FIVE NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR INSPECTION Qualityisassuredbythetoolsofinspection,andfoodand beveragemanufacturersarebeneficiariesofasteady progressiontobringinspectionclosertothepointof production. In-line and at-line inspection is a long-running objective in food processing, although higher throughput rates have turned it into more of an imperative than a goal. As production speeds rampup,labtestinglooksmoreandmorelikealuxurythe industrycanillafford.Thereworkandscrapcreatedbythe timethatlabsamplesflagaproblemareaseriousdragon optimized production. Sophisticatedrotationalviscometersforrheologicaland texturemeasurementsarebuiltbyBrookfieldEngineering LaboratoriesInc.,inMiddleboro,Mass.Theyprovide important quality data for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids,thelatterofwhichincludesmostfoods.Forexample, makersofsaladdressingsmust bemindful ofyieldstress, the force needed to get the dressing to flow out of a bottle. Quality controlmustmonitorthestressleveltoavoidproducing dressing that either gushes out or refuses to flow. RobertMcGregor,Brookfield'sgeneralmanagerofglobal marketingandhigh-endinstrumentsales,characterizesthe firm'sbenchtopdevicesas"relativelyinexpensive,"despite features like an on-board smart phone that "can send messages and tell you when you're out of spec. Metal detectors are the most common in-line inspection devices in food plants, and the technology is getting better, with fewer false positives and superior detection capabilities. "Identifyingtheproblemwithan in-linetestwouldbeevenbetter, andtheinspectiontoolsforthat exist.Thecost,however,is multipleshigher,"andyouneeda person to be a champion to promote in-line testing," he observes. Las pruebas de laboratorio siempre ser el estndar de oro en la inspeccin de alimentos, pero el aumento de las tasas de rendimiento estn llevando a ms de garanta de calidad en el punto de produccin. 2 "Computerized benchtop equipment is great for theRandDlab,"allowsBillHughes,an engineerandfounderofInnoquestInc., Woodstock,Ill.,butthetimelagbetweenthe labandtheloadingdockcanbetoogreat.Fiveyearsago,hedevelopedahandheld device to quantify the consistency of semi-solid foodsthatrequireaquantitativetestbefore theyship.HedubbedittheSpotOn consistometer. Thetoolwasdevelopedspecificallyfor vegetableshorteningandmargarine manufacturedbyBungeNorthAmerica,which hadexclusiverightstoHughes'consistometer untillastyear.Thedevicecombinesmanual forcewithon-boarddiagnostics:Theuser plungesarodintothefoodmaterial,andthe devicemeasurespenetrationresistanceand correlatesitwithdepthandtemperature.An infrareddepthsensorcalculatestheprobe's speed of penetration, and if the user exerts too muchortoolittleforce,ameasurementisnot recorded.Typically,anoperatormastersthe properforceafterfiveprobes,accordingto Hughes. Measuresofconsistency,temperatureand deptharedisplayedonanLEDpanel connected to the device's microprocessor. Hyperspectral imaging can flag cut potatoes with sugar-deprived ends that will turn black when fried. Key Technology is integrating hyperspectral systems into sortation equipment to remove those cuts before they become fries. The density of semi-solids such as shortening is a quality spec that can be tested at the line instead of the lab with the consistometer developed by Innoquest Inc. 3 Data are recorded and downloadable. Double-duty inspection While quality data are essential for process control, inspectionhardwareoftenisviewedasarisk-management tool against negative outcomes. When inspectioniscombinedwithavalue-added function,capitalcostsareeasiertojustify.One exampleistheBioPrintsystemthatKey TechnologyInc.,Walla,Walla,Wash.,recently added to its portfolio. KeyacquirederstwhilecompetitorVisysNVin February,complementingKeysbelt-fedsorters withtheBelgianfirm'schute-fedin-airsorters. Moreimportantly,Keyacquiredadvancedlaser technologyandhyperspectral-basedBioPrint capabilitiesforitstechnologytoolkit.Visys's Caymanchutehasaconcaveshapethatturns"a freefallintoacontrolledfall,"explainsJohn Kadinger, Key's marketing manager. By positioning ejector valves closer to the product passing