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T'erakredrtasi SK No. 3 9/DIKTI/I( epl20}4

PeunnggungJ*-labYuwana

(Dekan Fakultas Pertanian lJniversiks Bengkulu)

Dp.wan RedaksiKetua

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Redaksi PelalcanaT'eddy Superno

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Ad*rinistrasi dem Distrib*siDusna Yetri

Jurnal limrr-flm u Pemanian fndo;esiaadaiah majaiah iimiah resmi Fakultas PeLaniari tlrti-versitas Bengkulu. sebagai sumbarrganrya kepadapengembangan ilmu pertanian, yalg diterbilkan dalam

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ISSN 1411 – 0067 Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia. Edisi Khusus, No. 3 2007, Hlm. 432 - 439 432

THE DIVERSITY OF PLANT SPECIES UTILIZED BY VILLAGERSLIVING NEAR PROTECTED FOREST IN KEPAHIANG DISTRICT,

BENGKULU PROVINCE

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS TUMBUHAN YANG DIMANFAATKAN OLEHPENDUDUK DESA YANG TINGGAL DI SEKITAR HUTAN LINDUNG DI

KABUPATEN KEPAHIANG, PROVINSI BENGKULU

Irsan Sunesi and WiryonoDepartment of Forestry, University of Bengkulu

Jln. Raya Kandang Limun Bengkulu 38371Awiryonogood@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Indonesia has very high diversity of plant species. For centuries, highly diverse plant species have provideddaily need for rural communities. However, the extensive establishment of single species plantation in Indonesiathreatens this diversity. The loss of species will result in the loss of local knowledge of plants. The objective ofthis study was to find out the types of plant uses and the diversity of plants species from the protected forestarea and from private land utilized by Kandang villagers living near the Bukit Daun Protected Forest Area, inKepahiang District, Bengkulu Province. The results showed that Kandang villagers used 113 plant species from41 families for various purposes. From the forest, the villagers took 23 species and from the private land 95species. The types of uses could be classified into 4 categories, namely for food (72 species), medicine (21species), construction material (16 species), handicraft material (7 species) and firewood (17 species). More thanhalf of plants for food and for construction were for sale as well as for the villagers’ own use; the othercategories were mostly for their own use.

Key words: ethnobotany, plant diversity

ABSTRAK

Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan yang tinggi. Selama berabad-abad, jenis tumbuhan yangsangat beranekaragam ini telah menyediakan kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari masyarakat desa. Namun, pembuatankebun monokultur secara besar-besaran di Indonesia mengancam keanekaragaman ini. Hilangnya jenis tumbuhanakan berakibat hilangnya pengetahuan masyarakat lokal tentang tumbuhan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalahuntuk mengetahui macam-macam pemanfaatan tumbuhan dan keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan dari lahan milikdan dari kawasan hutan lindung yang dimanfaatkan oleh penduduk Desa Kandang yang tinggal di dekat KawasanHutan Lindung Bukit Daun, Kabupaten Kepahiang, Provisi Bengkulu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwapenduduk Desa Kandang memanfaatkan 113 jenis tumbuhan untuk berbagai keperluan. Dari hutan, pendudukmemanfaatkan 23 jenis dan dari lahan milik 95 jenis. Macam pemanfaatan dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kategori,yaitu untuk makanan (72 jenis), obat-obatan (21 jenis), bahan bangunan (16 jenis), bahan kerajinan (7 jenis) dansebagai kayu bakar (17 jenis). Lebih dari separuh tumbuhan untuk pangan dan bahan bangunan selain dimanfaatkanuntuk keperluan penduduk sendiri juga dijual; untuk kategori yang lain sebagian besar hanya untuk keperluansendiri.

Kata kunci: etnobotani, keanekaragaman tumbuhan

Sunesi I and Wiryono JIPI 433

INTRODUCTION

Natural forest and traditional plantations inIndonesia usually have a great variety of plantspecies. The practices of forestry and agricultureand Indonesia, however, tend to reduce thediversity, threatening this precious natural heritage.Most lowland forests in Indonesia have practicallydisappeared (World Bank, 2001). According to theMinistry of Forestry (Pusinfo DepartemenKehutanan, 2007) the average deforestation was0.9 million hectares annually in 1982-1990 period,and increased into 1.8 hectares per annum in 1990-1997.

