Revista Microcontrol Nº4

8/9/2019 Revista Microcontrol N4

1/33

Kfklzrenla ke @kekraf Tnl| ke Tarznl{far

Jrnskr TAT lbe 0:HL1>:TNL)Zke`{

TNL Z_ANEK_ ?%4

Lib lbe|zr{nr {e |kelnffb jrnskrtara ibzbrk| ta|b a ta|b

[e g{`{kzk oa|ajbke {e TNL18C?:;;

nez ab 9 1& eikrb : "' G[FNB ?448 '""" JK\LA_@A @_AZ[NZA ""

Lbe|zr{~k z{ trbtna tfala kezrkeajbra

tara inlrblbezrbfajbrk| TNL%

TZ?%4


2/33

eikrb 9 := ab 9 1=

Jnrkllne& _kjallne ~ Lbrrkllne7Arnkf Tafawwk|n

Ar`kezneaarnkftafawwk|nDìanf%lbi

ppp%{lbezrbf%lbi%ar

Jn|kb7JLS Skrenla L% Fasbrk

Ar`kezneaawni{z%k|z{jnbDìanf%lbi

Lbe|kgb Kjnzbrnaf7Iarnb \allb

Ar`keznea|krsnlk%|krsn|~|zkiDìanf%lbi

Larfb| Brzkà \aonbK|taa

larfb|%brzkà|aonbD{lbezrbf%rksn|za%lbi%ar

Jnk`b Irq{kw @arla ) L{krsb

Iarlb| FawlaebAr`keznea

iarlb|%fawlaebDìanf%lbi

TkjrbSkekw{kfa

tafnzrbq{kwDìanf%lbi

Jk|larà @raz{nza%K|zk lbezkenjb |k rn`k tbr fa fnlkelna

jk Lrkaznsk Lbiibe| Fnlkelna Lrkaznsk Lbiibe|Azrno{lne)Eb Lbikrlnaf)\ne Bora| Jkrnsaja|

TNL Zke`{ (1 Tarzk.

TNL Z_ANEK_ ?%4

Ij{fb TNL Z_ANEK_ :4

TNL Z_ANEK_ ?%47 Ij{fb 8 K"\

_kfbg jk Znkitb _kaf (_ZL.

Lbi{enlalne Neafiornlakezrk TNL|

Brjkeajbrk| \nelfanr

4x4:4x4:

4x4L

4x1>

4x1C

4x?0

4x?K

4x


3/33


4/33

""t`nea 4x43

%Ebza| |bork kf lnrl{nzb

A lbezne{alne& hkib|

rk{enjb {ea |krnk jk jazb| ni)

tbrzaezk| |bork kf lnrl{nzb trb)

t{k|zb ~ |{ c{elnbeainkezb7

Lbe fb| safbrk| nejnlajb| ke kf

k|q{kia ~ L1 9 1 {C& {e safbr jk

_1 9 4 bhi har q{k fa crkl{kelna

jk LFBLM |ka atrbxniajaikezk

jk 144MHw% K|zb halk q{k kf ibzbr

asaelk {eb| 144 ta|b| tbr |k`{e)

jb& skfblnjaj fninzk tara fa ia~bra

jk fb| ibzbrk| ta|b a ta|b%

\n |k nelrkikeza|k fa skfblnjaj&

eb |bfb jn|ine{nra kf zbrq{k jn|tb)

enofk |neb q{k zaione |k lbrrkra

kf rnk|`b jk q{k kf ibzbr tnkrja

ta|b|% \k t{kjke trboar jnckrkezk|

safbrk| tara L1 ~ _1 tara trbj{lnr

fa crkl{kelna ixnia ia| ajkl{a)

ja tara laja ibzbr ke tarznl{far%

K|zk safbr jktkejkr kxlf{|nsa)

ikezk jk fa| laralzkr|znla| lbe|)

zr{lznsa| jkf in|ib%

\n _1 ajbtza {e safbr lkrla)