through thechute,therearefewerfalserejects,which means yield is increased. Edibleoilsandmargarineareplacedina hardeningroomafterprocessing,andwhen consistencyisinspec,palletsarereleased. Sometimes,therewillbeanareaonthepallet where product is out of spec.Testingwithaconsistometeridentifieswherethat areaisandallowsprocessorstooptimizestorage time.Icecream,whippedtoppingsandspecialty doughareamongthesemi-hardfoodsHughes believes could benefit from his inspection tool. 4 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FORPRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Emergingtechnologiessuchashigh-pressure processing(HPP)arenowwellestablishedforachieving products with 'fresh' like properties, but with a shelf life of weeksormonthsratherthandays.Productsprocessedin thiswaytoincreaseshelflifeincludejuices,dips,and dairy products. Morerecently,technologiessuchasHPPandpower ultrasoundarebeingusedtochangethepropertiesof foods,togiveanimprovedornovelproduct.Examples withHPPincludeadecreaseinoiluptakeduringfrying, increasedtenderisationofmeat,andimprovedgel formation in cheese, resulting in an increased yield. Power ultrasoundcanbeusedforavarietyofapplications, includingincreasingyieldintheextractionofcaffeine, sugarorothercomponents,theproductionofemulsions usinglessemulsifier,anddecreasingviscosity.Wehave recentlyinvestigatedviscositychangesinmushroom sauce,agelatinisedstarchpreparationandafruit preparation. Benefits of HPP and power ultrasound ToinvestigatethepossiblebenefitsofusingHPPand powerultrasoundforyourproductdevelopmentand qualityimprovementneeds,comeandmakeuseofour pilot scale HPP and power ultrasound equipment as well as our expertise in these areas. 5 Lastecnologasemergentes,tales como el procesamiento de alta presin (HPP)estnbienestablecidaspara lograrproductoscon"fresco"como propiedades, pero con una vida til de semanas o meses en lugar de das. QUALITYASSURANCE Ofallfunctionsinthefoodindustry,Quality Assurance(QA)requiresmanydiversetechnical andanalyticalskills.QApersonnelcontinually monitorincomingrawmilkandfinishedmilk productstoinsurecompliancewithcompositional standards,microbiologicalstandards,andvarious governmentregulations.AQAmanagercanhalt production,refuseacceptanceofrawmaterial,or stop the shipment if specifications for a product or processarenotmet.Thisdepartmentdoesnot usuallyhavecontrolovertheproductunless something has gone wrong. The major functions of the QA Department are: CompliancewithspecificationsLegal requirements,industrystandards,internal companystandards,shelf-lifetests,customers' specifications. Test procedures Testing of raw materials, finished products, and in-process tests. SamplingschedulesUtilizeasuitablesampling scheduletomaximizetheprobabilityofdetection while minimizing workload. RecordsandreportingMaintainallQArecords sothatcustomercomplaintsandlegalproblems can be dealt with. SpecialproblemsCustomer complaints,productionproblems, personnel training, short courses, etc. Atypicalcontroldepartmentquality shouldhaveachemistrylaboratory,a laboratoryinspectionofrawmaterials, asensorylaboratoryanda microbiologylaboratory.Allthese disciplines work together to ensure that thefoodweeatisofthehighest quality.Afterall,itisthequalityof whatyoubringacustomerbackagain and again. TroubleshootingSolvevariousproblemscaused bypoorqualityrawmaterials,erraticsuppliesand malfunctioningprocessequipment;andinvestigate reasons for poor quality product to avoid repetition. Ungerentedecontroldecalidad puededetenerlaproduccin, rechazarlaaceptacindelamateria prima,odetenerelenvosinose cumple con las especificaciones de un producto o proceso 6 FOOD PACKAGING Fromgourdstoseashellstoanimalskin.Latercame pottery, cloth and wooden containers. These packages were created to facilitate transportation and trade.Utilizingmoderntechnology,todayssocietyhas createdanoverwhelmingnumberofnewpackages containingamultitudeoffoodproducts.Amodern foodpackagehasmanyfunctions,itsmainpurpose beingtophysicallyprotecttheproductduring transport.Thepackagealsoactsasabarrieragainst potentialspoilageagents,whichvarywiththefood product.Forexample,milkissensitivetolight; therefore,apackagethatprovidesalightbarrieris