RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES KARNATAKA,

BANGALORE-560041

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

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1. Name of the candidate and

address

MR.PRALHAD V IDDALAGI

1ST YEAR M.Sc. NURSING,

EAST WEST COLLEGE OF NURSING,

#63, OFF MAGADI MAIN ROAD,

BANGALORE-560091.

2. Name of the institution East West College of Nursing,

3. Course of study and subject 1st Year M.Sc. Nursing,

Community health nursing.

4.Date of admission to course 07/06/2012

5.

Title of the Study:

“ STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE & ATTIDUDE REGARDING PLASTIC WASTE

MANAGEMENT ”

6. A BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENTED WORK

6.1. INTRODUCTION

“WE DO NOT INHERIT THE EARTH FROM OUR ANCESTORS; WE BORROW IT FROM OUR CHILDREN”

–Antoine de saint exupery.

Economic growth and changing consumption and production patterns are

resulting into rapid increase in generation of waste plastics in the world. The world’s

annual consumption of plastic materials has increased from around 5 million tons in

the 1950s to nearly 100 million tons; thus, 20 times more plastic is produced today

than 50 years ago. This implies that on one hand, more resources are being used to

meet the increased demand of plastic, and on the other hand, more plastic waste is

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being generated. In Asia and the Pacific, as well as many other developing regions,

plastic consumption has increased much more than the world average economic

development.7

Due to the increase in generation, waste plastics are becoming a major stream in

solid waste. After food waste and paper waste, plastic waste is the third major

constitute at municipal and industrial waste in cities. Even the cities with low

economic growth have started producing more plastic waste due to increased use of

plastic packaging, plastic shopping bags, polyethylene terephthalate (PET)bottles and

other goods/appliances using plastic as the major component.7

This increase has turned into a major challenge for local authorities responsible

for solid waste management and sanitation. Due to lack of integrated solid waste

management, most of the plastic waste is neither collected properly nor disposed of in

appropriate manner to avoid its negative impacts on environment and public health

and waste plastics are causing littering and choking of sewerage system.7

The word plastic has its roots in the Greek word “Plastikos” which means being

able to be moulded into different shapes. Plastic bags are moulded from basic

materials that are derived from oil, coal, & natural gas. They are so cheap to produce,

sturdy, plentiful, easy to carry & store.6

A simple definition could be any of group of synthetic or natural organic

materials that may be shaped when soft & then hardened, including many types of

resins, resinoids, polymers, cellulose derivatives, casein materials & proteins.6

Plastic (Polythene) bags which were introduced in the early 1980s have

become an indispensible commodity in the modern life style. Alexander Parkes

created the first man made plastic & publically demonstrated it at the 1862 great

international exhibition in London. The material called parkesine was an organic

material derived from cellulose that once heated, could be moulded& retained its

shape when cooled.6

In chemistry, plastics are large molecules called polymers composed of

repeated segments called Monomers with carbon backbone, polymers is a simply a

very large molecule made up of many smaller units joined together, generally end to

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end, to create a long chain. The smallest building block of a polymer is called a

monomer. The smallest building block of a polymer is called a monomer. Polymer are

divided into 2 distinct groups 1) Thermoplastics (mouldable) 2) Thermosets (non-

mouldable) 6

The plastic materials are categorised in 7 types, based on properties &

applications. To make sorting & thus recycling easier. The universally accepted

standards making code has been developed to help consumers identify & sort the

main types of plastic. Those are polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density

polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low density polyethylene (LDPE),

polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene(PS)&others.7

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6.2. NEED FOR STUDY

Over the years plastic have brought economic, environmental & social advantages.

However their popularity has also meant a rise in plastic waste which brings its own

economic, environmental & social issues.12

In 2009 around 230 million tonnes of plastic waste were produced worldwide.