eb a 1 Ik`bhi& fa crkl{kelna jkf

LFBLM jn|ine{nr a lkrla jk {e

Hw& halnkejb q{k kf ibzbr asaelk

{e ta|b tbr |k`{ejb%

Eb ha~& af ikeb| ke zkbra& {e

safbr ienib jk skfblnjaj a fa q{k

t{kja `nrar {e ibzbr ta|b a ta|b%

K|zb tkrinzk {znfnwar safbrk| jk

L1 ~ _1 zae `raejk| lbib |k jk)

|kk& |nkitrk jkezrb jk fb| safbrk|

albe|kgajb| ke fa hbga jk jazb| jkf

EK;;;%

Kf lnrl{nzb nitrk|b trbt{k|zb

tkrinzk fa lbekxne jk fa rk|n|zke)

lna sarnaofk _1 ke {ea obrekra& q{k

zaione t{kjk kitfkar|k lbib

t{ezb jk kezraja tara t{f|b| jk

lbezrbf kxzkreb|%

Fa ffask \1& q{k atarklk ke kf

jna`raia jk i| aoagb& tkrinzk fa

jkzkelne jkf ibzbr af nezkrr{itnr

fa `kekralne jk t{f|b| jk LFBLM

jkf EK;;;% \1 t{kjk |kr rkkitfa)

wajb tbr {e zrae|n|zbr ETE tara

lbezrbfar kfklzrenlaikezk fa `kek)

ralne jk t{f|b| jk LFBLM%

Fb| t{f|b| jk LFBLM t{kjke

|kr trbsn|zb| tbr {e lnrl{nzb kxzkr)

eb& tkrb l{afq{nkr r{njb ke k|zb|

tbjra lbfblar af rk`n|zrb jk jk|)

tfawainkezb ke {e safbr krrekb%

Ke la|b jk kitfkar|k& jkoke |kr

t{f|b| fnitnb|% K|zb| t{f|b| jk)

okrae ta|ar a zras| jkf EK;;;&

|nz{alne q{k k|za trksn|za ke kf

lnrl{nzb nitrk|b%

Kf 0:F\0: eb l{itfk bzra c{e)

lne i| q{k trbtbrlnbear kf lbe)

zrbf jkf 0:F\1>:& cngaejb fa jnrkl)lne jk `nrb lbe fa a~{ja jk fb|

zrae|n|zbrk| Q3 ~ Q0 ~ fa ffask \?%

K|zrnlzaikezk haofaejb& kf izbjb

jk lbezrbf q{k bcrklk zk |n|zkia eb

k| kf ikgbr& tkrb a fa| rkfaznsaike)

zk oaga| crkl{kelna| a fa| q{k btk)

ra kf lnrl{nzb (ikebrk| a 144MHw.

c{elnbea tkrcklzaikezk%

Kf rk|n|zbr jk : kcklz{ara {e _K)

\KZ& jkzkenkejb kf `nrb jkf ibzbr

~ kekr`nwaejb |{ |afnja e{ikrb 1;

l{aejb rklnoa kf trxnib t{f|b jk

LFBLM%

Kf lnrl{nzb eklk|nza jk {ea c{ke)

zk jk ;S jk lbrrnkezk lbezne{a tkr)

cklzaikezk k|zaonfnwaja tara c{e)

lnbear& q{k eb |k ha nelf{njb ke kf

k|q{kia%

Kxn|zke {ea `rae sarnkjaj jk

ibzbrk| ta|b a ta|b% Jkok a|k`{)

rar|k q{k kf kfk`njb tara |kr ki)

tfkajb lbe k|zk |n|zkia |k afnike)

zk lbe zke|nbek| neckrnbrk| a fb|

?:S ~ eb lbe|{ia ia| jk ;44 iA%

Kf 0:F\0: eb l{itfk

bzra c{elne

i| q{k trbtbrlnbear

kf lbezrbf jkf 0:F\1>:&

cngaejb fa jnrkllnejk nrb%

%Trboaejb kf lbezrbfajbr

\nitfkikezk lbfblaejb {e

FKJ ke laja |afnja tbjkib| lbi)

trboar sn|{afikezk kf c{elnbea)