When the New Order regime collapsed in1998 and the government became weaker, illegallogging went rampant and consequentlydeforestation peaked to 2.8 million hectaresannually until it started to lower again in 2000.Some of the forests are converted into palm oil,rubber, coffee, and single-species tree plantations.Like the forest, some traditional plantations havealso been converted into single species plantation.

The tendency of establishing single speciesplantation will greatly reduce the diversity of plantspecies, which in turn may have significantecological, economic, and scientific impact.Species-rich vegetation provides gene bank thatwill save agricultural crops when pest and diseaseoutbreak occur, because the wild relatives of ourcrop species, usually more resistant to pest anddiseases, can be used to create new resistantstrains. Many species of plants have pharma-ceutical potential that someday will providemedicine to save human being from the currentlyincurable diseases. The disappearance of speciesfrom the forest and rural areas will also result inthe loss of local knowledge of plants. It isimperative that biodiversity as well as localknowledge be preserved and passed to youngergeneration.

The studies of local knowledge and utilizationof plants by certain ethnic groups have beenconducted in some areas, for example in Sorong,Papua (Attamimi, 1997), Enggano Island (Arianto,2008), Banten (Wardah 2003), West Java (Rahayu

and Hirada, 2004) and Kerinci, Jambi (Asra etal., 2008). Those studies revealed the variety ofplant uses by communities. The present study wasconducted to find out the types of plant uses andthe diversity of plants species from the protectedforest area and from private land utilized byvillagers living near the Bukit Daun ProtectedForest, in Kepahiang District, Bengkulu.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SitesThe research was conducted in February to

April 2007, in Kandang Village, Sub District ofSeberang Musi, District of Kepahiang. More thanhalf (65%) of the village’s land belongs to the BukitDaun Protected Forest Area. Most of the villagers(97%) are farmers and more than 67% of themhave only elementary school educational level orless.

Data collectionPrimary data were collected by interviewing

respondents taken randomly from the residents at10% sampling intensity. The data included thenames of plants utilized, the part of plants utilized,the category of lands from where the plants taken(private land or forest area), the types of uses,and the economic uses of the plants (for sale orfor the villagers’ own use). Secondary data weregathered from books and other documents.

Data analysesThe species of plants were determined in the

Herbarium of University of Bengkulu, usingseveral taxonomy books such as Collection ofIllustrated Plants (Corner and Watanabe, 1969),Taksonomi Tumbuhan Obat (Tjitrosoepomo, 2005),Flora (van Steenis 1981), Daftar Nama Tanaman(Afriastini, 1988), and Kamus Botani (Suhono,2002). The plants were classified into twocategories based on the types of lands they weretaken, namely private land and forest area. Then,from each type of land, the plants were furtherdivided into several categories based on the typesof uses. The data were then analyzed qualitatively.

The diversity of plant species JIPI 434

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Species diversity and types of usesAs many as 113 of plant species from 41

families were used by Villagers in Kandang forvarious purposes (Tables 1 and 2). From the for-est, the villagers took 23 species and from the pri-vate land 95 species. From the private land, 11species were taken from rice field, 49 species fromtraditional garden surrounding the house(pekarangan), and 85 species from the planta-tion land (kebun). The types of uses could be clas-sified into 4 categories, namely for food, medi-cine, construction material, handicraft material andfirewood.

Similar studies done in other villages inBengkulu showed smaller number of plants usedby the community, such as in Batu Ampar villagein Kedurang, South Bengkulu, which was only 83species (Lipranto, 2007), in Enggano Island, NorthBengkulu, which was 78 species (Arianto, 2008).But studies in Java showed higher number of spe-cies used by Baduy Dalam tribes, 163 species from49 families (Wardah, 2003) and by communitysurrounding in Gunung Halimun National Park, 243species (Rahayu and Hirada, 2004). In SorongDistrict, Papua, 160 species from 101 familieswere utilized by the community (Attamimi, 2007).

Plants for foodKandang villagers used 72 species of plants

for food. As many as 71 species, were from theprivate land and 11 species from forest area. Tenout of 11 species for food in the forest were alsofound in private land. As many as 47 species werenot only used by the villagers themselves but alsofor sale. Parts of plants used as food were mostlythe fruit, which was from 62 species. What wasmeant by food in this study included any part offood, such as spice. That’s why this number wasmuch higher than the number of species used asfood in Enggano Island reported by Arianto (2008)because in Enggano study what was meant by

food was only those producing carbohydrates, fruitand vegetables. In Gadjah Makmur Village, Districtof Muko-Muko, Bengkulu, using the same criteriaas this study, Leniarti (2007) found 79 species ofplants were used as food.