Environmental groups estimated that every year 500 billion to one trillion plastic bags

are manufactured & used worldwide & this results in a proportionate rise in plastic

waste in the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) streams in large cities.11

Increasing urbanization and industrialization have contributed for increased

plastic generation. This increase has been rapid since the middle of the 19th century

which has affected the quality of environment. The urban population has grown at a

rate of 19.9%to 34.41% during the last two decades. The growth of urban and rural

population is 2.1 %and 1.5% respectively during 1991-2001. One among the reasons

for urban population growth is migration of rural population to cities. Rapid population

growth, urbanization and industrial growth have led to severe problem of waste

generation in urban centers. India is the second fastest growing major economy in the

World with GDP growth rate 9.1 % for the year 2006-07.The average municipal solid

waste production is from 0.21 to 0.50 Kg per capita per day in India. The present urban

population is expected 341 million in 2010. The waste quantities are expected to

increase from 46 million tons in 2001 to 65 million tons in 2010. It is also reported that

per capita per day production will increase to 0.7 kg in 2050.It is estimated that

approximately 15722 tons per day (TPD) of plastic waste is generated on the basis of

per capita consumption based on population of India.8

Besides littering problem plastic waste especially carry bags are causing an

increasing number of environmental & health problems that includes choked soils,

blockage of drains, animal & aquatic deaths, food hazards.8

With formal and informal sector failing to collect plastic waste, the packaging &

PVC pipe industry are growing at 16-18% per year. The demands of plastic goods are

increasing from house hold use to industrial applications. It is growing at an annual rate

of 22%. The polymers production has reached to 8.5 million tonnes in 2007. The total

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plastic waste consumption in India during last decade is 61,000tonnes (1996) to

8,500,000 tonnes (2007). National Plastic Waste Management Task Force (1997)

project has given the increased demands of different polymers (like Polyethylene,

Polypropylene, PVC, PET, Etc) in India.8

The plastic consumption per capita per year of world is 24Kg & that of India is

6-7Kg, recycling rate of world is 15-20%, that of India is 60% & occurrence of plastic

in solid waste in world is 7% & that of India is 9%. This indicates that the consumption

of plastic is more in India as compared with rest of the world.7

Bengaluru city statistics shows the area of 800 sq km, population (2008): 78

lakhs, 198 wards. Estimated MSW ( municipal solid waste) generation for 2009, from

all sources for BBMP (Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike) zones is ~ 3000tonnes

per day(tpd), Per capita waste ~ 350 grams per day (gmpd) (domestic waste),

households contribute to ~ 54% percent of the total waste; Markets &function halls

contribute to 20% and commercial establishment &institutions contribute to 17% and

others 9%. Among this solid waste the physical composition of plastic waste is 12%.16

Burning (of plastic bags) used as a plastic waste management method in some places

causes local air pollution & release toxic gases such as Furan & Dioxin leave unhealthy

residues that include heavy metals like lead & cadmium. Dioxins become permanent

fixture in the human body & they do not dissolve in human fats. It has been linked to

cancer, & it is known to affect immune system, reproduction, & hormone producing

endocrine glands. Burning also emits CO2 which affects the ozone layer.6

The methods of recycling & the technology used for the same at present are quite

outmoded & are in need of up gradation. It has also been observed that some of

industries even recycle the plastic waste which is totally unhygienic & such is a health

hazard for persons who use items made from such plastics & even used at times for

packaging of food stuff & medicines.12

The researcher felt that since increase in the prevalence rate of health &

environmental hazards due to the plastic waste are more. By assessing the knowledge

and attitude of adolescents about the proper management of plastic wastes, the

researcher can help them to improve the practices for proper disposal of plastics. All

these instances instigated the researcher to conduct this study to assess the knowledge

and attitude of adolescents regarding the environmental hazards due to mismanagement

of plastic wastes.

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6.4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of literature refers to the activities involved in identifying, searching for

information on a topic and developing an understanding of the state of knowledge on

that topic.

In this study review literature has been divided in the following headings:

Studies and literature related to Plastic waste management (PWM)

Studies and literature related to knowledge and attitude regarding Plastic waste

management

Studies and literature related knowledge of plastic waste management among

Adolescents.

