6 degrees –
corresponding to the performance grades.
Moreover, the processability of the binders is
tested at 135°C with a rotational viscometer or
rheometer.
In order to achieve the standard compliant
temperature accuracy of ± 0.1 deg
or better, particular SHRP temperature control
units were designed in the 1990s (Fig.2). Today,
more and more measurements are made with
Peltier temperature control units, e.g. for the
screening of differently modified PmBs. The
Peltier temperature control units provide a wider
temperature range – also facilitating the relevant
sub ambient temperatures.
When bitumen or PmB is subjected to cooling, it
shows exceptionally strong shrinkage leading to
higher forces than the already high forces that
are brought about by shrinking thermoplastics.
The shrinkage of asphalt binders may lead to
quality issues and it is therefore of interest to
determine the occurring normal force and the
shrinkage in micrometers.
A complete copy of this application note isavailable by requesting V-225�
application notes & technical articles
Rheological Characterisation of Asphalt Binders
construction &building industries
• application notes & technical articles
QC Measurements for Liquid Food Products and Packaging
polymer industries
food industries
Abstract Production quality and uniformity in food
processing and its subsequent packaging is
closely related to good quality control (QC) during
the manufacturing process. In order to achieve
high quality merchandise with minimal production
losses, good process control and monitoring is
critical. This is true for production of both the food
product itself, the packaging, and of course for
putting the former inside the latter efficiently.
Laboratory and on-line systems are capable of
delivering solutions for QC monitoring, and in
cases where extra information (related sometimes
to product development, and not to QC) about the
flow properties are unnecessary, an online option
can be the most useful.
On-line systems often provide streamlined data,
showing changes in more limited criteria for the
product during the process. In this way corrective
action can be quickly taken, minimising potential
for waste and reprocessing. Laboratory
instruments, designed for quick data collection
(only a few seconds or minutes) and intuitive
understanding of the data can also be useful in
this respect where no proven online alternative
exists. On-line monitoring of shear viscosity is
widely accepted for many kinds of materials
including for liquid foods, and molten polymer
packaging. In pipe or in-tank probes can closely
monitor the shear viscosity of the material in-situ,
allowing operators and engineers to take
appropriate action to maintain the specifications of
the food product. These probes can also be
mounted at the die end of an extruder, to monitor
the viscosity of molten polymer before the
moulding of packaging. Post-extrusion, the quality
of the packaging material can be monitored
optically to detect, catalogue and notify when user
defined flaws exist in the packaging material (eg
fish eyes, pinholes, dark/light spots etc). For filling
a liquid food into a package (by pouring, squirting,
spraying etc), extensional viscosity often
dominates the process. Unfortunately, there is no
proven on-line method for monitoring the
extensional viscosity of foods as they are
dispensed from above into their packaging.
Fortunately a novel, simple and quick laboratory
technique has been developed for exactly this
purpose – measuring the relative impact of the
extensional properties of a liquid. In this way the
product and the packaging can be monitored
on-line right through the process, until the product
has safely been deposited in its packaging
Introduction Several products exist today for testing in the
laboratory, both for QA and for product develop-
ment. Laboratory testing for product quality in the
food industry can include rheometers and
viscometers, to measure liquid flow properties
such as yield stress, viscosity and elasticity under
different shear flow conditions. These instruments
can also measure the flow properties of packaging
materials, eg molten plastics etc, to ensure that
they can be properly moulded etc. Testing of solid
like properties in the laboratory is possible for both
foods and their packaging with uniaxial testing.
Miniature uniaxial testers – texture analysers –
can be used to objectively quantify textural
properties of a food, while units with larger
capacities can also be used to investigate the
tearing, stretching, crushing etc of the finished
packaging product. Often, during filling, a liquid is
poured, squirted, sprayed or otherwise dispensed
into the package.
For some materials ‘stringy’ strands hang from the
nozzle and soil the packaging, necessitating an
extra process step to clean the packaging. This
stranding is related to the extensional viscosity of
the material (completely different to the shear
viscosity measured by rotational viscometers).
Recently developed techniques now enable these
extensional properties to be properly measured in
the laboratory using extensional rheometers.
Laboratory analyses are good solutions for
material characterisation and in many cases can
not be otherwise replicated online. However,
during production it is sometimes preferable to
have an on-line system for QC, so that any
deficiencies in the product or its packaging can be
detected as quickly as possible. This technical
note seeks to explore and to explain on-line
viscosity monitoring, online quality control for
packaging film and ingredients and a novel
laboratory technique for monitoring the extensional
properties of liquids to diagnose excessive
stranding.
A complete copy of this article is available on
request by quoting Rheo051.�
• application notes & technical articles
The Rheological Properties of a Copper Concentrate Slurry: From Surface Chemistry to Pipeline Transport
mining industries
The rheological properties of a copper concentrate
slurry produced from a real mining operation have
been investigated. In particular, the yield stress
and viscosity of the slurry was measured after
various chemical treatments were used to alter the
surface chemistry and thus, interactions between
the particles within the slurry. These chemical
treatments are: (1) the addition of acid and (2) the
addition of polyphosphate or naphthalene
suffocate formaldehyde condensate (dispersants).
The changes in surface chemistry of the slurry
under the various chemical treatments were
investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS) and used to describe the changes in the
observed rheological properties. The rheological
data collected was then utilised to calculate the
energy required to pump the slurry down a
pipeline under the various different chemical
regimes. Finally, a simple analysis of the reagent
cost against energy price was used to compare
the financial viability of each scheme.
A complete copy of this article is available on
request by quoting RF-3000702-AU-01.�
[email protected] 07-08
17
• application notes & technical articles
Rheological Behaviour of Automotive Paint Systems
surface coatings industries
• application notes & technical articles
Wet-Shotcrete of Refractory Castables
mining industries
construction & building industries
In recent years, the refractory
industry has focused much
effort on discovering novel
techniques for castable
installation that combine
high placing rate and low cost
while maintaining final material
properties.
The use of versatile and automated placing
methods such as pumping of self-flowing
castables and shotcrete has been encouraged to
replace the traditional vibration moulding
technique.
Based on these aspects, wet shotcrete is highly
interesting from a technological standpoint,
particularly for the lining of large areas and/or for
the repair of damaged surfaces.
The technique consists of pumping the castable
from the miser to the pipeline nozzle, where
high-pressure compressed air is injected so as to
project the pumped castable onto the surface to
be covered. This promotes a spray flow that
ensures a high installation rate and the formation
of a thick layer.
The difficulties involved in the shotcrete technique
relate mainly to the bonding of the material on the
area to be lined. The primary condition for a
successful operation is that the projected material
does not flow over the back lining refractory
surface, and this requires a sudden loss of the
castable’s fluidity. Traditionally, this effect is
achieved by the controlled use of cement settling
accelerators, which are also injected into the
nozzle.
Although they ensure the material’s cohesion,
conventional accelerators such as sodium silicate
and aluminium sulfate usually deteriorate the
mechanical properties of castables at high
temperatures. Therefore, proposals have been
made for novel additives based on distinct
concepts to promote the rapid reduction of
castable fluidity.
In most bases, material waste is generated during
shotcrete application due to the so-called rebound
effect. This wastage occurs when a portion of the
sprayed castables, which may amount to as much
as 30%, fails to adhere to the applied surface. The
rebound effect, which is also enhanced by the use
of accelerators, can be minimised by selecting
additives that simultaneously impart adhesive and
plastic characteristics to the castable, resulting in
homogeneous and cohesive linings, even when
successive layers are applied
In addition to the intrinsically complex pumping
operation, wet-shotcrete applications must also
take into account: (a) an abrupt increase in the
castable shearing rate and the injection of
additives, controlled by the air rate supplied in the
nozzle, and (b) the material’s adhesion and
consolidation on the surface.
The conventional testing techniques, however do
not properly evaluate shotcrete castables, given
the rheological behaviour of these castables under
similar shearing conditions during their installation
is not analysed. The traditional approaches focus
mainly on the influence of additives on the
castable’s consistency (fluidity measurements) and
on post-setting properties.
The main objective of the present study was to
develop a novel shotcrete characterisation
technique based on castable rheometry that
simulates the material’s application. Commercial
wet-shotcrete additives and other compounds with
a high potential for this application were also
evaluated using the new testing procedure.
A complete copy of this article is available on
request by quoting Rf-290802-BR-02.�
Modern Characterisation
Methods Show Good
Correlations to Observable
Effects
In this paper the most important measuring
methods for studying the rheological behaviour of
modern paint systems (oscillation tests,
determination of low yield points) are described.
These methods were at first used to describe the
rheological/physical properties of model
polyurethane micro gels. The measured values for
storage modulus, phase shift and yield point in
waterborne Pearle scent/coloured pigment
systems were compared with flop-index values.
The results show good correlations between the
observable effect and the rheological parameters
of the liquid paint.
Also measurements of powder and electrode
position coatings and clear coats with the
oscillation technique to determine the viscosity-
temperature behaviour correlate well with
technical properties of the final films.
A complete copy of this article is available on
request by quoting Rheo008TP.�
biennial 07-08
18 www.rheologysolutions.com
• application notes
New Measuring Cell for UV Assisted Thermal Curing at Elevated Temperatures
InstrumentationRheometer
Rheological properties (G’, G” etc.) were measured
using the HAAKE MARS rheometer in combination
with CTC environmental test chamber for the
temperature control.
UV curing tool
The new UV curing tool is a modular extension for
the existing CTC test chamber (temperature range
-150°C up 600°C.)
The UV curing tool consists of a hollow lower shaft
with a removable light guide. The light guide can
be connected to any suitable commercially
available light source. Mounted on top of the light
guide a removable and disposable quartz glass
plate forms the lower part of the measuring
geometry. The upper plate consists of a disposable
aluminium plate mounted on a special shaft.
Figure 3a: UV Curing cell integrated
polymer industries
food industries
surface coatings industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic & allied industries
chemical & allied industries
19biennial 07-08
Disposable lowerquartz glass plate
Disposable upperaluminium
Hollow lower shaft
UV light guide
Sample
Rheometerdrive shaft
CTC shell
UV l ight
Introduction
In industry thermal curing is used in a wide range
of applications like powder coating, adhesives,
sealants, soldering materials, inks, etc. Recently
there is an increased interest in replacing thermal
curing by UV assisted thermal curing in an effort to
improve product properties, increase productivity
and reduce production costs, for example by
reducing the amount of energy needed for
initiating the curing reaction, at the same time.
For the development of, and measurements on,
such kind of samples a new high temperature UV
curing tool was developed for the HAAKE MARS
rheometer.
The new UV curing tool for the CTC oven as well
as selected results of measurements on different
adhesives are presented.
UV curing tool
Figure 2: Schematic drawing of UV curing cell
The UV light source can switched on/off by means
of a trigger signal from the rheometer which is
controlled by the rheometer software. By
programming an automatic measuring routine the
sample can first be pre-cured by the UV light and
then thermally cured using the CTC oven.
continued on page 20 �
• application notes
Rheological Methods for Determining Molecular Weight & Molecular Weight Distribution
polymer industries
food industries
surface coatings industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic & allied industries
chemical & allied industries
Abstract The molecular weight and molecular weight
distribution (MWD) of linear polymers can be
derived by using rheological methods. The
mechanical excitation of polymers leads to a
characteristic response of the material depending
on its macromolecular structure. Using the HAAKE
RheoWin software with optional tools like TTS
(Time Temperature Superposition), Spectra and
MWD (Molecular Weight Distribution) master
curves, relaxation time spectra and molecular
weight distributions can be easily generated out of
dynamic tests (Oscillation frequency sweeps).
Practical results are presented and discussed in
this application report.
Introduction A well-established method to measure the
molecular weight distribution is the gel permeation
chromatography. This conventional method
however has some disadvantages, which are e.g.
solubility of the polymer, expensive instruments,
time-consuming procedure and less sensitivity for
high molecular components. Accordingly
rheological methods are an interesting alternative.
The theoretical relationships between the
molecular weight distribution and material
functions that can be determined through rheology
are well investigated. Powerful numerical methods
have been developed, which together with PC
technology provide a means to determine MWD
from rheological measurements.
A complete copy of this application note is available by requesting V-230�
Figure 5: UV curing behaviour of an epoxy resin
adhesive with post thermal curing
The measured normal force signal (up to 50 N
with a 10 mm diameter plate!) shows that this
sample under goes a rather large volume
expansion with increasing temperature. This is
something that should be accounted for during
the production process.
Conclusions The measurement result shows that modern
rheometry is a versatile tool for analysing the
properties of materials during UV curing and
subsequent thermal curing. The curing behaviour
of the sample and the mechanical properties of
the final cured product could be determined in
one continuous measuring job.
A complete copy of this application note is
available by requesting HA-047�
Figure 4: UV curing behaviour of an acrylic resin
adhesive without thermal curing
After a waiting time of 15 min (in which the
temperature was increased to 35°C) the glass
transition temperature Tg of the cured sample
was determined by gradually increasing the
temperature from 35°C to 95°C. The Tg was
found to be 74.5°C.
Curing behaviour of an epoxy resin adhesive Figure 5 shows the UV and thermal curing
behaviour of an epoxy resin adhesive which is also
used in the production of flat panel displays. In this
case UV light with a wave length of 360 nm and a
light intensity of 500 mJ/cm2 was applied to the
sample for a duration of 7 min. A post heat
treatment was used to improve the product
properties in respect of adhesion and stiffness.
Figure 4a: Detailed view of the in CTC new UV
curing cell
New Measuring Cellfor UV Assisted Curing� continued from page 19
Results
Curing behaviour of an acrylic resin adhesiveFigure 4 shows the UV curing process of an acrylic
resin adhesive, which is used in the production flat
panel displays, at a temperature of 20°C. UV light
with a wave length of 360 nm and a light intensity
of 500 mJ/cm2 was applied to the sample for a
duration of 4 min. The measurements were
performed using a 10 mm diameter parallel plate
measuring geometry. For this application no post
heat treatment was necessary.
biennial 07-08
20 www.rheologysolutions.com
• application notes
Small Scale Catheter Production
Pharma MiniLab – Small Scale Compounder for Pharmaceutical Research
polymer industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
Nanocomposities – Examples on Compounding of Nanoclay Blends in Twin Screw Extruders
polymer industries
Abstract Catheters were produced of Polystyrene (PS) and
Polycaprolactone (PCL). A PolyDrive extruder
system, as stand alone extruder was used with the
catheter die. For stable extrusion it was necessary
to use a water bath and the take off system. By
varying take off speed and output different sizes of
the catheter were obtained..
Introduction Catheters are widely used for medical applica-
tions, new developments focus on biodegradable
materials and compounding of contrast media for
x-ray depiction. Though the commercial products
are highly sophisticated and produced on
“pharma“ extrusion lines, proof of concept studies
and first developments can be run on a standard
PolyDrive single screw extruder. Obviously, in the
same way a Poly-Lab OS with single screw
extruder 19/25 OS can run the same application.
A complete copy of this application note is
available by requesting LR-58�
AbstractHot melt extrusion and continuous process leads
to cost efficient production.
In development of new drug/ excipients small
scale extrusion systems reduce time to market
and use comparable processes to production.
Applications and products for development with
the HAAKE Pharma MiniLab are described.
IntroductionThe pharmaceutical industry involves numerous
batch processes. Recently a trend to continuous
processes is visible as continuous processing has
a couple of advantages. Especially the hot melt
extrusion can produce more efficiently and with
higher output. Furthermore allows the extrusion
process the monitoring of processing parameter.
As compounding takes place directly in the molten
stage, aqueous solutions are avoided. Reduced or
removed drying steps help to save energy.
Extrusion is a predominant technique in polymer
processing. Profiles, sheets and bags are
produced as end products, compounds as
intermediate products. Even in the huge
installation of a petrochemical plant we see
extruders producing LDPE, PP resins with an
output of 40 t per hour. In pharmaceutical
technology the extrusion is known for more than
35 years. Developed in industries for products far
less expensive on a kilogram basis the extrusion
gives a key to survival under growing cost
constraints.
A complete copy of this application note is
available by requesting LR-53�
AbstractThis report describes practical examples of
nanoclay – polymer compounds processed
successful in the Karlsruhe PI Demo centre
during 2006. Nanoclay was compounded with
commercially available resins such as PP, PA
and ABS. Test setup and instrument parameters
are given as a guide line.
IntroductionNanomaterials enter the consumer market. The
focus shifts from science to standard applications.
For polymer based Nanocomposites the research
is often driven by the automotive industry
searching alternatives to bulk materials. Especially
nanoclaypolymer blends are known to improve
nanoclaypolymer blends are known to improve
material characteristics such as flame resistance,
barrier properties or toughness. Decreasing prices,
high availability, readymade Masterbatch, vast
research work, make nanoclay compounds perfect
systems to start development or assess a
machines performance.
A complete copy of this application note is
available by requesting LR-62�
[email protected] 07-08
21
• application notes & technical articles
The influence of thickeners on the application method of automotive coatings and paper coatings – rheological investigations
surface coatings industries
Spraying automotive coatings
and the application of paper
coatings are industrial
processes, in which
elongational flows play an
important role.
As a result, the application behaviour of these
fluids often cannot be sufficiently characterised
with traditional shear experiments. Products with
similar shear viscosities can have very different
elongation properties.
With the Thermo Scientific HAAKE CaBER 1
extensional rheometer, a liquid filament is created
that is stretched under the influence of surface
tension. Using the decrease in the filament
diameter as a function of time and the life of the
filament, it is possible to characterise the
elongational behaviour of low viscosity to pasty
liquids in a simple way. The rheological properties
of typical water-based automotive coatings and
paper coatings are determined by the thickeners
used and their interactions with the other recipe
components. In the CaBER 1 experiment, different
types of thickener display a characteristic
decrease in the filament diameter as a function
of time. Different break-up times are desirable,
depending on the application.
When automotive coatings are sprayed, short
break-up times are advantageous in order to
obtain the finest possible drop distribution.
When paper coatings are applied with rollers,
spraying and „misting“ should be prevented as
much as possible, which means that formulations
with long break-up times are advantageous.
A full copy of the application note is available on
request by quoting V-206.�
• application notes & technical articles
Slurry rheology and pipeline transport properties, an overview
surface coatings industries
Slurry transport in the mining
industry is a commonly used
technique for moving partially
and fully processed materials,
and waste.
Often this type of treatment is more economical
and rapid than other transportation methods, such
as those involving conveyor systems or haulage.
Additionally, the materials on a mine-site are often
slurried for processing, and pipeline transport is
necessary.
However frequently utilised, efficient slurry
transport still poses serious engineering problems
through the properties of the slurry. These
include, but are not limited to, particle settling,
attrition, pipe/fitting/impeller wear, degradation of
flocculated or friable solids, and the pumpability of
the slurry. In addition, the effects of these
challenges can be exacerbated, or reduced by
process or environmental variables, such as
temperature, pH or solids loading.
In-transit particle settling leads to stratified flow,
which in turn can cause uneven and excessive
wear in the transport system, and in extreme
cases, pipeline blockage due to solids build-up
around fittings or inclined sections. Particle
attrition has several drawbacks. Firstly, the
product before the pump and pipe is not identical
to that afterwards if the particles are friable, this
may be a QC matter both for disposal and
in-process. Secondly, changes in particle size
distribution may affect the ability of the particles to
remain suspended in the carrier fluid. Problems
with the pumpability of slurries potentially include
the fact that they often behave as a solid, e.g.
when at rest, making it expensive to initiate
pumping. Many fluids, including slurries have flow
properties which depend on the ‘rate of deforma-
tion’ (analogous to their flow-rate).
Rheological techniques can help the engineer or
technician to design for and manipulate
processes. A range of instruments is available
which measure the effects of solids loading,
carrier fluid, particle size distribution and viscosity
or pH modifiers on the propensity of particulate
matter to flocculate, be suspended, settle etc.
through a knowledge of the characteristic flow
properties of the slurry. These rheometers and
viscometers allow the engineer to directly measure
and assess the causes and effects listed above.
Physical quantities such as yield stress (the
minimum force required for a slurry to flow),
plastic viscosity (how ‘runny’ a slurry will be at a
given laminar flow-rate), hysteresis (the changes
in plastic viscosity and/or yield stress which are
due, usually, to particle attrition or settling) can be
better predicted with the appropriate equipment.
Sensitive, high precision versatile equipment is
available for repeatable and reliable measurement
of all flow properties in the laboratory, and durable,
precise, robust units for in the field use are also
commercially available. These units have been
shown to be of value for both QC and product
development.
A full copy of the application note is available on
request by quoting Rheo013�
biennial 07-08
22 www.rheologysolutions.com
• application notes & technical articles
Overview of rheology-based process challenges for the mineral processing industries
surface coatings industries
Mineral processing involves the
transportation and processing
of large quantities of materials.
Mineral processing involves the transportation and
processing of large quantities of materials.
Combining solid materials with a carrier fluid
(usually water) to create a slurry has long been
popular in the industry, principally due to the
increased efficiency and alacrity of mineral
processing steps through use of a slurry, since the
finely ground particles afford greater surface area
exposure to the extracting medium. Also, the ease
with which the particulate matter can be
processed in this form is important for unit
processes including grinding, classification,
separation processes (settling, thickening,
screening, filtration) and transport processes like
pump/gravity flow through pipes and launders,
mixing, etc.
Slurry characteristics pose many engineering
challenges. These characteristics include particle
settling, pH, bulk/carrier fluid viscosity, particulate
flocculation or dispersion, attrition,
pipe/fitting/impeller wear, degradation of
flocculated or friable solids and the pumpability of
the slurry. The effects of these challenges can be
further altered by process or environmental
variables such as temperature or solids loading.
Wet communition and classification can be
effected by viscosity, particle size distribution, fines
concentration etc. For example, hydrocyclone
classification is effected by the presence of a yield
stress (the minimum force required for a slurry to
flow). Often, cut point increases and efficiency
decreases with increasing yield stress. Separation
processes are influenced by inter-particle
attraction and viscosity (how easily the fluid flows
once it is in motion). These variables may be
manipulated through the addition of modifying
agents to the slurry. The key effects of these
additions should be monitored through changes in
the rheological parameters of the slurry, which are
directly related to process performance. In-transit
particle settling causes uneven and excessive
wear or complete blockage in the transport
system. Particle attrition may be a QC matter both
for disposal and in-process and, changes in
particle size distribution may affect the ability of
the particles to remain suspended. Problems with
the pumpability of slurries include the high cost of
initiating and continuing pumping of fluids with
high yield stresses or viscosities.
Rheological techniques can help assess process
design and manipulation processes. A range of
instruments is available to measure the rheological
effects, through knowledge of the characteristic
flow properties of the slurry. These rheometers
allow the engineer to directly measure and assess
the causes and effects listed above. Physical
quantities such as yield stress, plastic viscosity
and hysteresis (the changes in plastic viscosity
and/or yield stress which are due, usually, to
particle attrition or settling) can be quantified and
predicted with the appropriate equipment.
Sensitive, precise equipment is available for
repeatable and reliable measurement of flow
properties in the laboratory, and durable, robust
units for in-the-field use are also available. These
units are of value for both QC and product
development.
A full copy of the application note is available on
request by quoting Rheo014�
• application notes & technical articles
Improved torque sensitivity and normal force resolutions for routine measurements
The new HAAKE RheoStress
6000 benefits from the latest
MARS technology
developments.
The improved specifications are regarding two
components, improved air bearing specifications
and the change of the normal force sensor
technology.
The normal force sensor of the HAAKE RheoStress
6000 is based on temperature-compensated
strain gauge technology and enables normal force
measurements in the range of 0.01 to 50 N in
both positive and negative direction.
This technology offers the possibility to perform
sensitive normal force measurements even on
samples with low viscoelasticity.
In addition the new sensor enables to control the
normal force in the sample to compensate for
sample shrinkage and expansion when measuring
semisolids.
The patented 4th generation air bearing in the
HAAKE RheoStress 6000 is the result of more then
25 years of experience with the design and
manufacturing of porous carbon air bearings.
The air bearing consists of three individual air
bearings:
• One axial air bearing that supports the motor
shaft in the vertical (axial) direction and is
responsible for excellent axial stiffness.
• Two widely spaced radial air bearings that
support the motor shaft in the radial direction
and prevent the shaft from tilting.
A full copy of the application note is available on
request by quoting V-231.�
all industries
[email protected] 07-08
23
• application notes & technical articles
Correlation of misting during printing with extensional rheological investigations on offset printing inks
surface coatings industries
The tendency for misting
on offset printing inks was
examined on two samples
using the rotational rheometer
Thermo Scientific HAAKE
RheoStress 600 and the
extensional rheometer Thermo
Scientific HAAKE CaBER 1.
The results for the amplitude and frequency curve,
the creep and recovery test and the flow curve
measurement with the rotational rheometer do not
correlate with misting during printing.
With the rotational rheometer, it was possible with
the aid of the filament break-up time to easily and
quickly draw distinctions between different
tendencies for misting with offset printing inks.
A full copy of the application note is available on
request by quoting V-208.�
• application notes & technical articles
Cellulosic derivatives in capillary break-up. Influence of the MWD and gel particles
Thermo Scientific HAAKE
CaBER 1 extensional rheometer
is able to detect slight differ-
ences in the MWD (molecular
weight distribution) of blended
polystyrene standards.
However, the question remains if these results
obtained on a standard system can be transferred
to more complex polymers in solution like
cellulosic derivatives?
In order to control the adaptability of this method,
commercially available, blended methylhydroxy
ethyl celluloses (MHEC, e.g. used as thickener
agent in construction materials) were
characterised by uniaxial elongation in capillary
break-up experiments with the CaBER 1
extensional rheometer. The determined break-up
and relaxation times t resp. τ were then
correlated with the blending composition of the
methylhydroxyethyl celluloses and hence with the
high molar mass fraction of the sample.
A full copy of the application note is available on
request by quoting V-219.�
polymer industries
biennial 07-08
24 www.rheologysolutions.com
• feature article
Recent developments in bench-top twin-screw compounders
polymer industries
Abstract
Twin-screw compounders are widely used for
dispersion of pigments and additives in the
manufacture of masterbatch. This paper describes
the availability small-scale twin-screw extruders
together with a range of ancillary equipment, to
assist the masterbatch producer in sample
preparation, and testing of the product. It also
describes the key element of heat transfer in
scale-up from laboratory extruders to production
plant.
Introduction
There are many new materials available for the
formulator of Masterbatches, but how can these
be investigated and new products developed in
readiness for the eventual up-turn in the market?
Before putting a new material into full-scale
production, different formulations need to be
tested and sample quantities made for customer
evaluation.
The presentation will describe some of these test
methods, and in particular a new technique using
an Optical System to evaluate dispersion in
polymer films. It will also outline other test and
sample preparation equipment that can be used
directly on the end of the extruder.
These include a simple blown film system;
extrusion dies for sheet and ribbon, a screen life
pressure filter test, and alternative pelletising
methods.
A simple PLC based data logging will be described
that can be used to monitor results, and with links
to a PC can be used for analysis and archiving of
sample data.
Finally, operation of small laboratory extruders,
and what are the critical factors for a reliable
scale-up to production plant will be discussed.
Twin-Screw Mixing
The melting and mixing process in a twin-screw
compounder is a rapid process. The polymer is
melted by the mechanical shear energy of the
intermeshing screws. The narrow distribution of
residence time in a twin screw means that all the
material is subjected to a similar thermal history,
giving very uniform product.
Filter Test
The Thermo Scientific PRISM twin-screw Filter test
system was described at Masterbatch 2002. The
filter test technique will soon become a recognised
standard in quality control. To apply this to the
twin-screw compounder, a simple screen changer
is bolted onto the extruder, and through the plc
control and data logging, pressure increase over
time is monitored, and using a computer can be
matched to standards for evaluation.
Film Equipment
For the film producer, a blown film die with cooling
tower and wind-up can be fitted to the extruder
allowing direct preparation of blown film samples.
A recent application of this equipment has been
particularly useful in evaluating the film blowing
properties of a biodegradable polymer, manufac-
tured from renewable, natural raw materials.
If the laboratory needs a thicker sheet of rigid or
flexible film, different sheet dies can be fitted onto
the EUROLAB to extrude sheets up to 170mm
wide with thickness from 0.5 to 2.0mm.
Dedicated cooling rolls are used to calibrate and
cool the sheet with either a cutting table for rigid
sheets or a wind-up spool for flexible films.
Optical Quality Testing
The Optical Quality Testing System measures the
transparency of a film or sheet, and counts the
number of embedded inhomogeneous particles
continued on page 26 �
[email protected] 07-08
25
� continued from page 25
and other impurities. By measuring the transmitted
light through a polymer film, the CCD camera
processes the image and identifies discontinuities
in the film.
The camera scans an area of 400 mm2 at a rate
of 4 pictures per second, with a resolution to 60 μ
m. There are options for higher resolution on a
smaller area or scanning a larger area at a lower
resolution.
The results can be displayed and analysed on
different formats. This first display logs the counts
of different particle sizes over time.
This analysis gives the distribution of particle sizes
over the test.
Finally this analysis shows the distribution of
particles by size and frequency.
Other applications of the twin-screw use the
dedicated ancillary equipment that designed to
make up the EUROLAB System.
Pelletising
When samples are required in pellet form, then a
strand die and traditional cooling bath and
pelletiser are used. This system includes a variable
length pelletiser, where the pellet length can be
selected from 1mm to 3mm in 0.5mm steps. If
mini-pellets are needed for micro-moulding, them
a combination of high draw-down with high cutter
rotation will give 1mm X 1mm pellets.
When working with highly filled compounds, or
water sensitive products, an air quench, face cut
system is available. Here the product is cut on the
face of the die, propelled into an air stream and
conveyed to a cyclone for collection. This method
is also very useful for new water sensitive,
biodegradable polymers being studied today.
Data Logging
When many different materials need sampling, it is
very useful to be able to record operating
conditions so that reproducible samples can be
prepared. This can be even more reliable if the key
operating conditions can be recorded and stored
as a recipe for future use. The touch screen
interface and PLC control allow this to be done
simply, with added security of password
protection.
Scale-up
In any laboratory system, the operator is always
concerned with scale-up to larger production scale
equipment. Form our experience the most critical
element in this scale-up, is heat transfer capability.
Most twin-screw extruders are variable speed, and
so shear rates can be matched between laboratory
and production extruders. Residence time in the
extruder depends on a combination of product
feed rate and screw speeds. Because generally
output is determined by the motor power installed,
and that is usually scaled to the volume of the
extruder, which again gives a good scale up.
However, heat transfer in dependent on the
surface area to volume ratio. This means that the
ratio of surface area to volume is inversely
proportional to the barrel diameter. i.e. if you
double the diameter of the screws, then volume
(and hence output) will increase by 8 times while
surface area, and (hence heat transfer capability)
will increase only 4 times.
Surface Area, Free Volume relationships
Conclusion
In a modern masterbatch plant, quality control and
product sampling are key factors in the efficient
operation. By using small-scale extruders, fitted
with suitable ancillaries, and with reliability in
scale-up, the operator can have confidence in
developing new materials and formulations. This
paper has shown availability of such equipment.
A copy of this article is available on request by
quoting LR-51�
biennial 07-08
26 www.rheologysolutions.com
• application notes & technical articles
Rheological measurements in the coatings industries – the last 60 years
surface coatings industries
Abstract.
Rheology is the science of studying and predicting
flow and deformation of matter. It has long been
an important technique for verification of design,
manufacture, storage, application and cure of
coatings. As coatings formulations have increased
in complexity, meeting diverse customer needs, so
discriminatory testing techniques allowing different
materials to be compared for all conditions has
become crucial.
For sixty years the industry has gradually moved
from reliance on qualitative ‘guesstimates’ based
on operator experience, to quantitative measure-
ments. These quantitative techniques have
included Ford and Zahn cups, still used in the field
today, but which have been shown to be little more
than rough estimates for the performance of
rheologically complex materials, though they may
still work well for Newtonian or near-Newtonian
coatings. Simple Hoeppler (falling ball) or
mechanically driven rotational devices such as the
Krebbs or Stormer viscometers, and later
Brookfield viscometers emerged, reducing much
of the inaccuracy associated with cup-type
measurements. They have proven themselves
useful but there remains the problem that, if the
material is non-Newtonian the measurements are
not absolute, and data from the different
instruments cannot be compared (the units of
measurement are Krebbs Units, Brookfield Units,
HAAKE Units etc).