inkezb jkf lnrl{nzb%

Ke kf k|q{kia t{kjke skr)

|k fb| jb| Cfnt Cfbt J nelf{njb| ke

kf 0:F\0:% Fa |kllne CC1 |k {zn)

fnwa lbib {e jnsn|br onearnb& inke)

zra| q{k CC? c{elnbea lbib {e Cfnt

Cfbt _\% Jk|t{| jk laja t{f|b

jk LFBLM& kf Cfnt Cfbt k| t{k|zb

vv CN@[_A < vv Jk k|za cbria tbjkib| trboar e{k|zrb jrnskr

%trb~klzb| 55 jrnskr TAT lbe 0:HL1>:

""t`nea 4x40


5/33

""t`nea 4x48

ke \KZ& lbe Q ke afzb% K|zb tkrin)

zk lbiaejar af 0:F\1>: |kl{kelnar

|{| |afnja| ke {eb { bzrb |keznjb jk

al{krjb a fa tb|nlne jk \?%

Fa ffask \1 tkrinzk jkzkekr

fa kekralne jk t{f|b| jk LFBLM%

Fb| zkrineafk| TBPK_

(1:.& LBIIBE (0. ~ LFKA_ (1 ~

1.

%Lbezrbf kxzkreb ikjnaezkbtzbalbtfajbrk|

Bzra cbria jk lbezrbf& {znfn)

waejb btzbalbtfajbrk| tara an|far

kf jrnskr jkf lnrl{nzb q{k fb lbezrbfa%

(Skr Cn`{ra 14.

%trb~klzb| 55 jrnskr TAT lbe 0:HL1>:

vv CN@[_A : vv cbria| jk beja q{k |k t{kjke kelbezrara fa |afnja jkf jrnskr

vv CN@[_A ; vv A|tklzb jkf jrnskr ~a ibezajb

vv CN@[_A 3 vv Tara rkj{lnr fa afz{ra jkf lnrl{nzb cneaf&t{kjk lbrzar|k fa afkza jn|ntajbra jkf FI084;

vv CN@[_A 0 vv A| tbjrkib|afkgar kf TAT jkf jrnskr

vv CN@[_A 8 vv Fb| laofk| lkezrafk| |be lbi{ek| a jb| obonea|

vv CN@[_A > vv T{kjk| lbiaejar kf jrnskr kxzkreaikezk

vv CN@[_A 14 vv Fb| btzbalbtfajbrk| ksnzae tb|nofk| jab| af hb|z%

Kf 0:F\0: eb l{itfk

bzra c{elne i|

q{k trbtbrlnbear

kf lbezrbf jkf 0:F\1>:&

cngaejb fa jnrkllne

jk nrb%

""t`nea 4x4>


6/33


7/33

t`nea 4x4L

%trb~klzb| 55

""tbr7G{ae Cfnx Iazkb|""gciazkb|Df~lb|%k|

TNL)Zke`{

TNL)Zke`{

K|zk arzl{fb jkok lb)

ikewar lbe kf ikrklnjb rklbeb)

lninkezb af lrkajbr jkf Zke`{

brn`neaf (ppp%zke`{zke`{zke`{%

lbi.7 kf gbske jn|kajbr ornzen)

lb Lrn|tne Gbek| (ppp%ir)gbek|%

br`.% \{ zraoagb jk|obrja ne`k)

enb& lrkaznsnjaj k neebsalne& ~

c{k fa ne|tnralne tara aobrjar

k|zk trb~klzb jk|jk {e t{ezb jk

sn|za kinekezkikezk jnjlznlb%

Aezk| jk ajkezrareb| ke

l{k|znbek| zlenla| |kezarkib|

fa| oa|k| jaejb rk|t{k|za a zrk|

trk`{eza| k|kelnafk|7 q{ saib|

a halkr& tbr q{ fb saib| a halkr

~ lib fb saib| a halkr% Ke bzra|

tafaora|& jk|lrnonrkib| kf c{elnb)

eainkezb jk TNL)Zke`{& jn|kark)

ib| {ea k|zrazk`na tara aobrjar |{

jk|arrbffb ~ kfk`nrkib| fb| ikjnb|

ajkl{ajb| tara lbej{lnr k|za eask

a o{ke t{krzb%

%Jk|lrntlne jk TNL)Zke`{

Fa in|ne k|kelnaf jk TNL)