1. Studies and literature related to Plastic waste management (PWM)

An article by “ Online journal of social sciences research”, volume-I,

issue-2 April-2012, has conducted the incidence of plastic waste & their effects in

Alice, South Africa, under the guidance of Remigious Mangizvo. The study envisages

how plastic grocery bags have critically polluted the river Tyume. The study was

conducted between January 2010 –June 2011 observation on how the community dealt

with plastic were made, visits were made to the various parts of the town which include

the different streets, the sites where casual dumping of solid waste is done the outskirts

of the town & the landfill. Interviews were conducted with residents as well as town

officials to establish their views on plastics. During the time of the study plastic bags

debris awash on the banks of Tyume river. Finally the study recommended the public

awareness & education campaigns & use of environmental R’s (Reduce, Recycle,

Reuse).6

A study conducted under “Central pollution board (CPCB)”, relating to

Assessment of plastic waste generation& its management at 2 airports & 3 railway

stations in Delhi. The study envisages data on plastic waste generated at 2 airports & 3

railway stations in Delhi about 6758Kg/day, of plastic waste is generated at 3 railway

stations & about 3662Kg/day at the 2 airports. The per capita plastic waste generation

is approx 9gm/day at railway stations & 69gm/day at airport. The methodology adopted

was desk research, field studies, data collection, analysis, interview, survey,&

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legislation were also consulted. Finally the study recommended the rag pickers can be

included in the main stream of waste management system, plastic waste collection,

segregation, transportation, & disposal shall be privatized, separate dust bins should be

adopted, plastic recycling industries needed to upgrade, reusage of plastic in road

constructions, public awareness programmes, use of biodegradable plastics & an

independent waste management cell could be set up.8

A study conducted by “ Kenya national cleaner production centre Nairobi,

Kenya prepared a comprehensive plastic waste management strategy for the city of

Nairobi, reveals that the Nairobi city manufactures a total of 192,836 tons/year of

plastics from a raw material, out of which 25% (i.e. 49,022 tons/year) of the total

manufacturing comprises of plastic carrier bags an additional 27,813 tons/year of

finished plastic products are imported into the city of the total plastic carrier bags

produced in the city approx.-50% (24,511 tons/year) are less than 15 micron in

thickness. The total plastic consumption in Nairobi is 211,316 tons/year. As imported

& local production of plastic levels are 27,813 tons/year, 192836 tons/year

respectively. Out of this the annual plastic exports estimated at 9,333 tons/year, out of

this annual plastic consumption of 211,316 tons/year, 38,516 tons/year (18%) are

retained & reused, while 172,800 tons/year (82%) are indiscriminately dumped into the

environment with serious environmental consequences. The study proposed a

wonderful strategy that “ EXPANDED STAKEHOLDER REASPONSIBILITY” i.e,

motivating participation of neighbourhood association with City Council of Nairobi

(CCN) to drive this strategy under 3 phases i.e, Bridging phase (for 100 days), Short

term phase (for 3 years), Medium term phase (for 10 years) to implement in Embakasi

area of the city Nairobi.9

An article on setting up of pyrolysis plant for plastic waste conversion into

Industrial oil (Pyrolysis oil). Proposed by ‘Dr. T. Muraleedharan Nair’, “Common

Facility Services Centre Manjeri, Kerala”, the study focuses on the estimated plastic

waste generated in the country is approx.-10,000 tons/day. This project discusses the

pyrolysis of waste plastics into useful gaseous & liquid fuels along with carbon black.

The proposed project suggests conversion efficiency that is input capacity of

10,000Kgs mixed plastic waste per day can generate pyrolysis oil-6500 to 9000 lit,

hydrocarbon gas-500 to 1000Kg, & carbon black -500-700Kg. Proposed project

parameters envisages production capacity per annum is estimated the conversion of

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31,20,000Kg of plastic wastes into 21,84,000 lit industrial oil, 1,56,000 Kg carbon

black & 1,56,000 Kg hydrocarbon gas.10

2. Studies and literature related to knowledge and attitude

regarding Plastic waste management

Study conducted by “Science Education Development Institute”, 2012 Volume

2 May, 2012 in Nigeria regarding Attitude towards recycling & Plastic waste

management by management students in Sunyani polytechnic, Ghana. The study aims

at contributing  to the body of knowledge in the area of Plastic waste management by

examining students’ attitude towards Plastic waste recycling and the strategies for

recycling. The research is based  on quantitative research design and a descriptive

survey of the students at Sunyani Polytechnic that were selected using convenience

sampling method for a sample of 139. Data were analysed using frequency, percentages

and One-Way Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Respondents’ knowledge and attitude

towards plastic waste recycling is good and positive. Numerous campaigns should be

launched/started through media (TV, Internet) as indicated by respondents as well as a

letting people to know about more affirmative benefit in terms of health, cost

minimization and risk minimization of social life when the society recycle. Future

studies in the study area should be based on comparative analysis using respondents

from other departments.13

In a hospital-based cross-sectional study performed from March to September

2009 in Pune town regarding disposal of plastic. Out of 500 study subjects, 201

(40.2%) were males and 299 (59.8%) were females; 237 (47.4%) were nurses, 132

(26.4%) were lab technicians and 131 (26.2%) were housekeeping staff. Totally 266