The ICI or “Cone & Plate” viscometers were the
first to utilise a finite gap and viscometric
geometry to measure absolute viscosity, but had
the limitation of rotating at a fixed rpm, restricting
the output of the viscometer to high shear
applications only. Now that the science is maturing
and high speed computing, combined with
inexpensive electronics and manufacturing costs,
have made low-cost rheometers and viscometers
available. They are capable of providing reproduc-
ible data for all aspects of manufacture, use and
performance of coatings (including cure), in
absolute (SI) units, allowing direct comparison of
different materials and processing conditions. The
current state of the art includes measurement of
materials in extension, quantifying the likelihood of
spatter, stranding and misting.
A full copy of this paper is available on request by
quoting Rheo-050�
Published in Pure & Applied
Chemistry. Vol. 68, No. 8, pp.
1665-1682, 1996.
© 1996 IUPAC
Synopsis
Blends of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH)
and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA)
have been produced by reactive extrusion and
characterised in terms of their rheology, phase
morphology and the degree of covalent bonding
interaction (ester linkages) between phases, as
determined by FTIR.
• application notes & technical articles
A collaborative study of the structure and rheological properties of EVOH/SMA* blends produced by reactive extrusion (Technical Report)
polymer industriesStrongly synergistic behaviour in terms of viscosity
and melt elasticity was seen in all blends, for low
frequency dynamic and low shear rate capillary
tests, the largest increases occurring in blends
containing 50-60% EVOH. Finely dispersed droplet
phase morphologies were seen in most of the
blends, the minor phase forming the dispersed
phase. However the blends containing 50-60%
EVOH were co-continuous or partly co-continuous;
it was also notable that the blends containing 60%
EVOH exhibited a surprisingly low value of Melt
Index. Evidence of covalent bonding was apparent
in all blends, the highest interaction levels again
being seen for the 50-60% EVOH blends, despite
a very low anhydride/alcohol molar ratio (only
0.05). Increased mixer speed and vacuum venting
during processing also improved reaction levels.
These findings suggest that the availability of
reactive groups is restricted by the phase
morphology of the blend during production.
As a result, more reaction occurs at or near
co-continuous phase compositions, where the
surface area is maximised. The synergistic
behaviour in viscosity and elasticity can be seen
as consistent with the observed increased
bonding levels, which causes more efficient
stress transfer into the dispersed phase.
*EVOH = ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer; SMA =
styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer
A full copy of this technical report is available by
requesting LR-42�
[email protected] 07-08
27
Introduction.
Nowadays a very large majority of the roads are
constructed using a mixture of bitumen (5 wt. %)
and mineral aggregates. Notwithstanding this low
bitumen content, the performance of the road
pavement is determined by the properties of the
bitumen, as bitumen is the continuous phase and
the only deformable component. On the other
hand, from a technological point of view, the
• application notes & technical articles
Rheological properties of bitumen modified with polyethylene and polyethylene based blends
construction &building industries
continuously increasing traffic load on road
pavements has resulted in tightening of binder
specifications in order to obtain higher mechanical
stability of asphalt roads. However, the limit of
increasing pavement performance with conven-
tional pure bitumen seems to have been reached.
To achieve this improvement, it is necessary the
addition of natural or synthetic polymers to the
bitumen. The aim of this project is to obtain
modified bitumens, using several synthetic
polymers, like polyolefins or rubbers. The
optimisation of composition and processing
conditions will be carried out by taking into
account the stability and rheological properties of
bitumens for road paving under extreme
conditions, which should be processed with
conventional or slightly modified machinery.
Keywords.
EPDM/PE blends; Polyolefin modified bitumens;
Bitumen rheology; Polymer/bitumen blends
A full copy of this paper is available on request by
quoting RF-190902-ES-01�
The rheological properties of
polymers in shear as well as in
extensional flow are essential
for their processing.
• application notes & technical articles
New die design for the characterisation of the extensional and shear properties of polymers for laboratory and on-line use
polymer industriesUnfortunately their complete characterisation in
the laboratory requires the complementary use
of sophisticated techniques which are time
consuming and need great expertise.
Therefore quality control is mainly limited to
the measurement of a melt flow index, a shear
viscosity and eventually a melt strength test to
assess extensional properties. The on-line
monitoring of material parameters would be very
helpful but is today mostly restricted, whenever
performed, to MFI or a capillary shear viscosity
measurement.
The HAAKE X-die has been developed to cover
the need for a quick characterization in shear
and extension, with little or even no operator
intervention. It can be mounted on a traditional
capillary rheometer or directly on-line with a melt
pump feeding it. Data obtained by this die with a
standard LDPE already tested in round robin tests,
are presented and confirm the validity of this new
approach.
A full copy of the laboratory report is available on
request by quoting LR-39�
• application notes & technical articles
Measurement of the Irganox content in polypropylene polymers during extrusion
Abstract.
Near infrared spectroscopy was used as an in-line
control system for the measurement of polypropyl-
ene filled with different amounts of Irganox
additives. For this purpose transmission probes
were installed in an extruder. The probes can
withstand temperatures up to 300oC and
pressures up to 60 MPa. Transmission spectra of
polypropylene mixed with Irganox with a coefficient
of models were generated with partial least square
regression which resulted in a model which
estimated Irganox with a coefficient of determina-
tion of 0.984 and root square error of prediction of
0.098%. Furthermore the possibilities for
controlling process conditions by measuring
transmission at a specific wavelength were shown.
Keywords.
polymer, irganox, extrusion, in-/on-line
Reference: W. Becker and N. Eisenreich, J. Near
Infrared Spectroscopy. 13, 147 – 154 (2005).
© NIR Publications. www.impublications.com
polymer industries
biennial 07-08
28 www.rheologysolutions.com
• application notes & technical articles
Continuous online rheometry for industrial slurries
Abstract
Mineral solids are usually processed, produced
or handled in the form of two-phase slurries.
Accurate and reliable measurements of the
rheological properties of settling slurries using
conventional viscometric instruments can be
difficult, if not impossible, since the solid particles
settle rapidly under the influence of gravity. In this
paper we report on the development of an on-line
flow rheometer specially designed and constructed
for characterising the rheological behaviour of
settling slurries. The instrument design is based
on the principles of helical flow, which is the
combination of tangential Couette and axial
Poiseuille flows. The data reduction procedure
developed is firmly based on the theory of helical
flow and has been extensively tested and validated
with fluids of different rheological behaviour. Good
results have been obtained using the rheometer
for various Newtonian liquids, pseudoplastic
polymeric solutions and mineral slurries.
Keywords
Flow rheometer, on-line viscometer, mineral slurry,
rheological characterisation, helical flow
Introduction
The control of the rheology of settling suspension
is of great importance to the mineral industry as it
is a critical factor in optimising plant life cycle
costs. Many processes involve handling particles
of diverse sizes, usually in the form of rapid
settling (unstable) slurries and it is the slurry
viscosity not the solids concentration that effects
the energy consumption and many of the design
factors of mineral processing units. It is therefore
essential that the rheological properties of these
slurries be determined accurately under conditions
that resemble closely those found in the actual
processes.
A full copy of the paper is available on request by
quoting RF-200902-AU-01.�
mining industries
• application notes & technical articles
Measuring coatings
surface coatings industries
Published in Polymers Paint
Colour Journal, May 2006,
pp: 50 – 53.
www.coatingsgroup.com
A wide range of measurements with viscometers
and rheometers is used to characterise the
rheological properties of coatings such as inks,
varnishes, dip coatings, paints, dispersions,
paper coatings, printing ink, security printing
pastes and powder coatings.
This paper is intended to give a brief overview
of which properties can be measured with which
tests and which instrumentation is required.
Besides the well-established shear flow testing
in rotation, creep and oscillation, the benefits of
extensional testing are discussed for viscoelastic
fluids.
In order to keep the quality of coatings on a high
level, continuous quality control is required as well
as sound knowledge of raw materials, processing
steps, storage conditions and application
procedures.
Rheology plays a crucial role in each of the steps
which a coating undergoes: After development of
the formulation, production starts with quality
control of raw materials like binders, solvents,
pigments, fillers and additives. For processing,
the components require the ability of mixing,
dispersing, pumping, stirring, homogenising and
stabilising. A good coating shows stability during
shelf life and transportation without sedimentation,
flocculation, agglomeration and coagulation.
Rheological measurements help to select proper
dimensions of pipelines, pumps and stirring
vessels as well as filling machines.
A variety of application processes uses high shear
rates or high extensional rates – eg painting,
spraying, printing, dipping which is followed
usually by gravity-driven steps – for example by
levelling in order to obtain a homogeneous film
with good properties in texture, appearance and
protection of the coated substrate.
While stability during shelf like and properties like
levelling or sagging are best characterised by a
controlled stress (CS) measurement, the various
shear rates of stirring, pumping, filling, painting
are well represented in controlled rate (CR)
measurements. Creep testing is performed in
CS mode. Gelation, cross linking and curing are
best recorded with oscillatory measurements in
controlled deformation (CD) mode while amplitude
sweeps as well as frequency or time sweeps can
be performed in CS as well as CD oscillatory
mode.
In order to understand the extensional processes
in printing and roll coating as well as in dies for
filling, spraying or spray dying, the extensional
properties require experimental determination.
A full copy of this paper is available on request
by quoting HA-030�
[email protected] 07-08
29
• application notes & technical articles
Small scale compounders for pharmaceutical research
pharmaceutical, cosmetics& allied industries
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion and continuous granulation
provide for rapid product and process design,
flexible manufacturing, a well controlled process
and cost-efficient pharmaceutical production. In
the development of new drugs/excipients, small
scale continuous extrusion systems reduce time
to market, reduce consumption of expensive
ingredients, and use processes comparable to
production. Applications and products for
development with small scale twin-screw
compounders are discussed.
Introduction
Manufacturing of clinical and commercial scale
pharmaceuticals is traditionally accomplished
using batch processes. Recently, because of its
many advantages, a trend toward continuous
processing is becoming more prevalent. For
example, hot melt extrusion can deliver increased
efficiency and higher throughput, when compared
with a classical batch process. Continuous
processing also allows for the real-time monitoring
of processing parameters and in-process material
properties. Extrusion is an established technique in
polymer processing, and is particularly important
for PAT. With real-time monitoring and process
understanding, a continuous process can more
easily be controlled to yield the highest quality
product in the most efficient way. In addition, as
compounding takes place directly in the molten
stage, aqueous solutions are avoided, reducing or
removing drying steps which helps to save energy.
In pharmaceutical technology, extrusion has been
studied and deployed for more than 35 years[1].
gives a The following article is discussing the
smallest scale of extrusion with an output of
several grams to 150 grams per hour leading to
development and production scale extruders with
outputs in the 10 to 20 kilogram per hour range.
A full copy of this paper is available on request by
quoting PRISM 004�
biennial 07-08
30 www.rheologysolutions.com
Powder coatings are acost effective and anenvironmentally friendlyalternative to liquid coatings.
Traditional coating systems form networks via a
thermally activated process. This usually involves
placing a powder coated surface into an oven at
temperatures between 160°C and 200°C. The
powder melts at around 80°C to 120°C and
becomes an even film. At temperatures
between 110°C and 140°C the cross linking
reaction starts. The curing time typically lasts
between 15 and 30 minutes, depending on the
temperature and reactivity of the system.
UV curing powder coating systems have been
established, where the curing process takes place
in a shorter amount of time, even at temperatures
below 100°C. A further advantage of the UV
induced network formation is that it works virtually
independently of temperature. This opens up new
application possibilities for coating of heat
sensitive surfaces like wood or synthetics.
The melting and curing relationship of powder
coatings can be rheologically analysed via
oscillatory tests with an air-bearing rheometer.
The advantage of this method is that the
structural change of the coating as a function of
time or temperature can be monitored without
disturbing the process i.e. at very small oscillation
amplitudes. The rheological measurements that
are usually of interest are complex viscosity η)*,
complex modulus G*, the loss factor tan δas well as the phase displacement angle δ.
As many powder coatings become very rigid after
the complete curing process, parallel
continued on page 31 �
news & views
Rheological Analysis ofPowder Coatings
surface coatings industries
[email protected] 07-08
31
�continued from page 30
measurements using a plate/plate geometry PP20
with 20 mm plate diameter are recommended for
these rheological tests. Rheological analysis of
powder coatings take place at temperatures of
somewhere between 80°C and 250°C. Below are
experimental results which can be measured with
an air-bearing rheometer such as the HAAKE
Mars (see photo). The temperature range can be
easily covered using an electric temperature
control unit consisting of a lower and an upper
heating system.
The following outlines some recommendations of
practical examples and typical measurement
methods. A disposable plate/plate measuring
geometry made of aluminium with a diameter of
20 mm and a measuring gap of 1 or 0.5mm is
recommended.
1. Analysis of the curing process of powder
coatings at a constant temperature
The change in complex viscosity η* was analysed
as a function of time at a constant oscillatory
frequency. As the sample cures while measuring,
the oscillatory amplitude τ had to be gradually
increased in order to maintain a constant sample
deformation γ.
A desired deformation γ is assigned to the sample
(typically γ=0.5% ), the rheometer then controls
the recommended amplitude τ.
It is important for the reproducibility of the
measurement results to maintain the same
conditions for powder filling and for setting the
start of the test. In Fig. 1 an oscillation time curve
of a powder coating is illustrated. The
measurement was carried out at 200°C with a
frequency of 1 Hz. A deformation of 0.5% was
chosen. 200 data points per segment were taken.
Each oscillation was only carried out once
(number of repeats 1, no waiting time) so that the
time dependent changes of the sample could be
monitored. The complex viscosity η* and the
phase shift angle b are shown as a function
of time in the diagram. Analysis of the same
powder coating at two different temperatures
under the same conditions, establishes that the
curing process is clearly slower at 150°C than at
200°C (Fig. 2). At lower temperatures the curing
process is slower and therefore the complex
viscosity of the sample has a lower value. While
the plateau value of the complex viscosity is
reached after around 10 minutes of measuring
time at 200°C, η* still increases at 150°C after
16 minutes measuring time. For the latter
measurement, no plateau value was reached after
a measuring time of 16 minutes. A prediction
as to whether the same end value would be
achieved as at 200°C and after what time, is not
possible from the available results.
2. Analysis of the melting and curing
process as a function of temperature
The examination of changes in complex viscosity
as a function of temperature is interesting given
that two influences, namely temperature and time
are tracked simultaneously.
Firstly the powder is melted and the complex
viscosity drops to a minimum and then increases
for the curing process. The position of the
minimum and also the value of viscosity at the
minimum are dependent on the substance
itself as well as on the chosen heating rate.
Fig. 3 shows η* in relation to temperature at a
heating rate of 6 K/min for two different powder
coatings. Powder A reaches a minimum viscosity
at around 180°C, while the minimum viscosity of
sample B is reached at 160°C.
Examination of the minimum viscosity values in
the curves however, yield a much lower value for
sample A than for sample B (120 Pas compared
to 400Pas).
For processing purposes coating A should result
in a more even coating as the lower viscosity
should give a better development (film formation)
on the surface. In Fig. 4 a powder coating sample
analysis at three different heating rates is shown.
At a lower heating rate (1 K/min) the complex
viscosity runs at a minimum at 110°C after
around 30 minutes. Afterwards it increases again
and reaches a plateau value after around 80
minutes. After this the networking formation is
virtually complete. At higher heating rates the
viscosity minimum shifts to a higher temperature.
The effects of the two influences can be seen: the
viscosity decreases with increasing temperature,
the system simultaneously cross-links and the
viscosity rises again. At higher heating rates the
decrease of the viscosity predominates
momentarily because the curing process develops
more slowly.
Therefore at the highest heating rate (10K/min)
the viscosity at the curve minimum is somewhere
around 10 times lower than at the lowest heating
rate (1 K/min). The minimum viscosity at the
highest heating rate is achieved after around 7
minutes, at the mid-rate (5 K/min), after around
11 minutes. In Fig. 4 the three curves are shown
only as a function of temperature, not as a
function of time. This explains why the complete
cross-linking process is only recognisable at one
point on the graph.
This report was published in Paint & Resin,
Issue 3 - 2007�
Fig. 1: Curing of a powder coating at 200°C(f=1 Hz, γ = 0.5 %)
Fig. 2: Oszillation time curves at two temperatures(f=1 Hz, γ = 0.5 %, 150 and 200°C)
Fig. 3: Comparison of two powder coatings(f=1 Hz, γ = 0.5 %, heating rate 6 K/min)
Fig. 4: Influence of the heating rate on theProcess η* (f=1 Hz, γ = 0.5 %)
News & Views
� Industry Solutions• Feature Story- Qenos Install A Pellet Size & Shape Distribution (PSSD) System 33 • • CoolTech Application Story – Rehau Pty Ltd ................................................ 42 • • Feature Story – Uncompromising Eyes ........................................................ 43 • • • • • Sensor System to Measure Viscosity of Tailings from Marimex ........................ 41 • • Customer Installation - Plantic Technologies Ltd in Altona Victoria recently
purchased a HAAKE PolyLab with Rheology Dies ........................................ 47 • • High Quality Pharmaceutical Film –
Customer Story Klockner Pentaplast, Germany ........................................ 48 • • • Industry Overview – Material Characterisation Solutions ................................ 49 • • • • • • Feature Article - OnLine Close-Loop Monitors Four Cast Film Extruders
During Production ........................................................................................ 51 • • Food Industry Feature & Product Focus ........................................................ 54 • • How to Measure Series for Mining Slurries ................................................ 43 •
� Company News• A Brand New Year – A Brand New Look! ........................................................ 35 • • Australian Food Engineering Association
– Technical Meeting – September 2006 ........................................................ 38 • • Conferences & Exhibitions in 2007 – 29th Australian
Polymer Society Conference & Exhibition........................................................ 36 • • Conferences & Exhibitions in 2007 – 8th Joint Conference of Australian
Society of Cosmetic Chemists........................................................................ 36 • • Conferences & Exhibitions in 2007- Paste & Thickened Tailings- A Guide 2007 36 • • How to Series of Workshops– Calls for Expressions of Interest ........................ 39 • • New Addition to our Rheology Team ........................................................ 35 •• New Website Additions – Biennial Rheotalk ................................................ 40 •• New Website Additions – Interactive Dictionary ........................................ 40 •• Polymers Extrusion & Compounding Workshops
– Calls for Expressions of Interest ................................................................ 33 •• New Website Now Online! – www.TemperatureControlBaths.com ................ 37 •• Staff Update ................................................................................................ 38 •• Update on Paste & Thickened Tailings Conference ........................................ 42 • • Workshop – High Temperature Micro-Rheology ........................................ 41 • • • • • Staff Update ................................................................................................ 46 •• Staffing Changes - Administration Manager ................................................ 35 •• The Mayonnaise Jar & Two Cups of Coffee ................................................ 48 •• Service Department Update ........................................................................ 50 •• Rheology Solutions – 10th Anniversary ........................................................ 39 •• Staff Update ................................................................................................ 50 •• Company News – Home of a New High Technology Facility ........................ 55 •• Exhibitions - 30 APS Australian Polymer Symposium ................................ 36 • • Exhibitions - Ausplas 2008 ........................................................................ 43 •• Exhibitions - FoodPro 2008 ........................................................................ 66 •
ALL
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biennial 07-08
32 www.rheologysolutions.com
[email protected] 07-08
33
Qenos in Altona has takendelivery of an OpticalControl Systems (OCS),Pellet Size, Shape andDistribution (PSSD) Systemin December 2006.
The decision to purchase the PSSD system was
based on a rigorous process of evaluation,
testing, trials and discussions between the Qenos
Technical Centre personnel, Rheology Solutions
and Optical Control Systems. The process of
discussion and trials commenced prior to Ausplas
in 2005 and resulted in Qenos bringing samples
(natural and pigmented polyethylene pellets) to
the exhibition to run them on the OCS PSSD
system to obtain bench mark results on pellet
geometry. Further samples were then sent to OCS
in Witten in Germany for geometry testing. The
objective was to compare and correlate the
current manual testing conducted at Qenos with
optical inspection results from the PSSD.
In early July, Rheology Solutions in conjunction
with OCS conducted a workshop for the polymer
industry where customers could bring their pellet
and powder samples for testing. Qenos attended
a private workshop session and discussed their
final system requirements. These requirements
and specifications were then taken back to OCS
where their program development team
incorporated these additional requirements into
their software and tailored the software to report
and show the specific results in the format that
they needed to allow them to determine the
quality and consistency of their pellet geometry.
The software configuration was modified to meet
all the Qenos reporting requirements and further
samples were run at OCS to compare the results
� Continued on page 33
feature story – customer installation
Qenos install a Pellet Size Shape
& Distribution (PSSD) System
polymer industries
all industries
During 2005, Rheology Solutions in conjunction
with Thermo Electron Stone ran a series of
workshops using the PRISM EuroLab 16 mm Twin
Screw Extruder. The inaugural workshop was well
attended by over 75 people during a 7 day
timeframe. Based on the success and interest in
the 2005 workshop, Rheology Solutions is
planning on running the series in 2007.
Equipment planned for the workshop includes:
• PRISM EuroLab 16 mm Twin Screw Extruder
• Water Bath & Palletiser
• Extrusion Dies, Chill roll system and filter test
equipment.
The workshop will be half day in duration and run
as either private or public sessions where
attendees can run their own samples.
The workshop is of interest to all those in the
polymer industry including:
• Previous attendees at the 2005 workshop
• R&D personnel • Universities
• Raw material & end product manufacturers
Interested? Contact Rheology Solutions
to register your interest in the series.
Each workshop will be limited to 6 – 9 attendees
to ensure that each attendee will have maximum
opportunity for hands on training and operation of
the PRISM EuroLab 16mm Twin Screw Extruder
and ancillary equipment and adequate discussion
with Dr Tim Kealy during the workshop.
Further information on the PRISM range of
Twin Screw Extruders can be obtained from
http://www.rheologysolutions.com/prodtwin.
html�
news & views - call for expressions of interest...
Polymer Extrusion & Compounding
Workshops
biennial 07-08
34 www.rheologysolutions.com
� Continued from page 32
Qenos install a Pellet Size Shape
& Distribution (PSSD) System
of the sample from the PSSD to their manual
testing results. The results from the comparison
on the same sample were positive and an order
for the PSSD unit was placed with Rheology
Solutions in November 2006.
The PSSD will be used at Qenos as a quality
management tool for pellet geometry. The system
has been installed in the Physical Laboratory
within the Technical Centre. The unit will be used
for rapid and reliable characterisation of Qenos
polyethylene’s, replacing the intensive manual and
time consuming techniques that had been
previously employed within the Technical Centre.
The use of the PSSD will be complementary to but
not replace the in-plant quality control pellet
geometry tests.
Qenos use Australian oil and gas feedstocks from
Bass Strait and the Moomba Basin. Qenos employ
approximately 800 people and their plants
produce olefins and a full range of polyethylene
products, including high density polyethylene
(HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low
density polyethylene (LLDPE) and medium density
polyethylene (MDPE). This makes Qenos a vital
link in the Australian manufacturing chain,
supplying industries that employ hundreds of
people. Polyethylene is manufactured at Qenos
plants in Botany and Altona with the capacity in
the order of 200,000 tonnes HDPE, 90,000
tonnes LDPE and 125,000 tonnes of LLDPE.
The Australian market for virgin polyethylene is
approximately 450 kt and of this, nearly 65% is
used in the packaging industry. The rigids market
is made up predominantly of bottles and
containers for milk, juice, household and industrial
chemicals, plus caps and closures. The flexibles
market is made up primarily of films for food
packaging including frozen foods, bread and fresh
produce; shopping bags; sling and shrink wraps;
industrial films and extrusion coating applications
such as liquid paper board.
In addition to its use in the packaging market,
some of Qenos’ end products are used for water
management activities such as polyethylene
piping and rotational moulded water tanks.
Polyethylene is used for pipes and fitting; in wire
and cable applications; in the automotive
components sector for tanks and storage; in
household goods and in construction.
The breadth and depth of the applications and
uses for the polyethylene is immense. The
addition of the OCS PSSD system will further
ensure that Qenos continues to provide products
of consistent quality.
Full training and commissioning of the PSSD
system will be undertaken in January 2007 for
the Technical Centre staff at Qenos. The training
will be provided by OCS and will include an
intensive two days of hands on training for all
staff. The training will also be supported by Dr Tim
Kealy – Technical Manager and Mr Richard
Donaldson – Service Engineer from Rheology
Solutions.�
Tracey Boseley replacing the lid for sample feedto the PSD.
Tim Kealy setting up the OCS software beforerunning a sample on the PSSD.
Administration Manager Jackie Wrigglesworth
[email protected] 07-08
35
Rheology Solutions ispleased to provide you witha new look RheoTalk fortheir first issue in 2007.
RheoTalk will continue to be published three
times per year and be available as a printed full
colour newsletter or electronically as a PDF.
The newsletter has been expanded to reference
each article in the newsletter to specific industry
classifications. An industry quick reference guide
can also be found on page 1. This will guide you
to the contents that may be of most interest to
you. The cross referencing by industry
classification was also introduced in the electronic
version of the Biennial RheoTalk for 2005 – 2006
which is available on our website.
We welcome your comments, feedback and
suggestions on what you would like to see
included in future issues of RheoTalk. We trust
that 2007 is a successful year for each of you
and we look forward to working with you during
the coming year. Cheers and happy reading.�
note from the editor
A Brand New Year
- A Brand New Look!
Rheology Solutions ispleased to introduce Evie,the newest team member.
Evie joined Rheology Solutions on Thursday, 23
November 2006 at the young age of 5 weeks
and 4 days. Evie, is a Border Collie and was born
on 15 October, 2006 to Maggie and Sam.
Evie comes to work every day along with her
older canine friend, Mal who is an Alaskan
Malamute of 101/2 years old. Mal has been
coming to work for over 81/2 years and has
welcomed the newest team member to assist
him in his day to day activities.
Mal and Evie look forward to greeting you when
you next visit Rheology Solutions.�
rheology solutions news
New Addition to our
Rheology Team
Mal and Evie relaxing before they get back into their days work.
all industries
For the past four years, Jackie Wrigglesworth has
been employed as the Marketing Assistant. From
1 July, 2007 her position in the company has
expanded to incorporate office administration as
well as her marketing support role on a full time
basis in the position of Administration Manager.
This now places Jackie as the first point of contact
for all enquiries across; general information;
product information; updating contact information;
status of delivery for current orders; scheduling of
service, repairs and calibrations (either on site or
off site); accounts receivable and payable.
Please assist us in welcoming Jackie into her
expanded role with Rheology Solutions.�
news & views
Staffing Changes – Administration Manager
all industries
biennial 07-08
36 www.rheologysolutions.com
During 2007, RheologySolutions will be attendingthe following nationalconferences and exhibitions.
• 29th Australian Polymer Society
Conference & Exhibition
11-15 February, 2007, Hobart, Tasmania
www.29aps.org
Rheology Solutions will be exhibiting a range of
materials characterisation products from Thermo
Fisher Scientific specifically to meet the
requirements of the polymer industry in R&D,
QA/QC and production applications. The products
will include:
• HAAKE MARS – Modular High
Temperature/High Pressure R&D Rheometer
available with interchangeable temperature
control units, and application oriented
measuring systems.
• HAAKE MiniLab – Co- and counter-rotating
twin screw extruder with integrated viscosity
measurement for compounding sample
volumes up to 7 ml.
• HAAKE MiniJet – Injection moulding machine
for sample preparation system to produce test
specimens from 5 gm of material from
powders, pellets or melts.
• PRISM Twin Screw Extruder – Segmented
barrel with lift off top half for easy access to
screws. Available with ancillary equipment
including pre-mixers, screen changers, chill
rolls, strand pelletising lines, air-cooled face-
cut system and cast sheet or blown film lines.
The conference will be attended by Dr Tim Kealy
and Mr Patrick Griffin and both will be available
on the Rheology Solutions stand number 5 to
discuss your materials characterisation and
rheology requirements.
• Paste and Thickened Tailings
– A Guide 07
13-15 March 2007, Perth, WA
www.acg.uwa.edu.au
Rheology Solutions will be exhibiting during the
Paste 2007 Seminar. On display at the exhibition
will be the HAAKE ViscoTester 550 which is
widely accepted and used within the mining
industry.
The HAAKE ViscoTester 550 will be fully
operational and demonstrated during the
exhibition. In addition, Rheology Solutions will
have a range of information kits specifically
developed and produced for the mining industry.
These kits will be made available on request and
cover: Contract Testing Capabilities for Mining
Slurries; Solutions for Mining Slurries; Tim's Top
Tips - How to Measure Thixotropy, How to
Measure Yield Stress, How to Measure Flow &
Viscosity Curves. The series of Tim's Top Tips
have been specifically written for the HAAKE
ViscoTester 550 which has been established over
the last 10 years as the mining slurries industry
standard and choice for viscosity & flow curves,
yield stress and thixotropy testing.
For further information on the HAAKE ViscoTester
VT550 visit www.rheologysolutions.com/
viscotester550_techs.html
• 8th Joint Conference of Australian
Society of Cosmetic Chemists
22-25 March 2007, Wollongong, NSW
www.ascc.com.au/news/conferences
Dr Tim Kealy from Rheology Solutions will be
presenting a paper titled “Measurements of the
viscoelastic properties of cosmetic foam products
using a vane sensor“. The paper was co-authored
by Alby Abram and Richard Buchta from
Connectics Australia and Dr Tim Kealy from
Rheology Solutions. Tim will be available for
questions regarding application, contract testing
facilities, instrument evaluation for materials
characterisation and rheology applications.•
news & views
Conferences & Exhibitions in 2007
polymer industries
mining industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
QC with Rheomix 600 - from Thermo Scientific.
The HAAKE PolyLab QC with Rheomix 600 is a
modular torque rheometer with measuring mixer.
Matthias Jährling, Senior Application Specialist,
Manager MC Application Laboratories, Process
Instruments from Thermo Fisher Scientific in
Germany will be joining Rheology Solutions on
the stand.=
• exhibitions
Australian Polymer Symposium
The Australian Polymer Symposium, is being held
in Melbourne from 30 November – 4 December,
2008 and Rheology Solutions will be participating
in the exhibition on stand number 13.
The stand will be showcasing the HAAKE PolyLab
polymer industries
[email protected] 07-08
37
temperaturecontrolbaths.comoffers the best selection oftemperature controlproducts within Australia
Our range covers solutions for heating and
cooling applications for industries including:
• biological • environmental
• laboratories • manufacturing
• packaging • printing
• process • raw materials
• research • universities
Some 100 products are itemised on this website
across 12 category types (Accessories/Options,
Baths, Cryostats, Fogging Tester, Heating Bath
Circulators, Immersion Circulators, Laboratory
Chillers, Open Bath Circulators, Process Chillers,
Refrigerated Bath Circulators, Shaking Water
Baths, Temperature Control Systems) and each
product has full technical specifications.
The range and diversity of the temperature
control baths available has been established to
meet the control requirements across the depth
and breadth of temperature control applications.
Currently, there are two products which can be
purchased on-line (CoolTech 320 and HeatTech
26L) and this will expand to meet the needs and
requirements of the customer enquiries over the
coming months.
Buy on-line with delivery ex-stock ready to
despatch within 48 hours (or two full working
days) from receipt of official company purchase
order.
TemperatureControlBaths.com is owned and
operated by Rheology Solutions Pty Ltd and is a
privately owned company based in Victoria.
The diversity of applications, industries and extent
of the product range instigated the creation of
this dedicated website for
TemperatureControlBaths.com
Rheology Solutions was established in April 1998
to service the requirements of the materials
science market in Australia by providing the
world's leading products and supporting sales
and distribution with service, technical support
and education. The vision is to recognise the
importance of specialisation and dedication to a
specific science and provide full technical support
and service throughout Australia. The Company
goal is to integrate industry experience and
materials characterisation techniques to provide
practical solutions for customers.
Building on the underlying vision that dedication
and specialisation is key to providing customers
with the right solution through knowledge,
experience and support,
TemperatureControlBaths.com was created.
