Russia Russia in the 1700s Czar (Russian king) controls
everything Peter the Great and Catherine the Great attempt to
modernize Russia Need warm- water ports for trade Russia in the
1800s Czar controls everything Industrial Revolution comes late to
Russia Europe fears Russias large army Russia still a feudal
society (nobles/serfs) while the rest of Europe has industrialized
but are Serfs are eventually freed (200 years after the rest of
Europe) Russia is still backwards (has not improved/developed) and
hasnt changed much since the 1700s.
Slide 3
Early 1900s Romanov Dynasty had ruled since 1613 Czar (means
monarch) Nicholas II was on the throne People started to lose faith
after Bloody Sunday massacre in Jan 1905 1905 Russia is defeated by
Japan in the Russo- Japanese War Russian peasants protest
peacefully, but are shot by czars soldiers A widespread revolt
forces the czar to allow more rights, but he quickly cancels
them
Slide 4
World War I Russia enters to back Serbia, they join the Allied
Powers With little industry they are not prepared to fight the 1 st
modern war (lack technology & ability to make weapons on mass
scale) Shortage of supplies- Russian railroads cant deliver
supplies to cities Lack of food and coal Czar Nicolas I attempts to
lead the troops personally, but fails miserably Czarina handles the
government (she is German, and not trained to rule) Leaves control
in the hands of Rasputin They lose the most people with 5.5 million
casualties
Slide 5
Rasputin and the Royal Family Rasputin (Mad Monk) called to
heal the Prince of hemophilia (blood disease), succeeds and gains
family confidence Royal family members worry about the power in the
hands of the untrustworthy Rasputin Plan to have him assassinated
The conspirators invited Rasputin over to royal palace and feed him
cake and wine laced with poison Rasputin talks on for hours
Conspirators become nervous and shoot him, after they thought he
was dead he leaps up and he is shot again His body is dumped in the
near frozen river Cause of death: Drowning
Slide 6
What led to the Revolutions? ***Causes were very similar to
French Revolution*** Rigid social class with a large peasant
population Denied the majority (peasant class) basic rights Peasant
class = farmers and factory workers Spreading of liberal ideas New
ideas changed how people thought about their government Russian
Czars were very harsh Russian Czars attempted to westernize Russia,
without importing French revolutionary liberal ideas. Czars tried
to retain power by harsh and oppressive rule. Increased discontent
against absolute monarchy Declining Economy Czars spent too much on
luxury (ex. City of St. Petersburg) Unable to industrialize
efficiently (ex. transportation poor) Too many losses in wars,
especially World War I
Slide 7
Revolt of March 1917 March: Czar Nicholas taken out of power
Revolt started over: Failure of 1905 reforms shortages in food,
fuel and housing too many defeats during World War I Czar abdicates
(gives up) his throne A provisional (temporary) government led by
the middle class are put in place, they promise democracy Soviets-
groups of workers and soldiers revolted in the major cities and
ruled themselves that support riots The Duma, or parliament created
a temporary provisional government to rule run by Alexander
Kerensky This new government continued to fight Germany and
Austria- Hungary
Slide 8
1917 November: Communist Revolution Provisional government
prove to be very ineffective, people still poor, hungry, and dying
in WWI Bolsheviks (communist), want to overtake government &
make everyone equal (**no more poor vs. rich**) 1918 Russia pulls
out of WWI (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) Lenin and other communists are
secretly shipped to Russia by Germany They are called Bolsheviks,
communists that wanted revolution Lenin promises Peace, land and
bread in protest in Russia 1918-1921 civil war breaks out Red Army
(communist) vs. White Army (Czar supporters). Reds win. Soldiers
riot and are helped by soviets Lenin tries immediately to end the
war
Slide 9
Communist Russia under Lenin (1917- 1928) Background: Lenins
family background instilled in him a hatred of the Czar and Czar
government policies. He was influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx
and as a young man he helped spread Marxist ideas. Main Features
Leads Russian communists called Bolsheviks First years are spent
fighting a civil war- Reds vs Whites Sets up a dictatorship to help
triumph in the war Red Army set up by Leon Trotsky Secret police to
catch bourgeois traitors
Slide 10
Lenin (adaptation of Marxist) ideas: Russia had a lack of large
population of urban workers Lenin called for a/an elite group to
lead a revolution. (Bolsheviks) According to Lenin only revolution
could bring about change NOT small steps
Slide 11
Communism (1917- 1921) One Party Government Communist party the
only legal party allowed. Government structured with a constitution
and elected legislature. THE REAL POWER IS HELD BY THE PARTY not
the people. People controlled by force (Military and Secret Police)
Created a new system where the government owned business Farmers
had to give their crops to the government Distribute land to the
peasants Give workers control of the factories
Slide 12
New Economic Policy (1921) During the Civil War the Bolsheviks
took back control of the factories. Lenin sets up New Economic
Policy (NEP) Government controlled all banks, large industry and
foreign trade. Some privately owned business were allowed (This
form of selective capitalism was to assist in the economic recovery
and not meant to be forever)
Slide 13
Soviet Union By 1922 Lenin gains control over most of Russia
and creates the Union of Soviets Socialists Republics (USSR) Soviet
Union Moscow = Capital Lenin Organized the nation into several self
governing republic, under the control of the central government.
