Revolutionary UnitRevolutionary Unit

What other names is this time period called?

What dates does this period span?

The Enlightenment or The Age of The Enlightenment or The Age of ReasonReason

1750-18001750-1800

Revolutionary UnitRevolutionary Unit

Compare & contrast the beliefs of this period with those of Puritanism.

PuritanismPuritanism EnlightenmentEnlightenment

FaithFaith Reason & scienceReason & science

People are People are innately evilinnately evil

People are People are innately goodinnately good

Theocracy Theocracy (people governed (people governed by the church)by the church)

A social contract A social contract as the basis of as the basis of government government (Declaration of (Declaration of Independence)Independence)

Historical BackgroundHistorical Background

What events affected the literature of this period?

French & Indian WarFrench & Indian War 1754-17631754-1763 Struggle between England & France Struggle between England & France

for 13 coloniesfor 13 colonies English wonEnglish won

British attempts to control the British attempts to control the coloniescolonies

TaxationTaxation American Revolution 1775-1783American Revolution 1775-1783

Enlightenment LiteratureEnlightenment Literature

What are the characteristics of literature from this period?

Focused on politicsFocused on politicsBirth of the newspaperBirth of the newspaperPersuasive speeches & pamphletsPersuasive speeches & pamphlets

Appeal to Reason (Logos)Appeal to Reason (Logos): asking : asking the audience to think logically about the audience to think logically about an issue by using reasons, facts & an issue by using reasons, facts & statisticsstatistics

Appeal to Emotion (Pathos)Appeal to Emotion (Pathos): stirs : stirs listeners to feel emotions such as listeners to feel emotions such as hope, fear, likes & dislikes by using hope, fear, likes & dislikes by using charged words or flatterycharged words or flattery

Define persuasive appeals

Appeal to Authority:Appeal to Authority:

mentioning an authority or an mentioning an authority or an expert, usually Godexpert, usually God

Define persuasive appeals

Appeal to Appeal to AuthorityAuthority

This selling device depends on This selling device depends on a television star, an athlete, or a television star, an athlete, or other public personality to other public personality to endorse an item. endorse an item.

Use of the product will make the Use of the product will make the consumer as wealthy, as consumer as wealthy, as famous, as talented, or as famous, as talented, or as beautiful as the spokesperson.beautiful as the spokesperson.

A famous person is assumed to A famous person is assumed to be an authority on any subjectbe an authority on any subject

•Appeal to Authority (False Authority)

1. Tiger Woods is a great golfer. 2. Tiger Woods wears Nike products.3. If you want to be like Tiger Woods, you should wear Nike products.

BandwagonBandwagon: trying to convince : trying to convince someone to do something so they someone to do something so they won’t feel left out won’t feel left out

Define persuasive appeals

This appeal works This appeal works because most of us don’t because most of us don’t want to stand out by want to stand out by being different, and we being different, and we want what others have.want what others have.

The ad says that “The ad says that “Coke is Coke is the most asked-for soft the most asked-for soft drink in the worlddrink in the world.”.”

Bandwagon Bandwagon AppealAppeal

Charged WordsCharged Words

Define the term “charged words.”

Words that are likely to produce a Words that are likely to produce a strong emotional response due to a strong emotional response due to a word’s connotation.word’s connotation.

denotation - the dictionary’s denotation - the dictionary’s definition of a word (think “d for definition of a word (think “d for dictionary”)dictionary”)

connotation – the emotional feeling connotation – the emotional feeling associated with a wordassociated with a word

Define Rhetorical DevicesDefine Rhetorical Devices

Restatement: Restatement: repeating an idea using repeating an idea using different wordsdifferent words

Repetition: Repetition: repeating an idea using repeating an idea using the same wordsthe same words

Rhetorical questions:Rhetorical questions: asking a questions asking a questions whose answer is whose answer is obviousobvious

Parallelism:Parallelism: repeating similar repeating similar grammatical grammatical structuresstructures

This technique poses a This technique poses a question that is worded question that is worded in such a way that the in such a way that the consumer’s answer consumer’s answer affirms the product’s affirms the product’s goodness or desirability. goodness or desirability.

The ad reads, “The ad reads, “Are you Are you in?”in?” It suggests that It suggests that being “in” the car is what being “in” the car is what we should want.we should want.

Rhetorical Rhetorical Question Question

ClaimClaim

Copy the words & definitions on Copy the words & definitions on p. 155 & p. 185p. 155 & p. 185

What vocabulary will be on the test?

The CrisisThe Crisis, by Thomas Paine, by Thomas Paine

Who was Thomas Paine?

Emigrated to colonies from EnglandEmigrated to colonies from EnglandEnlisted in army 1776Enlisted in army 1776

Army had just suffered crushing Army had just suffered crushing defeat in New Jerseydefeat in New Jersey

Freezing weather, shortage of food, Freezing weather, shortage of food, low moralelow morale

Wrote Wrote The CrisisThe Crisis in response in responseGeorge Washington ordered it George Washington ordered it read to troops read to troops

The CrisisThe Crisis, by Thomas Paine, by Thomas Paine

What vocabulary do I need to know before reading?