The goal of the TemperatureControlBaths.com
website is to provide service, support and meet
the needs and application requirements within the
area of temperature control and offer the best
selection of products from recognised world
leading manufacturers.
We look forward to working with you and to
providing you with the best products, service and
support for temperature control products.
We welcome your feedback and will actively work
to provide the highest level of efficiency, customer
support and service.�
for more information visit:temperaturecontrolbaths.com
all email enquiries welcome:[email protected]
all industries
news & views
NEW Website - Now Online!
BUY ONLINE
CoolTech 320Refrigerated circulator
Temperature range
-28ºC to +100ºC
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excluding GST
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ambient to +100ºC
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biennial 07-08
38 www.rheologysolutions.com
Rheology Solutions and The Australian FoodEngineering Association,(AFEA) present a seminar for the food industry inMelbourne.
The paper was presented by Dr Tim Kealy -
Technical Manager, Rheology Solutions Pty Ltd.
“Some theory and techniques for
rheological measurements for food
and beverages”
Rheological characterisation for product design
and process control is becoming increasingly
common in the food industry, as understanding of
the power of these measurement techniques and
instruments improves amongst professional food
engineers and scientists. In September 2006,
Rheology Solutions and the AFEA collaborated to
bring the AFEA members a brief introductory
seminar on rheology and rheological techniques
applied to the food industry as the first part of a
two-part series of seminars.
The seminar was held at the Institute of Engineers
Australia buildings in Parkville, Melbourne, with
about thirty or so Food Professionals – Engineers,
Chemists and Food Scientists – in attendance.
Obtaining a good understanding of the rheology of
a food product is critical for situations as diverse
as lifecycle assessment, QC and customer
satisfaction. It is the rheology of the product
which, in large part, dictates its processability, its
structural stability and its texture. Rheological
measurements can therefore provide a valuable
insight into how a material will behave during
processing, during storage, and when the
customer finally consumes it.
New applications for foods – usually improved
products with increased functionality – are being
developed and marketed almost weekly. These
new functionalities usually result from a small
change in the ingredients making up the food
recipe. These small changes in formulation can
often have a startling impact on the food as it is
processed, filled into containers, stored and
eaten. Rheological analyses can evaluate the
extent of these impacts and help predict their
effect.
So, intelligent food design must involve some
rheological measurements and understanding to
ensure success. Without understanding the
consequences of changes in the process,
ingredients, storage conditions and so on, we
cannot hope to reliably manufacture a food
product to meet with the full approval of the
consumer.
The seminar consisted of explanations and
examples of how some of the most common
rheological measurement techniques including
extensional properties, yield stress, flow curves
and viscosity curves can be conducted, and what
the data can tell us. Along the way, introductions
to and explanations of the technical jargon and
concepts encountered in rheology were made,
and the measurement principles of different
rheometers, viscometers and measurement
geometries were introduced, in particular
rotational and extensional instruments for liquids
and uniaxial testers (“texture analysers”) for solids
and semi-solids. The concepts were illustrated
using real examples and data from the food
industries. The seminar was interactive with an
excellent question and answer session at the
close when the attendees had an opportunity to
discuss their specific queries.�
news & views
Australian Food
Engineering Association
Technical Meeting -
September 2006
food industries
Another day at the office for Evie which comprises
sleeping, greeting delivery people, a run and game
in the car park outside the office or a game with
some of the toys at work.
Mal, however prefers to spend the day outside
resting and relaxing – just visiting from time to
time to have a drink of water or join us for lunch.
He knows when it is lunch time and always is on
hand to assist us with our food.
It is tough at work and often a break from sitting
under the desk and sleeping away the hours is
needed – a game of fetch and catch is a favourite
pastime – then, it’s back to sleep under the desk
for the next while.
Sometimes however, Evie likes to serenade us all
– by squeaking her purple and pink football in her
mouth and howling at the top of her voice – most
entertaining except when you are on the phone to
a customer – which has happened on a few
occasions.�
news & views
Staff
Update
all industries
Mal takes a break with a bit of shut eye outside
Evie with her favourite purple and pink football
[email protected] 07-08
39
Rheology Solutions is planning to run a series of
workshops based on the Tim’s Top Tips series
covering rheology across:
• How to Measure Thixotropy
• How to Measure Yield Stress
• How to Measure Flow Viscosity Curves
The workshops will be half day in duration and
provide all attendees with hands-on training using
the HAAKE ViscoTester VT550 running their own
samples. The concept of the workshop will be to
provide attendees with a clear understanding of
what tests should be conducted, what the results
mean based on real data and real results, how to
use the results to improve the process or the
product.
The session will include a round table discussion
to determine each attendee’s objective and what
is important for them to have at the end of the
workshop. A brief theoretical overview will be
provided to cover the theory of each of the
measurements being conducted and how to use
the data once the results have been obtained.
Each attendee will be provided with an induction
on the HAAKE ViscoTester VT550, hard copy of
the full method and procedures for each
measurement conducted, copies of their results,
and an information folder including the theory of
rheology, dictionary definitions, copies of the Tim’s
Top Tips – How To series for their specific
industry and relevant product information.
At the conclusion of the testing of customer
samples, a wrap up session will be conducted to
cover questions and review of the data and
results.
Each half day workshop will be industry specific
and conducted either as public or private
sessions.
This series of workshops is of particular interest
to all QA/QC, process engineers, production and
laboratory staff across the following industries:
• Food Industries
• Pharmaceutical, Cosmetics & Allied Industries
• Surface Coatings Industries
• Mineral Slurries
• Construction and Building Materials Industries
• Chemical & General Manufacturing
Interested? Contact Rheology Solutions
to register your interest in the series.
Each workshop will be limited to 6 – 9 attendees
to ensure that each attendee will have maximum
opportunity for hands on training and operation of
the HAAKE ViscoTester VT550 and adequate
discussion with Dr Tim Kealy during the
workshop.
Further information on the HAAKE
ViscoTester VT550 can be obtained from
www.rheologysolutions.com/viscotester550_
techs.html�
news & views - call for expressions of interest...
How to Series of Workshops
all industries
On Wednesday 30 April, 2008,
Rheology Solutions turned 10.
There have been a lot of changes over the 10
years since Rheology Solutions was formed, with
the business starting out of a home office in rural
Victoria. Four years ago, the office moved to
facilitate the growing business needs some 15
kms closer to Melbourne in Bacchus Marsh. The
move has meant that the local staff that we
employ also moved with us.
Rheology Solutions was established by Pat &
Kaye Griffin and both are still full time and active
in the business. I think that there is the hope that
long service leave may apply at some point in the
near future for both of them.
Jackie joined us just over six years ago as a
Marketing Assistant working part time, and now
has the diverse role of Administration Manager
and works full time.
Richard has always had an involvement with the
business, and has been with us since Pat & Kaye
relocated back to Victoria after a four year stay in
Sydney over 10 years ago. Richard’s role is
National Service Engineer across the entire
product range we offer – it certainly keeps him
on his toes and ensures that his frequent flyer
points continue to rack up.
Rheology Solutions will continue to offer the world
leading products in temperature control, polymer,
rubber, optical scanning systems, rheology and
viscometry instruments and equipment and are
committed to maintaining their specialisation
and dedication to the science of materials
characterisation.
Our vision is to recognise the importance of
specialisation and dedication to a specific science
and to provide full technical support and service
throughout Australia. Our company goal is to
integrate industry experience and materials
characterisation techniques to provide practical
solutions for customers.
All of us at Rheology Solutions thank you for your
business over the last ten years and we look
forward to being of continued service to you.�
news & views
Rheology Solutions 10th Anniversary
all industries
biennial 07-08
40 www.rheologysolutions.com
During 2007 a numberof new features andfunctions will be madeavailable on the RheologySolutions websitewww.rheologysolutions.com
Biennial RheoTalk – Now available as a PDF on line
This inaugural cumulative Biennial RheoTalk issuehas been compiled to provide our Australiancustomers and readers of RheoTalk with an easyreference and source of the product information,application articles and news from 2005 – 2006.
The newsletter has been cross indexed andreferenced by industry, so that each key industryarea can identify the specific information thatrelates to their industry. The industryclassifications that we have used are colourcoded and cover:• Mineral Slurries• Polymer Industries• Food Industries• Surface Coatings Industries• Chemical & General Manufacturing Industries• Construction & Building Industries• Pharmaceutical, Cosmetics & Allied Industries
Additionally, the indexes have been divided intothree sections covering Application Notes, News &Views, and Product News & Industry Applications.There is an index at the beginning of each ofthese sections, listing the contents within thatsection with a cross reference to the industry thatit applies to.
The PDF enables the reader to utilise the searchfacility with the software. This means thatsearching can be conducted by any word, phrase,industry type, brand name, application or productmodel.
At the end of the cumulative issue of RheoTalk aninformation request form has been provided forthose that require further information. The formcan be printed and filled out and then either faxedor posted. Alternatively, requests can be sent by
email direct to [email protected] with
details of the information requested.
We trust that the Biennial RheoTalk will be a
useful and easy source to access industry
specific rheology and materials characterisation
information that we have provided during 2005 –
2006.�
Interactive Dictionary… Coming soon
As a continuation of our commitment to providing
education, knowledge and resources to industry,
Rheology Solutions has developed an extensive
materials characterisation dictionary covering
seven key industry areas. The dictionary explains
both rheological and industry specific terminology
and relates it to measurement techniques and
instrumentation.
The interactive dictionary will be available on line
as a PDF which can be searched according toindustry type (Food, Chemical, Pharmaceutical,Cosmetics, Construction, Building, SurfaceCoatings, Polymer, and or Mineral), term, andproduct brand.
The dictionary will have links to a summary pagespecific to each industry classification which willdetail all the available information for thatindustry. This information can then be requestedand will be supplied as hard copy.
The interactive dictionary has been developed toprovide industry with a reference source thatrelates their terminology to the governingproperties and measurement information formaterial characterisation solutions. The benefit ofthis dictionary is that it has been created from theindustry perspective using their process termsand providing an overview of how to identify,measure, and apply testing protocols.�
news & views
New Web Site Additions
all industries
[email protected] 07-08
41
A new sensor style fromMarimex Industries Corp.now extends its applicationbase into the miningindustry.
This sensor is based on a standard Marimex
design but employs a special coating to inhibit
the abrasive conditions often found in the mining
industry. Previously such sensors have already
been used without coating in similar industries
like cement and concrete applications, where
abrasion is also very high. The use of this special
coating is expected to extend the lifetime of the
sensor.
As environmental impacts are being felt around
the world, it is also felt in the mining industry
especially as it applies to water usage. In many
areas water has become a precious resource and
steps need to be taken to limit use of water.
Viscosity measurement can assist in determining
and limiting such water usage as an example in
tailings streams. Already a relatively small
additional amount of water to a tailings stream
will lower the viscosity of the stream by an
amount measurable with a Marimex viscometer.
Marimex viscometer sensors provide a high
resolution measurement in process and yet are
rugged for the application. Different styles are
available to cover a wide range of measurement.
Every system is factory calibrated and capable to
measure over multiple decades of viscosity.
Systems can be easily field configured to
measure 1% of the calibrated range as a full
range yet again with the resolution still being 1%
of the configured range. No change or physical
modification to the sensor is required. A
configuration change on the transmitter is all that
is required.
Together with the introduction of this new sensor
Marimex is also introducing new electronics.
Based on the proven technology of the model VS-
4450 the new model VS-D250 reduces both the
size and the price of the transmitter. This has
been achieved by repacking the electronics and
leaving off a few capabilities, which are often not
required in some applications. The model VS-
D250 is housed in a DIN rail housing and can
easily be mounted in a back panel rather than
taking up front panel space. It is capable to carry
two output cards which are available as 4 to 20
mA analog outputs or RS485 and RS232 serial
outputs. An additional RS232 output is available
on the front plate as well and can be used for all
included Modbus capabilities including
configuration via a computer. Power supply for
this transmitter is 24 VDC, which makes it easy to
be connected to a non-interruptible 24 VDC
power supply. A model VS-C250 with the similar
capabilities as the model VS-D250 is also
available. This model is for insertion directly into a
sensor. however due to the mounting inside the
sensor, this electronics can only be configured via
a computer, whilst the model VS-D250 can also
be configured by hand via three push buttons.�
new & views
Sensor System to Measure
Viscosity of Tailings from Marimex
mining industries
High temperature rheology and simultaneousmicroscopy on polymer melts is now achievable.Thermo Scientific have developed the HAAKEMARS with RheoScope module to meet thecustomer requirements for high temperaturerheology and microscopy applications.
Rheology Solutions will conduct an applicationsworkshop with the equipment in Victoria wherecustomers can bring their own samples fortesting.
This product will be of interest to R&D, ResearchOrganisations, Universities, Food, Polymer,
Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic & Allied Industries and
Chemical Industries.
If you are interested in purchasing this equipment
to meet your application requirements, let us
know now. We will then coordinate the
workshop with the support of Thermo Scientific
and advise you of the planned date.
Send an email with details of your
application and any questions that you have
to [email protected] �
workshop
High Temperature Micro-Rheology
food industries
polymer industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
chemical & allied industries
biennial 07-08
42 www.rheologysolutions.com
Recently Rheology Solutions sold a CoolTech 320refrigerated circulator toREHAU Pty Ltd for usein a display at a recentexhibition in Melbourne. The application where theCoolTech was used wasquite unusual and outsideof the 'square'.
At the DESIGNEX expo held at the Melbourne
convention centre 19 - 21st April, 2007, REHAU
used the Thermo Scientific CoolTech 320
refrigerated circulator unit and 16mm RAUPINK
under floor heating pipe to set up an ice bar
along side their 'Under floor heating display'. The
aim of which was to provide a visual indicator to
their customers and show them the conductive
nature of their RAUPINK pipe.
The pipe was set up in a snail formation within a
stainless tray. The CoolTech 320 was set up at
-8ºC for the duration of the three day expo.
Customers were able to physically see and touch
the ice, which was then used to serve shots of
schnapps to them at the afternoon tea break.
According to REHAU the project was a great
success and proved to be very popular with their
customers.
REHAU is an independent and privately owned
company with over 120 branches, 44 plants and
12 training academies across 53 countries,
REHAU is one of the world's leading polymer
solutions providers. Their products are found in a
wide range of applications from energy efficient
uPVC windows and automotive bumper systems
to life-preserving medical components for the
healthcare industry. www.rehau.com.au�
news & views
CoolTech Application Story
all industries
CoolTech 320 installed RAUPINK under floor heating pipe Afternoon tea
In March 2007 RheologySolutions attended theconference in WA andexhibited the HAAKEViscotester VT550 and tookover 150 copies of Tim's
Top Tips “How to Measure
Series” for the mining
industry.
The response from the attendees to the HAAKE
ViscoTester VT550 was positive with 10 HAAKE
ViscoTester VT550 Slurry Packages being sold
during the exhibition. The copies of the “How to
Measure Series” for the mining industry was also
of great interest - especially the booklet covering
'Yield Stress'. Almost all the copies were gone by
the middle of the second day of the conference,
and before the end of the conference there were
no copies left.
If you missed out on the 'How To Series'
for mining industries and would like copies,
complete the information request form
and we will send them to you.�
news & views
Update on Paste and Thickened
Tailings Conference
mining industries
[email protected] 07-08
43
feature story
Uncompromising Eyes
Film Inspection. Onlineinspection systems are anestablished part of high-qualityfilm production today. Amanufacturer of PE laminatingand surface protection films isused to illustrate theincorporation of an integratedquality concept with the aid ofpractical examples
By Gerd Finn - Orbita Film
Oliver Hissmann - Optical Control Systems
PE surface protection, interlayer, label and
laminating films have to meet very high quality
requirements. In particular, these films must
have the lowest possible number of fish-eyes,
which are unavoidable in PE films. Fish-eyes are
small film homogeneities characterised by their
area (size in transmitted light) and protrusion
above the film surface. The fish-eye count is to
some extent an inherent film property. Film
manufacturers and users therefore try to
minimise the fish-eye count and fish-eye size to
a level where the fish-eyes pose no problem for
the particular film converting process and
intended application. See Figure 1.
� Continued on page 44
polymer industries
chemical & allied industries
food industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
• news & views
How to measure series for mining slurries
Three “How to Measure” tips
have been written for mining
slurries and are available on
request. The series provides a
booklet which details tips on
measuring thixotropy, flow &
viscosity curves, and yield
stress.
Thixotropy is a relative measurement and as such
depends on the experimental conditions and
technique used to measure it. There are several
such techniques, the simplest being modified flow
curves, or constant shear rate or shear stress
measurements. A more complicated, but perhaps
more intuitively understood method is the shear
and recovery method.
In order to attain repeatability the most appropriate
technique should be selected and the sample
handling and experimental procedures defined
fully. These should be unchanged for all tests, so
that thixotropy for different materials can be
properly compared.
Thixotropy is a relative measure of the extent and
seed of recovery of the internal structure of a
material during and after shear. It is useful
because it allows and estimate of the effects of
agitation, pumping etc for prolonged periods, and
also the effects of ceasing the agitation etc (i.e.
how quickly the structure will rebuild, and how
difficult it will be to restart the process as a result).
Flow & Viscosity Curves. A flow curve is used to
define the interdependency of the shear rate and
shear stress for a material. To generate a flow
curve either a range of shear rates or of shear
stresses can be imposed on the material, and the
other of the pair – the response of the material –
is measured. A viscosity curve shows the viscosity
of a material at each shear rate from the flow
curve. Flow and viscosity curves can be presented
either on logarithmic or linear axes. They describe
the flow behaviours at a variety of shear rates, so
that pump, pipe, impeller, etc sizing can be
correctly achieved. They are also important
because they define the type of flow behaviour
one can expect from a material – Newtonian,
pseudoplastic (shear thinning), dilatant (shear
thickening) etc.
Yield Stress has an impact on the mining industry
in a variety of ways. In pumping and mixing at
start-up, it must be overcome so that the impellers
can turn. In pipeline transport yield stress
influences the velocity profile of the material, and
under some circumstances can cause the material
to flow as a solid plug carried by a lubricating
liquid layer at the wall where shear stresses are
high. The yield stress of a material dictates
whether or not a solid fraction will settle to the
bottom of a tank, pipe or other container, and also
whether gaseous materials can rise through it.
Disposal of mining waste is an important issue
and the yield stress influences the slope of
beaches in disposal areas, the ability of high solids
pastes to be compressed and to flow after
disposal and so on.
Note: Each Tip includes working definitions.
Copies of How to Measure … Yield Stress,
Thixotropy, Flow & Viscosity Curves are available
on request. �
mining industries
• exhibitions
Ausplas 2008
polymer industries
Rheology Solutions will be participating
in this exhibition (booth number 100) in
Melbourne from 7 – 10 October 2008
showcasing a range of equipment and
instruments specifically for the polymer
industry.�
biennial 07-08
44 www.rheologysolutions.com
Feature Story
Uncompromising Eyes
� Continued from page 43
Figure 1. Film with foreign contaminant
Causes of Fish-eyes
In higher-molecular-weight constituents from the
polymeristaion process or foreign polymeric
materials do not completely melt, they form fish-
eyes. Contaminants such as dust from bulk
containers, abraded particles in material transfer
lines and foreign materials, e.g. from poorly
cleaned silos, can also cause fish-eyes. During
the transfer of PE pellets in pipelines, some of the
PE pellets melt and smear on the walls of the
pipelines due to abrasion and form ribbon-like
streamers (angle hair) that gradually flake off into
the pellet stream. While the streamers are still
adhering to the pipeline walls, their large surface
area comes into prolonged contact with
atmospheric oxygen. This gives rise to reactive
molecular groups, which form fish-eyes. Deposits
on the inside wall of the extruder or excessively
long thermal exposure during a stoppage can
lead to fish-eyes with characteristic brownish
occlusions. Poorly homogenised additives such as
pigments, antiblocking agents, etc. act as nuclei
around which polymer accumulates to form fish-
eyes. See figures 2 & 3.
Figure 2. Fish-eye in a coextruded centre layer
Figure 3a & Figure 3b. 3-D view of a fish eye
Problems withContaminants
Surface protection films are coated with adhesive
and bonded to high-gloss metal surfaces
(aluminium sheet, stainless steel sheet) or
scratch-sensitive plastic surfaces (PMMA, PC,
PVC) to protect these vulnerable surfaces during
further processing and transport. In
thermoforming - for example into headlamp
reflectors or kitchen sinks - excessively large fish-
eyes press slightly into the surface and leave
behind noticeable imperfections, which are not
accepted in final quality control inspection.
The same effect can occur with interlayer films
wound up in aluminium coils to protect the
aluminium layers from each other. As a result of
the winding pressure, marks can be left.
Fish-eye mark in an aluminium sheet
Labeling films and special laminating film are
printed with sophisticated motifs. The fish-eyes
give rise to blank unprinted dots, which show up
particularly in large plain-coloured areas. In
addition, in the laminating process, the fish-eyes
can be pressed into the film. This results in
indentations that are many times larger and
therefore much easier to see that the fish-eyes
that produced them. In the subsequent printing
operation, no link is deposited in these
indentations and once again, there is a “halo”
around the fish-eye. See figure 4.
Figure 4. Black fish-eye with halo in a filmlaminated to aluminium
PE Laminating films are bonded to other materials
(e.g. PET, PP, PA, aluminium) with adhesive. If
there are fish-eyes present in the film, a “halo” is
again formed around the fish-eye, rather like an
air-filled bubble, which is far larger than its origin
and therefore much easier to detect as a flaw.
The most critical flaws are brownish or black fish-
eyes from extruder deposits, which are
interpreted as contamination. Such defects are
absolutely impermissible in the pharmaceutical
and food packaging industries. In film composites
with aluminium foil, large fish-eyes can even
impair barrier properties in the worst case
scenario.
Film Inspection
Modern-day inspection systems have a data rate
of up to 160MHz per camera (see Figure 5)
� Continued on page 45
[email protected] 07-08
45
� Continued from page 44
because of the “embedded PC” concept. This
concept permits the storage and transfer of all
measurement data via the Ethernet to a server.
According to the application, CCF line cameras
with 2,048, 4,096, 6,144 or 8,192 pixels can be
used. These achieve image acquisitions rates
ranging from 72,000/s at 2,048 pixels to
18,000/s at 8,192 pixels. So even at very high
web speeds, high resolution in the web direction
is obtained. Through the use of special lenses
and the further development of CCF sensors, the
reproduction quality of long CCD lines (e.g. 8,192
pixels) is just as sensitive as for shorter CCD lines
(e.g. 2,048 pixels). This means equally good
inspection results for considerably lower
investment costs.
Figure 5. Inspection system for a blown film line
A simple example will serve to illustrate the
advantages of using long CCD sensors. A blown
film line with a width of 2,600mm and maximum
web speed of 120mm/min is to be inspected with
a resolution of 200μm in both the web travel and
transverse directions. To achieve this resolution,
either four cameras with 4,096 pixels each or two
cameras with 8,192 pixel cameras, a better
price/performance ratio is obtained with equally
good inspection results because of the lower
purchase, maintenance and operating costs.
The systems detect and distinguish defects such
as fish-eyes, gel particles, scorch marks, black
specs, streaks, lines and insects. Depending on
its configuration, the inspection system can warn
the operator of critical individual defects (e.g. a
fly), defect trends (e.g. more than 10 gel particles
in a diameter between 200 and 300 m/m2) or
film rolls that are off-spec. Online, production
trends can be mapped over extended periods of
time, e.g. the last twelve hours. Offline, whole
runs can be compared and analysed in order to
assess, for example, the fish-eye count obtained
with different raw material batches on specific
extruders. See Figure 6.
Figure 6. Fish-eye count plotted against time
Self-learning Systems
By using the so-called easy-teach-in-function, the
operator can identify defects with the aid of
defect pictures and sort them into classes. The
classifier then automatically specifies the
inspection parameters for the individual defects.
Since these systems work with fuzzy algorithms,
they are able, for example, to differentiate flies
from black specs. This differentiation is crucially
important, since the cause of the defect may lie
in either the clean room environment or the
production process. Similarly, fluff attracted by
static charges is classified as such and therefore
not identified as a defect. See Figure 7.
Figure 7. Topographical representation (rollingmap) of the fish-eyes with photos of defects
Lighting Technology
The use of the right lighting technology is vitally
important for film inspection. The standard
lighting normally comprises fast-pulse fluorescent
tubes. But fibre-optic or LED lighting is also
employed. The lighting may be used as reflected
or transmitted light. If possible, transmitted light is
preferred because it enables both sides of the
film to be inspected. On the other hand, physical
irregularities, such as scratches, in opaque
surfaces can be more reliably detected in
reflected light. Another bonus of film surface
inspection is that the absolute and relative opacity
of transparent and translucent materials can be
determined.
Integrated QualityConcept
For quality control of PE films, even today, film
samples are still sometimes taken from the end
of the roll and visually inspected by employees.
The results of such an inspection are very
subjective and relate to only a tiny product
quantity. In other words, they are not statistically
meaningful. Counting the fish-eyes is a more
objective method but very time-consuming. But
here again, only a small random sample is taken
and the assessment of fish-eyes is also
subjective. Counting the fish-eyes on the running
machine by manual assessment is even less
objective because of the film movement. In the
random sample inspection at the end of the roll,
defects are not identified until some hours after
production. If the film is faulty, considerable
amounts of material are wasted in this way and
production times are squandered.
To ensure continuous monitoring of the
production process, the subjective assessment of
quality must be replaced by an objective method.
For this purpose surface inspection systems like
the FSP600 film quality inspection system from
OCS GmbH, Witten, Germany, can be used. At
Orbita-Film GmbH, Weißandt-Gölzau, Germany,
several such inspection systems have been
installed since 1994. Some systems operate with
one camera and scan widths of 300mm or
700mm. One system is equipped with three
cameras and monitors a film width of 3,000mm.
The systems operate in transmitted light for
transparent, translucent and opaque films up to a
certain degree of opacity.
Most equipment does not inspect the whole film
width but only a section. With this philosophy,
only the homogeneously distributed defects are
statistically detected. Depending on the film
width, 30 to 70% of the entire film width is
scanned in contrast to the maximum of 0.005%
with manual inspection.
In transmitted light, only the optically effective
surface of the fish-eyes in the plane of the film is
� Continued on page 46
biennial 07-08
46 www.rheologysolutions.com
� Continued from page 45
detected. The fish-eyes that are actually
detrimental, i.e. those which protrude significantly
above the film surface, are far fewer in number
than the measured and displayed fish-eye count.
Because of the difficulty of picking out these
“projecting” fish-eyes from the rest, the total fish-
eye count is generally recognised as an index for
the level of fish-eyes. The principal advantages of
these systems are objective, reproducible
inspection of surface quality and the possibility of
reacting immediately to changes in the fish-eye
level.
The systems are integrated in the company's
internal network. With each roll change, the
inspection data for the particular roll are
automatically stored on an internal server by roll
number and production data.
Application Examples
An example of the successful use of fibre-optic
lighting by Orbita is the inspection of black and
white surface protection films for stainless steel
in transmitted light. Each fish-eye causes an
optical dint in the stainless steel. This
phenomenon is intensified by a thermoforming
process. Because of its high opacity, the film is
very difficult to inspect in transmitted light but
double-sided inspection in reflected light is very
costly and technically complex to achieve.
Inspection systems with a camera are used in the
blown film lines. Only a section of the films are
inspected with resolutions up to 100μm. This
statistically monitoring is sufficient to guarantee
fish-eye-free film quality.
The cast film lines for self-adhesive film with
widths of up to 2,600mm are 100% inspected. In
this case, a very high resolution is achieved to
detect even the smallest defect. The 100%
inspection also enables optimum setting of both
the extruder and the die.
In the adhesive coating zone, Orbita also monitors
the complete web. Here a wide variety of defects
in the film are detected as defects of adhesive
application. In this way, the coating process is
optimised and absolute quality control achieved.
Conclusion
The use of online inspection systems for surface
inspection of PE films has proved successful in
practice and permitted faster, more efficient
detection of surface defects in recent years. As a
result, it has been possible to reduce the number
of rejects and complaints. With these systems, it
is possible to meet continually increasing product
quality requirements, while ensuring efficient
production.
About the Authors
Dipl-Phys. Gerd Finn, born 1943, is Quality
Control Manager at Orbita-Film GmbH, Weißandt-
Gölzau
Dipl-Oec. Oliver Hissmann, born in 1970, is Sales
Manager at OCS Optical Control Systems, Witten
Poli-Film Group
As a subsidiary of the globally active Poli-Film
Group, Orbita-Film GmbH is a leading German
manufacture of polyethylene films. Films ranging
in thickness from 7 to 500μm are produced in
widths from 50 - 18mm at this manufacturing
facility, which has a built area covering 51,000m2
and total area of 210,000m2. The company's site
at Weißandt-Gölzau is home not only to Orbita-
Film but also to its sister companies Orbita-Cast
and Poli-Coat, which offer a similarly wide range
of products. The films are used in the packaging,
construction, agricultural and horticultural sectors
as well as in industry and the retails trade.
At Orbita-Film, some 50 blown film machines are
installed in total. At Orbita-Cast (stretch film
producer) and Poli-Coat (manufacturer of surface
protection films), the products are extruded using
the cast film method. www.orbita-film.de
A full copy of the paper is available on
request by quoting OCS005�
Evie has grownconsiderably since her firstphoto début in RheoTalk(January - April 07 issue).
She turned 6 months on April 15 and is nearly
full grown at just under 17 kg in weight, which is
still a long way from Mal's weight of 43 kgs. Mal
celebrated his 11th birthday on March 19 and is
finding that keeping up with a young Border
Collie is challenging. Mal has the strength to play
for a long time - but Evie certainly has the turn of
speed when needed.
Being at work for them is part of their daily
routine - as soon as the car keys are picked up
they are at the door and ready to leave - this is
regardless of whether it is time to come to work
or time to leave. A trip in the car anywhere is
always a happy outing for them both.�
news & views
Staff Update
[email protected] 07-08
47
news & views
Customer Installation
polymer industries
Plantic Technologies Ltd inAltona Victoria recentlypurchased a HAAKE PolyLabwith rheology dies.
The system that was purchased included the
HAAKE Rheocord torque rheometer drive unit with
mixer (with Banbury, sigma and roller rotors) and
single screw extruder (with an adjustable lip film
die, and slit and capillary rheology dies).
Plantic Technologies Limited is a world leading
innovator in bioplastics, with a track record of
science and industry awards, an international
network of corporate customers and distributors,
and a growing list of premium quality
multinational research and development partners.
Plantic Technologies is based in Australia, where
its head office, principal manufacturing and R&D
facility is located. The company also has sales
offices in German and the United Kingdom, and
employs approximately 40 people internationally.
A New Approach to Plastic
Plantic has achieved a unique place in the world
market for bioplastics through proprietary
technology that delivers a completely
biodegradable and organic alternative to
conventional plastics based on corn; which is not
genetically modified. The entire process integrates
the science of organic innovation with commercial
and industrial productivity in a new way. The
result is both a broad range of immediate
performance and cost advantages, and long-term
environmental and sustainability benefits.
Plantic's single-minded commitment is to provide
bioresponsible materials solutions for the world
market that deliver all the functionality of
conventional petrochemically derived plastics in
an economical and ecosensitive way.
The torque rheometer will be used to measure
the relative processing properties of various
thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends and resins in
R&D. The sheet die will be used to mimic larger
scale processes, to optimise screw
configuration & processing conditions for the
different TPS grades in R&D. The rheology (slit
and capillary) dies will help to characterise the
TPS grades for efficient processing.�
Rod capillary die at Plantic Technologies isused for rheological characterisation of polymericmaterials.
biennial 07-08
48 www.rheologysolutions.com
This article discusses defectsthat may possibly occur duringproduction of film oncalendaring equipment as wellas the sources of black spots,their detection, evaluation andpossible means of prevention.
The article was written by Andreas Schnabel
(works in the filed of metrology and process
technology at Klochner Pentaplast GmbH & Co
KG, Montabaur, Germany; and Oliver Hissmann
(employed by OCS GmbH, Witten, Germany).
Pharmaceutical products are packaged in plastic
blister packs around the world. Every customer
expects that the film used satisfies increasingly
stringent requirements. In addition to economy,
hygiene, protection in different climates and
atmospheres, this also means a guarantee of
maximum safety for the product packaged in
compliance with new and ever more demanding
requirements.