necessary.Themilkcartonisidealforthat.Other foods like potato chips are sensitive to air because the oxygenintheaircausesrancidity.Thebags containingpotatochipsaremadeofmaterialswith oxygen-barrier properties. Practically all foods should be protected from filth, microorganisms, moisture and objectionableodors.Werelyonthepackagetooffer that protection. Aside from protecting the food, the package serves as avehiclethroughwhichthemanufacturercan communicatewiththeconsumer.Nutritional information ingredients and often recipes are found on afoodlabel.Thepackageisalsoutilizedasa marketing tool designed to attract your attention at the store.Thismakesprintabilityanimportantproperty of a package. Thefoodindustryutilizesfourbasic packagingmaterials:metal,plantmatter (paperandwood),glassandplastic.A numberofbasicpackagingmaterialsare often combined to give a suitable package. Thefruitdrinkboxisanexamplewhere plastic,paperandmetalarecombinedin alaminatetogiveanidealpackage.This conceptcanbeeasilyseeninyourpeanut butter jar. The main package containing the food(primarypackage)ismadeofglass (orplastic),thelidismadeofmetallined with plastic, and the label is made of paper. Eachbasicpackagingmaterialhas advantages and disadvantages.7 Metalisstrongandagoodoverall barrier,butheavyandpronetocorrosion. Paperiseconomical andhasgood printing properties;however,itisnotstrongandit absorbswater.Glassistransparent,which allows the consumer to see the product, but breakable.Plasticsareversatilebutoften expensive.Therefore,combiningthe basicmaterialsworkswellinmostcases. So,foraproductlikemilk,whichisan essentialfoodforchildrenandyoung adultsandthereforecannotbevery expensive, paper makes a good economical material.Italsoprovidesagoodprinting surface.However,sincepaperabsorbs water,itwillgainmoisturefromthemilk, getweakerandfail,therebyexposingthe milk to spoilage factors. It may even break andwastetheproduct.Whenathinlayer ofaplasticcalledpolyethyleneisutilized tolinetheinsideofthemilkcarton,it servesasabarriertomoistureandmakes an economical, functional package. Theplasticsindustryishelpingtofacilitate consumerrecyclingbyidentifyingthetypeof plastic from which the container is made. Anumberfrom1to7isplacedwithinthe recyclinglogoonthecontainersbottom.For example,1referstoPET(Polyethylene Terephthalate),theplasticusedforthelarge2 litersoftdrinkbottles.Plasticshavethe advantageofbeinglight.Thishelpsto conserve fuel during transportandalso reduces the amount of package waste.Theplasticsindustryishelpingto facilitateconsumerrecyclingby identifying the type of plastic from which the container is made.There are many interesting packaging concepts being explored by the industry to keep up with thechanginglifestyleoftheconsumerand new technologies. 8 Manyprofessionalsareinvolvedin designingandmanufacturingthemodern package.Today'spackageisdesignedwith theconsumer'ssafetyandconveniencein mind. Examples are microwaveable popcorn packages,squeezableketchupbottlesand the tamper-proof milk bottle cap.Laindustriaalimentariautiliza cuatromaterialesbsicosde embalaje:metal,demateriavegetal (papelymadera),vidrioy plstico.Unaseriedematerialesde embalajebsicassecombinana menudoparadarunpaquete adecuado 9 THE IMPACT OF THERUSSIAN SANCTIONS ONFOOD AND AGRIBUSINESS ThebanwasdocumentedbythePresidents EdictNo.560datedAugust6,2014andthe GovernmentsDecreeNo.778datedAugust7, 2014.TheDecreespecifiestypesofbanned products,whichinclude:meatandpoultry,fish andseafood,milkandmilkproducts(including cheese),vegetables,fruits,nutsaswellassome otherfoodsandready-mademeals.The restrictivemeasuresdonotincludewineand spirits,cereals,pasta,oliveoil,babyfoodand beverages.Thebanisimposedfortheduration ofoneyear,butcanberevisitedearlier,if appropriate.RussianCustoms commencedimplementationimmediatelyon August7withnograceperiodorcarveoutsfor existing contracts. It has been reported that some suppliershadtorecalldeliverieswhichwere already on their way to the Russian border. Some EU agricultural businesses sought to import their goods through Switzerland, but Swiss authorities have not allowed this.