Zke`{ |kr halkr `k|znl{far fa|

lara| q{k i{k|zra ke |{ iazrnw jk

FKJ| af rnzib jk fb| |benjb| q{k k|)

l{lhk a zras| jk {e inlrcbeb% Eb

bo|zaezk& fb jbzarkib| jk bzra| c{e)

lnbeafnjajk| |kl{ejarna| q{k& eb

tbr |kr jk ikebr nitbrzaelna& jkok)

ib| jkgar jk fajb ke {ea ca|k zae

nelntnkezk jkf trblk|b jk jn|kb% N`)

ebrar k|za| c{elnbek| ikebrk| tb)

jra halkr asaewar e{k|zrb trb~klzb

ke {ea feka q{k tb|zkrnbrikezk ni)

tb|nonfnza|k |{ nitfkikezalne%

Ajki| jk |{ inlrcbeb

kfklzrkz ~ jk |{ iazrnw jk FKJ|&

TNL)Zke`{ lbezar lbe ? FKJ|

ajnlnbeafk| q{k |ni{fare |{|

bgb|& ~ lbe {e obze q{k bcrklkr

{ea sa afzkreaznsa jk nezkrallne

lbe kf {|{arnb%

TNL)Zke`{ k| {e g{`{kzk oa|ajb ke {e TNL18C?:;; lataw jk ib|zrar k|zb| ke |{ iazrnw

jk FKJ| af rnzib jk fb| |benjb| aionkezafk| q{k rklb`k |{ inlrcbeb kfklzrkz% Ajki|&

nelf{~k {e |kelnffb g{k`b q{k fb lbesnkrzk ke {e brn neaf rk`afb jk l{itfkab|%

vv CN@[_A 1 vv Zke`{ brn`neaf a fa nwq{nkrja ~ e{k|zrb TNL)Zke`{ a fa jkrklha%

trnikra tarzk

Kf c{elnbeainkezb lbitfkzbjk TNL)Zke`{ |kr kf |n`{nkezk7

1% Af lbeklzarfb a fa c{kezk jk afn)

ikezalne TNL)Zke`{ |k ib|zrar

ke k|zajb jbrinjb (lbe fb| bgb|

lkrrajb|"ata`ajb| ~ lbe fa obla

lkrraja.%

?% Tara jk|tkrzarfb zkejrkib| q{k

|btfarfk ~ jkzklzarkib| k|za |nz{a)

lne atrbsklhaejb fa |az{ralne

q{k trbj{lnr ke kf inlrcbeb%

% Tara acrbezar c{z{ra| aitfna)

lnbek|& eb| nezkrk|a jkgar aonkr)

za fa tb|non f njaj jk lbi{enlar)

eb| lbe TNL)Zke`{ a zras| jk

{e brjkeajbr%

Kf zraoagb jk Lrn|tne

Gbek| c{k fa ne|tnra)

lne jk k|zk trb~klzb&

kecblajb jk|jk {e

t{ezb jk sn|za kineke)zkikezk jnjlznlb%

t`nea 4x4J


8/33

t`nea 4x4K

%trb~klzb| 55 TNL)Zke`{

%Cneafnjaj jkf trb~klzb

Fa cneafnjaj jk k|zk trb~kl)

zb k| k|kelnafikezk jnjlznla& tbr

fb q{k |k h{nr jk atfnlar zlenla|

lbitfkga| a tk|ar jk q{k t{jnkrae

trbtbrlnbear {e ikgbr rkejninkezb%

Kf bogkznsb k| tbekr jk ia)

encnk|zb ikjnaezk kgkitfb| trlzn)

lb| ~ |kelnffb| fa| tb|nonfnjajk| jk

af`{eb| jk fb| ij{fb| nelf{njb| ke

fb| inlrblbezrbfajbrk| TNL& lbib7

\afnja| jn`nzafk|7 TNL)Zke`{

l{keza lbe :: FKJ| (0 cnfa| ~ 3 lb)