The monolayer film that is produced primarily on
calendaring equipment is converted into blister
packs or serves as the substrate for high-quality
coatings and laminates. These calendered
monolayer films are plasticizer-free rigid PVC
films that are manufactured in various
thicknesses and colours. They can be classified
into three product groups: With their good
thermoforming characteristics and their good
chemical resistance, homopolymer films are well-
suited for production of standard blister packs.
For demanding blister geometries or maximum
processing speeds, copolymer and high
copolymer films offer greatly improved flow
characteristics.
A reprint of the paper from Kunstoffe
international 7/2007, is available on
request from Rheology Solutions by quoting
OCS-007�
news & views
High-Quality Pharmaceutical Film – Customer story Klockner Pentaplast, Germany.
polymer industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
When things in your life seemalmost too much to handle,when 24 hours in a day arenot enough, remember themayonnaise jar and the 2 cups of coffee.
A professor stood before his philosophy class and
had some items in front of him. When the class
began, he wordlessly picked up a very large and
empty mayonnaise jar and proceeded to fill it with
golf balls. He then asked the students if the jar
was full. They agreed that it was.
The professor then picked up a box of small
pebbles and poured them into the jar. He shook
the jar lightly. The pebbles rolled into the open
areas between the golf balls. He then asked the
students again if the jar was full. They agreed that
it was.
The professor next picked up a box of sand and
poured it into the jar. Of course, the sand filled up
everything else. He asked once more if the jar
was full. The students all responded with a
unanimous "YES".
The professor then produced two cups of coffee
from under the table and poured the entire
contents into the jar effectively filling the empty
space between the sand. The students laughed.
"Now", said the professor as the laughter
subsided, "I want you to recognise that this jar
represents your life. The golf balls are the
important things--your family, your children, your
health, your friends and your favourite passions -
and if everything else was lost and only they
remained, your life would still be full".
"The pebbles are the other things that matter, like
your job, your house and your car".
"The sand is everything else - the small stuff".
"If you put the sand into the jar first" he
continued, "there is no room for the pebbles or
the golf balls. The same goes for life. If you spend
all your time and energy on the small stuff you
will never have room for the things that are
important to you".
"Pay attention to the things that are critical to
your happiness. Play with your children, look after
your health, take your spouse out to dinner. Play
another 18 holes. There will always be time to
clean the house and fix the car. Take care of the
golf balls first--the things that really matter. Set
your priorities. The rest is just sand".
One of the students raised her hand and inquired
what the coffee represented. The professor
smiled, "I'm glad you asked". "It just goes to
show you that no matter how full your life may
seem, there's always room for a couple of cups
of coffee with a friend".�
news & views
The Mayonnaise Jar& Two Cups of Coffee
all industries
[email protected] 07-08
49
Thermo Fisher Scientificoffers a comprehensive rangeof material characterisationproducts that analyse andprocess material forrheological and thermalproperties.
These instruments analyse and measure viscosity,
elasticity, processability and temperature-related
mechanical changes of plastics, foods, adhesives,
coatings, and a wide variety of liquids or solids.
A brief overview of innovative solutions across a
number of industries for R&D, Process, and QC
applications follows:
Ceramics
Rheological measurement data relating to
dispersability and flow characteristics of ceramic
injection moulding compounds and pastes provide
the ceramics industry with valuable information to
optimise products. To do this, a flexible, modular
rheometer platform is needed to evaluate product
processes used for manufacturing ceramics and
suspensions for porcelain and/or ceramics.
Food
Innovative recipe development, comprehensive
reproduction simulation, and reliable quality
assurance require a powerful rheometer platform
in conjunction with pioneering measurement
extruders and mixers.
Paints, Dyes & Powder Coatings
Innovative paints and dyes demand extensive and
precise rheological measurements. This begins
with reliable quality control of raw materials and
products and continues in the research and
development of new formulations. Stability, time
dependence, process characteristics when
spraying or coating, and structural properties of
these products must be derived in the early
stages of development.
Petrochemistry
In the petrochemical industry simulation of pump
characteristics and measurements for oils and
drilling fluids under pressure is vital.
Pharmaceutical & Cosmetics
Understanding the processability, consistency,
time- and temperaturedependent properties of
raw materials and end products in order to
develop innovative and successful products is
critical.
Polymers
Processing-related data such as melt
characteristics, the effect of additives,
temperature, shear stability and dynamic viscosity
during shear are of great significance to the
development of innovative polymers. Process
simulation in compounding and extrusion of rods,
profiles or films, combined with rheological or
visual measurements, help the plastics industry to
optimise procedural parameters, to create
inspection bodies for tests or to perform quality
checks at incoming and outgoing goods for
viscosity, dispersion or plastifying characteristics.
Rubber
The impact of carbon black on the cross-linking
characteristics of a rubber compound and the
dispersion or vulcanisation and flow properties of
rubber are key to product quality. Furthermore,
optimised end product mixing times are important
not only to ensure efficient use of production
plants, but also to successfully launch competitive
products onto the market.
Further information on your application
requirements is available by requesting
detailed information specific to your
industry.�
industry overview
Material Characterisation Solutions
polymer industries
chemical & allied industries
food industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
surface coatings industries
• news & views
Service Department Update
Recently, our service engineer
Richard Donaldson has been
travelled around Australia
conducting installations
and calibrations on a variety
of the HAAKE Viscometers
and Rheometers.
Additionally, there were installations during this
period for Optical Control Systems products.
During an eight week period he has carried out
calibrations on the HAAKE Viscotester VT550,
HAAKE RheoStress, HAAKE RheoStress 600,
HAAKE RheoStress 100 and HAAKE RotoVisco
RV1. A total of 28 viscometers and rheometers
have now been calibrated across, Queensland,
Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and
New South Wales. His frequent flyer miles by now
will be adding up to a sizable amount and well
deserved.
Just to ensure that he was kept fully occupied, he
has also been involved in the installation of three
HAAKE PolyLab's –one in Victoria and two in
Queensland, and one PRISM EuroLab 16 mm twin
screw extruder in Victoria.
But the installations didn’t stop with the
rheological instruments; there were also a
number of Optical Control Systems (OCS) units
installed during this same eight week period both
into Victoria into separate companies. The
systems installed were the OCS Surface
Inspection system for the laboratory - FSA100,
and the modular surface inspection system for
in use in production - FSP600.
Calibration overview The ability of a measurement device to accurately
measure a physical quantity changes with a
number of factors. Time in service, temperature,
humidity, environmental exposure, and abuse can
all affect your measurement accuracy of your
instrument.
Calibration quantifies this change in measurement
accuracy and, when required, adjusts the device's
measurement capability to decrease error.
Whether your calibration needs are driven by
ISO-9000 requirements, by company mandates, or
by Good Laboratory Practice, Rheology Solutions
Pty Ltd can tailor our service to suit your needs.
all industries Why Re-Calibrate? The accuracy of the electronic components used
in all instruments drifts over time. The effects of
time in service as well as environmental conditions
add to this drift. As time progresses, changes in
component values cause greater uncertainty in
your measurements. At some point in time, the
drift causes the instrument's uncertainty to
become undefined, meaning the manufacturer can
no longer predict the uncertainty and guarantee
measurement results. To resolve this issue
instruments must be calibrated at regular intervals
as defined by the manufacturer.
Richard Donaldson, Service Engineer
Calibration is the comparison of an instrument's
performance to a standard of known accuracy.
The result of a calibration may be documentation
showing the deviation of a measurement from the
known standard or it may also include adjusting
the instrument's measurement capability to
improve measurement accuracy.
The goal of calibration is to quantify and improve
the measurement accuracy of your instrument.
The benefits of maintaining properly calibrated
equipment include:
• Reduced measurement errors
• Consistency between measurements
• Increases in production yields
• Assurance you are making accurate
measurements
We recommend that you periodically calibrate your
hardware to ensure measurement accuracy and to
keep your devices operating in peak precision.�
If you have any queries regarding the timing
or arranging for your HAAKE viscometer or
rheometer to be calibrated, contact Jackie by
email [email protected].
• news & views
Staff Update
At last there has been some well needed rain in
Bacchus Marsh, not enough to do more than just
wet the ground, but every drop counts.
With the colder weather now approaching, both
Mal & Evie spend more time in the office keeping
warm.
A game of chase in the office is often on the cards
– it certainly breaks the routine of the day for
them, and also for all of us. When the game is
over, they are happy to lie back and catch up on a
bit of shut eye. It doesn’t seem to matter to them
where they lay down, they are happy for us to walk
around them or over them – once they are settled
they are down for the count – happy to rest and
recuperate.�
all industries
Mal & Evie just getting ready to start a game in the
office - it starts with a gentle torment and then
fires up to tumbling and chasing
biennial 07-08
50 www.rheologysolutions.com
• feature article
Online Close-Loop Monitors Four Cast Film Extruders During Production
polymer industries
Applying the close-loop
concept, a raw material
producer’s off-line laboratory
can perform continuous online
metering, making optimisation
of the process achievable.
Following the principle of the close-loop concept,
the conventional off-line laboratory is connected
to the production process right on line, so the
producer can control process and quality.
Small quantities of raw material are taken during
processing, to obtain representative information
to oversee the entire production. Before the
introduction of the close-loop concept, data on
the quality of production could take an entire
shift before it was available.
Online quality controlOnline quality control comprises two areas:
measurement of the granules and measurement
of the extruded cast or blown flim.
Measuring the granules produces information on
LAB colour value, Melt Index (MI), pellet size
distribution (pellet size and shape distribution
Online close-loop monitoring four
production lines (cast film extruders).
systems) as well as dust/abrasion and
contamination (pellet scan systems).
Yet, measuring the extruded film online makes
statements on bittiness (gel count), additive
content and physical properties (IR spectroscopy),
brilliance (glossmeter) and/or the value of turbidity
(hazemeter).
Online pellet analysisConducting pellet analysis online, a sampler
withdraws the granules from the flow of
continued on page 52�
[email protected] 07-08
51
biennial 07-08
52 www.rheologysolutions.com
giving the operator parameters crucial for reactor
control (Fig. 1). This is done by continuously taking
specimens out of the granule flow, heating them
up and submitting them to high pressure to
compress them carefully. This process causes only
relatively slight changes in molecule structure,
reaching reproducible accuracies of 0.5% which is
better than off-line laboratory equipment. At the
same time, metering without screw shear does not
change the polymer structure and maintains better
correlation with the ASTM/ISO methods.
Measuring extruded sheets online The analysis methods mentioned above, however,
fails to provide any information on the granules’
speck content and their actual quality. To enable
this measurement, a narrow film is extruded, in
parallel, while regular extrusion takes place, and
its speck content determined continuously. It is of
major significance here, to seize the utmost
number of small specimens, in order to safeguard
continuous process control. A gel shower, for
instance, may last five to 10 minutes, then
disappear. Therefore, it is recommended that
cycles should comprise at least 50 specimens
per hour.
Following cast or blown film extrusion, the sheet
passes below a line scan camera and is wound
without a tube on a pneumatic mandrel (Fig. 2).
The winding unit is suspended at one side (godet
structure) and comprises several servo drives.
These provide for the film guidance to be
absolutely stable and they avoid fluttering.
Sheet guidance is just as essential as a clean
environment (up to a clean room), since granules
OnLine Close-Loop Monitors� continued from page 51
production. The system then automatically takes
them to the measuring system, examines and
sorts them. Those granules that meet the specified
demands, are returned to the process.
For the purpose of measuring the colour, the
pellets are transported into a cuvette, where LAB
values, yellowness index and several other colour
values are determined.
The Online Pellet Scan System, on a vibrating
table or swivel plate, passes the transparent or
opaque granules below a colour matrix camera.
The pellets are examined as to colour soiling or
foreign particles, and rejected if necessary.
The Pellet Shape and Shape Distribution analysis
examines the granules during free fall. It uses a
line scan camera to check granule size
distribution, sphericity, angel hair, dust/wear,
doubles and triples.
All of these systems mentioned can be connected
right in series and be controlled by an integrated
software solution, using an interface such as
Modbus; they are linked to the Production Data
Acquisition (PDA) system. In case of deviation, the
operator is alerted automatically.
At-line rheologyThe rheometer of the newly patented OCS
technology is a hybrid between measurement of
granules and extruded films. Highly precise off-line
laboratory measurement following ASTM 1283
and ISO 1133 is carried out continuously as well
as right “at-line” next to the production facility,
Fig. 2. Online Close-Loop concept
(blow moulding plant)
for applications such as high-voltage cables have
resolutions of down to 5 μm, which must be
inspected. For downmarket raw materials such
as polyethylene, standard resolutions are 50μm
to 25μm.
The process has been optimised for raw material
control and it works almost autonomously. Other
measurements, e.g. of haze according to ASTM
1003, of additive density and composition (IR
spectroscopy), of brilliance or thickness can easily
be integrated into the winding unit and software.
The Web Browser supports remote control and
maintenance of the plant. The systems are
inter-linked internally with an OPC server, and
connected externally to the customer’s PDA
system.
Quality concept fora polymer plantA world-scale raw material supplier has integrated
into their polymer plant a standardised online
close-loop concept. In order to minimise problems
resulting from granule transport, such as
generation of dust or abrasion, a container was
placed right next to the extruders, suited to
perform clean room measurements. (Fig. 3).
Analytical software is integrated into the PDA
system with a Modbus, Profibus, Ethernet OPC
interface etc. enabling the operator to control the
plant from the control room. From here, the raw
material specimens can be automatically allocated
to the individual measuring systems.
Pellet analysis systems sort out contaminated
granules, camera systems evaluate speck content,
IR spectroscopy determines additive content and
composition. In case of a problem, the plant
continued on page 53 �
Fig. 1. At-Line rheometer
OnLine Close-Loop Monitors� continued from page 52
operator is alerted immediately and the
contaminated material is diverted into a different
silo. Simultaneously, the system significantly
reduces changeover times, anticipates
maintenance and optimises maintenance intervals.
Inspection of extrudedfilms during productionProducers of high-quality sheets today use sheet
inspection systems, which monitor 100% of
outputs. These systems detect flaws such as
specks, brands, fish eyes, streaks, flow lines or
insects, mark them and alert the operator
immediately. This monitors the process itself,
the raw material and the final product.
The system raises an alarm in case it detects e.g.
a critical individual flaw (a fly for instance), flaw
trends (more than 10 gels of 200 to 300 mm
diameter per square meter), or if there is a roll or
use error, that is not specified. The data is stored
in the system and can be accessed at any time.
Production tendencies can be presented online
for relatively long periods of time (12 hours). In an
off-line mode, entire campaigns can be compared
to each other and evaluated, enabling the
engineer, e.g. to evaluate the bittiness of a raw
material charge applied on a certain extruder.
The system provides protocols of roll pressures,
tailored to the individual manufacturer’s
requirements.
Inspection technologyToday’s inspection systems reach pixel frequen-
cies up to 160 MHz per camera, being processed
by an Embedded PC right beside the camera.
A single camera can buffer up to 1,800 photos of
flaws a second. All measured data is transmitted,
via Ethernet, to a server, visualised and stored.
Analysis is conducted in real time, alerting the
operators, in case of irregularities.
Subject to the individual application, CCD line
cameras can be used with either 2,048; 4,096;
6,144 or 8,192 pixels. The scan rates achieved
range from 72,000 per second with 2,048 pixels,
up to 18,000 per second with 8,192 pixels.
This way, solutions are high in web direction, even
with very high web speeds. While using special
objectives and technological development in CCD
sensors, the image quality of long CCD lines (e.g.
8,192 pixels) today is reproduced just as
sensitively as with short CCD lines (e.g. 2,048
pixels). For the sheet manufacturer, this means
that findings from inspections remain good while
investment costs are significantly lower, since the
price of a CCD camera for long lines is only
slightly higher.
With standard sheet processing, control is
performed on speeds achieving up to 600 or even
800 m/min (roll slitting machine, coating) and
widths reaching up to 10 m (biaxial stretching unit)
(Fig. 4). Solution is 50 μm, in optical films, while
ranging between 200 and 300 μm in thermo
formed high-barrier films. In laminated sheets, the
value is between 100 and 200 μm, while ranging
from 300 to 400 μm in diaper films. Generally, the
solution is determined by the end customers’
specifications as well as the production process.
Examples of practical application While producing surface-protecting films, the
causes of specks were examined. Having
evaluated the situations of alert, engineers found
Fig. 3.Container designed for online
Close-Loop measuring
out the following: 40% of all specks are caused by
dust and abrasions during raw material transport.
This comprises silos and silo tankers, as well as
pellet conveying systems in the factory to transport
the material from the silo to the extruder. Specks
caused by the raw material itself, e.g. by
inter-linkage or insufficient shearing, make up
25%. The extrusion plant causes 20% of the
specks, due to dissatisfactory screw geometry or
dead zones, while 15% are attributed to the
production process, for instance screen changes
or wrong temperature parameters.
An enterprise producing sanitary film also
compounds the blends it requires. In the
compounding sector, each charge is submitted to
continuous examination on a laboratory extruder
that includes units designed for winding, as well
as gel count. Using an interface, the data is
transmitted to the PDA system. The information
serves as a basis for producing the film according
to the customer’s quality specifications. On the
cast film extruder, 100% film inspection is carried
out, while the film is 2,000 mm wide and speed is
100 m/min. The data obtained from the two
inspection systems is evaluated by the same
off-line analysis software, which also relates them
to each other.
Fig. 4. System to inspect films in a stretching
unit online
Conclusion Close-Loop today is a standard concept applied in
raw material production. Not only does it monitor
qualities; it controls and optimises the production
process.
Author. Oliver Hissmann, DIPL.-PEC., MBA. Sales
Manger, Optical Control Systems, Witten,
Germany.
A copy of this article is available on request by
quoting OCS-008.
[email protected] 07-08
53
• rheotalk special issue
Food Industry feature
Rheology Solutions offer
material characterisation
solutions to measure, monitor
and provide reproducible data
for quality control, development
and production applications
that will improve performance
within the food industries.
Services An extensive range of technical articles have been
produced specific to the challenges found within
the food industry, these include:
• Food and Beverage Material Characterisation
- Introduction to the influences of rheological
and process parameters. Rheo 025TP
• Comparison of Rheological Techniques for
the Characterisation of Semi-Solid Foods.
(Rheo 027TP)
• Application of Liquid and Solid Rheological
Technologies to the Textural Characterisation
of Semi-Solid Foods. (Rheo049)
• QC Measurements for Liquid Food Products
and Packaging. (Rheo051)
• Tim's Top Tips - Explanation & Evaluation
of Mouthfeel. (Rheo253)
• Tim's Top Tips - Explanation & Evaluation
of Shelf Life. (Rheo254)
• Tim's Top Tips - Explanation & Evaluation
of Processability. (Rheo255)
• Tim's Top Tips - Explanation & Evaluation
of Cohesiveness, Cohesion Strength and
Cohesive Quality. (Rheo256)
• Tim’s Top Tips – How to Measure Flow
& Viscosity. (Rheo358)
• Tim’s Top Tips – How to Measure Thixotropy.
(Rheo360)
• Tim’s Top Tips – How to Measure Yield Stress.
(Rheo362)
Additionally, an information kit – Rheology
Solutions for the Food Industry is available. Copies
of the technical papers and the solutions kit are
available on request from Rheology Solutions.
special issue
Products Rheological parameters are reliable pointers for
food performance and are critical factors for
processability and product quality.
Measuring these parameters will improve process
and product performance within the food
industries.
There are a range of instruments and measure-
ments that can be used to quantify rheology
related challenges (processes or consumption)
some of which may be described by the following
terms:
• adhesion • build
• cohesion • cover
• crispiness • elasticity
• mouthfeel • spread
• stringiness • viscosity
• and many more
Rheology Solutions will be exhibiting at Foopro
(stand no. 6084) in Sydney in July 2008, and
following is an overview of the products and
services that will be available at the stand and
fully operational during the exhibition.
food industries
biennial 07-08
54 www.rheologysolutions.com
• company news
Bacchus Marsh – Home of a new high technology facility
all industriesMr Dennis Silvers of CSIRO stated that: “The
initiative brought to the table a viable offer that
otherwise would not have occurred, which will
result in about $2 million in royalties and a small
manufacturing and distribution facility to be built in
Bacchus Marsh, a town west of Melbourne, that
will employ between 15 and 20 people and bring
in more than $16 million to the local community”.
“The Moorabool Shire Council and the Victorian
State Government have given much support to the
project in terms of assisting to finalise the
agreement with CSIRO”, said Mr Griffin. “We will
be seeking on-going financial assistance from the
Local and Federal Government as we progress the
development of the instrument. This project will
inject significant revenues into the region and will
also increase employment.”
What is the On-Line
Rheometer?
Developed by CSIRO Industrial Physics, this novel
instrument delivers fast, accurate results with a
single measurement over a range of frequencies.
The OLR reduces wastage, saving time and money
with potential environmental benefits. Its simple
design and stainless steel construction makes it
easy to use and clean.
To date, when more detailed knowledge of the
viscoelastic properties of the fluid is required test
volumes must be removed from the process
stream and measured using an off-line laboratory
rheometer. This is a time consuming procedure
that may require the process line to be shut down
until the results are available to confirm, or
otherwise, the quality of the product. Alternatively,
the process flow may continue with the potential
loss of product. In some cases, the volume of lost
product could be large and this could be
particularly problematic when processing high
value materials (such as pharmaceuticals),
products that cannot be reprocessed or products
that incur a disposal cost (such as, an environ-
mental levy). Thus a genuine process control
rheometer which can be operated in an in-line or
on-line configuration and measure the viscoelastic
properties of a process fluid in real time, has the
potential to improve product quality and reduce
processing costs.
The CSIRO designed On-Line Rheometer (OLR)
is such an instrument, and uses a patented
multi-frequency squeezing flow technique that
allows the viscoelastic flow properties of a
material to be measured in a very short time.
The measured rheological parameters can be
used as process controls in a feedback system
to control the process, and hence the quality,
of the final product.�
Above: (from left) Bruce Fox (CSIRO), Pat Griffin
(Rheology Solutions), Dennis Silvers (CSIRO),
and Jennifer Labourne (Rheology Solutions)
at the signing of the License Agreement.
Left: Mr Pat Griffin (right), Managing Director of
Rheology Solutions Pty Ltd and Mr Bruce Fox (left)
of CSIRO with the phototype of the New On-Line
Rheometer.
Rheology Solutions based in
Bacchus Marsh Victoria has
signed a license agreement
with CSIRO to develop and
manufacture a novel process
control instrument known as
the On-Line Rheometer (OLR).
Mr Pat Griffin, Managing Director of Rheology
Solutions announced that after a long period of
discussion and negotiation, agreement with CSIRO
had been reached for taking on the license for the
OLR. CSIRO initially released an Expression of
Interest (EOI) in early 2007 to seven international
companies that were known to have expertise in
the appropriate markets, and we are pleased to be
the successful partner.
The OLR will be developed by Rheology Solutions
and will be taken to the world market. A world
class manufacturing facility will be established in
Bacchus Marsh employing 20 highly skilled
technical and engineering staff adding to the
region’s skill base. This is a significant develop-
ment for the region with the establishment of a
purpose built manufacturing facility.
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Product News& Industry Applications
� Product Focus
• HAAKE MARS RheoScope Module ................................................................ 61 • • NESLAB ThermoFlex Recirculating Chillers ................................................ 64 • • New Heating Circulator ................................................................................ 60 • • New Cooling Circulator ................................................................................ 59 • • Disposable Plate/Plate – Measuring Geometry for the
Controlled Temperature Chamber (CTC) ........................................................ 72 • • Marimex ViscoScope In Line Torsional Viscometer ........................................ 73 • • • • • Optical Analysis and Rheology ................................................................ 71 • • • • • Schleibinger presents a New probe for SCC Mortar for the Viskomat NT ........ 67 •• Cooling Recirculators ................................................................................ 76 •• HAAKE MiniLab Compounder & Reactor ........................................................ 81 • • Heating Recirculators ................................................................................ 74 • • High Speed Pellet Scan System throughput up to 250kg / hr ........................ 77 • • Higher Instrument Precision & Reliable Quality Control
– Hand Held Viscometer – HAAKE Viscotester 1 Plus & 2 Plus ........................ 80 • • Nano-Composites ........................................................................................ 74 • • NanoLab Compounder Package ................................................................ 80 • • • • • New NESLAB ThermoFlex 2500 Recirculating Chiller ................................ 75 • • Twin-Screw Extrusion at a Lab Scale ........................................................ 76 • • HAAKE MARS with CTC ................................................................................ 67 • • HAAKE PolyLab QC ................................................................................ 83 • • HAAKE RheoStress 6000 – The Universal Rheometer ................................ 87 • • Heating & Cooling Recirculators ................................................................ 63 • • The OP5 Online Rheometer ........................................................................ 86 • • New Device for Rheological Measurements.
A Measuring Device for Special Mortars ........................................................ 91 •• New Product – Circulator to Heat &
Cool External Applications from -10ºC to 80ºC................................................ 68 • • Rheological Measurement with Optical Analysis
– High Temperature Version Extends Testing up to 300ºC ........................ 69 • • • • • • The Industry Choice for Viscosity Measurements of
Mineral Slurries and Suspensions HAAKE Viscotester 550 ........................ 92 •• Extended Product Range - Recirculating Chillers ........................................ 101 • • Using a Refrigerated Circulator with a Rotary Evaporator
– Environmentally Friendly Solution................................................................ 98 •
� Industry Applications
• Continuous Granulation for the Pharmaceutical Industry ................................ 65 • • CR-Mode – Low Shear Rates ........................................................................ 70 • • Tim’s Top Tips – How to Measure Series ................................................ 59 •
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Product News& Industry Applications
� Industry Applications
• Food Industry Feature & Product Focus- Extensional Rheometer
HAAKE CaBER1 ........................................................................................ 95 • • Food Industry Feature & Product Focus
- Heating Bath Circulator Thermo HeatTech 26L ........................................ 96 • • Food Industry Feature & Product Focus
- Process Viscometer Marimex ViscoScope ................................................ 94 • • Food Industry Feature & Product Focus
- Rotational Viscometer HAAKE Viscotester 6L plus. ........................................ 94 • • Food Industry Feature & Product Focus
- Refrigerated Bath Circulator Thermo CoolTech 320 ................................ 96 • • Food Industry Feature & Product Focus
- Recirculating Chiller NESLAB ThermoFlex 900 ........................................ 95 • • Polymer Industry Feature & Product Focus
- Modular Torque Rheometer with Measuring Mixer ........................................ 103 • • Polymer Industry Feature & Product Focus
- Modular Torque Rheometer with Twin-Screw Extruders ................................ 103 •• Polymer Industry Feature & Product Focus
- Modular Torque Rheometer with Single-Screw Extruder................................ 104 •• Polymer Industry Feature & Product Focus
- Modular Twin-Screw Extruder PRISM EuroLab ........................................ 104 •• Polymer Industry Feature & Product Focus – Pellet Scanner PS-25C................ 105 •• Polymer Industry Feature & Product Focus – Web Inspection System FSP600 105 •
� Product News
• Accessories for HAAKE MARS –
- Cone/Plate-Exchangeable Measuring Geometries ........................................ 62 • - Measuring Cell for Rheology of Building Materials ........................................ 62 • - Sample Loading Tool ................................................................................ 61 • - Trimming Tool ........................................................................................ 62 • - Solids Clamp ........................................................................................ 62 • - CD Mode Curing Measurement. ................................................................ 78 • • - Standard Liquids. ................................................................................ 79 • - Sample Fixture for Bending & Breaking Tests ........................................ 78 • • • • - Support Fixture for the Analysis of Textile Samples. ................................ 78 • • - Tool For Checking the Optical Quality of the RheoScope Module ................ 79 • • • • • - (SER)Extensional Rheology System ........................................................ 100 • - Universal Container Holder for HAAKE MARS and RheoStress 6000. ........ 99 • • Process Viscometer – Software Options. ........................................................ 82 • • • • •
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Product News& Industry Applications
� Product News
• New Product Brochure –
- HAAKE PolyLab OS Docking Station ........................................................ 71 • • - PolyLab OS Torque Rheometer RD4 Application Packages ........................ 71 • • - HAAKE PolyLab OS Open System. Measuring Mixer Extruder System
from Thermo Fisher. ................................................................................ 90 • - Micro Compounder for Small Sample Amounts ........................................ 66 • • - Sample Specimen preparation Instrument. ................................................ 66 • • - Food Industry Feature & Product Focus........................................................ 97 • - Comprehensive Material Characterisation for Polymers ................................ 97 • - Extrusion & Material Characterisation for Drug Development & Production 97 •• HAAKE Viscometers ................................................................................ 89 •• Polymer Industry Feature & Product Focus ................................................ 102 •• Accessories for HAAKE Viscotester 7Plus –
- Thermal Printer ........................................................................................ 70 • - Adapters for HAAKE Viscotester models 6 and 7 plus for measuring
range extension and sample temperature measurement (optional) ................ 99 • • Product Accessories - UV Curing Cell for an individual
arrangement of optical components ........................................................ 99 •• Bath Recirculators - NESLAB RTE & EX Series ................................................ 97 •• Product Accessories - Vane Rotors for HAAKE MARS & HAAKE
RheoStress 6000 ........................................................................................ 100 •• Product Accessories - Tribology Cell for HAAKE RheoStress 6000 ................ 100 •
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[email protected] 07-08
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CoolTech 3320 Specifications
Temperature Range -28°C to +100°C
Temperature Accuracy +/- .02K
Heater Capacity (230V) 2.0 kW
Cooling Capacity at 20°C 320 W
at 0°C 205 W
at -20°C 75 W
Pump Pressure (Maximum) 300 mbar
Pump Flow Rate (Maximum) 12.5 lpm
Bath Opening (W x L x D) 13cm x 10cm x 15cm
Bath Volume 4.5 L
Overall Dimensions 23cm x 46cm x 58cm
Unit Weight 29.8 kg
Order number 230V/50Hz 426-2601
CoolTech 320 Features & Benefits:
• Rapid cool down and heat up times
• Powerful pump accommodates the bath plus
connections to external applications
• Front access drain for easy cleaning
• Safety for temperature & fluid level
• CFC-free refrigeration system
CoolTech 320 Applications:
• Condensers • Rotary Evaporators
• Catalyst Reactions • Electrophoresis
• Bioreactors • Instrument Calibration
• Refractometers • Spectrophotometers
• Sample Preparation
news & views
NEW Cooling Circulator
Cool Down – Time to Temperature
Pumping Capacity
all industries
$3999
EXCLU
DING G
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Place your order now for despatch within 24 hours of order receipt.
Fax your purchase order to Rheology Solutions Pty Ltd on 03 5367 6477or email your purchase order to [email protected]
ORDER TODAYDELIVERY EX STOCK!
The series has now been expanded to cover
seven key industries, and each industry has a
series of three How to measure … notes for
three key characterisation techniques, which are:
• How to Measure Thixotropy
• How to Measure Yield Stress
• How to Measure Flow & Viscosity Curves
The new industry application areas now covered
are: Food; Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic & Allied
Industries; Surface Coatings; Chemical & General
Manufacturing; Building & Construction
Industries; and Polymer Industries. The series was
introduced last year with the first industry covered
by the How to measure … series was for
Mineral Slurries
Rheology Solutions is planning a series of
workshops based on the “How To Measure”
Series” - please see page 10 for more
information.�
industry applications
Tim’s Top Tips - How to Measure...
all industries
biennial 07-08
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news & views
NEW Heating Circulator
Heat-Up – Time to Temperature Curve
Pumping Capacity
all industries
ORDER TODAYDELIVERY EX STOCK!