Summer soldierSummer soldier – one who joined in the – one who joined in the spring or summer but went AWOL in the spring or summer but went AWOL in the fall or winter.fall or winter.

Why would they do this?Why would they do this?

Sunshine patriotsSunshine patriots – those who support – those who support the revolutionaries (the colonies) when the revolutionaries (the colonies) when the war was going well, but not otherwisethe war was going well, but not otherwise

Do sports fans do this?Do sports fans do this?

Appeal to Reason exsAppeal to Reason exs

Henry lists facts and gives specific examples of Henry lists facts and gives specific examples of what King George/Parliament has done to the what King George/Parliament has done to the colonists:colonists:

““Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying trying that for the last ten years.” that for the last ten years.”

““Our petitions have been slighted; our Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence remonstrances have produced additional violence and insultand insult” ”

““We have held the subject up in every lightWe have held the subject up in every light of of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain.” which it is capable; but it has been all in vain.”

ParallelismParallelism

Repeating the Repeating the same kind of wordssame kind of words::

““We haveWe have petition petitioneded; ; we havewe have remonstrat remonstrateded; ; we havewe have supplicat supplicateded; ; we havewe have prostrat prostrateded ourselves” ourselves”

(pronoun [we] past tense helping verb [have] (pronoun [we] past tense helping verb [have] past tense verb [petitioned, remonstrated, past tense verb [petitioned, remonstrated, supplicated, prostrated]supplicated, prostrated]

Appeal to Emotion exsAppeal to Emotion exs Henry uses flattery to “kiss up” to his audience:Henry uses flattery to “kiss up” to his audience:

““worthy gentlemen “worthy gentlemen “ ““Trust it not, Trust it not, sirsir “ “

Henry uses charged words to get his audience Henry uses charged words to get his audience angry:angry: ““the implements of war and subjugation “the implements of war and subjugation “ ““submission and slavery“submission and slavery“ ““tyrannical hands of the ministry and tyrannical hands of the ministry and

Parliament “Parliament “

Appeal to Authority exsAppeal to Authority exs

Henry mentions God & assures his Henry mentions God & assures his audience that God is on their side:audience that God is on their side: ““An appeal to arms and to the An appeal to arms and to the God of hostsGod of hosts is is

all that is left us!” all that is left us!” ““There is a There is a just Godjust God who presides over the who presides over the

destinies of nations” destinies of nations” ““Forbid it, Forbid it, Almighty GodAlmighty God!”!”

Rhetorical DevicesRhetorical Devices

RestatementRestatement RepetitionRepetition Rhetorical questions Rhetorical questions ParallelismParallelism

Restatement Restatement

Repeating the same idea, but Repeating the same idea, but using using new wordsnew words:: ““God of hosts”; “Almighty God”; “Majesty of God of hosts”; “Almighty God”; “Majesty of

Heaven “Heaven “ ““There is There is no longerno longer any any room for hoperoom for hope “; “This “; “This

is is no timeno time for ceremony”; “we have for ceremony”; “we have done done everythingeverything that could be done”; that could be done”;

Repetition (remember “repeat”)Repetition (remember “repeat”)

Repeating the exact same words more Repeating the exact same words more than once in the same sentence or close than once in the same sentence or close sentences:sentences: ““let it comelet it come! I repeat it, sir, ! I repeat it, sir, let it comelet it come. “. “ ““we must fightwe must fight! I repeat it, sir, ! I repeat it, sir, we must fightwe must fight! “! “

Rhetorical QuestionsRhetorical Questions

Questions the speaker asks for which Questions the speaker asks for which he/she doesn’t expect an answer because he/she doesn’t expect an answer because everyone already knows the answer:everyone already knows the answer: ““Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen

wish? What would they have?” wish? What would they have?” ““Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love

and reconciliation?” and reconciliation?” ““Shall we try argument?” Shall we try argument?” ““What terms shall we find which have not been What terms shall we find which have not been

already exhausted?”already exhausted?”

ParallelismParallelism

Repeating the Repeating the same kind of wordssame kind of words::

““We haveWe have petition petitioneded; ; we havewe have remonstrat remonstrateded; ; we havewe have supplicat supplicateded; ; we havewe have prostrat prostrateded ourselves” ourselves”

(pronoun [we] past tense helping verb [have] (pronoun [we] past tense helping verb [have] past tense verb [petitioned, remonstrated, past tense verb [petitioned, remonstrated, supplicated, prostrated]supplicated, prostrated]

ParallelismParallelism

““having eyes, see not, and, having ears, having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not “hear not “

(-ing helping verb, plural noun, verb, negative (-ing helping verb, plural noun, verb, negative word)word)

ParallelismParallelism

””the vigilant, the active, the brave “the vigilant, the active, the brave “

(definite article, adjective)(definite article, adjective)

Is this parallel?Is this parallel?I am: friendly, smart, have blond hair, and tall.I am: friendly, smart, have blond hair, and tall.

Parallelism practice: Parallelism practice: The CrisisThe Crisis worksheet 38 worksheet 38