Bolshevik party renamed the Communist Party-Held total power Lenin
established a Dictatorship By 1928, USSR farms and factories were
producing as much as before WWI. Lenin dies suddenly in 1924. A
power struggle emerged for control of the Communist Party and the
USSR.
Slide 14
Communist Russia under Stalin Background Real name Joseph
Djugashvili, from poor family and educated in the Priesthood. Lived
a very harsh existence in his younger years. Became a radical
Revolutionary Socialist after reading Karl Marx. By 1900 he joined
the Bolsheviks and took the name Stalin. (Means Man of Steel) By
1920 he works his way into becoming general secretary of the party.
He appoints loyal friends into key jobs which gave Stalin allies in
the Government when he needed them. Lenin did not want Stalin to be
his successor. Told followers to beware of him.
Slide 15
New Party Leader: Stalin competes with Trotsky (leader of Red
Army and Lenin ally), after Lenin Dies, to succeed Lenin. Trotsky
vs. Stalin: Trotsky scholar, great speaker, key figure in
Revolution and Civil War (Well respected) Stalin Street smart,
lacked people skills and had a minor role in the revolution. Stalin
forces Trotsky into exile by isolating Him in the party. Installs
supporters as key members in the Government. Stalin takes control
and begins his plans to modernize Russia.
Slide 16
Stalinism: Stalins version of Communism Five Year Plans:
Stalins idea to set production quotas / Goals that needed to be
achieved in 5 years. Focus was Industry & Agriculture Hammer
& Sickle Symbol of Communism and also the Soviet flag
Slide 17
The Soviet Union implemented the first 5 year plan in 1928, but
they never achieved their quotas despite the propaganda and Stalins
words. Slackers were punished severely and strictly. Industry
focused on steel, machinery and Iron made goods. Agriculture
focused on Wheat.
Slide 18
Collectivization: (Also called Collective Farming) Stalin
NATIONALIZED all farmland (arable land) and made it property of the
government. This went against Lenins promise to give land back to
the peasants. Peasants (especially in Ukraine) were placed on large
communal farms called collectives. These were run and financed by
the state. (Government) Crops would be taken by the government and
this left the peasants with very little of the crops. There was no
incentive to work hard. In 1934, Stalin punished Kulaks and
peasants in the Ukraine with a forced starvation in which 10-20
million starved to death.
Slide 19
The Great Purge- Stalins Version of the Holocaust Stalin
suffered from paranoia, or a fear of others. Stalin conducted
Purges (systematic eliminations) of people who challenged Stalins
ideas or were thought by Stalin to conspire against him. Major
Groups targeted in Stalins Purges Kulaks Government Officials
Friends Intelligentsia Army Officers (by 1938, 90% 0f Russian
military officers were purged) Approximately 25 million purged,
killed or were exiled to Siberia. (Northern Russia mostly above the
Arctic Circle Cold, harsh environment) Those exiled worked in
forced labor camps called Gulags. Most starved or froze to death
Similar to Nazi concentration camps or Chinese labor camps under
Mao Zedong.