HeatTech 26L Specifications
Temperature Range Ambient +8°C to +100°C
Temperature Accuracy +/- 0.02K
Heater Capacity (230V) 2.0 kW
Pump Pressure (Max) 300 mbar
Pump Flow Rate (Max) 12.5 lpm
Bath Opening (W x L x D) 30 x 35 x 20cm
Bath Volume 26 L
Overall Dimensions 34 x 56 x 40cm
Unit Weight 10.9 kg
Order number 230V/50Hz 426-2261
HeatTech 26L Features & Benefits:
• Large bath area accommodates more samples
• Quiet system ensures pleasant environment
• Powerful pump accommodates the bath plus
connections to external applications
• Safety for temperature & fluid level
• Front access drain for easy cleaning
HeatTech 26L Applications:
• Fecal Coliform Testing • Enzyme Assays
• Quality Control Testing • Tissue Baths
• Instrument Calibration • Viscosity Testing
• Sample Preparation • DNA Melting Curves
$2399
EXCLU
DING G
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[email protected] 07-08
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The HAAKE MARS is a modular hightemperature/high pressureR&D rheometer that wasdesigned for flexibility withan architecture that permitscustomer modules to beintegrated into the system.
A RheoScope Module was developed for the
HAAKE MARS system that combines high
resolution microscopy and advanced rheometery
technology. With this module the connection
between a sample’s microscopic structures and
rheological properties can be monitored
simultaneously, and the rheological and optical
data can be saved in the same file. Visible
textures and structures in solutions, suspensions,
thixotropy, emulsification, coalescence,
aggregation, gelification, dissolution and
flocculation. Together with the user-friendly
HAAKE RheoWin 3 measuring and evaluation
software, all functions of the microscope and
camera can be controlled in addition to the
rheometer. The rheological and optical data can
be monitored online during the measurement as
well as saved and exported in different formats
for further analysis.�
product news & industry applications
HAAKE MARS Rheoscope Module
Specifications
Microscope Servo motor-driven, focus and
position adjustment controlled
with software
Lenses Magnification: 5x, 10x, 20x
and 50x
Light source 150 W, 12 V, wave length
range: 380 - 750
Resolution 1 um (20x lenses)
Field depth 5 um (20x lenses)
Contrast improvement Polariser servo motor-driven
Data acquisition Maximum 15 images / second
and storage with standard image format
(eg: TIFF) or video acquisitions
with user-definable data
compression
Image analysis Option for the determination of
software the particle size and its
distribution
Measuring geometries Polished plates and cones with
different diameters
all industries
Sample loading tool for measurements
on pellets and powders using a
plate/plate- or cone/plate- measuring
geometry
In most cases rheological investigations on
polymers were performed using a rheometer with
plate/plate- or cone/plate- measuring geometry.
Too much or too little sample volume can result in
an experimental error of up to 20% for the
viscosity or the modulus.
In order to get reliable experimental data with a
high reproducibility a suitable sample preparation
is necessary, e.g. production of specimen using an
injection moulding machine. The feed material can
be modified due to the fact that the sample
preparation is carried out at the processing
temperature of the polymer.
A sample loading tool was designed for
measurements using the feed material in form of
pellets or powder. This tool consists of a forming
tool for measuring geometries with different
diameters (20, 25 and 35 mm), a tool to check the
forming as well as a set of disposable strips made
of stainless steel.
The strips have a thickness of 0.2 mm. Using a
moulding tool these strips can be shaped into
loops with diameters corresponding with the lower
plates of our cone/plate or plate/plate geometries.
Having this border around the lower plate, the
geometry can easily be filled with pellets or
powders. Afterwards, the automatic lift, controlled
by HAAKE RheoWin, will move the upper geometry
into the measuring position and the metal strip
can be opened and taken away.
This procedure leads to an optimum filling of the
geometry with a correct sample volume and no air
bubbles. � Continued on page
product news & industry applications
NEW Accessories for HAAKE MARS
all industries
HAAKE MARS Rheoscope Module
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Sample loading tool for cone/plate – measuringgeometries consisting of forming tool (left), tool to check the geometry (middle) and strips out of stainless steel (in the front); measuring platecover with sample loading tool (right)
The filling procedure should be carried out at the
measuring temperature in order to eliminate a
thermal modification of the sample.
Trimming tool to remove overfilling
in a plate/plate-and cone/plate
measuring geometry
In order to get reliable measuring data with a
high reproducibility an optimised gap filling is
necessary: using an underfilling the measured
value for the viscosity is too low, whereas an
overfilling results in a too high viscosity value.
The fringe effect depends on the diameter of the
measuring geometry: the effect increases with
decreasing diameter.
For samples with a medium and higher viscosity
a special trimming tool is available as an optional
accessory to remove the overfilling.
Plate/Plate – measuring geometry with measuringplate cover (MPC) for optimized gap filling
This tool is made out of stainless steel, robust
and ergonomically designed to remove surplus
material easily and without residue.
For all plate/plate – and cone/plate – measuring
geometries measuring plate covers are available
with standard diameters of 8, 20, 35 and 60 mm.
These measuring plate covers are designed with
a plateau, in which surplus material can be
collected automatically.
Trimming tool to remove surplus material formedium and high viscous samples
New solids clamps for measurements
on (semi)-solids
For the controlled test chamber (CTC) a new
solids clamping tool according to DIN/ISO 7621-1
has been designed. It consists of an upper and a
lower holder. Each is equipped with two moving
jaws, which guarantee an automatic centering of
the sample relative to the rheometers axis.
The automatic clamping force adaptation for the
sample as well as a very simple semi-automatic
gap adjustment for a wide range of sample
thicknesses with just one fixture allow the user to
measure over a wide range of temperatures in
one go without ever loosing the grip on the
sample.
The jaws are easily removable for cleaning. Also
jaws with various profiles for different sample
types (soft, medium, hard) are available.
The sample can be 5.0 – 12.7 mm wide, 0.15 –
4.0 mm thick and have a maximum length of 68
mm.
Solids clamps set (left) and a sample held by theclamps (right)
The bottom clamp can be adjusted in height.
Samples of different lengths can all be fixed with
their middle part being close to the centre of the
CTC. Thus all samples of different lengths are
exposed to the same extremely low temperature
gradient. Using a flexible temperature sensor the
temperature is measured very close to the
sample.
Cone/plate-exchangeable measuring
geometries for maximum flexibility
For the temperature control chamber (CTC) a new
design for cone/plate- measuring geometries
have been developed, in order to fulfill individual
customer requirements without restrictions.
The exchangeable measuring geometry consists
of an upper and a lower holder with integrated
temperature sensor. Both holders are equipped
with an adapter for a plate or a cone.
Selection of different exchangeable geometries(right)
Plates and cones made of stainless steel with
different diameters (8, 20, 25 and 35 mm) and
cone angles are available. The lower plate is
designed to collect surplus material.
Geometries made of aluminum with diameters 20
and 25 mm are available as reusable plates. For
this kind of geometry a collection device is
recommended, in order to protect the
temperature chamber against fouling.
Thanks to the modular design individual
requirements for material (e.g. Titanium,
Hastelloy), special surfaces (e.g. profiles) and
diameters can easily be realized. They are
available on request.
New measuring cell for rheology
of building materials
In order to carry out measurements on samples
with medium and large particles, a special
measuring geometry is often the only way to get
meaningful data with a high reproducibility.
For measurements on building materials a new
measuring cell has been developed, which can be
� Continued on page 63
[email protected] 07-08
63
NEW Accessories for HAAKE MARS
� Continued from page 62
used for HAAKE MARS as well as rheometers of
the HAAKE RheoStress series.
This measuring cell is characterized by its variable
profile. For all existing coaxial cylinders the profile
is fixed and can not be changed. The profile of the
new measuring cell is exchangeable: for each
lamella the profile depth can be individually
chosen.
Lamellas with a profile depth of 2mm are included
in the standard delivery. Lamellas with 1 mm is
available as an option, whereas other profile
depths are available on request.
Specially shaped vane rotors are included in the
price list with 26 and 29,5 mm diameters.
The measuring cell is made of stainless steel in a
very robust design. The surface with an optimized
structure guarantees an easy cleaning.
Using the cell for construction materials in
combination with a HAAKE MARS rheometer the
temperature can be controlled; a suitable
circulator is required. The temperature control unit
is mounted on an adapter plate, in an overhung
position and centered by the measuring cell. Using
a temperature sensor the temperature can be
measured within the sample. With a swing-
mechanism the temperature sensor can be
positioned automatically and on a reproducible
position.
A measuring cell cover is available as an optional
accessory.�
Cross-section of the measuring cell for buidling
materials with adapter plate,
temperature control unit incl. vane rotor
• product information
Heating & Cooling Recirculators
all industries
In Stock – Despatched within
48 hours from receipt of order.
CoolTech 320 HeatTech 26L Refrigerated circulator Heating circulator
Temperature range Temperature range
-28ºC to +100ºC ambient to = 100ºC
$3,999 $2,399 All prices quoted exclude GST and local delivery
Full product information is available on line
for these products plus an extensive range
of temperature control baths to meet the
application requirements of diverse industries.
For full product information and technical
specifications please visit our dedicated website
for temperature control products:
www.temperaturecontrolbaths.com
www.temperaturecontrolbaths.com
The website covers the entire range of temperature control baths currently available across
the diverse product range and depth.
biennial 07-08
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product news & industry applications
Neslab ThermoFlex Recirculating
Chillers
all industries
Reliable, easy-to-use chillersoptimised for the mostdemanding applications
NESLAB ThermoFlex Recirculating Chillers deliver
a continuous cooling capacity up to 1400 watts.
These units are reliable, easy-to-use chillers
optimised for the most demanding applications.
These units are ideal for diverse applications
within the following markets:
• Laser • Packaging
• University • Research
• Analytical instrumentation
• Medical equipment
High Reliability
You can expect years of operation from the
NESLAB ThermoFlex 900 and 1400 recirculating
chiller. The unit features a robust refrigeration
system designed for continuous use in a variety
of environments. The recirculation system
incorporates highly reliable plumbing connections
to eliminate leaks. Integrated air and fluid filters
minimise wear to mechanical parts, which lowers
lifetime maintenance costs and improves system
reliability.�
NESLAB ThermoFlex 900
Recirculating Chiller
Setpoint Temp. Range 5°C - 40°C
Ambient Temp. Range 10°C - 40°C
Temperature Stability +/- 0.1°C
Setpoint Cooling 60 Hz 900W (3072 BTU)
Capacity at 20°C 50 Hz 750W (2560 BTU)
(see graph below for cooling curves)
Reservoir Volume 7.6 Liters
Dimensions (HxWxD) 69.6 x 36.1 x 62.7cm
Unit Weight 57.2kg
Pumps (see graph below for performance curves)
PD 1 - Positive 60 Hz 2.1 gpm @ 60 psi
Displacement 50 Hz 1.7 gpm @ 60 psi
PD 2 - Positive 60 Hz 4.1 gpm @ 60 psi
Displacement 50 Hz 3.3 gpm @ 60 psi
Compliance NRTL Certified to CSA and
UL Standards; CE-Marked
NESLAB ThermoFlex 1400
Recirculating Chiller
Setpoint Temp. Range 5°C - 40°C
Ambient Temp. Range 10°C - 40°C
Temperature Stability +/- 0.1°C
Setpoint Cooling 60 Hz 1400W (4778 BTU)
Capacity at 20°C 50 Hz 1170W (3995 BTU)
(see graph below for cooling curves)
Reservoir Volume 7.6 Liters
Dimensions (HxWxD) 69.6 x 36.1 x 62.7cm
Unit Weight 57.2kg
Pumps (see graph below for performance curves)
PD 1 - Positive 60 Hz 2.1 gpm @ 60 psi
Displacement 50 Hz 1.7 gpm @ 60 psi
PD 2 - Positive 60 Hz 4.1 gpm @ 60 psi
Displacement 50 Hz 3.3 gpm @ 60 psi
Compliance NRTL Certified to CSA and
UL Standards; CE-Marked
Specifications obtained at sea level using water as the recirculating fluid, at a 20°C process setpoint, 25°C ambient condition,at nominal operating voltage. Other fluids, fluid temperatures, ambient temperatures, altitude or operating voltages will affectperformance. Thermo Electron reserves the right to change specifications without notice. Pump performance results obtained with no restrictions on return to the system.
Cooling Capacity
Pumping Capacity
Cooling Capacity
Pumping Capacity
[email protected] 07-08
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The pharmaceutical industry needs consistent,continuous, small scaleproduction capabilities and easy cleaning. Thesystem needs to provideflexibility for new productdevelopment, with reliableand repeatable operatingconditions, plus accurateprocess data for productaudit.
The PRISM Pharmalab 16 Extruder system meets
the needs of the pharmaceutical industry with:
• Small-scale twin screw continuous granulation
• Crevice-fee design with opening barrel and
ancillaries
• Flexible screw and barrel configurations
• Programmable recipe storage
• Integrated data logging and analysis
The benefits of the PRISM Twin screw systems for
the pharmaceutical industry is:
• Continuous granulation delivering consistent
quality on small scale production
• Opening barrel and easily dismantled product
contact parts ensure reliable clean down
• Modular design of screws and barrel gives
flexibility for new product development
• Recipe storage delivers reliable and repeatable
operating conditions
• Integrated data logging provides accurate
process data for product audit�
product news & industry applications
Continuous Granulation for the
Pharmaceutical Industry
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries PRISM PHARMALAB 16
Granulator with feederand dosing pump.
PRISM PHARMALAB 16 Granulator showingproduct discharge
PRISM PHARMALAB 16 Extruder showing allcontact sections removed for cleaning
PRISM PHARMALAB 16 Granulator showingdischarge area
PRISM PHARMALAB 16 Granulator showinghopper stirrer
• new product brochure
A micro compounder for small sample amounts
The Thermo Scientific HAAKE
MiniLab II needs a sample
amount of only 5 g.
Compounding expensive or small scale materials
such as nano-composities, bio-polymers or
pharmaceutical is no longer a problem.
Simultaneously, the rheological properties can
be recorded to document structural changes.
By using the optional force feeder, continuos
extrusion with very small flows is possible.
Main features:• Co –rotating twin screws (option: counter-
rotating twin screws)
• Integrated viscosity measurement
• Automatic bypass operation for
circulation/extrusion
• Pneumatic feeding
• LCD screen for graphical data display
• Manual or computer control
• Easy to clean due to exit in split barrel
• Fits into laboratory fume hood=
• new product brochure
Sample specimen preparation instrument
The Thermo ScientificHAAKE MiniJet II optimisedthe development process,enabling the testing of the mechanical properties ofspecimens as small as 5 g.
The need to produce various sample geometries
coupled with common reality of limited material
quantities can often create a challenge during
product development.
Main features:• Small sample volume
• Quick & easy to use
• Interchangeable moulds
• Test samples can be produced from
powders, pellets or melts
• A control and design concept that provides
simplistic handling with consistent,
reproducible results
Applications:• Sample preparation for
- Rheometry
- Optical testing
- Mechanical testing
• Preparation of special specimen
for pharmaceutical testing=
polymer industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
polymer industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
Visit Rheology Solutions on stand no: 6084Sydney Convention & Exhibition Centre • www.foodproexh.com • 21-24 July 2008
FoodPro - the trade event for the food and beverage industry
biennial 07-08
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• product information
HAAKE MARS with CTC Developed specifically for the HAAKE MARS
platform, the Controlled Temperature Chamber
(CTC) moves smoothly on guide rails. The CTC
consists of two halves that allow convenient
handling and optimal access to the sample. They
can be moved independently backwards and
sidewards, and can be opened and closed easily
by hand. No special tools are needed. The two
halves automatically center themselves around the
sample automatically when closed. Each chamber
half is equipped with a window to observe the
sample during measurement.
A unique feature is the "parking" position, which
allows another temperature control unit to be
attached without removing the CTC.
Above: HAAKE MARS with CTC
[email protected] 07-08
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At the 16 Conference on“Rheology of BuildingMaterials” at the Universityfor Applied ScienceRegensburg Germany,March 2007, Schleibingerpresented a new probe formeasuring SCC mortars.The conference has beenrunning for 16 years and isorganised by Schleibingerand was attended by some80 participants from Europe.
The new design developed by Professor R. Vogel,
Weimar Germany, in cooperation with Schleibinger
is called a “Basket-Probe” for measuring SCC
(Self-Consolidating Concrete) mortars.
It has a flat double gap standard geometry, so you
can get real rheological parameters but in
opposite to other standard systems it minimises
Professor Vogel (left) in discussion with some
conference participants
the wall slippage effects. The cylinder is like a
gasket or a basket so strong cohesion effects
between the materials dominates above the weak
adhesive forces.
The probe works best with very fluid but stable
pastes and mortars used for groups, SCC or Self-
Leveling compounds. Patent pending.
The Viskomat NT is a versatile rotational
viscometer for determining the workabilty of fine-
grained building materials such as cement paste,
mortar, fine concrete, plaster etc. with a maximum
particle size of 2 mm. With the Viskomat NT, you
can obtain information on:
1. flow curves and rheological parameters
2. temperature dependent workability properties
3. stiffening behaviour as a function of time an
stirring speed
4. effects of concrete admixtures and mineral
blending agents on workability�
Schematic drawing of the Basket-Probe for use
with the Viskomat NT viscometer
news & views
Schleibinger Presents
a New Probe for
SCC-mortar for the
Viskomat NT
construction &building industries
The Thermo Scientific HAAKE
EZ Cool 80 circulator is a versa-
tile and economical option for
laboratory cooling and heating
needs from -10ºC to +80ºC.
Its bathless design minimises the evaporation of
temperature fluid during daily use. The stainless-
steel circulator is both quiet and robust, making it
well suited for laboratory use.
The HAAKE EZ Cool 80 supports diverse
applications that include cooling and temperature
control of analytical instruments. It can also be
used as an economical chiller with heating options
to replace tap water cooling in small laboratory
applications.
Applications:• Analytical instrumentation control
• Bioreactors • Catalyst reactions
• Chemical reactors • Closed-loop systems
• Condensers • Electrophoresis
• Instrument calibration • Refractometers
• Rotary evaporators • Spectrophotometers
Features & Benefits• Rapid cool down and heat up times
• 4 pre-set temperatures
• Real temperature adjustment for display
of external temperature
• Limits for customised high & low
temperatures
• Powerful pump accommodates connections
to external applications
• Front access drain for easy cleaning
• Variable over temperature protection
• Fault identification system
• CFC-free refrigeration system �
Product Specifications
Temperature Range -10°C to +80°C
Temperature Accuracy +/- 0.1K
Heater Capacity (230V) 1.5 kW
Cooling Capacity 20°C 220 W 0°C 60 W
Pump Pressure (Maximum) 250 mbar
Pump Flow Rate (Maximum) 12 lpm
Internal tank volume 3.5 L
Overall Dimensions (WxLxH) 26x50x40cm
Unit Weight 30 kg
Order number 230V/50Hz 426-1621
• new product
Circulator to heat & cool external applications from -10ºC to +80ºC
all industries
Left: The HAAKE EZ Cool 80 is ideal to control temperatures within a variety of laboratory applications
including: Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology, Academic Research, Food and Beverage, Chemical, Petrochemical
Right: Front panel showing display panel and control for temperature settings
Heat-Up – Time to Temperature Curve Pumping Capacity
Time (Minutes)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2 4 6 8 10 12
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Flow (LPM)
100
200
300
400
10 20 30
Pres
sure
(mba
r)
Time (Minutes)
Cool-Down – Time to Temperature Curve
100
15
5
-5
20
10
0
-10
-15 10 0 20 30 40 50 60
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Bath Liquid: Ethanol
biennial 07-08
68 www.rheologysolutions.com
Rheology and Microscopy The Thermo Scientific RheoScope module for
HAAKE MARS Rheometer simultaneously records
rheological properties and changes in the
microscopic structure of the tested sample at a
macroscopic level. Understanding micro structures
enables researchers to characterise a product’s
mechanical properties. The module is comprised
of an optical microscope, digital video camera and
temperature control unit that is used in conjunc-
tion with the HAAKE MARS rheometer platform.
The HAAKE RheoWin software used to control the
rheometer also positions and focuses the scope
and polarisation filter. Rheological data and images
(video sequences) can be viewed on line next to
• product news
Rheological measurement with optical analysis - high temperature version extends testing up to 300ºC
food industries
polymer industries
surface coatings industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetics & allied industries
chemical & allied industries
each other. In addition, the data and images can
be stored in various formats for further evaluation
and export. The RheoScope’s architecture allows
the module to be adapted quickly for customised
user configurations. The RheoScope module is
available in two versions. The temperature range
of the standard version is -5 to 120°C. In the
high-temperature version the temperature is
extended to 300°C.
Simultaneously measures rheological properties
and changes in the microscopic structure of the
tested sample. The results allow researchers to
speed formulation development, process
optimisation and product processability.
Applications / Examples • Food: fat, starch
• Polymer: solution, melt
• Pharma/Cosmetic: cream, lotion
• Paint/Inks: printing paste, thickening agents
• Petrochemical: crude oil, drilling fluid
• Others: medical
Formulations • Gels • Suspensions
• Emulsions/Dispersions • Solutions
• Foam • Melts
Rheological phenomena and structural changes
that can be observed:
• Shear thinning • Dilatancy
• Thixotropy • Aging
• Emulsification • Gelification
• Disaggregation • Flocculation
• Homogeneity • Orientation
• Melting behaviour • Mixing
Benefits: • Compact and full integration in the HAAKE
MARS rheometer platform
• All measuring modes including normal force
measurement available with simultaneous
recording of microscopic properties
• Camera and microscope control with software
• Simultaneous rheological and optical
measurements
• Visualisation of data and images in one
software package
• Analysis of structural changes under shear
• Image analysis software for determination of
particle sizes, particle size distribution and
structure analysis �
Temperature ramp measured on potato wild type starch in water Thermo Scientific RheoScope module for the HAAKE Mars Rheometer
[email protected] 07-08
69
biennial 07-08
70 www.rheologysolutions.com
Thermal printer for HAAKEViscotester 7 plus forrecording and loggingmeasured data.
The rotational viscometer HAAKE Viscotester 7
plus in combination with the thermal printer, is a
set-up for routine measurements conforming to
the ISO 2555 standard and fulfils the requirement
for recording and logging measured data.
The HAAKE Viscotester 7 plus is designed for
measurements compliant with the standard ISO
2555. Each rotational viscometer which fulfils the
requirements of this standard is conforming to
the Brookfield method and the measurement data
of such viscometers are fully comparable with
one another as long as the same viscometer type
(L or R), same spindle and same rotational speed
is used.
Operating of the HAAKE Viscotester 7 plus can be
either manual or computer controlled via the
user-friendly HAAKE RheoWin 3 software
(additional options: DFA 21 CFR Part 11 Tool).
In the manual operation mode, the parameters;
viscosity, percentage of maximum torque,
rotational speed, spindle number, maximum
viscosity and temperature are displayed. For
recording and logging measure results, the
thermal printer can be connected via the RS232
port on the viscometer. At the end of a
measurement the displayed data, as well as date
and time, can be printed out at the push of a
button. Moreover, the print-out has a filed for the
signature for the operator. Thus the measured
data is ready for archival storage.
Ordering number: 999-0118. Thermalprinter for HAAKE Viscotester 7 plus(including connecting cable for HAAKEViscotester 7 plus).�
product news & industry applications
Accessories for HAAKE
Viscotester 7 plus - Thermal Printer
all industries
Figure 1. Rotational viscometer HAAKE Viscotester 7 plus (left), thermal printer (centre), Loading of anew paper roll (right).
Applying (very) low shear rates
Most (very) low shear rate measurements are
performed in CS Mode, because most real live
applications in which (very) low shear rates are
important are driven by a constant stress.
Examples are sagging, sedimentation, shelf live,
phase separation, all phenomena that are driven
by a constant force i.e. gravitation. These
processes are simulated in a rheometer by
applying a constant stress. However, under
certain circumstances applying a (very) low
shear-rate might be required, for example when
the flow of material which is slowly stirred in a
large container needs to be simulated
(measured). The measurement data below shows
that the HAAKE MARS is very capable of applying
very low rotational speed, i.e. very low shear
rates.
Reliable data down to n = 10-5 rpm
The graphs below show the result of an
experiment in which the rotational speed was
stepwise increased from 10-5 rpm to 10-2 rpm.
Even at a very low rotational speed (and a very
low torque) the measured viscosity is within 5%
from the specified value.
A full copy is available by quoting PS002-e�
product news & industry applications
CR-Mode - Low Shear Rates
all industries
Instrument: HAAKE MARS, UTC Peltier, PP35, gap= 0.5 mm. Sample: Newtonian Oil, η = 175 Pas
[email protected] 07-08
71
Simultaneously measurerheological properties andmicroscopic structure ofyour tested sample.
Gain insight in to rheological phenomena like:
• Shear thinning • Dilatancy
• Thixotropy • Gelification
• Aging • Emulsification
The Thermo Scientific HAAKE MARS Rheometer
with RheoScope module combines rheology with
microscopy allowing you to speed formulation
development and process optimisation.
Benefits include:
• Camera and optical control with HAAKE
RheoWin Software
• Observation of data and images in one
software package
• All measuring modes including normal force
measurement available with simultaneous
recording of microscopic properties
• mage analysis software SPIP for the
determination of particle size, particle
distribution and for structural analysis.
Formulations: Gels, suspensions, solutions, foam,
dispersion/emulsion
An application note on the Image
analysis software SPIP is available by
quoting P009-e�
product news & industry applications
Optical Analysis and Rheology
food industries
polymer industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
chemical & allied industries
HAAKE PolyLab OS TorqueRheometer RD4 ApplicationPackages
RD4 application packages for the Thermo
Scientific torque rheometer HAAKE PolyLab OS
are dedicated to serving the polymer processing
and polymer formulation laboratory. These
application packages incorporate batch mixers
and single-screw extruders to form test samples
required for polymer melts and ceramic slurries.
The typical combination for the characterisation of
these types of materials is:
• PolyLab OS Mixer Package
• PolyLab OS Extruder Package
• PolyLab OS Upgrade Packages
HAAKE PolyLab OSDocking Station
Mobile bench for measuring mixers and
measuring extruders. When existing measuring
mixers and extruders need to be upgraded with
newer torque rheometer drives and software, the
modular Thermo Scientific HAAKE Docking Station
OS is the right accessory to use.
Applications:
• Mobile bench for Rheocord mixer 600 and
Rheocord miser 3000
• Docking station for existing single-screw
extruders
• Adapter bench for CTW 100 conical twin
screw extruder
• Modular bench to integrate mixers and
extruders of different brands
Product brochures are available on
request by completing the information
request form�
product news & industry applications
New Product Brochures
polymer industries
chemical & allied industries
biennial 07-08
72 www.rheologysolutions.com
For the controlledtemperature chamber (CTC)a new plate/plate measuringgeometry has beendeveloped.
The set consists of an upper shaft and a lower
shaft with an integrated temperature sensor.
By using the supplied press tool an exact
perpendicular alignment and reproducible
mounting of the disposable plates on the shafts is
guaranteed (Fig.1).
The standard aluminium plates have a diameter
of 20 mm. Plates with other diameters are
available on request.
It is recommended to use the optionally available
sample collection ring (below the lower plate); in
order to protect the temperature chamber against
spilled sample material.
After a measurement the disposable plates are
easily removed from the holders by using the
supplied removal tool (Fig. 2).
A copy of this is available by quoting
P010-e�
product news & industry applications
Disposable plate/plate-measuring
geometry for the controlled
temperature chamber (CTC).
all industries Handling information:
Figure 1 Mounting of a disposable plate on a shaft: press tool, upper shaft and disposable plate (left).Mounting of a disposable plate on a shaft (middle). Disposable measuring geometry consisting of upperan lower shaft with sample collection ring build into a HAAKE MARS (right)
Figure. 2 Removing of a disposable plate from a shaft: removal tool positioned on the lower shaft (left).Handling of the removal tool (middle). Disassembled disposable geometry (left)
Order information:222-1808 Disposable plate/plate-measuring geometry consisting of a lower and an upper shaft, incl.
press tool for mounting the disposable plates on the shafts and removal tool to remove
the disposable plates from the shaft
Necessary accessories:222-1769 Temperature sensor for lower shaft
222-1295 Disposable aluminium plates PP20E, diameter = 20 mm (100 pieces)
Plates with other dimensions are available on request, e.g.:
603-0021 Disposable aluminium plates PP35E, diameter = 35 mm (100 pieces)
Recommended accessories:222-1778 Sample collection ring (5 pieces), stainless steel for plates PP20E
If you have an application and interest in high temperature rheology& simultaneous microscopy and would like to be a part of a workshop
where you can run your own samples, refer to the information on page 4.
[email protected] 07-08
73
ViscoScope viscosityanalysers from Marimexhave been applied in manydifferent industries. Whetherit is ambient temperatureapplications in thepharmaceutical industry likeherbal ointments or a hightemperature application inthe polymer industry likephosphorous pentasulfide.
If you have an application as yet unsolved, send
us details of the application and we will work with
Marimex to provide you with a constructive
solution.
Following are some examples of ViscoScope
applications and their related specifications:
The ViscoScope process viscometer measures the
viscosity of liquids continually and precisely in-
line.
The measurement system consists of a sensor,
transmitter and the transmission cable. Safety
barriers are added, if the sensor is being used in
a hazardous area.
The sensor does not employ any moving parts
and it is maintenance free. To measure the
viscosity, the viscometer utilises the torsional
oscillation principle. The power required, to
maintain the small amplitude at the resonance
frequency of the sensor, is a measure for the
viscosity (mPa.s x gr/cm3 / η x ρ)�
product news & industry applications
Marimex - In Line Torsional
Viscometers
Application Instrument Used & Conditions
Herbal Ointment VA-300M with VS-4550 or VS-B450
Ambient temperature, pressure <5 bar
Polymer Slurry VA300L with VS-4450 or VS-B450
Temperature up to 80ºC, pressures <400 psi
Phosphorous Pentasulfide VA-300L with VS-4450 or VS-B450
Temperature up to 450ºC, pressures <25 bar
Polyester Resin Batch VA-300L, VA-300M or VA-300H with VS-4450 or VS-B450
Temperature up to 300ºC, pressures <10 bar
Black Liquor VA-300M or VA-300L with VS-4450 or VS-B450
Temperatures up to 160ºC, pressures <40 psi
Crude Oil in Pipeline VA-300L with VS-4450 or VS-B450
Ambient temperature, pressures <600 psi
Clay Slurry VA-300M or VA-300H with VS-4450 or VS-B450
Ambient temperature, pressure <5 bar
Key:
- VA-300L for low viscosity between 0.1 & 2,500 cP
- VA-300M for medium viscosity between 1 & 25,000 cP.
- VA-300H for high viscosity between 10 & 250,000 cP.
- VA-300X for extra high viscosity between 100 & 2,500,000 cP.
- VA-4450 / VS-B450 ViscoScope Transmitter
Marimex ViscoScope Sensor with model caption.
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
chemical & allied industries
polymer industries
mining industries
biennial 07-08
74 www.rheologysolutions.com
polymer industries
Nano compounds are often prepared in solid form
using the traditional and available mixing and
extrusion devices. Now you can optimise these
sensitive processes.
Nanotechnology – typical applications:
• Improving mechanical properties
• Increasing the electrical conductivity
• Increasing thermal conductivity
• Biocide / antibacterial
• UV absorption
Dispersive and distributive mixing:
• For nearly all mixing applications a well
dispersed and well distributed mixture is
required
• Distributive mixing can be achieved by
splitting and reorienting the flow repeatedly
• Dispersive mixing can be achieved by
passing the mixture through small regions of
intense deformation
• Mixing and composites, M. Kontopoulous
Chee18.2. p390 presentation Queens
University.
A copy of the PowerPoint presentation is
available on request by quoting
Nano Composites 2007.�
product news & industry applications
Nano Composites
Poorly distributed - Well dispersed Well distributed - Well dispersed
...Screw design...
...Split Barrel
...Feed ports...
...Length...
Maximum flexibility is available with twin screw extruders for HAAKE PolyLab OS
Poorly distributed - Poorly dispersed Well distributed - Poorly dispersed
In Stock – Despatchedwithin 48 hours from receiptof purchase order.
HeatTech 26L heating circulator – temperature
range ambient to +100ºC. $2,399 excluding GST
and local delivery
Full product information is available on line plus
an extensive range of temperature control baths
to meet the application requirements of diverse
industries.
Visit www.temperaturecontrolbaths.com
for full product information and technical
specifications�
product information
Heating Recirculators
all industries
HeatTech 26L
[email protected] 07-08
75
product news
New NESLAB ThermoFlex 2500 – Recirculating Chiller
all industries
This is the third configurationof the ThermoFlex platformreleased by ThermoFisher Scientific.