As many as 7 species were used by allrespondents, namely rice (Oriza sativa), coffee(Coffea robusta), coconut (Cocos nucifera),turmeric (Curcuma domestica) and lengkuas(Alpina galanga). Rice is the main carbohydratesource of food in this village as well as in Indonesiain general. Other carbohydrate-producing plantsin this village included corn (Zea mays), but thenumber of respondents using these plants weresmall, less than 30%. Apparently the dependenceon rice was very high in this village, which is notgood for the future survival of the villagers.Consumption of alternative source of carbohydrateneeds to be encouraged.

It is good to know that all staple crops andcoffee were planted in Kebun, meaning that thevillagers in Kandang did not clear the forest areafor plantation. In Bengkulu, many protected areashave been cleared illegally by villagers.

Plants for medicineAs many as 21 species of plants were used

by Kandang villagers as medicine. Some medici-nal plants were also used as food. All of medici-nal plants could be found in private land and 5 ofthem were found in forest area. Two species, tur-meric and lengkuas, were used by all respon-dents and these plants were for sale as well asfor the villagers’ own use. Parts of plants used asmedicine were mostly leaf (8 species), fruit (6species) and root (6 species). The number ofmedicinal plants in this study was smaller than thatin other studies. In Enggano (Arianto, 2008) 47species, in the District of Lebong, Bengkulu, 137species (Darwis, 2003) and in Kerinci, Jambi, 119Species (Asra et al., 2008). This comparison in-dicated that the Kandang villagers had relativelylittle knowledge on traditional herbal medicine.

The diversity of plant species JIPI 438

Plants for construction materialKandang villagers used 16 species of plants

as construction material. Twelve of them weretaken in forest area and 13 of them were fromprivate land. Eleven species of them were foundboth in forest area and in private land. In Kedurang,South Bengkulu, Lipranto found 15 species ofplants were used as construction material. Thesenumbers are similar. But the proportion of the twodata was different. In Kedurang, only 3 specieswere taken from the private land and 12 weretaken from the forest. In Sorong, Papua, Attamimifound 18 species of trees were use for buildingmaterial.

The part used for construction material wasthe trunk. Out of 12 species taken from the forest,7 species were not only for the villagers’ own usebut also for sale. From private land, only 5 out 13species were for sale. The data indicated thatvillagers cut the trees illegally from the forest areafor commercial purpose.

Plants for firewoodKandang villagers used 17 species as

firewood. All of them can be found in private landand five of them were taken from the forest area.The part used for firewood was mostly the branch;only two species were used as firewood in theform of trunk. All of the firewood was taken fortheir own use only. It is interesting to note that allrespondents used coffee branches for firewood.So, coffee had two types of uses, for food and forfirewood. According to respondents, coffee woodproduced high quality of fire The number of plantspecies used as firewood in Kandang village washigher than that in Sorong, which was only 10(Attamimi, 1997), in Muko-Muko, 11 species(Yeniarti, 2007) and in Kedurang, 9 species(Lipranto, 2007).

Plants for handicraft materialKandang villagers also used plant material to

make handicraft, but the number was only 7species. Three of them can be found in forest areaand 6 of them in private land. The parts of plantsused varied, namely leaf, trunk, fruit, branch, andbark. Except for bamboo, the handicraft materials

were not for sale. The bark of lantung(Artocarpus elasticus) was used to make manykinds of handicraft such as bags and hats. Thistype handicraft is common in many areas inBengkulu and souvenirs made of lantung barkcan be found in all souvenir shops in Bengkulu.Bamboo is used widely in practically all parts inIndonesia, and, to a lesser extent, so is coconut’sfibrous husk. In Sorong, 6 plant species were usedas handicraft material (Attamimimi, 1997), inKedurang, 7 species (Lipranto, 2007) and inEnggano also 7 species (Arianto, 2008).

CONCLUSION

Kandang Villagers used 113 plant speciesfrom 41 families for various purposes. From theforest, the villagers took 23 species and from theprivate land 95 species. The types of uses couldbe classified into 4 categories, namely for food(72 species), medicine (21 species), constructionmaterial (16 species), handicraft material (7species) and firewood (17 species). More thanhalf of plants for food and for construction werefor sale as well as for the villagers’ own use; theother categories were mostly not for sale.

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Afriastini, J.J. 1988. Daftar Nama Tanaman.Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.

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