Revolution in the Américas.

p. 155

Why Latin America

• Spain owned most of the lands in the Americas.• Spanish culture was elitist, not democratic.• When Napoleon took over Spain, the colonies in

Latin America had a chance to run themselves.• When Spain returned to control them after

Napoleon’s fall, Latin American colonials (Latinos) resisted and gained independence.

• Few Latino elites wanted democracy, however, and Latino lower classes would suffer as a result.

Peninsulares:

• colonists originally from Spain, living in the colonies.

• Able to hold the highest government and social positions and held the most power in Spanish colonial society.

• Owned most of the land (Church took some lands) haciendas—– ranches/plantations; – mines, – other businesses – professions.

Creole:

• second generation Spaniard, son/daughter of a Peninsular family.

• Able to hold high government and social positions– not the full equal to a Peninsular.

Mestizo:

• mixed-birth, lower-class people.

• Part Indian, part European (used by Spanish and Portuguese, mostly)

Mulatto:

• mixed-birth, lower-class people.

• Part African, part European (used by Spanish, Portuguese, English, French mostly)

François-Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture:

• Free African leader of the successful Saint-Domingue revolution. – Self-trained military leader who defeated French

Revolutionary and Napoleon’s troops.

• His forces achieved the following:– Abolition of slavery– Most of the island was under its control.

Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops captured L’Ouverture. • He died in jail, in France, but the rebels continued to resist.

Father Miguel Hidalgo:

• Creole priest and leader of the Mexican Revolution.

• On September 15, 1810, he called for Mexican freedom from Spain. – His cheer is called “El Grito de Dolores”

EC: Coat of Arms of Modern Mexico

• EC: What is the story behind this symbol?

• Mexican gods told the Aztecs where they saw an eagle, snake, and nopal, that is where they would build Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City).

• It is centered on the Mexican Flag.

EC: Why Hidalgo’s Revolt Failed.

• Unfortunately, his popularity was only with the poor. – Hidalgo planned land reforms and other social changes to

benefit Mexico’s lower classes.

• Wealthy Mexicans feared their land would be taken. – Though they wanted freedom from Spain, they did not want what

Hidalgo and his rebels were fighting for.

• Hidalgo was captured by Spanish troops and executed. – The revolution went on…..

– Diego Rivera’s image of the martyr Hidalgo, in a massive mural of Mexican history……

Father Jose Morelos:

• He continued leading the Mexican revolution after Hidalgo.

• He was a mestizo.

• He was also captured and executed by Spanish forces supported by rich Mexicans.

EC: Why Mexico’s upper class finally wanted independence from Spain.

• Spain was taken over by liberals.– Spanish liberals wanted to give land to

Mexican lower classes.

• Wealthy Mexicans, led by Augustin Iturbide, take control of Mexico – to protect their current social system of land

ownership. – They succeeded in 1821.

Mexico’s success encouraged people in Central America.

• They rebel and create the United Provinces of Central America in the early 1820s.– The new government fails. – EC: Five new republics emerge:

• El Salvador• Guatemala• Costa Rica• Honduras• Nicaragua

Simon Bolivar:

• Creole, inspired by enlightenment ideas and ideals of the American and French revolutions.

• “liberty, equality, fraternity” are his goals for Latinos– His fellow Creoles, only want that for themselves,

however, not the peasants they own.• He led a successful revolt to create Venezuela in 1810. • Creoles attacked his liberal reforms, exiling him twice.

– In 1821, he succeeded in defeating the Spanish in all of New Granada.

» He is called “El Liberador” by people there.

• In the US called him the “George Washington of Latin America”

Jose de San Martin:

• leader of rebel forces in southern Peru and La Plata.

• Joined forces with Bolivar. – EC: Independence there would create the

new nations of: (4)

• Argentina:• Chile:• Paraguay:• Uruguay:

Dom Pedro:

• Portuguese Prince. • When his father was overthrown in Portugal, he

made Brazil independent, and became its first emperor. – He allowed a constitutional monarchy, – with a legislature, – freedom of the press, – freedom of religion.

• The monarchy would last until 1889 when Brazil becomes a republic.

End Hwk

• Begin classwork

African slaves fight for freedom.

• The Africans on the French colony of Saint-Domingue watched the French Revolution with hope. – The thought they’d be freed– They were not.

• They rebelled.• EC In the process, Saint-Domingue changed its

name to • Haiti.

Standards Check, p. 156

• Where did creoles get many of their revolutionary ideas?

• Creoles got their revolutionary ideas from:– Books by Enlightenment thinkers.– Observing the American and French

Revolutions.

Standards Check, p. 156

• How were slaves instrumental in achieving Haiti’s independance

• The Armies of slaves who revolted against their owners in 1791 formed the army that then fought for Haiti’s independence from France.

Image, p. 157

• Why do you think Toussaint and his army were willing to risk death to achieve their goals?

• The preferred death to a return to slavery.

Standards Check, p. 158

• How did events in Spain affect the fight for Mexican independence?

• When Spanish liberals forced the king to issue a constitution, Iturbide fought for independence to avoid liberal reform.

p. 159, Thinking Critically

• 1. Why did so many Latin American nations gain independence by 1830?

• Strong leaders galvanized revolts

• 2. What influenced the leaders of Latin American independence?

• Enlightenment ideals and the French and American revolutions.

Standards Check, p. 160:

• How were the goals of the South American revolutions different from their results?

• The revolution won independence, but failed to unite the lands or win social or democratic reforms.

EC: Why Disappointed?

• A disappointed Bolivar wrote,• “We have achieved our independence at

the expense of everything else.” • Why was Bolivar disappointed?

– New Américan governments did not serve or protect all their citizens,

– Most preserved upper class ownership of the land and the servitude of many of the people.

Thinking Critically, p. 161:

• 1. How did Bolivar feel the people of Latin America were prepared for new government?

• He thought they were very poorly prepared for new government by their experience with corrupt, tyrannical colonial government

• 2. Do you think Bolivar was practical or idealistic?• Practical:• Latinos could have made a successful effort at democratic

government. They had to be open to various opinions…..• Idealistic:• Latino creoles would not surrender the power they took from Spain.

Democracy was not natural to them.

Quick Write

• Were the revolutions in Latin America successful in obtaining their goals? Why or Why not?