Revolution to Civil War

Revolution

Thomas Paine - Common Sense and the Crisis

George Washington Thomas Jefferson Trenton, Saratoga, Yorktown Treaty of Paris 1783 (Adams, Jay, and

Franklin Articles of Confederation 1777

The Articles

The Articles of Confederation delegated most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to the individual states

Left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money.

The Articles’ weakness was that they gave the federal government so little power that it couldn’t keep the country united.

The Articles’ only major success was that they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance, 1787

Constitutional Convention

The Virginia Plan; The New Jersey Plan; The Great or Connecticut Compromise

The Constitution had to be ratified (approved) by at least 9 of the 13 original states in order to be put into effect.

Federalist Papers – Hamilton, Jay., Madison

The Bill of Rights

Beard thesis

Charles Austin Beard wrote in 1913 that the Constitution was written not to ensure a democratic government for the people, but to protect the economic interests of its writers (most of the men at the Constitutional Convention were very rich), and specifically to benefit wealthy financial speculators who had purchased Revolutionary War government bonds through the creation of a strong national government that could insure the bonds repayment. Beard’s thesis has met with much criticism .

The Federalist Era

President George Washington Judiciary Act, 1789 Whiskey Rebellion Washington’s Farewell Address Hamilton’s Plan

Tariff of 1789 Bank of the U.S. National debt, state debt, foreign debt Excise taxes

John Adams

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans XYZ Affair Alien and Sedition Acts Kentucky and Virginia Resolves Election of 1800, tie, Jefferson and Burr

The Age of Jefferson - TJ

Democrat Republican - reduce federal spending and government interference

Jefferson’s Inaugural Address, "We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans“

Tripolitan War (1801-1805) Louisiana Purchase: reasons, Jefferson,

loose construction

TJ

Lewis and Clark expedition and its findings

Pike and Stephen Long Impressment Chesapeake-Leopard Affair Embargo of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act

War of 1812

Mr. Madison’s War Tecumseh War Hawks Ft. McHenry, Burning of Washington Hartford Convention Jackson at New Orleans Treaty of Ghent

Era of Good Feelings

The National Plan Protective Tariff Second Bank of the U.S. Panic of 1819 Adams Onis Treaty 1819 Monroe Doctrine Chief Justice John Marshall Missouri Compromise

Market Revolution

Growth of industry in New England, textiles Samuel Slater Lowell Factory Girls Robert Fulton, Clermont Eli Whitney - cotton gin and interchangeable

parts Internal improvements Erie Canal Railroads

Market Revolution

Cyrus McCormic, mechanical reaper Elias Howe - the sewing machine Clipper ships Samuel F.B. Morse, telegraph

The Age of Jackson

Election of 1824 - "Corrupt Bargain“ Tariff of Abominations - Vice-President

Calhoun: South Carolina Exposition and protest, nullification, Force Bill

Age of the Common Man - All white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected.

The Age of Jackson

The spoils system Peggy Eaton Affair/ Kitchen Cabinet Worchester v. Georgia; Cherokee Nation

v. GeorgiaIndian Removal Act – The trail of Tears

Whigs Bank Recharter Bill

The Marshall Court

Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

After Jackson

Specie Circular Panic of 1837 Election of 1840 John Tyler

American Literature

Transcendentalism - each person has direct communication with God and Nature

Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Margaret Fuller James Fenimore Cooper Herman Melville Nathaniel Hawthorne Edgar Allen Poe Walt Whitman Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America

2nd Great Awakening

Charles G. Finney Mormons: Joseph Smith and Brigham

Young Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida

Community, Shakers Leads to the Reform Movements

Reform Movements

Dorothea Dix, treatment of the insane Public education, Horace Mann American Temperance Union Nativism Women, their rights "Cult of True Womanhood": piety,

domesticity, purity and submissiveness Anti-slavery movement

Manifest Destiny

Phrase commonly used in the 1840's and 1850's. It expressed the inevitableness of continued expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific

Stephen Austin Texas War for Independence Sam Houston Annexation of Texas, Joint Resolution

under President Tyler

Manifest Destiny

54º40' or Fight! Oregon 49th parallel James K. Polk Slidell mission to Mexico Rio Grande, Nueces River, disputed territory Wilmot Proviso Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago provisions Mexican Cession Gasden Purchase

Slavery

Proesser Rebellion Denmark Vesey Rebellion David Walker Appeal Nat Turner Rebellion The Amistad The Creole Underground Railroad

Abolition

William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator American Colonization Society Theodore Weld The Grimke sisters Sojourner Truth Frederick Douglass Free Soil Party

Crisis of Union

Compromise of 1850 Called for the admission of California as a

free state organizing Utah and New Mexico with out

restrictions on slavery adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico

border abolition of slave trade in District of

Columbia tougher fugitive slave laws

Crisis of Union

Harriet Tubman Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe Ostend Manifesto Kansas - Nebraska Act the Republican Party Stephen A. Douglas - Popular Sovereignty "Bleeding Kansas“ John Brown

Crisis of Union

Sumner-Brooks Affair Dred Scott Decision – Roger Taney Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 Panic of 1857 began with the failure of

the Ohio Life Insurance Company and spread to the urban east. The depression affected the industrial east and the wheat belt more than the South.

Crisis of Union

Harper's Ferry Raid Election of 1860 - Republican -

Abraham Lincoln. Democrat - Stephan A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge. Constitutional Union - John Bell. Issues were slavery in the territories (Lincoln opposed adding any new slave states).

Crittenden Compromise proposal Border states

South's advantages in the Civil War

Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies.

North's advantages in the Civil War

Larger numbers of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage

The Civil War

Fort Sumter Lee, Jackson Grant, McClellan, Sherman and Meade Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg,

Appomattox Jefferson Davis Copperheads - Congressman Clement

L. Vallandigham Suspension of habeas corpus

The Civil War

Banking, tariff, homestead, transcontinental railroad

Emancipation Proclamation Election of 1864 Financing of the war effort by North and South

N. financed the war through loans, treasury notes, taxes and duties on imported goods

S. had financial problems because they printed their Confederate notes without backing them with gold or silver.

The Civil War

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan John Wilkes Booth Wade-Davis Bill, veto, Wade-Davis

Manifesto

Reconstruction

Radical Republicans Reconstruction Acts State suicide theory/ Conquered territory theory Black codes Freedmen's Bureau Ku Klux Klan 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment Tenure of Office Act Carpetbaggers and Scalawags Compromise of 1877 Sharecropping