f{iea| ke fa iazrnw& i| fb| jb|

bgb|. ~ zbjb| kffb| |kre lbezrbfajb|

ikjnaezk |afnja| jn`nzafk| jkf TNL%

Lbeskr|br aeaf`nlb jn`nzaf7

Fb {znfnwarkib| tara jkzklzar fa ne)

zke|njaj jkf |benjb%

T{f|k Pnjzh Ibj{faznbe7 Eb|

tkrinznr sarnar fa nezke|njaj jk fb|

FKJ| q{k |ni{fae fb| bgb| tara ata)

rkezar q{k |k aorke tblb a tblb%

Znikr|7@ralna| a kffb| tbjrkib|

alz{afnwar fa iazrnw jk FKJ| a {e rnz)

ib lbe|zaezk a{eq{k zke`aib| q{k

rkafnwar |ni{fzekaikezk bzra| za)

rka|% Zaione fb| {znfnwarkib| tara

askrn`{ar |n kf obze ha tkriaeklnjb

t{f|ajb i| jk ? |k`{ejb|%

Nezkrr{tlne kxzkrea7Eb| tkr)

inznr jkzklzar fa t{f|alne jkf ob)

ze ke l{afq{nkr ne|zaezk& a{eq{k

ke k|k ibikezb |k k|ze rkafnwae)

jb bzra| zarka|%

Ikibrna KKT_BI7 [znfnwark)

ib| k|za craega jk ikibrna tara

afialkear fa kjaj jkf hbikeagka)

jb ~ kf ike|agk jk|fnwaezk& atrb)

sklhaejb a| |{| jb| l{afnjajk|

i| jk|zalaofk|7 |{ lbezkenjb eb

|k obrra a{eq{k lk|k fa afnikeza)

lne kflzrnla& ~ tbjkib| afzkrar |{

lbezkenjb ke znkitb jk kgkl{lne

jk|jk kf trbtnb cnripark jkf TNL

|ne zkekr q{k rktrb`raiarfb%

%Ikjnb|

Ke trnikr f{`ar eklk|nzaib|

kfk`nr kf TNL i| atrbtnajb& k| jklnr&

aq{f q{k bcrkwla zbja| fa| laralzk)

r|znla| |kafaja| ke fa |kllne aezk)

rnbr tbr kf trklnb i| klbeinlb%

Eb bo|zaezk& ae eb| q{kja

tbr aeafnwar lbe i| jkzaffk af`{eb|

tarikzrb|& lbib kf eikrb jk ke)

zraja|"|afnja| jn`nzafk| q{k eklk|nza)

rkib|% E{k|zra trnikra zkezalne tb)

jra |kr {znfnwar {e tne tara lbezrbfar

laja FKJ nejktkejnkezkikezk& tkrb

k|zb eb| lbej{lnra a {e |borkjn)

ike|nbeainkezb jkf TNL neg{|zncnlajb&

t{k| jkokib| zkekr ke l{keza q{k

laja tne t{kjk |{inen|zrar b ao|br)

okr {e ixnib jk ?; iA& ~ q{k fb|

TNL ke `kekraf t{kjke |{inen|zrar ~

ao|brokr {e zbzaf ixnib jk ?44 iA=

lbe|njkraejb q{k laja FKJ lbe|{)

ik {eb| 14 iA |fb tbjraib| zk)

vv CN@[_A ? vvJna`raia jk cf{gb

jkf c{elnbeainkezbjk TNL)Zke`{%

[e jkzaffk a zkekrke l{keza |bork kf

[FE?84


9/33

""t`nea 4x14

%trb~klzb| 55 TNL)Zke`{

TNL% Tbjraib| nitfkikezar k|zk jrn)

skr ikjnaezk zrae|n|zbrk|& tkrb k|zb

|{tbejra {e a{ikezb lbe|njkraofk

jkf zaiab jkf TLO& t{k| ajki| jk

fb| zrae|n|zbrk| jkokraib| nelf{nr rk)