Therewerealsoanumberofattemptsto circumventthebanbyre-labellingfoods originatingfromEUsourcesascomingfrom Belarusforthepurposeoftheirfurtherimport intoRussia.Accordingtothecustoms authorities,numerousshipmentswerestopped attheRussianborderbecauseofsuch violations. Inadditiontopubliclawimplications,theban affectsmanyprivaterelationships,including contractualrelationshipsunderpinningthesale ofbannedproductsbothwithforeign suppliersandtheresalecontractswithinRussia aswellasauxiliarycontracts(suchas contractsfortransportation,storage,insurance andcreditfacilities).Nonetheless,theredoes not seem to be a flow of Russian litigation cases arisingoutoftheagriculturalproductsbanin the Russian courts at the moment.10 In September and October, the Russian Federal Service for ConsumerRightsProtectionandHumanWellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor)imposedvarioustemporaryrestrictions ontheimportoffoodsnotaffectedbythegovernmental ban.Thisincludesaprohibitionontheimportofvarious meatby-productsfromtheEU,meatfromMoldova(in addition to the already restricted importation of fruits from Moldova)aswellasnearlyallfoodsfromtheUkraine. Thesetemporaryrestrictionswereimposedduetoalleged violationsofRussianconsumer-protectionlegislationand product safety law. WhilelegallytheRospotrebnadzorsrestrictionsare unrelatedtothegovernmentalanti-sanctionsagricultural ban,thetimingofthesenewrestrictivemeasuresputs additionalpressureonagriculturalbusinessesintheEU, Moldova and the Ukraine. Following Russias import ban of EU agricultural products, theEUestablishedataskforceofCommissionexpertsto assessthesituationfromboththeEuropeanperspective andinternationalmarketsforeachproductcoveredbythe Russiansanctions.DacianCiolo,theEUCommissioner for Agriculture and Rural Development madea number of statements regarding the import ban and has confirmed that theEUisworkingcloselywithMemberStatestomonitor marketpricesforeveryproductineveryMemberState each week.

Potential trade advantage to unaffected countries.

TheEUisconcernedthatLatin Americancountriesandothercountries notaffectedbythebansuchasTurkey and Belarus will profit from the gap left bytheEU,US,NorwayandAustralia. It has been reported that the EU may be planningtomeetwiththerelevant authoritiesfromcountriesthatcould potentiallysupplementEUexportsand indicate to those countries that it would notexpectthemtoprofitunfairlyfrom thecurrentsituation.Itisthoughtthat theEUwillalsoemphasisethe importanceofaunitedfrontinrelation to the situation in the Ukraine. 11 TheEUhasnotmadeaformalstatementin relationtothisandseveralLatinAmerican countriesandtradegroupshavealready declared that the sanctions imposed by Russia willofferthematradeadvantage.For example,Brazilhaspermitted90newmeat plantstobeginexportingchicken,beefand porktoRussia.BrazilsSecretaryfor AgriculturalPolicystatedrecentlythat Russiahasthepotentialtobealarge consumerofagriculturalcommodities,not justmeat.Chileisalsosettobenefitfrom Russias ban on the import of European fish. Supply contracts

complywithRussiansanctionsandbreach their contractual obligations to supply goods or try to satisfy their contractual obligations and risk breaching Russian sanctions. Inparticular,longertermcontractswithforce majeure or frustration clauses that do not make specificreferencetosanctionsmayallow Russiancounterpartiestoarguethatthe companyisinbreachofcontractifitfailsto supplygoods.Itiscurrentlyunclearhow Russia intends to police the import ban. AsaresultoftheRussianimportbanbeing implementedwithimmediateeffect,EU companiesthathavecontractedwithRussian companiestosupplyfoodsaffectedbythe sanctions face a difficult choice if the contract doesnotcontainsuitablecontractual protection. Companies can choose to either: 12 Impact of the export restrictions In general, it is expected that the EU will be the region which is most affected by the targeted restrictions as 73 per cent of the banned imports come from the EU. This is unsurprising given that the EU represents the vast majority of Russias total imports from the countries impacted by the sanctions. Within the EU, it is expected that Germany, Spain and Poland will be the countries most affected by the ban. In 2013, total EU agricultural exports to Russia were worth 11.3 billion. The estimated value of exports affected by the ban in the EU is 5.1 billion or 45% of the total. Some food sectors will be affected more by the measures than others, most notably the dairy and fisheries sectors. Last year, these exports to Russia were worth 2.3 billion and 199 million respectively.

13 REFERENCIAS http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/123766/the-impact-of-the-russian-sanctions-on-food-and-agribusiness http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2013/inspection-technologies/ http://www.campdenbri.co.uk/news/emerging-technologies-product-development.php http://www.ift.org/Knowledge-Center/Learn-About-Food-Science/Become-a-Food-Scientist/Introduction-to-the-Food-Industry/Lesson-3/Packaging.aspx http://www.ift.org/Knowledge-Center/Learn-About-Food-Science/Become-a-Food-Scientist/Introduction-to-the-Food-Industry/Lesson-1/Quality-Assurance.aspx 14 Universidad Centooccidental Lisandro Alvarado Programa de Ingeniera Agroindustrial. Decanato de Agronoma. Barquisimeto- Lara. Venezuela. Autores:Madylein Lameda. Jorge Vsquez. Yoiber Uranga. Simn Urbina. EDICION 1