(53.2%) study subjects knew about BMW correctly, of which 138 (51.8%) were nurses,

114 (42.85%) were technicians and 14 (5.26%) were housekeepers. Only 8 (1.6%)

study subjects knew about categories of disposal of plastic. Total 353 (70.6%) study

subjects were having idea about segregation of plastic waste. Only 72 (14.4%) subjects

had knowledge about various methods of disposal of plastic. Majority of the study

subjects i.e. 479 (95.8%) had knowledge about various health problems related to

improper plastic disposal.14

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A study conducted in Bangladesh to assess the knowledge of adolescents

regarding problems due to the use of plastic bottles. A random sample of 300

adolescents was taken and a questionnaire was used to all the study group. The result of

the study was, out of 300 adolescents only 23% of population know about the ill effects

of plastic bottle like GI problems, cancer etc.15

This study was done to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of students

regarding plastic waste management. Karimnagar town (Andhra Pradesh) has a

population of 5.2 lacks. It has 267 students in the community. Out of 267students, 47

were selected by systematic random sampling. A total of 500 study subjects were

selected from these community and the data were collected by one to one interview

using pre-tested pre-designed proforma. The result of this study is 30 % of students

dispose the plastic properly. others need proper helth education regarding plastic

disposal.15

3. Studies and literature related to effectiveness of STP

Investigator could not locate any studies regarding effectiveness of PTP on

hazards of plastic use. The related studies were included where methodology and

procedures are similar.

An evaluative study on a planned teaching programme on menstrual hygiene

developed for pre-adolescent girls based on learning needs in selected school .A study

on effectiveness of a planned programme on personal hygiene for children between 10-

12years in a selected school.15

The above cited studies revealed in various aspects of hazards in human and

population on experimental basis. However in India studies using all the aspects of

research process comparatively limited. Thus the review or literature is helped for

investigation.

6.5 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING

PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE & ATTIDUDE REGARDING PLASTIC

WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN SELECTED SCHOOLS

AT BANGALORE’’

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6.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the pre-test knowledge& attitude regarding plastic waste management

among adolescents.

2. To assess the post-test knowledge & attitude regarding plastic waste management

among adolescents.

3. To compare the pre-test & post-test knowledge and attitude of adolescents regarding

management of plastic wastes and its environmental hazards.

4. To evaluate the structured teaching programme.

5. To associate the pre-test knowledge score with selected demographic variables.

6. To associate the pre-test attitude score with selected demographic variables.

6.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Assess: In this study assess refers to estimate or judge the adolescents knowledge and

attitude regarding plastic waste management.

Effectiveness: It is a production of an intended result by the learners after the

structured teaching programme.

Structured teaching programme: It is a Systemic Structured lecture given by the

investigator for 45 to 60 minutes with the help of A.V. Aids on plastic waste & its

health hazards.

Knowledge: In this study knowledge refers to the correct meaningful verbal response

of adolescents on plastic waste management.

Attitude: It refers to settled way of thinking or feeling, typically reflected in

adolescents’ behaviour.

Plastic waste: The waste produced by the plastic.

Adolescents: In this study adolescents mean between the age group of 13-19 Yrs those

who are studying in school.

6.8 HYPOTHESIS

H1: There will be significant difference between pre-test & post-test score ofknowledge

and attitude among adolescents regarding plastic waste management.

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H2: There will be significant association in the level of pre-test & post-test score of

knowledge and attitude among adolescents regarding plastic waste management with

selected demographic variables.

6.9 ASSUMPTIONS:The adolescents may have some knowledge and attitude regarding plastic waste

management.