Suitable for a diverse range of applications
and industries:
• Semiconductor
• Packaging
• Analytical instrumentation
• Laser
• Research
• Medical equipment
Key Options Include:
Auto refill Allows for self-filling of the chiller to
ensure that the proper level in reservoir is
maintained, saving valuable time.
Anti-drainback Ensures reservoir does not
overflow when chiller is shut down. This allows
the chiller to be installed more than 24 ft. below
the application.
DI resistivity internal DI filtration internal to the
chiller is used to maintain the resistivity level
below 3 Mohm, with an alarm at 1 Mohm. This
minimises footprint and eliminates downtime
needed to change the filter, while ensuring
constant quality of DI water to your application.
Pressure relief Easily adjustable pressure relief
valve allows for control of the outlet pressure
from the chiller to be regulated, ensuring your
process performance requirements are met.
Flow Control Utilizes a 3-way valve that allows
you to control the amount of flow to the
application. The process flow is measured on the
return to the unit, ensuring the appropriate
amount of flow is provided to the application.
Pressure/Flow Control Allows you to control the
pressure as well as the flow in your application.
Utilises a pressure relief valve and monitors the
flow through the process return and displays the
reading on the controller.
The NESLAB ThermoFlex 2500 is a reliable, easy-
to-use chiller optimised for the most demanding
applications. Delivers continuous cooling capacity
up to 2500 watts.
Water-Cooled Uses facility water to cool the
system, minimizing heat dissipation into the
environment.
Key Accessories Include:
Installation Kit Supply and return plumbing
available in 25 and 50 ft lengths, suitable for
temperatures up to +80°C.
Fluid Quality Kit Complete fluid quality system
includes algaecide and corrosion inhibitor to
ensure your process has optimal fluid quality.
Ethylene Glycol Laboratory-grade ethylene glycol
allows circulation to temperatures down to -20°C
in a 50/50 mixture with water. Available in a 5
gallon container.
Propylene Glycol Laboratory-grade propylene
glycol allows circulation to temperatures down to
-20°C in a 50/50 mixture with water. Available in
a 5 gallon container.
Maintenance Kit Includes condenser air filters and
in-line fluid filters for ease of maintenance.�
A dedicated website for temperature control has been establishedby Rheology Solutions …www.temperaturecontrolbaths.com
The website covers the entire range of temperature control baths
currently available to meet the diverse needs of industry applications
across QA/QC, R&D and Production areas
biennial 07-08
76 www.rheologysolutions.com
PRISM small scale extruders and ancillaries allow
research and development at a laboratory scale.
The twin screw extruders from 16mm to 36mm
diameters are supplemented by purpose built
ancillaries including bench-top blenders,
pelletisers and sheet and film take-off units.
For complete details and product
information, complete the information
request form or send an email detailing
your application requirements.�
product information
Twin-Screw Extrusion at a Lab Scale
all industries
Product Specifications
Setpoint Temperature Range 5°C - 40°C
Ambient Temperature Range 10°C - 40°C
Temperature Stability +/- 0.1°C
Setpoint Cooling Capacity at 20°C
(see graph above for cooling curves)
60 Hz 2500W (8538 BTU)
50 Hz 2200W (7513 BTU)
Reservoir Volume Litres 7.2
Footprint or dimensions
(HxWxD) cm 73.8 x 43.5 x 65.2
Unit Weight kg 80.3
Pumps
(see graph above for performance curves)
PD 1 - Positive Displacement
50 Hz 1.7 gpm @ 60 psi
PD 2 - Positive Displacement
50 Hz 3.3 gpm @ 60 psi
Power options 230V/50Hz/1 Phase
16A Circuit
Compliance NRTL Certified
to CSA and UL
Standards;
CE-Marked
Specifications obtained at sea level using water as the
recirculating fluid, at a 20°C process setpoint, 25°C ambient
condition, at nominal operating voltage. Other fluids, fluid
temperatures, ambient temperatures, altitude or operating
voltages will affect performance. Thermo Fisher Scientific
reserves the right to change specifications without notice.
PRISM 16 mm EuroLab twin screw extruder
In Stock – Despatchedwithin 48 hours from receiptof purchase order.
CoolTech 320 refrigerated circulator -
temperature range -28ºC to +100ºC. $3,999
excluding GST and local delivery
Full product information is available on line plus
an extensive range of temperature control baths
to meet the application requirements of diverse
industries.
Visit www.temperaturecontrolbaths.com
for full product information and technical
specifications�
product information
Cooling Recirculators
all industries
CoolTech 320
[email protected] 07-08
77
The PS200C inspectionsystem from Optical ControlSystems is used to analysetransparent and opaquepellets.
The pellets are inspected with a high-resolution
3-Chip CCD colour camera for impurities, foreign
bodies, or colour deviations as well. The testing
material is fed into the appliance through a
hopper. The pellets are conveyed separately over
the inspection zone. After the optical evaluation
the contaminated pellets can be separated into a
different container (sorting unit option).
Measuring errors are eliminated by use of
numerous additional optical components.
There is no colour dependency as with many
other optoelectronic appliances.
A high level of efficiency is achieved by powerful
image processing software. The synchronisation
of the transport system with the image
processing offers a major contribution to the
reproducibility of the measurement results.
Installation in the bypass guarantees production
monitoring and rapid reaction to any occurrences.
The system provides a variety of individual
configurations, which guarantee an improved
adaptation to specific requirements.
The measurement data are stored in a test report
to enable future analysis. The recorded images
and measured data can be observed on a screen
during the measuring process. The results can be
shown and printed in tables or graphs.
Along with a pure inspection of pellets the system
can also be used to record, file and document.
Each defined deviation is recorded in the
measurement protocol via a multidimensional
characteristics vector with an error map.
The system can be adapted exactly to the
respective requirements with the
help of the extensive software packages.�
product focus
High Speed Pellet Scan System – Throughput up to 250 kg/hr
High Speed Pellet Scan System PS200C
polymer industries
VisConfig software for easy configuration of allparameters
Applications
• Opaque pellets
• Coloured pellets
• Transparent pellets
• Material throughput up to 250 kg/hr
Technical Data
Camera 3 Chip CCD colour matrix camera
Lighting High frequency synchronised
fluorescent lamp. White light
spectrum
Computer Industrial CPU: Intel Pentium 4,
up-to-date technology
Interfaces Ethernet 10/100 M Base-T,
Digital and analogue I/O, USB,
MODBUS, PROFIBUS, RS232,
BDE, SAP interface or SQL
Remote Extender max. 100 m Service
Control Remote control
Software Operating System Windows XP
Size Dimensions (l x w x h)
650 x 770 x 770 mm
Weight approx. 100 kg
Connection Power supply 230 V
values AC / 115 V AC
Temperature 10ºC to 45ºC
Benefits
• Optimising the production process through
detailed characteristics specifications
• 24 hour online production surveillance trend
analysis parallel to productionPellet conveyor line
biennial 07-08
78 www.rheologysolutions.com
The HAAKE MARS is equipped with a self-learning
deformation control loop based on neural network
technology for controlled deformation (CD)
oscillation measurements.
In CD-Mode the deformation sine wave is
continuously controlled, this enables the control
loop to react almost instantaneously to changes in
the material. A quick reaction to material changes
is required when the mechanical properties of a
material are measured, during a curing reaction,
using constant strain oscillation.
The brochure provides an example of curing
of a dental material. A copy is available by
requesting PS001-e�
product news & industry applications
New Product Brochures& Information Sheets
chemical & allied industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
The HAAKE MARS rheometer is now available
with a support fixture for the comparative analysis
of elasticity and sensoric (haptic) properties of
textile samples.
The brochure provides full details on the
fixture, tests recommended and ordering
information. A copy is available by requesting
P012-e�
chemical & allied industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
The HAAKE MARS rheometer is equipped with a
highly sensitive normal force sensor and a very
precise lift motor which allows applying controlled
axial forces to the sample, pushing or pulling the
material.
A new sample fixture has been developed to
investigate the bending and breaking behaviour of
a wide range of materials.
The brochure provides details on the tool,
and adapting it to the HAAKE MARS, plus full
ordering information. A copy is available by
requesting P014-e�
polymer industries
food industries
polymer industries
chemical & allied industries
Support fixture for the analysis oftextile samples - Accessories forHAAKE MARS
Sample fixture for bending andbreaking tests – Accessories forHAAKE MARS
CD-Mode Curing Measurement – HAAKE MARS
[email protected] 07-08
79
The functionality and/or calibration of any
measuring instrument should be checked
regularly. Checking a rheometer or viscometer is
usually and most easily done by measuring a
standard liquid with a certified viscosity value.
A standard liquid is a Newtonian fluid for which
the viscosity value is certified for one or several
temperature values.
A wide range of standard liquids with different
viscosity values and uncertainties as well as
different reference temperatures and chemical
structures (mineral oils, synthetic oils) are
available.
Standard liquids from Thermo Fisher Scientific are
delivered with a certified viscosity at 20°C and an
uncertainty of ±2% (±4% for E7). Standard
liquids with viscosity values between 5 mPas and
40000 mPas are available in 100ml or 500 ml
containers.
Standard liquids with other viscosity values or
other reference temperatures as well as the
delivery in other containers (e.g. 1.0 l) are
available on request.
Standard liquids with a lower uncertainty of the
viscosity (±0.4%) and/or certified viscosity values
at other temperatures between 20°C and 100°C
are available from the German Calibration Service
(DKD – Deutscher Kalibrierdienst) amongst
others.
Because of their lower viscosity - temperature
dependence silicon oils are often used for
checking simple viscometers which do not
provide any means of temperature control. For
this application the slight shear thinning
behaviour of silicone oils (decreasing of the
viscosity with increasing shear rate) should be
neglected.
For checking a specific viscometer or rheometer
configuration it is important to use a standard
liquid that matches the parameters (temperature,
viscosity, etc.) of the routine measurements
normally run on that instrument.
When comparing the measured viscosity value
with the standard liquid's certified value it is
important to take the instruments uncertainty into
account also.
An information sheet is available covering
the above text and also includes full
ordering information. A copy is available on
request by quoting P-015-e�
polymer industries
chemical & allied industries
food industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
surface coatings industries
all industries
A new tool for checking the quality of images
acquired with the RheoScope module for the
HAAKE MARS has been developed.
This tool consists of a closed cell with a reflective
upper plate and a lower glass plate, containing a
watery solution with standard particles with
diameters of 1.5, 4, 8 and 20 μm.
Full information is available in the brochure
and a copy is available by
requesting P016-d�
Tool for checking the optical quality of the RheoScope module – HAAKE MARS
Standard Liquids
product news & industry applications
New Product Brochures& Information Sheets
biennial 07-08
80 www.rheologysolutions.com
Higher instrument precision is now requested for basicrheology measurement withhandheld instruments.
The VT 2 plus allows the 1% calibration accuracy
needed to fulfil this requirement.
The entire VT 1 plus and VT 2 plus series is
the standard in quality control and combines ease
of use with exact and reliable measurements.
The HAAKE Viscotester 1 plus & 2 plus are quick,
exact and reliable rotational viscometers with a
one button operation which can be operated
hand-held or on a stand. A digital display delivers
clear results. Battery powered, these units do not
require external power. These Viscotester models
are delivered in a sturdy carrying case as a
complete ready-to-use package with 3 measuring
systems.
During the past decades HAAKE Viscotesters have
successfully proven their value wherever quick
and reliable tests and comparative measurements
are part of daily routine work. They have also
been established as standard instruments for
quality control. The new generation – HAAKE
Viscotester 1 plus & 2 plus – continues this
tradition and fulfils the highest demands
regarding design and convenience.
Main features:
• Quick, exact and reliable
• One button operation
• LCD display
• No mains supply needed (battery-operated)
Typical application fields:
• Quick viscosity tests, e.g. for process
optimization or machine adjustment
• Batch control in production
• production in control
Typical samples:
• Printing inks, paints, inks
• Shampoos, creams, lotions
• Oils, greases, pastes, lubricants
• Sauces, thickeners�
product news
Higher Instrument Precision and Reliable Quality ControlHAAKE Viscotester 1 plus and 2 plus
all industries
HAAKE Viscotester 1 / 2 plus
The Thermo ScientificNanoLab compounderpackage contains the toolsto mix or compound Nanoparticles (Nano tubes) in abase polymer.
Based on recommendations from users in the
industry and Universities it is recommended to:
• use the standard Thermo Scientific HAAKE
MiniLab micro compounder for temperatures
up to 350°C
• use the control panel for quick test runs,
trials and the cleaning
• employ the application software to run
defined and reproducible tests
• compound Nano particles and do rheometry
with counter-rotating screws
• use the co-rotating screws for applications
with additives requiring less shear force
A copy of this product information brochure
is available by request.�
product news
NanoLab Compounder Package
polymer industries
chemical & allied industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
surface coatings industries
HAAKE MiniLab II compounder with co- andcounter-rotating screws
[email protected] 07-08
81
The use of a conical twinscrew extruder with backflowchannel combines aspects ofmixing and extrusion in abatch process.
Tests and results of the new MiniLab micro
compounder are discussed in the following paper.
With a total filling volume of 7 ml and a built in
slit capillary die the applications focus on
compounding and reactions of small amounts of
polymers in molten stage.
Selecting the screw types: Co- or counter
rotating?
In order to open up an even wider spectrum of
applications for the customer, the MiniLab works
as co-rotating or as counter-rotating double-
screw extruder. This results in different types of
screws.
Simply exchanging two gear wheels in the
gearbox changes the rotating direction of the
screws. Figure 2 shows the co-rotating pair of
screws. It also shows a faster compounding of
the master batch in comparison to Figure 4.
In the following table further characteristics of
the used screws are summarised.
Table 2 Characteristics of the screw types
Co- Counter
rotating rotating
Resident time distribution wide narrow
Forced extrusion - +
Cleaning + -
Extruder amount + 0
Blending of sensitive products ++ 0
High shear rates, dispersing - ++
Rheological measurements 0 ++
Required duration of blending ++ +
A number of topics and applications have been
presented on the HAAKE MiniLab in a combined
product information flyer. The topics included are:
• Toughness enhancements in poly (methyl
methacrylate) by addition of oriented
multiwall carbon nanotubes
• The effect of processing variables on the
structure and rheological properties of
polymer/clay nanocomposites: Nylon 6/clay
• Improving polymer blend dispersions in mini-
mixers
product information
HAAKE MiniLab –Compounder & Reactor
HAAKE MiniLab II Complete System
polymer industries
Fig. 2: Co-rotating screws: a) PE melt, b) Asaclean (PS cleaning compound) + Remafin orange durationof the test t = 90 s, test conditions like in Figure 4.
HAAKE MiniLab II Barrel Section
A copy of this product information is
available by request and includes the
above mentioned topics.�
biennial 07-08
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Marimex ViscoScope processviscometers measure theviscosity of liquids continuallyand precisely in-line.
ViscoScope sensors do not have any moving
parts and are maintenance free. A constant
amplitude torsional oscillation principle is utilised
to measure the viscosity. Various ViscoScope
sensors and transmitters are available. All sensors
work with all transmitters.
All transmitters are delivered with VisConfig
configuration software to simplify the start-up
process. Optionally ViscoView software for PC
compatible computers and a touch panel display
are available as a graphical interface.
ViscoView Software – Optional Software
Collected data is stored in a tab delimited ASCII
format. The file is being closed after each data
collection, this enables the file to be copied into a
different directory at any time. The data collection
rate can be adjusted between 10 and 600
seconds. The file can be imported into a
spreadsheet like Excel, where additional
calculations and graphical manipulations can be
accomplished. The following parameters can be
collected:
• Viscosity (all available)
• Process Temperature
• Coil Temperature (transducer dependent)
• Resonance Frequency (transmitter dependent)
• External Input (transmitter dependent)
• Date and Time
VisConfig Software
The VisConfig Software provides an easy interface
for the configuration of all customer accessible
parameters via a PC compatible computer.
VisConfig has been configured to work with the
ViscoScope firmware version MMX1.011. Special
issues are available to interface to others
firmware versions. VisConfig also provides a tool
to check all ViscoScope Modbus addresses
and instrument types connected to the PC. A
single Modbus address can be reconfigured in
the first screen. A functionality check is available
to check the function of the sensor in air after the
zero procedure. The result will show if the sensor
works within known parameters. VisConfig also
does a one time check of all measurement
parameters and can be used to continuously
sample selected measurement parameters –
the last 20 samples can be observed.�
product information
Process Viscometers – Software Options
ViscoView® data collection software for ViscoScope viscometer systems
chemical & allied industries
food industries
pharmaceutical, cosmetic& allied industries
mining industries
surface coatings industries
VisConfig software for easy configuration of all parameters
• new product
HAAKE PolyLab QC
polymer industries
The HAAKE PolyLab QC
is a new measuring mixer
& extruder system that meets
todays and future quality
control (QC) needs.
The modular torque rheometer
can be connected to an
interchangeable mixer,
single-screw extruder, or
conical twin-screw extruder.
Concept• Modular torque rheometer with
interchangeable mixer, single-screw extruder,
conical twin-screw extruder
• Bench or floor model
• Control via HAAKE PolySoft software
Backwards Compatibility• Hardware compatible with old mixers,
extruders
• Existing accessories can still be used
• Data compatibility (importing of old data)
Specifications• Torque range: 0 - 300Nm
• Speed range: 0 - 200 rpm
• Temperature control zones: 5
• Temperature reading channels: 4
Interfaces/Communication• CAN open control communication with
temperature, motor controller
• CAN open data communication for pressure
and remote signals
• USB interface to host computer (LAN as
option)
HAAKE PolyLab QCMeasuring Mixers
A typical mixer test is run at a defined rotor speed
(shear rate). The material’s response to the shear
is recorded as torque and displayed versus time.
As a material’s properties are very sensitive to
temperature, the mixer chamber is separated into
continued on page 84 �
[email protected] 07-08
83
• Measuring oil absorption of carbon black
• Quantifying the absorption of DOP for PVC
dry-blends
• Measuring the stable torque in regard to
individual and combined influences of fillers
and additives such as stabilizers, lubricants
and colour pigments
• Testing high performance plastics to check
processability
• Performing electric conductivity
measurements for rubber mixtures.
Due to the backwards compatibility of the
mechanical and electrical interfaces of the HAAKE
PolyLab QC, existing mixing equipment can be
used with a state-of-the-art torque rheometer that
is equipped with reliable digital controls and
operated using the modern, user-friendly Thermo
Scientific HAAKE PolySoft software package.
Mixer Software Small laboratory mixers are traditionally used to
mix and/or measure the viscosity of a 40-70 g
mixture as a function of time and temperature with
different shaped rotors. Typical examples are PVC
dry blend mixing, PVC degradation test,
rubber/carbon black mastification, cross linking of
polymers, curing of resins and thermosetting
properties.
HAAKE PolyLab QC Single & Twin Screw Extruders Single-screw extruder The most common methods in processing
polymers are screw plastification and injection
moulding. For testing quality and processability of
those materials, the single-screw laboratory
extruder 19/25 QC-B is a proven tool. With over
35 years of expertise, we’ve developed a wide
variety of different screw designs that are
guaranteed to provide the best performance.
Special solutions such as chemical or wear
resistance are also available to extrude harsh
materials. To shape a polymer for further
processes and tests, different dies can be adapted
55
0
5
20
30
45
50
0 0,8 1,6 2,4 3,2 4,0
25
t [min]
] m
N
[
M
40
35
10
15
F F F
A
B C
PVC_Sample A M = f(t)
PVC_Sample B M = f(t)
PVC_Sample C M = f(t)
to the extruder. Rod dies and water bath for strand
extrusion, sheet and ribbon dies in various
dimensions to produce bands or cast films, and
blown film dies and take off tower complete the
testing equipment. Besides the standardised filter
test (EN 13900-5), comprehensive rheological
studies can be conducted.
Applications• Testing of the plasticizing behaviour
• Testing the performance of additives
and fillers
• Measuring of the melt temperature and
pressure along the barrel to optimize process
parameters
• Provide a homogeneous and constant flow
melt
• Production of strands, sheets, cast and blown
films
• Extrusion of ceramics and feed stock
• Melt rheology
Conical twin-screw extruderFor continuous compounding and plasticising, the
Thermo Scientific HAAKE CTW 100 QC is the ideal
extruder in the HAAKE PolyLab QC system. This is
a counter rotating conical twin-screw compounder,
with intermeshing screws, that will give
well-defined residence time for faultless
production of process-critical polymers are ideal to
mix additives and pigments. Dies and downstream
ancillaries are compatible with the 19/25 QC-D
single-screw extruder.
Applications• Extrusion of thermally critical materials such
as PVC
• Compounding of fillers and reinforcing
materials
• Blending of polymers
• Pilot plant production of master batches
• Continuous mixing of recycling materials
• Mixing of nano clays and carbons
• Discharge for further process states
continued on page 85 �
Haake PolyLab QC� continued from page 83
As a material’s properties are very sensitive to
temperature, the mixer chamber is separated into
different sections. These are individually
temperature-controlled by the HAAKE PolyLab QC.
Optimum temperature control quality can be
achieved by an automated recognition of the
connected mixer.
Although the temperature of the mixing chamber
is constantly controlled, the material’s melt
temperature during a test may rise due to the
shear introduced. The melt temperature is also
recorded during the test by a separate
thermocouple. The recorded “Rheogram” (torque
and melt temperature vs. time at constant speed)
is characteristic for different material types and
HAAKE PolyLab QC mixer - Intelligent measuring
mixers simplify your quality control
blends. It can be used as a fingerprint in quality
control for outgoing and incoming product
inspections. As changes in torque are related to
structural changes in the material, a Rheogram
can be used to investigate and verify reactions of
different additive types or concentrations on the
sample’s melting behaviour.
Typical Investigations• Testing the melting and degradation behaviour
of polymer melts
• Quantifying viscosity when adding nano
particles or other additives
• Testing gelation and plastification behaviour
of PVC dry-blends
• Measuring the flow and curing behaviour
of thermosetting plastics
• Characterizing the influence of different
additives such as carbon black, fillers
lubricants, accelerators and sulphur for
rubber mixtures
• Recording the masticating and vulcanizing
behaviour of elastomers
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Typical Investigations • Testing the melting and degradation behaviour
of polymer melts
• Quantifying viscosity when adding nano-
particles and other additives
• Testing the gelation and plasticizing behaviour,
and the thermal stability of PVC dry-blends
• Measuring the flow and curing behaviour of
thermosetting compounds
• Recording the masticating and vulcanizing
behaviour of elastomers
• Performing electric conductivity
measurements during the mixing process
Melting, Conveying, Compressing, Compounding Extruders are melting, conveying and
compounding polymers under temperature,
pressure and shear. The extruded polymer is
pressed through a die to form a solid material
such as a profile, sheet, film, strand or fibre. The
extrusion process is characterized by monitoring
processing power (torque), temperature, pressure
and throughput. Special rheological dies (slit, rod)
allow the determination of shear viscosity at
defined shear rates.
HAAKE PolyLab QC Measurements - Measuring
options provided by the HAAKE PolyLab QC
Typical Measurements • Simulation of production processes like blown
film, wire coating, profile extrusion
• Testing individual and combined influences of
additives (stabilizer, lubricant) and functional
additives (antioxidation, UV-stabilizers,
pigments and fillers)
• Investigating the extrudability of newly
developed materials
• Manufacturing films, sheets, strands and
profiles for optical, mechanical and
weathering tests
• Small scale production
• Measuring rheological behaviour (dynamic
viscosity)
• Compounding and blending of polymers, fillers
and additives
• Dispersion and exfoliation of nano-fillers in
a polymer matrix
Flow curve LLPDE Online capillary rheology with HAAKE PolyLab QC
is performed using a well defined die geometry
(slit or capillary) on an extruder. The shear stress is
derived from the pressure drop in the die (CAN
pressure transducer signals) and the shear rate
from the weight of the extrudate in a defined
period of time.�
M = f(t)
n = f(t)
p1 = f(t)
TM9 = f(t)
Data File
400
0
50
140 190
t [min]
] m
N
(
M
150
150 160 170 180
] r a
b
[
p
100
200
250
300
350
2,5% Nanoclay
5% Nanoclay
t_res: 30sec.
no filler
10000
10
100
0,01 100000
y t i s o
c s i V
1000
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Slit-Capillary (Rheocord)
Rod Capillary (Rheocord)
Oscaillation (RS Rheometer)
Shear rate
Haake PolyLab QC� continued from page 84
Compatibility of existing extrudersSingle-screw extruders and conical twin-screw
extruders that are operated with the driving unit
HAAKE Rheocord 90 or 9000, HAAKE RheoDrive
5000 or System 40 are compatible to the HAAKE
PolyLab QC. Laboratory extruders from other
manufacturers can be adapted, too.
HAAKE PolyLab QC Extruder - Powerful extruders
continuously control your quality
Measuring options provided by the HAAKE PolyLab QC
Mixing, Kneading,Compounding & PlasticisingIn conjunction with measuring mixers, the HAAKE
PolyLab QC offers a wide range of different
applications. A typical mixer test is run at a
defined speed (shear rate) versus time, and the
material’s response is recorded as torque. This
"Mixer-Rheogram" (torque, melt temperature vs.
time at constant speed) is characteristic for
different materials or blends and is often used as
a "fingerprint" in quality control for incoming or
outgoing product inspection.
[email protected] 07-08
85
• new product
The OP5 Online Rheometer
polymer industries
Performance Features
• Controls - Menu-driven Windows interface
and easy customisation
• Access - Password protected to 5 levels
• Optimum location - Use of laboratory
environment to ensure high run time and
accessibility for calibration and any
maintenance
• Low delay time - Fast sampling, sample
preparation and measurement results in delay
time more than adequate for control
• Accuracy - Calibration is established by
Porpoise Transfer Standard ™ Optional
full-time statistical process control packages
• Full-time calibration - A statistical calibration
system that conforms OP5 to the ISO 1133 or
ASTM D1283 standards full time
• Tables - Tabular display according to
individual cycle measurements of
temperatures, Pressure, flow rate, consumed
weight of material, test results
• Set points - Tabular display of all set points
• Real time display - Continuous trend display
of MI with tramlines and product name
overlays. Additional trend displays,
temperatures, pressures, mass flow, total
mass flow
• Recipe control of cycle and conditions -
Operator control via menu of parameters,
sequences and user Product Names
• Sample size control - Adaptive sample sizing
to minimise delay of measurement
• Statistical analysis packages - User friendly
calculations of averages, standard deviation,
Cpk and other process variables. Export
facilities
• Alarms - External alarm interface
• Open database - All records can be converted
into any standard file format
Scope Of Application
• Powder or pellets from polymer processes
• Powder ex-reaction
• Pellets post extrusion
• Samples transported to Laboratory via
OCS-Porpoise systems
Benefits
• Integrated process control through Porpoise
measurement technology
• Improvement of process efficiency
• Improvement of quality at source – All product
made to recipe
• Improvement of quality selection facility
• Measurements certified to ISO 1133 or ASTM
D1283 standards
• High availability, high reliability
• Low maintenance budget, low time to repair
• Third party certification of product via SGS
• Elimination of customer complaints
• Fast return of investment
• Perfect for all polymer processes
A system for plant optimisation
and improved product quality.
The function of the OP5 from Optical Control
Systems (OCS) is to make certified measurements
of the Melt Index and/or Polydispersity of small
solid polymer samples. The primary duty of these
measurements is overall control of many types of
polymerisation processes. This ensures that the
product can be made to specific formulations. The
secondary duty is Quality Control in final product
selling specification and in batch control. The OP5
is logically situated in the plant analysis laboratory,
which ensures best reliability and maintainability
for these calibrated, precision measurements.
Representative samples are therefore transported
from various locations of the polymer
manufacturing plant at the call of each analyser.
Process Control and QC are full time activities,
which require, as a minimum, one sampling point
for each analyser.
Representative samples are extracted from each
reactor stage and from the finished product. In
simple plant configurations, such as LDPE, PS,
PET and Nylon this usually means one OP5 but in
complex plants such as PP, HDPE and LLDPE two
or more OP5 analysers would be required. The
complex plants have powder samplers, which have
degassing and catalyst deactivation stages close
the analyser. At the plant end, these samplers can
extract at the main discharge valve(s) of the
reactor or at the primary de-gassing vessel, etc.
according to the plant configuration. In the case of
the pellet samples, these would normally be
supplied from central (OCS) source, and in such
cases the supply to the rheometers carries a
priority to minimise the sampling delay time.
Melt flow measurements are performed after the
solid sample is melted and conditioned to the
appropriate test temperature. In the OP5 the
melting process minimises any changes to the
structure of the polymer but making a very rapid
transition from solid to liquid, which substantially
obviates shear damage, cross-linking, thermal
degradation and other degradation processes. This
sample preparation removes the last traces of any
trapped air or gas and overall makes an important
contribution to making the sample at the point of
measurement fully representative of the process.
In this unique way the OP5 makes control through
rheology as reality.
The melt flow is regulated by a sealed gear pump,
which transports a metered quantity through a
shaped die which has the normal MI die L/D. The
shaping of the die is to minimise the delay in the
slow moving polymer near the walls, without
deviating the actual rheology relationships too far
from the standard MI die.
Measurements of pressure and flow rate are used
to derive the standard Melt Index. Many features
of the apparatus for measurements are covered in
the patents. The patent, Melt Flow determination in
Polymer process, has the following grants, EU 989
45440, GB 233 4958 and US 09/622558. These
patents also have integrated process control
application. Systematic correlations are applied to
compensate for the relationship between the OP5
die and the lab test die (both ASTM D1283 and
ISO 1133 tests use the same die form). The
corrections derived from these correlations are
specific to the actual polymer process and the
local test methodology used to make the test. This
is because each plant produces subtly different
polymer structures and the manual test method
result varies with operator and procedures. Once
established the corrections continued on page 87 �
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86 www.rheologysolutions.com
The OP5 OnlineRheometer� continued from page 86
do require regular verification, which is supplied
through the OP5 operating software. The IPR of
the operations are described in the EU CTM,
Registration Certificate No 002729309. The
methodology of calibration and measurement
gives the OP5 class leading accuracy, which can
be used to certify the finished product and thus
completely replace routine testing using the Lab
Melt Indexers. It is normal to certify these
calibrations through a third party specialist. SGS,
who are respected globally for such duties, have
contract approval with major polymer producers
for such onerous tasks.
The OP5 measurement of Melt Index is performed
in a batch process, termed a cycle. The MI result
is based on a tiny part of the sample, which gives
the OP5 a pin point accuracy. The result shows
every small variation in the polymer product and
which can be used to steer polymer reactions in a
way not possible by long term averaging or less
than adequate sample preparation. The MI result
can of course be used for Quality Control but the
finely resolved and accurate measurements will
bring a better precision and thus maximise the
added value of the production.
Typically the OP5 samples every 5 minutes to fit in
with the cleaning – measurement-sequence. The
delay of measurement is slightly greater than cycle
time of the sequence. Although the cycle has been
optimised for accuracy but by using the necessary
cleaning part of the cycle, the delay is made nearly
independent of sample MI value. The real time
delay (7-15mins) between the reaction and the
measurement, which includes any sampling and
sample preparation delay, is comfortably below
process requirements whether it is used for
reaction control and QC. In fact provided the delay
is adequate, process control and QC places a very
strong requirement on full-time calibration and
best accuracy.
The unique features of the OP5 equipment open
up the huge opportunity of process control through
rheology.�
• new product
HAAKE RheoStress 6000 – The Universal Rheometer
all industries
The HAAKE RheoStress 6000
is the new generation of the
Thermo Scientific HAAKE
RheoStress series that is
focused on standard
application in R&D and QC.
The HAAKE RheoStress 6000 is fully compatible
with existing accessories of previous RheoStress
models including temperature control units,
measuring geometries and application oriented
measuring cells.
A variety of temperature control units is available
to reliability and accurately handle temperatures
ranging from -80ºC up to 500ºC
A variety of temperature control units is available
to reliability and accurately handle temperatures
ranging from -80ºC up to 500ºC
Peltier, electrical or liquid temperature control unit
for coaxial cylinders, plate/plate and cone/plate as
well as special measuring geometries.