Slide 20
Foreign Policy Many nations hated the communist government of
the USSR Comintern- group set up to spread revolution all over the
world Effects: USSR was isolated for most of the 1920s and
1930s
Slide 21
Worldwide Issues colonies had fought in the war and denied
promises of freedom Global Depression strikes in 1929 and quickly
effects the entire world European nations do anything to avoid
war
Slide 22
Nationalism Between the Wars in Latin America and Africa Africa
Problems nations are colonies of Europe and were promised freedom
Solutions Nationalist groups begin forming to gain independence
Kwame Nkrumah- Ghana Jomo Kenyatta- Kenya Pan- Africanism goal to
unite all of Africa
Slide 23
Mexico Problems Most Mexicans are poor farmers working for
creole landholders Frequent revolutions and dictatorships Foreign
nations intervene to protect their property Solutions Nationalize
businesses and land to distribute to the poor PRI formed to help
the poor and stabilize the government with a one- party democracy
Government begins to provide education to poor
Slide 24
Middle East Between the Wars Building a Modern Turkey Problems
The Ottoman Empire lost World War I and was divided His people were
behind the modern times Many people wanted an Islamic government
Solutions Kemal Ataturk manages to remove Western powers from his
nation He changes Turkish culture Separated church and state Bans
Islamic dress and traditions like polygamy Instituted a Western
calendar, alphabet, schools and government He modernized Turkey
Hired Western experts to improve technology Built roads, factories
and railroads Created a modern economy
Slide 25
Divisions in Palestine Problems Jews had been moving in since
the Zionist movement of the late 1800s began (Zionisms goal is to
find a Jewish homeland) After World War I, Britain promises the
land to Arab Palestinians and Jews Both sides begin a conflict that
has lasted until today
Slide 26
Indian Nationalism Problems economy controlled by Britain
couldnt trade freely forced to make and buy British products many
fought in World War I and were promised independence British Raj
was sometimes cruel Amritsar Massacre- British troops fired an
unarmed peaceful demonstration killing 379
Slide 27
Solutions Gandhi Lawyer, who got his start by helping Indians
in South Africa oppose unfair laws Promoted Hindu idea of ahisma or
non- violence used satyagraha or passive resistance (Civil
disobedience) Inspired Indians to make their own goods and boycott
British goods Wore traditional clothes, but balanced Indian values
with Western ones Encouraged women to make cloth to avoid British
taxes Salt March- in 1930 he and many followers avoided a British
salt tax by taking it from the sea Independence World War II and
Gandhis movement led to independence Success was temporary, since
Muslims and Hindus battled one another
Slide 28
China Between the Wars Chinese Problems 1911- 1949 Unstable
Government Fall of the Qing Dynasty Warlords- local strongmen rule
their areas Civil War fighting, between rival groups. Chiefly the
Guomindang and Communists Foreign Invasion Japan is rewarded in the
Versailles Treaty with control of Germanys land in China.
Slide 29
Sun Yixian After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, he attempts to
lead China with his Three Principles-Nationalism, Democracy and
livelihood 1912- He was briefly president of China, but steps down
in favor of the stronger, Yuan Shikai 1916- Leads a revolt when
Shikai tries to set up a new dynasty 1916- 1925 Created and led the
Guomindang, or nationalist party until his death in 1925 Chang Kai-
Shek (Jiang Jieshi) 1925- takes over leadership of the Guomindang
after the death of Sun Yixian Attempts to unite China, and keep
Communists out of power. 1927- Attempts to kill communists by
attacking their members in many Chinese cities. He helps battle the
Japanese from the early 1930s until 1945. He will lead a civil war
against the Communists until he loses and retreats to Taiwan in
1949
Slide 30
Mao Zedong Leader of Chinese Communists He retreats from the
stronger Guomindang. 1934- Long March- he is forced to lead his
people through the mountains of China, of 100,000 followers, only
20,000 survive Promises peasants land and during his struggle he
takes supplies from the rich and gives any left over supplies to
the poor. He will be successful and lead China after 1949 until his
death in 1976