7. METHODOLOGY:

7.1. RESEARCH APPROACH:Evaluative approach

7.2. RESEARCH DESIGN:Quasi experimental design

7.3. SETTING:

The present study will be conducted in selected urban schools of Hesarghatta,

Bangalore.

7.4. POPULATION:Target population selected for this study is adolescents (Age 13 to 18yrs) from urban

areas of Bangalore.

7.5. SAMPLE: Adolescents with 13-18yrs, residing in urban areas at Bangalore, who will fulfil

the inclusion criteria of the study, are the sample of this study

7.6. SAMPLE SIZE: N=50

7.7. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:Satisfied random sampling technique

7.8. SAMPLING CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria

1. Adolescents from urban communities

2. Adolescents with 13-18Yrs of age

3. Adolescents who are willing to participate in this study

4. Those that can able to read & write Kannada & English.

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Exclusion criteria

1. Adolescents who are not available at the time of study

2. Adolescents who are not willing to participate in this study

7.9. TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION

Tool 1: Demographic data sheet will be prepared by the researcher.

Tool 2:Structured self administered questionnaire to assess the knowledge on Plastic

waste management

Tool 3: Scale

7.10. VARIABLESIndependent Variable: Structured Teaching Programme.

Dependent variable: In this study level of knowledge and attitude regarding plastic

waste management is dependent variable.

Extraneous variable: Demographic variable such as age, religion, education, family

income of adolescents.

7.11. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

After obtaining the permission from the concerned authorities and informed consent

from the samples the investigator will collect the data by structured teaching

programme method.

7.12. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS:

Appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics will be used

Descriptive statistics: Frequency, percentage, mean, median, mode and standard

deviation will be used to be explaining demographic variables and to assess the level of

knowledge of adolescents.

Inferential statistics:‘ t’test, Chi square test will be used to find the association

between selected demographic variables with the level of knowledge of adolescents.

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7.13. DURATION OF DATA COLLECTION:Duration of data collection will be 6-8 weeks

7.14. PROJECTED OUTCOME:

The study will help the investigator to know the existing knowledge and attitude of

adolescents regarding plastic waste management.

7.15. Does the study require any investigation to be conducted on

patient or other human or animals? If so please describe briefly.Yes. It includes only collection of verbal information and delivery of information. No

invasive or trial of drug procedures are included.

7.16. Has the ethical clearance has been obtained from your institution

in case of Yes, the copy has been enclosed.

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8. LIST OF REFERENCES:

1. Park K “Text book of preventive & social medicine” B/S Banarasidas Bhannot,

publishers; 17th Edition.

2. Denise F.Polit, BenedethP.Hungler; Nursing Research Principles and Methods;

Philadelphia, 6th edition, Lippincott Company; 1999.

3. ParulDatta, “Community Nursing,”1st edition, Jaypee publication, 271-272.

4. B.T.Basavanthappa, “Nursing Research” Second Edition ,Jaypee, 2008

5. Suresh K Sharma “Nursing Research & Statistics” 1st Edition, Elsevier Publishers

Haryana

6. Online Journal of Social Sciences Research, Vol-1, Isssue-2, April, 2012. Available

at www. Onlineresearchjournals.org

7. United nations Environmental Programme, Osaka/Shiga “Converting Waste Plastic

Into a Resource, 2009.

8. Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi, Available at www.cpcb.nic.in, 2009

9. Kenya National Cleaner production Centre, Nairobi, Kenya URL

info@cpkenya.org, 2006

10. Dr. T. Murulidharan Nair “Common Family Service Centre” Manjeri, Kerala.

11. Mudgal “Science for Environment Policy” European Commission Plastic waste

redesign & biodegradability.

12. Dr. PawanSikka “Department of Science & Technology” Delhi, Plastic Waste

Management In India.

13. Science Education Institute, Nigeria, Volume-II, “Recycling & Plastic waste

Management” May, 2012

14. Online Journal Of India Available at www.onlinejournalofindia.com

15. PUBMED online medical journals/abstract publishers, www.pubmed.com

16. An article by Bruhat Bengaluru MahanagaraPalike, 2012, Available at

www.bbmp.com

17. A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia. Atlanta: A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited 2012 dec

26]: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

18. Wikimedia Foundation,San Francisco, Inc; c2010, cited 20 Nov 2012.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hypertension

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