A number of application oriented accessories are
available:
• Pressure cell for use in crude all, drilling
fluids, food
• UV cell for use in coatings, dental material,
contact lenses
• Measuring cell for construction materials for
use with cementitious pastes and mortars and
samples with large particles
• Double cone geometry for use with low
viscous material where a small quantity is only
available or where there is a tendency of
evaporation
• Disposal measuring geometries for samples
which are difficult to remove such as
cross-linking and curing material
• Universal holder for individual containers for
paints, inks and food
• 3 point bending tool for food
The HAAKE RheoStress 6000 offers:
• CR (controlled rate) mode: Optimised speed
control loop and a low motor inertia (I=10
_Nms2) for fast speed steps within few
milliseconds without significant overshoot
• CS (controlled stress) mode: Advanced
patented air-bearing technology plus accurate
torque correction (MSC = Micro Stress
Control) for measurements at low torque limit
• CD (controlled deformation) mode: Self-
learning deformation control loop based on
neural network technology for fast parameter
adaptations
• Combinations of measuring modes: Flexible
software and firmware for creative job
definitions
• Normal force measurements: Robust and very
sensitive normal force sensor based on
extremely sensitive and robust strain gauges
for measurements between – 50 N and
+ 50 N�
[email protected] 07-08
87
Fixed measuring head
consisting of:
• Drag cup motor with the
lowest available inertia
(10μNms2)
• High resolution optical
encoder (12 nrad)
• Patented 4th generation air
bearing system*
• Temperature compensated
normal force sensor based
on strain-gauge technology
for positive and negative
normal force measurements
Adapter for upper
measuring geometries
Recepient of temperature
control units and application
oriented measuring cells
Compact design by one
column aluminum frame
with integrated control
and power electronics
HAAKE
RheoStress
6000
Optional display/control unit. Monitoring data online even without a PC.
The display/control unit of the
HAAKE RheoStress 6000
facilitates manual operation of lift
movement and gap setting as
well as starting measuring and
evaluation jobs with or without
PC. The colour display monitors
rheological and instrument-
specifi c data online.
Glass plate with high
resistance against chemicals
for easy cleaning
* DE 10 2004 050 753 A1; US 7,181,956 B2
Thermo Scientific HAAKE RheoStress 6000 Specifications
Min. torque rotation CS 200 nNm
Min. torque rotation CR 200 nNm
Min. torque oscillation CS 200 nNm
Min. torque oscillation CD 200 nNm
Max. torque 200 mNm
Torque resolution 0.5(a) nNm
Motor inertia 10 μNms2
Angular resolution 12(b) nrad
Min. angular velocity CS 10-7 min-1
Min. angular velocity CR 10-5 min-1
Max. angular velocity 1500, 4500(c) min-1
Min. oscillation frequence 10-5 Hz
Max. oscillation frequence 100 Hz
Min. Normal force 0.01 N
Max. Normal force 50(d)N
(a) at the lowest torque (b) internal resolution (c) high shear option (d) in both positive and negative direction (e) depending on temperature control unit
Normal force resolution 0.001 N
Min. lift speed 0.2 μm/s
Max. lift speed 7 mm/s
Lift positioning accuracy 0.5 μm
Temperature range -80 to +500(e) °C
Dimensions (W x D x H) 400 x 400 x 780 mm
Weight 42 kg
biennial 07-08
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Overview of HAAKE
Viscometers
Model HAAKE Viscotester
1 plus & 2 plus
Measurement Relative
Standards -
Viscosity Viscometer 1 plus: low
Viscotester 2 plus: medium
Model HAAKE Viscotester
6 plus & 7 plus
Measurement Relative
Standards ISO 2555
Viscosity L – Version: Low to medium
R – Version: medium to high
Model HAAKE Falling Ball
Viscometer type C
Measurement Absolute*
Standards Din 53015, ISO 12058
Viscosity Low to high
Model HAAKE Viscotester VT550
Measurement Absolute**
Standards DIN 53018 / 53019,
ISO 3219
Viscosity Low to high
*For Newtonian substances
**Using absolute measuring geometries
• new product brochures
HAAKE Viscometers
all industries
Basic principles in rheology,
selecting a viscometer
Viscometry Measuring instruments for the determination of
the flow behaviour of fluids are called viscometers.
Viscosity is a material property which is dependent
on different parameters such as mechanical stress
and strain, time as well as temperature and other
ambient conditions.
Flow behaviour In rheology we differentiate between so-called
Newtonian and non- Newtonian materials.
Newtonian materials are characterized by a
viscosity which may depend on temperature but is
independent of the shear rate (and shear stress).
In contrast, the viscosity of non- Newtonian
materials depends on the shear rate. For most
non- Newtonian materials the viscosity decreases
with increasing shear rate. This behaviour is called
shear thinning, or pseudoplastic. A material which
viscosity increases at increasing shear rates is
called shear-thickening or dilatant.
Materials that do not flow until the applied shear
stress surpasses a certain value are said to have
a yield-stress.
Rotational viscometers Using a rotational viscometer, the viscosity is
calculated from the measured torque and
rotational speed as well as the dimensions of the
measuring geometry. If the measuring geometry
fulfils certain requirements (e.g. small gap), which
is the case for coaxial cylinder, plate/plate and
cone/plate measuring geometries (DIN 53018, DIN
53019...), the absolute value of the viscosity can
be calculated.
If the dimensions of the measuring geometry are
not well defined, only a relative value for the
viscosity can be determined. In this case, the
measured viscosity value not only depends on the
ambient conditions, but also on the test method,
i.e. the measuring geometry.
Falling ball viscometers The falling ball viscometer is a conventional and
highly accurate instrument for the determination of
the absolute value of the viscosity of a Newtonian
material. The viscosity can be calculated from the
falling time of the ball, the density of the ball as
well as the diameter of the tube and the ball.�
Shear Rate
The brochure provides full product specifications, accessories and measuring sensor systems available.
A full copy of the Viscometer brochure is available on request.
[email protected] 07-08
89
polymer industries
• new product brochures
HAAKE PolyLab OS - Open System
Measuring Mixer and Extruder
System from Thermo Scientific
The HAAKE PolyLab OS provides process relevant
material data including:
• Melting behaviour
• Influence of additives
• Shear stability
• Temperature stability
• Melt viscosity
The torque rheometer supports process modelling
activities such as:
• Compounding polymers with additives to
reduce flammability, viscosity, etc.
• Scale-up extrusion processes by using
different L/D ratios to extrapolate to your
master process line.
• Simulating master processes using only as
little as 50 g of material to optimise extrusion
or mixing in respect to temperature and shear
profile
• Extrusion of strands, profiles or films in
combination with rheological or optical
measurements
HAAKE POLYLAB OS-SYSTEM
Twin-Screw Extruder
Single-Screw Extruder
Mixer
Additional Analyzing Sensors
Feeding Systems Rotors Screws Dies Postex
Controller PC / Software
HAAKE PolyLab OS – Measuring Mixer Typical Investigations
• Testing the melting and degradation
behavior of polymer melts
• Quantifying viscosity when adding
nano-particles or other additives
• Testing the gelation- and plasticizing behavior
of PVC dry-blends
• Measuring the fl ow- and curing behavior of
thermosetting plastics
• Characterizing the infl uences of different
additives such as carbon black, fi llers,
lubricants, accelerators or sulphur for rubber
mixtures
• Recording the masticating and vulcanizing
behavior of elastomers
• Measuring the oil absorption of carbon black
• Quantifying the absorption of DOP for PVC
dry-blends
• Measuring the stable torque in regard to
individual and combined infl uences of fi llers
and additives such as stabilizers, lubricants
and color pigments
• Testing high performance plastics to check
processability
• Performing electric conductivity
measurements for rubber mixtures
This allows you to optimise your process
parameters, create test specimens or perform
quality control on incoming and outgoing goods for
viscosity, dispersion or plasticising behaviour.
The brochure provides full product specifications,
accessories and measuring sensor systems
available. A full copy of the HAAKE PolyLab OS
brochure is available on request.�
biennial 07-08
90 www.rheologysolutions.com
• product news & industry applications
New device for rheological measurements - A measuring cell for special mortars Reproduced with the permission of BFT International – Concrete Plant & Forecast Technology (P 552, 01/08). www.bft-online.info
Both quality and quantity of
rheological tests are mainly
determined by the available
range of measuring cells.
In this field, unmet needs exist
especially with respect to
building materials testing.
This article describes one of
these cells that are suitable
for highly flowable mortars.
This so-called basket cell
enables fluid-in-fluid shear,
and thus suppresses wall
shear effects. The basket cell
has been designed as a double
annular gap cell ensuring high
performance at low yield
stresses.
Working principle Under the assumption that solids of revolution can
be used to create an appropriate shear area (see
DIN 53018 or 53019), it must be observed, as a
restrictive condition, that aqueous fluid may
segregate at the interfaces when subjected to
compression and/or shear. From a processing
point of view, this is often a useful characteristic of
mortars. However, this behavior results in the
well-documented wall shear in the measuring cells
referred to above, and thus leads to a distortion of
measurement results. This effect may be limited
by providing the measuring cells with a special
surface texture, such as a ribbed pattern. Another
possible solution could be to replace the adhesive
fluid-wall bond with a cohesive bond. When
pursuing this idea further, at least the critical cell
walls would have to be replaced with fluid walls.
Following a large number of various experiments
to create such cell walls, i.e. a “fluid-in-fluid
shear” using external fields of force and the
correspondingly high effort, the experience gained
has been used to identify an easy-to-implement
compromise solution. The setup comes very close
to fluid-in-fluid shear if the intended fluid wall is
established by means of a filigree framework. If a
cylindrical framework is chosen – which would
inevitably create an inner and outer fluid wall leaf,
it would appear logical to also look for a solution
similar to a double annular gap cell.
Measuring cell design
The double annular gap geometry is a favorable
design not only on the basis of the considerations
outlined above. It is also a suitable option because
of the anticipated low limit yield stresses that
result from the stability criterion [1] for
self-compacting mortars (SCM).
Co-axial double gap measuring cells are not a new
invention. For example, DIN 54453 recommends
the use of such a cell to determine the dynamic
viscosity of anaerobic adhesives. While the cell's
basic design is retained, its inner cylinder forming
the double gap is replaced with the framework
referred to above. As a result, the new measuring
cell consists of an annular gap vessel – as shown
in Fig. 1 – and the basket-like framework forming
the sensor (Fig. 2). The framework is enclosed by
a disc-shaped keyseat at the top and stiffened by
an annular insert at the bottom. Following the infill
of mortar into the annular gap vessel, the sensor
will be moved coaxially, at low speed, to its
measurement position. The fluid displaced during
immersion can run off through the leveling
openings of the sensor to fill the overflow
receptacle of the annular gap vessel. The effective
shear height L is determined by the immersion
depth of the basket into the “fluid bath” in the
annular gap space.
This cell setup has been subjected to numerous
tests, in particular with respect to determining
relative gap widths and framework designs. In
order to ensure a sufficiently stable bottom flow in
the gap against the impact of inertial forces, an
instrument drive similar to the Hatschek device
was used.
On this basis, diamond-shaped framework mesh
structures were found to be particularly
well-suited. These also allow for particle
incorporation while ensuring a strong bond
between the inner and outer fluid interface of the
mortar attached on both sides.
For mortars with a maximum particle size (mesh
aperture) of 2 mm and a permissible oversize of
up to 2.5 mm, tests involving various wall
distances in the range 32≤ (4Δ ≈ D4 - D1) ≤8dK,max
demonstrated extreme measuring fluctuations, up
to a total standstill of the cell, only at the lowest
distances. This effect was caused by a more or
continued on page 92�
construction & building industries
Above Left: (Fig.1) Section of the fluid-filled annular gap vessel of the measuring cell.
Above Right: (Fig. 2) Photo of the measuring cell sensor (1) Coupling adapter (2) Mesh lining
(3) Openings for fluid leveling
L D1
D4
Mitn
ehm
er-N
ut
‹berlauf-Tasse
1
2
3
L
D3
[email protected] 07-08
91
New servicefor rheologicalmeasurements� continued from page 91
less significant wedging of the natural particles
used. The wall distance ultimately chosen to
determine the main dimensions equals
Δ ≈ 3dK,max, and is usable only in conjunction with
the framework design shown in Fig. 2.
Further design features were determined on the
basis of a rather pragmatic approach. These
include the position and design of the overflow
receptacle and the minimization of the total weight
of the annular gap vessel. These features also
include the sensor immersion depth, which was
determined at T [mNm] =τ [Pa] on a preliminary
basis to enable a quick overview in the course
of individual measurements.
Prior to its use, the measuring cell must be
calibrated. It is always advisable to calibrate the
cell together with the other instruments available.
Findings and outlook
According to the experimental results obtained to
date, the basket cell is suitable for all highly
flowable fluids that are characterised by several
phases, such as self-compacting mortars, grouting
mortars, float finishes and fillers, as well as
cementitious binder glues, ceramic slips, slurries
of all types, and paints. Solutions can also be
subjected to testing. As a prerequisite to any
rheological materials testing, the object to be
tested must be stable. This is also required for the
setup described in this article.
The experience gained in the course of
development, testing and application enables
continuous improvement of the basket cell
depending on the specific requirements.
This includes both the main dimensions of the
measuring cell determined by varying maximum
particle sizes and the adjustment of the framework
structure to special modes of application.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Ruprecht Vogel
Malerstieg 6
99425 Weimar / Germany
References andfurther information
[1] Vogel, R. Ein Stabilitätskriterium für Selbstverdichtenden Beton, BFT Betonwerk+Fertigteil-Technik 12 (2005), S.42 bis 49 .
[2] Vogel, R.; Riedel, M. Untersuchungen mit dem Rotationsviskosimeter RHEOTEST 2 zur Abgrenzung des Einsatzbereiches ,Silikattechnik 41 (1990), Heft 2, S.59...64
[3] Vogel, R. Stabilität und Fließverhalten von Selbstverdichten-dem Beton, Vortrag Ibausil Weimar Sept. 2006, Druck Bd.2, S.1047...1058
[4] Vogel, R. Fließen von Selbstverdichtenden Beton – Das Fließgesetz; www.vogel-labor.de (Mitteilung 04/6)
• product highlight – industry application
The industry choice for viscosity measurements of mineral slurries & suspensions
mining industries
The Thermo Scientific HAAKE
Viscotester model VT550
viscometer is suitable for
viscosity measurements of
particular suspensions using
standard sensors to provide
relative or absolute results
which are highly reproducible.
The HAAKE VT550 viscometer:
• Provides the data to allow accurate
calculations for pumping slurries and
suspensions
• Can be operated manually by the key pad
or PC controlled
• Measures yield points using Controlled
Deformation (CD) mode
• Measures inhomogeneous materials with
particles in mm size
• Records flow curves automatically to monitor
the flow behaviour of a liquid or paste
• Has interchangeable rotors to extend the
measuring range and application
• Can be upgraded to a coaxial- or cone and
plate viscometer.
The HAAKE VT550 provides results on viscosity
and yield point which allows you to:
• Correctly size pumps
• Minimise wear in pipes & fittings
• Identify start-up energy requirements for
pumping
• Predict the longevity of hydraulic transport
equipment
• Design better disposal systems�
HAAKE ViscoTester VT550
biennial 07-08
92 www.rheologysolutions.com
• rheotalk special issue
Food Industry feature
Rheology Solutions offer
material characterisation
solutions to measure, monitor
and provide reproducible data
for quality control, development
and production applications
that will improve performance
within the food industries.
ServicesAn extensive range of technical articles have been
produced specific to the challenges found within
the food industry, these include:
• Food and Beverage Material Characterisation
- Introduction to the influences of rheological
and process parameters. Rheo 025TP
• Comparison of Rheological Techniques for
the Characterisation of Semi-Solid Foods.
(Rheo 027TP)
• Application of Liquid and Solid Rheological
Technologies to the Textural Characterisation
of Semi-Solid Foods. (Rheo049)
• QC Measurements for Liquid Food Products
and Packaging. (Rheo051)
• Tim's Top Tips - Explanation & Evaluation
of Mouthfeel. (Rheo253)
• Tim's Top Tips - Explanation & Evaluation
of Shelf Life. (Rheo254)
• Tim's Top Tips - Explanation & Evaluation
of Processability. (Rheo255)
• Tim's Top Tips - Explanation & Evaluation
of Cohesiveness, Cohesion Strength and
Cohesive Quality. (Rheo256)
• Tim’s Top Tips – How to Measure Flow
& Viscosity. (Rheo358)
• Tim’s Top Tips – How to Measure Thixotropy.
(Rheo360)
• Tim’s Top Tips – How to Measure Yield Stress.
(Rheo362)
Additionally, an information kit – Rheology
Solutions for the Food Industry is available. Copies
of the technical papers and the solutions kit are
available on request from Rheology Solutions.
special issue
ProductsRheological parameters are reliable pointers for
food performance and are critical factors for
processability and product quality.
Measuring these parameters will improve process
and product performance within the food
industries.
There are a range of instruments and measure-
ments that can be used to quantify rheology
related challenges (processes or consumption)
some of which may be described by the following
terms:
• adhesion • build
• cohesion • cover
• crispiness • elasticity
• mouthfeel • spread
• stringiness • viscosity
• and many more
Rheology Solutions will be exhibiting at Foopro
(stand no. 6084) in Sydney in July 2008, and
following is an overview of the products and
services that will be available at the stand and
fully operational during the exhibition.
food industries
[email protected] 07-08
93
The Marimex range of
ViscoScope process
viscometers measures the
viscosity of liquids continually
and precisely in-line.
The ViscoScope provides continuous measure-
ments during food processing to ensure
manufacturing is always monitored and
adjustments are able to be made to keep the
product within its viscosity specification range,
eliminating waste and out of specification
products.
The Marimex range of ViscoScope systems
provide maintenance free viscosity
measurement for in-line applications within
the food industry. Installations in the food
industry currently include: Chocolate, Dairy,
Gelatin, Pectin, Pipeline monitoring, Slurries,
Spray dryers and the Sugar industry.
Features include:• Smooth rugged sensor
• Virtually no moving parts
• High precision, no operator required
• product focus
Process Viscometer• Factory calibrated with NIST traceable oils –
in house calibration not required
• Flexible mounting – works in any direction
• High temperature capability to 450°C
• High pressure capability to 5,000 Psig/350 bar
• Flow rate fluctuations do not have any
influence on accuracy of data
• LAN diagnostic systems control
ViscoScope viscometers manufactured by
Marimex Industries (Germany) are available for
process applications up to 450ºC and 350 bar.
The sensor has torsional oscillation rotation
and is constructed without any moving parts
avoiding any cross contamination with the
material being measured.
The sensor can be mounted in any orientation in
reactors, vessels and pipes for measuring in batch
and continuous processes.
All measurements are precise, reliable and
reproducible making the ViscoScope ideal for all
applications within the food industry.
food industries
The Thermo Scientific HAAKE
Viscotester series provide
accurate viscosity results for
QA/QC in the laboratory ensur-
ing quality control throughout
the manufacturing process.
The HAAKE Viscotester 6L plus is a classic
rotational viscometer for QA/QC applications and
provides fast determination of viscosity as defined
in ISO 2555 and many ASTM standards.
The Viscotester VT6L plus is one in the range of
HAAKE viscometers suitable for viscosity testing
applications within the food industry.
• product focus
Rotational Viscometer
Model Viscotester 6L plus
Viscosity range 3 – 6,000,000 mPas
Accuracy +/- 1% full scale
Reproducibility +/- 0.2%
Standards ISO 2555 (+ others)
ASTM 115, 789, 1076
Features• RS232 interface for data transfer to a PC
for evaluation
• Digital display with viscosity, torque, speed
and spindle readout
• Supplied complete with spindles, stand
& carry case
Options• Model VT6R plus which differs in the torque
by a factor of 6, i.e.: 20 - 40 000 000 mPas
food industries
The VT6L plus offers great value for money, high accuracy,
ease of use, good design and software options
Marimex ViscoScope in-line measurement system
provides continuous viscosity results and has been designed
for maintenance free operation in process applications
biennial 07-08
94 www.rheologysolutions.com
The Thermo Scientific HAAKE
CaBER 1 is a Capillary Breakup
Extensional Rheometer which
measures the extensional
properties of samples to
optimise filling and spatter
behaviour during filling
processes.
Knowledge of the elongational behaviour of fluids
is important for both industrial and basic research
purposes. Complex flows that contain strong
extensional components occur in many industrial
processes and applications. Some examples are
extrusion flows, coating flows, contraction flows
and fibre spinning flows. Most materials exhibit
very different responses in an extensional flow
compared to a shearing flow. The thinning and
breakup of a fluid filament that is analysed with
the HAAKE CaBER 1 instrument provides valuable
information about the materials physical properties
that rotational rheometers simply can not provide.
• product focus
Extensional Rheometer
Model CaBER 1
Hencky Strains: up to 0 = 10
Strain Rate Range: Imposed strain rate
0.01 < 0 < 300 s-1
Fluid strain rate
10-5< 0 < 10 S-1
Shear Viscosity Range: 10 - 106 mPas
Plate Diameter: 4 < Dplate < 8 mm,
standard = 6mm
Temperature Range: 0 - 80ºC
Diameter Resolution: 8 μm
System Response Time: 10 ms
Features• Computer controlled
• Class 1 laser micrometer
• Easy to operate and easy to load samples
and clean
• Linear motor drive with variable speed
• Closed temperature-controlled sample
chamber
• Automatic repeated testing
• Exchangeable geometries
• User defined strains
• Sample volume <0.2ml
food industries
The HAAKE CaBER 1 is the only commercially available rheometer for measuring extensional properties
• product focus
Recirculating Chiller
Model ThermoFlex 900
Setpoint Temp Range +5ºC to +40ºC
Ambient Temp Range +10ºC to +40ºC
Temperature Stability +/- 0.1ºC
Set Point Cooling
Capacity @ 20ºC 750 W (2560 BTU) at 50 Hz
Reservoir Volume 7.6 L
Pumps PD1 8 lpm @ 60 psi
PD2 13.2 lpm @ 60 psi
Features• Auto refill
• Anti-drainback
• DI resistivity internal
• Pressure relief
• Flow control
• Pressure/Flow control
Other Models - 1400W and 2500W units
available.
food industries
The Thermo Scientific NESLAB
ThermoFlex range are reliable,
easy to use chillers and is
suitable for diverse and
demanding applications.
NESLAB ThermoFlex 900 recirculating chiller
delivers a continuous cooling capacity up to 900
watts.
The NESLAB ThermoFlex range features a robust
refrigeration system designed for continuous use
in a variety of environments. The recirculation
system incorporates highly reliable plumbing
connections to eliminate leaks. Integrated air and
fluid filters minimise wear to mechanical parts and
improves system reliability.
A reliable, easy to use chiller
for diverse and demanding
applications
[email protected] 07-08
95
Thermo Fisher HeatTech 26L
heating bath circulator operates
from ambient to +100ºC.
It is a reliable and economical unit that provides
flexibility to laboratories as either a fluid bath or
circulator.
Features• Large bath area accommodates more
samples
• Quiet system
• Powerful pump accommodates the bath plus
connections to external applications
• Safety level for fluid and temperature
• Front access drain for easy cleaning
• product focus
Heating Bath Circulator
Model HeatTech 26L
Temperature Range Ambient to +100ºC
Temperature Accuracy +/- 0.02ºC
Heater Capacity (230V) 2.0 kW
Pump Pressure (max) 300 mbar
Pump Flow Rate (max) 12.5 lpm
Bath Volume 26 L
Order Today - delivery ex stock
$2,399excluding GST and local delivery
• product focus
Refrigerated Bath Circulator
Model CoolTech 320
Temperature Range -28ºC to +100ºC
Temperature Accuracy +/- 0.02ºC
Heater Capacity 2.0 kW
Cooling Capacity @ 20ºC 320W
Pump Pressure (max) 300 mbar
Pump Flow Rate (max) 12.5 lpm
Bath Volume 4.5 L
Order Today - delivery ex stock
$3,999excluding GST and local delivery
food industries
food industries
A reliable and economical unit that provides flexibility to laboratories as either a fluid bath or circulator
Thermo Fisher CoolTech 320
refrigerator bath and circulator
operates at -28ºC to +100ºC.
A versatile and economical
option for laboratory cooling.
Features• Rapid cool down and heat up times
• Powerful pump accommodates the bath plus
connections to external applications
• CFC-free refrigerant system
• Safety level for fluid and temperature
• Front access drain for easy cleaning
A versatile and economical option for laboratory cooling
biennial 07-08
96 www.rheologysolutions.com
• new product brochure
Food industry feature & product focus
Rheology Solutions offer material characterisation
solutions to measure, monitor and provide
reproducible data for quality control, development
and product applications that will improve
performance with the food industries.
A four page overview of products and services
specifically available for food industry applications
has been produced.�
• new product brochure
Material characterisation for polymers
No matter what stage of the polymer’s life cycle,
eliminating waste and keeping production levels at
peak capacity are crucial to ensuring profitability
in today’s highly competitive environment.
This brochure from Thermo Scientific provides a
comprehensive overview of products to cover:
• R&D of new polymers
• Lab scale process, pilot plant and small
scale production
• Quality control�
food industries
• new product brochure
Extrusion & material characterisation for drug development & production
In material characterisation rheological properties
are of the utmost importance for the determination
of the best drug format. The ability to analyse and
describe the material’s mechanical or formulation
properties can have a direct impact on precise
• new product brochure
Bath recirculators
polymer industries
dosing and optimisation of the manufacturing
process.
This brochure from Thermo Scientific provides a
comprehensive overview of products to cover:
• Extrusion technology
• Material characterisation�
pharmaceutical, cosmetics& allied industries
all industries
The Thermo Scientific NESLAB RTE and EX Series
of bath circulators brochure have been updated to
incorporate more product and technical informa-
tion.
The NESLAB RTE Series of bath circulators cool
and heat from -25ºC to +200ºC and the NESLAB
EX Series of bath circulators heat from ambient to
+200ºC.�
[email protected] 07-08
97
Rotary Evaporators are widely
used in various R&D and QC
laboratories and also in
academia.
The main use of rotary evaporators is solvent
recovery from various mixtures by single step
distillation and they are sometimes used for
organic chemistry syntheses under controlled
temperature and vacuum.
The basis of this procedure is the evaporation and
condensation of solvents using a rotary evaporat-
ing flask under vacuum. Distilling products under
vacuum increases the performance and helps to
protect the products. Condensers are cooled using
tap water circulation or alternatively by cooling
recirculators.
To achieve optimal distillation conditions, the
distillation energy supply by the heating bath must
be removed by the condenser. To ensure this,
operate the instrument according to the following
rule of thumb:
Cooling water: max. 20ºC
Vapour: 40ºC
Bath: 60ºC
This rule can also be applied to lower bath
temperatures, for example:
Cooling water: max. 0ºC
Vapour: 20ºC
Bath: 40ºC
This is achieved by:
• Setting the bath temperature
• Setting the cooling water temperature. When
the cooling water is tap water, the tempera-
ture is sometimes (especially in summer)
above 20ºC. With the Thermo Scientific EZ
Cool 80 refrigerated recirculating bath
connected to the system it is easy to set the
cooling medium temperature to the desired
value between -10ºC to +20ºC.
• Allowing cooling tap water to flow through the
condenser at approximately 40 – 50 l/h. With
the EZ Cool 80, the recirculator flow is 720
l/hr (without loosing the cooling medium),
providing a better, stable and efficient heat
transfer.
chemical & allied industries
• product news & industry applications
Using Refrigerated Circulators with Rotary Evaporators – Environmentally Friendly Solution
receiving flask is also thermostated in a
cooling bath
• The spiral of the condenser is always clean
Ono 426-1624
$3,450excluding GST and local delivery
Thermo Scientific EZ Cool 80, recommended for
Rotary Evaporators –the environmentally friendly
solutions
Prepared by: Onur Cebeci, Chemist, Anamed &
Analitik Group, Chemistry Technologies Depart-
ment, Turkey. References were taken from the
Rotavapor Operation manual, Buchi Labortechnik
AG, Swtzerland.�
• Defining the operating vacuum in such a way
that at the vacuum, the boiling point of the
solvent equals the vapour temperature. Refer
to the solvent tables provided in the rotary
evaporator manual.
Advantages associated with bath temperatures of
60ºC and below:
• The evaporating flask can be replaced without
risk of burns
• The evaporation rate of the water from the
heating bath is low (low energy loss)
• The heating bath energy is used at a good
degree of efficiency
Other Advantages using the EZ Cool 80:
• Environmentally friendly working conditions
since no waste of tap water at 40 – 50 l/h
• Four pre-set temperatures enables the
practical switch of solvents which evaporate
at significantly different temperatures
• Ability to distil solvents with boiling points
under room temperature, provided that the
biennial 07-08
98 www.rheologysolutions.com
A universal holder for sample containers which
can be used for the HAAKE MARS and the
RheoStress 6000 (as well as all of its predeces-
sors) has been developed. Thanks to the three
individually adjustable clamps, sample containers
like glass jars, cans, beakers, cups, etc., can be
mounted solidly onto the rheometer. This allows for
the insertion of a (vane) measuring geometry into
the sample without comprising its structure.
A copy of this brochure is available by requesting
P018e�
• product news & industry applications - product accessories
Universal container holder for HAAKE MARS and RheoStress 6000
all industries
Fig. 1 (above): Universal container holder with
three adjustable clamps (left),
Fig. 2 (right): Universal clamp holder with a peanut
butter glass jar mounted on the HAAKE MARS
with a vane rotor FL22 (right)
The rotational viscometers HAAKE Viscotester 6 &
7 plus are described in the standard ISO 2555. In
comparison to the HAAKE Viscotester 6, the
HAAKE Viscotester 7 is equipped with a tempera-
ture sensor and a serial interface. Both models are
available in two versions: whereas the ‘’L’’-version
is suitable for measurements on low and medium
• product news & industry applications - product accessories
Adapters for HAAKE Viscotester models 6 and 7 plus for measuring range extension and sample temperature measurement (optional)
all industriesviscose samples (3 up to 6.000.000 mPas) the
‘’R’’-version can be used for medium and higher
viscose materials (20 up to 40.000.000 mPas).
Using a low viscosity adapter (UL) the lower
viscosity limit can be extended. Reproducible
viscosity measurements can be performed down
to 1.0 mPas using the L-version respectively 6.4m
Pas for the R-version. It has to be taken into
account that high rotational speeds are needed for
measurements of very low viscosities and Taylor
vortices cause hereby can have a negative
influence on the experimental results.
For samples, which are available in small amounts
only, a small sample adapter can be used.
Depending on the Viscotester version used
different sets of cylindrical spindles are available
which have to be ordered separately.
A copy of this brochure is available by requesting
P020-e�
• product news & industry applications - product accessories
UV curing cell for an individual arrangement of optical components
all industries
In order to measure a given sample’s rheological
properties before, during and after controlled
exposure to UV radiation, a cylindrical UV curing
cell has been developed for the HAAKE MARS,
HAAKE RheoStress 6000 rheometers and the
respective predecessor models.
The cylindrical UV curing cell has an outer
diameter of 48 mm and fits into fluid or electrically
controlled cylindrical temperature control units.
Any UV light source can be connected via light
guide (outer diameter 24.5 mm). The
UV light source should be capable of providing
different intensities in order to measure the
dependence of the curing behaviour as a function
of the light intensity applied. Moreover, the light
source should be equipped with a timer, a manual
control switch or a foot-operated switch as well as
a trigger input facilitating control of the light
source via the rheometer’s measuring software.
A copy of this brochure is available by requesting
P-022e�
[email protected] 07-08
99
• SER – Extensional rheology system for HAAKE MARS
The SER system is a new accessory for the HAAKE
MARS with CTC oven which transforms a
(rotational) shear rheometer in an extensional
rheometer for melts and semi-solids.
The measuring principle of the SER system, which
was developed by Dr. Martin Sentmanat (Xpansion
Instruments), is based on clamping the sample on
two counter rotating windup drums. With the SER
system a truly uniform extensional deformation in
the sample is achieved. In additional to the uniaxial
extension, the SER tool can be used for solid
tensile testing, pear and peel testing, as well as
friction testing.
The operating temperature range of the SER tool
covers 0ºC to +250ºC.
The combination of convection and radiant heating
in the CTC guarantees fast temperature changes
and an even temperature distribution within the
sample.
The SER system is fully integrated in the HAAKE
RheoWin measuring and evaluation software.
Measurements can be made in both controlled
extensional rate and controlled tensile stress
mode. The extensional properties of the sample
are calculated automatically and presented directly
in the software.
A copy of this brochure is available by requesting
P-019e�
Fig. 1 (left): SER tool integrated in Controlled
est Chamber
Fig. 2 (right): Schematic setup of the SER tool
all industries
• product news & industry applications - product accessories
Vane rotors for pressure cells for HAAKE MARS and HAAKE RheoStress 6000
all industries
Different vane rotors have been developed for
pressure dependent measurements on samples
containing particles. Each rotor consists of 4
blades mounted around a shaft, which is equipped
with two sapphire bearings.
With these bearings the rotors can be precisely
centred on two steel pins inside the pressure cell.
The vane rotors differ in the size of the blades. The
biggest vane rotor FL 25/90 has a diameter of 25
mm and a blade height of 90 mm. This rotor is
particularly suitable for measurements on low
viscous samples.
For measurements on samples with higher
viscosities vane rotors with a blade height of 8.8
mm are recommended. For choosing the suitable
rotor the diameters of the suspended particles
have to be taken into account. As a rule of thumb
the minimum width of the gap between the rotor
blades and the inner wall of the pressure cell
should be 3 times larger than the biggest
suspended particles.
The inner diameter of the pressure cell D100/200
is 40 mm. For example, using a FL36/8.8 vane
rotor the measuring gap between the rotor and the
inner side of the pressure cell is 2 mm. Therefore
a suspension with particles with a maximum size
of 0.6 mm can be measured. For bigger particles
a rotor with a smaller diameter has to be selected.
A copy of this brochure is available by requesting
P-021e�
For the rheometers HAAKE MARS, RheoStress
6000 and predecessor models identical in
construction and equipped with a normal force
sensor, a measuring cell has been developed for
testing the tribological behaviour of bearing
materials.
The tribology cell described here consists of a
lower and an upper part. Both are made of
stainless steel. The lower measuring geometry is
• Tribology cell for HAAKE Rheometers
all industriesdesigned as a reservoir.
Measurement of the friction of bearing materials
with and without lubricant can be performed. To
measure the influence of a lubricant the reservoir
can be filled with the lubricant to be tested.
The upper measuring geometry is equipped with
a flexible shaft, which ensures the concentric
position of a ball with a diameter of ½” in the
measuring cell. Usually steel bearing balls are
used but other materials like e.g. ceramic are
also possible.
Replacing the ball is easily and quickly done,
to perform every test with a fresh ball as
recommended. For temperature dependent tests
between - 40°C and +200°C the lower measuring
geometry can be adapted on a modified
measuring plate cover for a Peltier temperature
control unit. Also the measuring cell can be
integrated into the Control Test Chamber by
adapting the lower measuring geometry onto
a suitable holder.
A copy of this brochure is available by requesting
P-023e�
biennial 07-08
100 www.rheologysolutions.com
Thermo Scientific NESLAB ThermoFlex range
Two models have been added to
the Thermo Scientific NESLAB
ThermoFlex range. The range now
extends to 3500 W and 5000 W
cooling capacity at 20ºC.
The NESLAB ThermoFlex range is reliable, easy to
use chiller and is suitable for diverse applications
across all industry areas within QA/QC, R&D and
production applications.
The range offers 1400W, 2500W, 3500W and
5000W of cooling capacity and is the ideal chiller
for demanding cooling applications within the
polymer industry.
Options - Fluid Recirculation
• Pressure Relief – Allows for regulation of the
chiller’s outlet pressure and is available as an
internal or external option.
• product news & industry applications
Extended product range - recirculating chillers
all industries
• Flow Control with Flow Readout – Controls flow
to the application and displays on the controller.
• Pressure Relief with Flow Readout – Pressure
relief valve allows for regulation of the chiller’s
outlet pressure and displays on the controller.
• Auto Refill – Allows for automatic refilling to
ThermoFlex 900 ThermoFlex 1400 ThermoFlex 2500 ThermoFlex 3500 ThermoFlex 5000
Setpoint Temperature Range +5°C to +40°C +5°C to +40°C +5°C to +40°C +5°C to +40°C +5°C to +40°C
Ambient Temperature Range +10°C to +40°C +10°C to +40°C +10°C to +40°C +10°C to +40°C +10°C to +40°C
Temperature Stability ±0.1°C ±0.1°C ±0.1°C ±0.1°C ±0.1°C
Setpoint Cooling Capacity 50 Hz at +20°C 750 W / 2561 BTU 1170 W / 3996 BTU 2200W / 7513 BTU 3050 W / 10416 BTU 4400 W / 15027 BTU
Reservoir Volume 7.2 liters 7.2 liters 7.2 liters 7.2 liters 7.2 liters
Physical Dimensions 69.4 x 36.0 x 62.4 cm 69.4 x 36.0 x 62.4 cm 74.1 x 43.8 x 67.6 cm 101.6 x 49.4 x 79.0 cm 101.6 x 49.4 x 79.0 cm
P1 - Positive Displacement Pump 50 Hz 1.7 gpm @ 60 psid 1.7 gpm @ 60 psid 1.7 gpm @ 60 psid 1.7 gpm @ 60 psid -
P2 - Positive Displacement Pump 50 Hz 3.3 gpm @ 60 psid 3.3 gpm @ 60 psid 3.3 gpm @ 60 psid 3.3 gpm @ 60 psid 3.3 gpm @ 60 psid
P3 - Centrifugal Pump 50 Hz 10 gpm @ 20 psid 10 gpm @ 20 psid
P4 - Centrifugal Pump 50 Hz - - - 15 gpm @ 34 psid 15 gpm @ 34 psid
temperature setpoint
co
oli
ng
ca
pa
cit
y
BTU/Hr
°C
°F
Watts
7000
6000
5000
4000
2000
3000
10004000
8000
12000
16000
20000
24000
10 20 30 40
50 6040 70 80 90 100
3500 @ 50 Hz
3500 @ 60 Hz
5000 @ 50 Hz
5000 @ 60 Hz
temperature setpoint
co
oli
ng
ca
pa
cit
y
BTU/Hr
°C
°F
Watts
3500
3000
2500
2000
1000
1500
5002000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
10 20 30 40
50 6040 70 80 90 100
900 @ 50 Hz900 @ 60 Hz1400 @ 50 Hz1400 @ 60 Hz2500 @ 50 Hz2500 @ 60 Hz
Cooling Capacity for NESLAB ThermoFlex 900/1400/2500 Cooling Capacity for NESLAB ThermoFlex 3500/5000
ensure the proper fluid level is maintained.
• Anti Drainback – Prevents the reservoir from
overflowing when a chiller is installed below
the application.
• DI Water – Maintains fluid resistivity and is
available as an internal or external option.
[email protected] 07-08
101
• rheotalk special issue
Polymer Industry feature
Rheology Solutions offer
material characterisation
solutions to measure, monitor
and provide reproducible data
for quality control, development
and production applications
that will improve performance
within the polymer industries.
ServicesAn extensive range of technical articles have been
produced specific to the challenges found within
the polymer industry, these include:
• Quality Control in the Polymer Industry.
Introduction to cutting edge technologies and
their application in the polymer industry.
Rheo 023
• Rheology for the Rubber and Elastomer
Industries. Introduction to the influences of
rheological and process parameters and
methods for their measurement. Rheo 024
• Tim’s Top Tips – Explanation and Evaluation
of Compounding. Rheo 289
• Tim’s Top Tips – Explanation and Evaluation
of Processability. Rheo 290
• Tim’s Top Tips – Explanation and Evaluation
of Shark Skin. Rheo 291
• Tim’s Top Tips – Explanation and Evaluation
of Die Swell. Rheo 292
• Tim’s Top Tips – How to Measure Flow
and Viscosity Curves. Rheo 364
• Tim’s Top Tips – How to Measure Thixotropy.
Rheo 366
• Tim’s Top Tips - How to Measure Yield Stress.
Rheo 368
Additionally, an information kit – Rheology
Solutions for the Polymer Industries is available.
Copies of the technical papers and the solutions
kits are available on request from Rheology
Solutions.
ProductsPolymer processing includes unit operations such
as compression, injection and blow moulding and
extrusion through a variety of dies. Specifically for
the polymer industries, materials characterisation
is of critical importance (including fluid related
issues like sedimentation, time related structural
decay or build-up and post-cure issues like
strength of compression or extension) for
prediction and management of sharkskin, melt
special issue
fracture, calendering, die swell, melt homogeneity
and short- and long-term dimensional stability of
extrudates or moulded parts. These processes
depend on fluid rheological parameters such as
viscosity, viscoelasticity, creep and recovery, and
solid material properties such as behaviour under
various compressive and extensional loafing
conditions. Extensional flow properties dominate
processes where stranding occurs and influences
time, quality and energy requirements.
Material characterisation parameters are reliable
pointers for polymer performance and are critical
factors for processability and product quality.
Measuring these parameters will improve process
and product performance within the polymer
industries.
Rheology Solutions exclusively offers a range of
instruments and equipment that can be used to
quantify rheology related challenges specific for
polymer applications.
Rheology Solutions will be exhibiting at Ausplas
2008 (stand no: 100) in Melbourne during October
2008, and also at 30 APS (stand no: 13) in
Melbourne during November 2008, and following
is an overview of the products that will be
available at the stand and operational.�
polymer industries
biennial 07-08
102 www.rheologysolutions.com
• product focus
Modular Torque Rheometer with Measuring Mixer
structural changes in the material, a Rheogram
can be used to investigate and verify reactions
of different additive types or concentration on
the samples melting behaviour.
The HAAKE PolyLab QC Rheomix 600 is used to
investigate:
• The melting and degradation behaviour of
polymers
• Viscosity when adding nano particles or other
additives
• Gelation and plastification behaviour of PVC
dry-blends
• Flow and curing behaviour of thermosetting
plastics
• The influence of different additives such as
carbon black, fillers, lubricants, accelerators
and sulphur for rubber mixers
• Masticating and vulcanising behaviour of
elastomers
• Oil adsorption of carbon black
• Adsorption of DOP for PVC dry blends
• Torque in regard to individual and combined
influences of fillers and additives
• Processability of plastics
• Electric conductivity measurements for rubber
mixers �
HAAKE PolyLab QC with Rheomix 600 Floor
Model
polymer industries
The Thermo Scientific HAAKE
PolyLab QC with Rheomix 600
will be shown for the first time
in Australia in October.
The HAAKE PolyLab QC is a new modular torque
rheometer which can be connected to an
interchangeable measuring mixer, single screw
extruder or conical twin-screw extruder.
A typical mixer test is run at a defined rotor speed
(shear rate). The material’s response to the shear
is recorded as torque and displayed versus time.
Although the temperature of the mixing
chamber is constantly controlled, the material’s
melt temperature during a test may rise due to
the shear introduced. The recorded “Rheogram”
(torque and melt temperature vs. time at constant
speed) is characteristic for different material types
and blends. It can be used as a fingerprint in
quality control for outgoing and incoming product
inspections. As changes in torque are related to
• product focus
Modular Torque Rheometer with Twin-Screw Extruders
HAAKE PolyLab with extruder shown as a bench
model unit
The Thermo Scientific HAAKE
PolyLab QC with the HAAKE
CTW 100 QC twin-screw
extruder is used for continuous
compounding and plasticising is
the ideal extruder in the HAAKE
PolyLab QC system.
This is a counter rotating conical twin-screw
compounder, with intermeshing screws, that will
give well-defined residence time for faultless
production of process-critical polymers.
The gentle but intensive dispersing capabilities are
ideal to mix additives and pigments. Dies and
downstream ancillaries are compatible with the
19/25 QC-D single-screw extruder.
polymer industries Applications • Testing of the plasticising behaviour
• Testing the performance of additives and fillers
• Measuring of the melt temperature and
pressure along the barrel to optimise process
parameters
• Provide a homogeneous and constant flow melt
• Production of strands, sheets, cast and blown
films
• Extrusion of ceramics and feed stock
• Melt rheology
Features • Rod dies & water bath for strand extrusion
• Sheet & ribbon dies
• Blown film dies & take off tower
• Filter test
The HAAKE PolyLab QC is available as a bench
or floor model . �
[email protected] 07-08
103
The PRISM EuroLab 16 mm
operates with sample batches
of 50 g up to outputs of
10 kg/h., the bench mounted
16 mm twin-screw extruder
is the heart of a complete
compounding and sample
preparation system.
The segmented screw configuration with modular
barrel design give flexibility for the full range of
polymer processes.
A horizontally split barrel, up to 40:1 L/D, has a
lift-off top half for easy access to the screws, and
the screws themselves have a simple removal
device for cleaning and configuration changes.
Thermo “fuzzy logic” heater controls save energy.
The segmented top barrel half is constructed in
modules and is easy to reconfigure. Barrel
segments are available for feeding solids and
liquids or for venting. Secondary feeders and
vacuum pumps can form part of the system.
A rugged colour touch screen interface incorpo-
rates data acquisition as standard, with an option
to download to a remote computer for archiving
and analysis. The controls include recipe storage
to programme set points for repeatable process
conditions.
During October in Melbourne at Ausplas, the
PRISM EuroLab 16 mm system will be operational
extruding and pelletising a range of plastic
samples.�
• product focus
Modular Twin-Screw Extruder
polymer industries
The most common method in processing polymers
are screw plastification and injection moulding,
and The Thermo Scientific HAAKE PolyLab QC with
• product focus
Modular Torque Rheometer with Single-Screw Extruder
single-screw extruder is the ideal torque
rheometer for this application.
For testing quality and processability of those
materials, the single-screw laboratory extruder
19/25 QC-B is a proven tool.
polymer industriesTo shape a polymer for further processes and tests, different dies can be adapted to the extruder. Rod dies and water bath for strand extrusion, sheet and ribbon dies in various dimensions to produce bands or cast films, and blown film dies and take off tower complete the testing equipment.�
SpecificationsBarrel Length L/D 25:1 25:1 40:1 40:1
Barrel Bore Diameter mm 16 16 16 16
Screw Diameter mm 15.6 15.6 15.6 16.6
Channel Depth mm 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3
Centre-line Spacing mm 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
Centre-line to Radius ratio 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56
Maxiumum Screw speed rpm 500 1000 500 1000
Motor Power at Maximum Speed kW 1.25 2.5 1.25 2.5
Torque per shaft Nm 12 12 12 12
Torque/(C-line3) Nm/cm3 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.1
Barrel zones 6 6 10 10
Heater rating W 5x350 5x350 9x350 9x350
Die heater rating W 250 250 250 250
Extruder Dimensions L x W x Hm 1.5 x 7 x1.5m 1.5 x 7 x1.5m 1.5 x 7 x1.5m 1.5 x 7 x1.5m
Scale-up data
Internal Free Volume cm3 68 68 109 109
Peripheral Surface Area cm2 316 316 505 505
Surface Area per Unit Free Volume m2/1 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47
Typical output kg/h 0.5 to 5 0.5 to 10 0.5 to 5 0.5 to 10
Services
Electrical power Volt/ph/amp 220V/1ph/20A 400V/3ph/20A 220V/1ph/25A 400/3ph/25A
Cooling Water 20ºC Litres/min 5 5 5 5
Thermo Fisher PRISM EuroLab 16mm
Twin Screw Extruder
biennial 07-08
104 www.rheologysolutions.com
• product focus
Web Inspection System
The OCS Web Inspection
System FSP600 is a modular
surface inspection system
for use in production.
The modular concept permits the use of several
cameras working in parallel so that optimum
adaptation can be achieved. The FSP600 is
suitable for transparent, translucent and opaque
films, sheets, coated web material, industrial
textiles, paper and non wovens. The system will
detect holes, thin spots, bubbles, contamination
and gels, foreign particles, black specks,
scratches, die lines, burst bubbles, repeated
defects, insects, burns and folds.
Fields of application• Films (transparent, translucent, opaque ...)
• Sheets • Coated web material
• Industrial textiles • Paper
• Non wovens
polymer industries
The OCS Pellet Inspection
PS25C will be operational
during the Ausplas 2008 in
October in Melbourne
inspecting a variety of
transparent and opaque pellets
for impurities, foreign bodies,
and/or colour deviations.
Applications• Opaque pellets
• Coloured pellets
• Non-transparent pellets
• Transparent pellets
• product focus
Pellet Scanner
polymer industriesTechnical DataResolution from 20 μ
• Camera - 3 CCD chip colour matrix camera
• Lighting - High Frequency synchronised
fluorescent lamp. Power consumption:
22 W. White light spectrum
• Computer - Industrial CPU Pentium, up-to-date
technology
• Interfaces 0 Ethernet 10/100 M Base-T, Digital
and analogue I/O, USB, MODBUS, PROFIBUS,
RS232, OPC, DDE, SAP interface or SQL
• Remote control - Extender max. 100 m.
Service Remote control
• Software - Operating system Windows XP
• Size - Dimension (l, w, h) 50 x 50 x 80 cm ,
Weight approx. 30 kg
• Connection values - Power 230 V AC / 50 Hz
• Temperature - +10°C – +40°C �
Optical Control Systems PS25C
Pellet Inspection system
Types of defects• Holes • Thin spots • Bubbles • Contamination & gels
• Foreign particles • Black specks • Scratches • Die lines
• Burst bubbles • Repeated defects • Insects • Burns
• Folds �
Optical Control Systems
FSP600 Web Film Inspection System
[email protected] 07-08
105
Name: .................................................................................................................................... Title: ...........................................................................
Company: ............................................................................................................................... Department: ...............................................................
Street: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Suburb: ................................................................................................................................... State: ................................... Postcode: ...................
Telephone: ....................................Fax: .................................... Email: ........................................................... please send me future issues by email
From the Biennial 07-08 issue of RheoTalk, I am interested in the following:
• Application Notes
Tim’s Top Tips – How to Measure... Series
Mineral Industries (please select) Thixotropy Yield Stress Flow & Viscosity
Food Industries (please select) Thixotropy Yield Stress Flow & Viscosity
Polymer Industries (please select) Thixotropy Yield Stress Flow & Viscosity
Surface Coating Industries (please select) Thixotropy Yield Stress Flow & Viscosity
Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic & Allied Industries (please select) Thixotropy Yield Stress Flow & Viscosity
Building & Construction Industries (please select) Thixotropy Yield Stress Flow & Viscosity
Chemical & General Manufacturing Industries (please select) Thixotropy Yield Stress Flow & Viscosity
Tim’s Top Tips – Explanation & Evaluation... Series
Tim’s Top Tips for Food Industries (please select) Mouthfeel Shelf Life Processability Cohesiveness
Tim’s Top Tips for Surface Coatings (please select) Shelf Life Flow & Levelling Misting Mixing & Blending
Tim’s Top Tips for Polymer Industries (please select) Compounding Shark Skin Processability Die Swell
Rheology Solutions Information Kits (please select) Mineral Industries Food Industries Surface Coatings Polymer Industries
Chemical & General Manufacturing Construction & Building
Pharmaceutical, Cosmetics & Allied Industries
• Application Notes
A New Approach to Rheological Modelling of an Electrostatic Ash & Water Mixture - Quadratic Law - RF-300902-SI-01
A New Definition on Reactor Temperature Control with the Highly Dynamic HAAKE DynaMax System - TC06-01
A Numerical Study of Temperature & Shear Flow in a Transiently Loaded Lubricant Film - RS-180902-SE-01
Application of Liquid and Solid Rheological Techniques to the Textural Characterisation of Semi-Solid Food - Rheo049
Breaking Strength of Chocolate - V222
Cellulosic Derivatives in Capillary Break-up. Influence of the MWD & Gel Particles - V219
Comparison of Rheological Techniques for the Characterisation of Semi-Solid Foods - Rheo027TP
Characterisation of the Thixotropic Behaviour of Semi-Solid Foodstuffs - RF-110902-JO-01
Correlation Between Mixer Tests & The Extrusion Behaviour of PVC Dry Blends - LR60
Correlation of Misting During Printing with Extensional Rheological Investigation on Offset Printing Inks - V208
Dynamic Master Curves of Polymer Modified Asphalt From Three Different Geometries - RF-110902-JO-01
Evaluating the Plasticisation Process of Different Soft-PVC Samples - LR59
Experimental Influences on the Casson-Viscosity. The Casson Yield Point for Chocolate Testing - V129
Food & Beverage Material Characterisation - Introduction to the Influences of Rheological and Process Parameters - Rheo025TP
High Quality Pharmaceutical Films - OCS007
Please post or fax this form to:Rheology Solutions Pty Ltd - PO Box 754, Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, 3340
Phone: 03 5367 7477 • Fax: 03 5367 6477 • Email: [email protected] • Website: www.rheologysolutions.com
rheotalk biennial 07-08
Information Request Form
RHEO405
biennial 07-08
Name: .................................................................................................................................... Title: ...........................................................................
Company: ............................................................................................................................... Department: ...............................................................
Street: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Suburb: ................................................................................................................................... State: ................................... Postcode: ...................
Telephone: ....................................Fax: .................................... Email: ........................................................... please send me future issues by email
From the Biennial 07-08 issue of RheoTalk, I am interested in the following:
• Application Notes
How to Select the Most Suitable Sensor for Your Application - V166
Improved Torque Sensitivity & Normal Force Resolutions for Routine Measurements - V231
NanoComposites - Examples on Compounding of Nanoclay Blends in Twin Screw Extruders - LR62
New Measuring Cell for UV Assisted Thermal Curing at Elevated Temperatures - HA047
Online Close-Loop Monitors Four Cast Film Extruders During Production - OCS008
Online Quality Control of Polymers & Extruded Films - OCS004
Overview of Rheology-Based Process Challenges for the Mineral Processing Industries - Rheo014
Pharma MiniLab - Small Scale Compounder for Pharmaceutical Research - LR53
QC Measurements for Liquid Food Products and Packaging - Rheo051
Rheological & Microstructural Analysis of a Model Rennet Casein Gel as Influenced by Cooling Rate - RF-200902-US-01
Rheological Analysis of Powder Coatings - Paint & Resin Issue 3-2007
Rheological Analysis of Powder Coatings - V157
Rheological Behaviour of Automotive Paint Systems - Rheo008TP
Rheological Characterisation of Asphalt Binders - V-225
Rheological Characterisation of Tooth Paste - V142
Rheological Characterisation of Tooth Paste - COSSMA Article 9/2007
Rheological Investigation of Three Rubbers with Different Shore Factors with Respect to Their Shape Stability Before Curing - V169
Rheological Methods for Determining Molecular Weight & Molecular Weight Distribution - V230
Rheological Properties of Fresh Building Materials - V217
Rheology as a Tool for Immiscible Polymer Blends Characterisation: Interfacial Tension & Compatibilisation - RS-110902-BR-01
Slurry Rheology & Pipeline Transport Properties, an Overview - Rheo013
Small Scale Catheter Production - LR58
Solvent Trap & Double Cone System for Reproducible Results in Rheological Measurements of Low Viscous Volatile Fluids - V229
Test Methods for Characterisation and Optimisation of Recycling Polymers - LR45
The Influence of Thickeners on the Application Method of Automotive Coatings and Paper Coatings - Rheological Investigation - V206
The Rheological Properties of a Copper Concentrate Slurry: From Surface Chemistry to Pipeline Transport - RF-300702-AU-01
Thickening of Electrostatically Stabilised Latices by Ethyl Acrylate-Methacrylic Acid Copolymers with Various Molecular Weight - V026
Uncompromising Eyes - OCS005
Wet-Shotcrete of Refractory Castables - RS-290802-BR-02
What Happens When Rheological Properties Change? Looking into Theological Properties with Simultaneous Collection of Microscopic Images - V228
New Die Design for the Characterisation of the Extensional and Shear Properties of Polymers for Laboratory and On-Line Use - LR39
A Collaborative Study of the Structure and Rheological Properties of EVOH/SMA Blends Produced by Reactive Extrusion - LR42
Continuous On-Line Rheometry for Industrial Slurries - RF-200902-AU-01
Rheological Properties of Bitumen Modified with Polyethylene and Polyethylene Based Blends - RF-190902-ES-01
Please post or fax this form to:Rheology Solutions Pty Ltd - PO Box 754, Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, 3340
Phone: 03 5367 7477 • Fax: 03 5367 6477 • Email: [email protected] • Website: www.rheologysolutions.com
rheotalk biennial 07-08
Information Request Form
RHEO405
biennial 07-08
Name: .................................................................................................................................... Title: ...........................................................................
Company: ............................................................................................................................... Department: ...............................................................
Street: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Suburb: ................................................................................................................................... State: ................................... Postcode: ...................
Telephone: ....................................Fax: .................................... Email: ........................................................... please send me future issues by email
From the Biennial 07-08 issue of RheoTalk, I am interested in the following:
• Application Notes
Small Scale Compounders for Pharmaceutical Research - PRISM004
Measuring Coatings - HA030
Rheological Measurements in the Coatings Industries - The Last 60 Years - Rheo050
Recent Developments in Bench-Top Twin-Screw Compounders - LR51
Quality Control in the Polymer Industry. Introduction to Cutting Edge Technologies and Their Application in the Polymer Industry - Rheo023
Rheology for the Rubber and Elastomer Industries. Introduction to the Influences of Rheological and Process Parameters and Methods for their
Measurement - Rheo 024
• Products
NESLAB CC Series of Immersion Coolers NESLAB EX Series of Bath Circulators
NESLAB HX Series of Process Chillers NESLAB RTE Series of Bath Circulators
NESLAB ULT Series of Ultra Low Refrigerated Bath Circulators NESLAB ThermoFlex Series of Recirculating Chillers
Temperature Control Range from NESLAB (please specify temperature range, application) ........................................................................................
Marimex ViscoScope In-Line Viscometer Marimex VA-330M In Line Slurry Sensor
Marimex ViscoView Software for Process Viscometer Optical Control Systems CR7/CR8 Chill Roll and Winding System
Optical Control Systems FSA100 Film Surface Analyser Optical Control Systems FSP600 Wide Web Inspection System
Optical Control Systems GM1 Gloss Meter Optical Control Systems HM1 Haze Meter
Optical Control Systems OP5 Online Rheometer Optical Control Systems PA-66 Pellet Analyser
Optical Control Systems PS-200C Online Pellet Scan System Optical Control Systems PS-25C Pellet Scan System (Colour Camera)
Optical Control Systems PSSD Pellet Size and Shape Distribution System Optical Control Systems PT-2C Powder Testing System
Optical Control Systems ST4 Sample Testing Unit Optical Control Systems APLAIRS Online FT-IR Spectrometry
Schleibinger BT2 Compact Rheometer Schleibinger Building and Construction Materials Testing Systems
Schleibinger Shrinkage/Expansion Unit Schleibinger Viscomat NT Rotational Viscometer
PRISM EuroLab 16mm Twin Screw Extruder PRISM Pharma TSG
PRISM PharmaLab 16 Extruder Continuous Granulation for Pharmaceutical Industry
PRISM Extruder Accessories PRISM Twin Screw Extruder Range (please specify application)
Thermo CoolTech 320 Cooling Circulator .......................................................................................................
Thermo HeatTech 26L Heating Circulator HAAKE CaBER 1 Extensional Rheometer
HAAKE Disposable Plate/Plate Geometry HAAKE Falling Ball Viscometer Type C
HAAKE MARS Modular R & D Rheometer
HAAKE MARS Accessories
CD-Mode Curing Measurement (PS001-e) Cone/Plate Exchangeable Geometries (P005-e)
Measuring Cell For Rheology of Building Materials (P006-e) New Solids Clamp (P004-e)
Rheological Measurement with Optical Analysis (P016-e) RheoScope Module
Please post or fax this form to:Rheology Solutions Pty Ltd - PO Box 754, Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, 3340
Phone: 03 5367 7477 • Fax: 03 5367 6477 • Email: [email protected] • Website: www.rheologysolutions.com
rheotalk biennial 07-08
Information Request Form
RHEO405
biennial 07-08
Name: .................................................................................................................................... Title: ...........................................................................
Company: ............................................................................................................................... Department: ...............................................................
Street: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Suburb: ................................................................................................................................... State: ................................... Postcode: ...................
Telephone: ....................................Fax: .................................... Email: ........................................................... please send me future issues by email
From the Biennial 07-08 issue of RheoTalk, I am interested in the following:
• Products
Sample Fixture for Bending & Breaking Tests (P014-e) Sample Loading Tool (P002-e)
SPIP Image Analysis Software for RheoScope Module (P009-e) Standard Liquids (P015-e)
Support Fixture for the Analysis of Textile Samples (P012-e) Trimming Tool (P003-e)
UV Curing Tool for CTC Oven (P017-e) Tribology Cell (P023-e)
Vane Rotors for Pressure Cells (P021-e) SER Extensional Rheology System (P019-e)
Universal Holder (P018-e) CR-Mode - Low Shear Rates (PS002-e)
UV Curing Cell (P022-e) HAAKE RheoStress RS6000 Universal Rheometer
HAAKE RheoStress RS6000 Sensor Systems HAAKE RheoStress RS6000 Accessories
UV Curing Cell (P022-e) Double Cone Geometry
Universal Holder (P018-e) Vane Rotors for Pressure Cells (P021-e)
Measuring Cell for Construction Materials(P006-e) Disposable Measuring Geometries (P010-e)
Tribology Cell (P023-e) HAAKE RheoStress 1 Controlled Stress Rheometer
HAAKE RheoWin Software HAAKE RotoVisco 1 Controlled Rate Viscometer
HAAKE Viscotester 550 Rotational Viscometer HAAKE Viscotester 550 Sensor System
HAAKE Viscotester VT1/VT2 Plus Hand Held Battery Operated Viscometer HAAKE Viscotester 6 Plus Rotational Viscometer
HAAKE Viscotester 7 Plus Rotational Viscometer HAAKE Viscotester 7 Plus Accessories
Thermal Printer (P011-e) Adapters (P020-e)
Sensor System for Viscometer/Rheometer (please specify model) ............................................................................................................................
Temperature Control for Viscometers & Rheometers HAAKE DC10-K10 Refrigerated Circulator
HAAKE C/DC Range of Circulators HAAKE DynaMax Viscometer Range Temperature Control Platform
HAAKE EZ Cool 80 Heating/Cooling Circulator HAAKE Fogging Test Equipment
HAAKE Phoenix Heating Circulator HAAKE Phoenix Refrigerated Bath
HAAKE TC-Line Water Recirculators HAAKE Temperature Control Catalogue
HAAKE MiniJet Injection Moulding Machine HAAKE Pharma MiniLab Micro Rheology Compounder
HAAKE MiniJet II Piston Injection Moulding System / Sample specimen preparation instrument
HAAKE MiniLab Micro Rheology Compounder & Reactor (20070712 - reference)
HAAKE MiniLab II Micro/NanoLab Compounder for small sample amounts
HAAKE PolyDrive Single Screw Extruder HAAKE PolyLab OS Torque Rheometer
HAAKE PolyLab OS Docking Station HAAKE PolyLab OS Upgrade Package
HAAKE PolyLab OS with Extruder HAAKE PolyLab OS with Mixer
HAAKE PolyLab QC Torque Rheometer HAAKE PolyLab QC with Measuring Mixer Rheomix 600
HAAKE PolyLab QC with Single Screw Extruder HAAKE PolyLab QC with Twin Screw Extruder CTW 100
Food Industry Feature & Product Focus Comprehensive Materials Characterisation for Polymers
Extrusion & Material Characterisation for Drug Development & Production Polymer Industry Feature & Product Focus
Please post or fax this form to:Rheology Solutions Pty Ltd - PO Box 754, Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, 3340
Phone: 03 5367 7477 • Fax: 03 5367 6477 • Email: [email protected] • Website: www.rheologysolutions.com
rheotalk biennial 07-08
Information Request Form
RHEO405
biennial 07-08
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Please post or fax this form to:Rheology Solutions Pty Ltd - PO Box 754, Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, 3340
Phone: 03 5367 7477 • Fax: 03 5367 6477 • Email: [email protected] • Website: www.rheologysolutions.com
rheotalk biennial 07-08
Information Request Form
RHEO405
biennial 07-08