|n|zkelna| ke |{| oa|k|% Fa |bf{lne

k| rkl{rrnr a {e lnrl{nzb nezk`rajb q{k

bcrkwla |{injkrb| jk lbrrnkezk ETE

zntb Jarfne`zbe% [ea skw jkzklzaja fa

eklk|njaj jk k|zk jrnskr nezkrikjnb&

fa kfkllne kezrk cnfa| b lbf{iea| |k

jklaeza f`nlaikezk tbr k|za| fzn)

ia|& t{k| af |kr ikeb| (3 lbf{iea|

crkezk a 0 cnfa|. tbjrkib| rkcrk|lar

fa iazrnw lbitfkza ke ikeb| znkitb&

rkj{lnkejb a| kf rnk|`b jk q{k |k

trbj{wlae tartajkb|% Njkafikezk& fb

i| lbitalzb h{onkra |njb {znfnwar {e

[FE?44


10/33

""t`nea 4x1?

PneTNL844 tara fa trb`raialne%

%Latzar kf |benjb aionkezk

Kf inlrcbeb jk zntb kfklzrkz

k| fa kfkllne njkaf tara k|zk trb~kl)

zb tbr |{ rkj{lnjb zaiab& |{ k|la)

|b lbe|{ib ~ |{ oagb trklnb% K|zb|

inlrcbeb| k|ze oa|ajb| ke fb|

lf|nlb| inlrcbeb| jk lbejke|a)

jbr= jk hklhb& |{ ebiork lbitfkzb

k| KLI (Kfklzrkz Lbejke|kr Inlrb)

thbek.% \ne kioar`b& |k jnckrkelnae

jk kffb| ke q{k nelf{~ke {e iazkrnaf

lataw jk afialkear {ea lar`a kfl)

zrnla j{raezk lnkezb| jk ab|= k|zk

iazkrnaf |k jkebinea kfklzrkz ~ trb)

skk fa zke|ne eklk|arna tara tbfarn)

war kf lbejke|ajbr& jk ibjb q{k eb

rkq{krnrae afnikezalne kxzkrea% \ne

kioar`b& fa zke|ne k| zae oaga q{k

|k tbjra skr acklzaja tbr fa| kzata|

tb|zkrnbrk|& jk ibjb q{k |k {znfnwa

{e zrae|n|zbr jk zntb GCKZ a ibjb

jk ajatzajbr jk nitkjaelna|& ~ k|zk

zrae|n|zbr | rkq{nkrk afnikezalne

kxzkrea%

Haonz{afikezk fb| inlrcb)

eb| kfklzrkz l{kezae lbe ? zkrinea)

fk|& {eb tara fa lbekxne a znkrra ~

bzrb lbitarznjb tbr fa afnikezalne

~ fa |kaf jk |afnja (a{eq{k zaione

fb| ha~ lbe < zkrineafk| ke fb| q{k

fa afnikezalne ~ fa |kaf k|ze ne)

jktkejnwaja|.% Tara njkezncnlar fb|

zkrineafk| tbjkib| atb~areb| ke kf

hklhb jk q{k kf zkrineaf {enjb a fa

larla|a jkf inlrcbeb k| fa lbekxne

a znkrra% Fa {ene kezrk kf zkrineaf ~

fa larla|a |{kfk |kr sn|nofk& lbib ke

fa cn`{ra


11/33

""t`nea 4x1

%ebza jk zata " trb~klzb| 55 TNL Zranekr ?%4

""tbr7Arnkf Tafawwk|n""arnkftafawwk|nDìanf%lbi

TNL Zranekr ?%4Zk trbtbekib| fa lbe|zr{llne jk z{ trbtna tfala kezrkeajbra tara inlrblbezrbfa)

jbrk| TNL% Lbe k|zk |n|zkia& oa|ajb ke jnckrkezk| ij{fb|& tbjr| atrkejkr zbjb

fb q{k eklk|nza| |bork kf c{elnbeainkezb jk k|zb| lnrl{nzb| nezk`rajb|& |ne eklk|n)

jaj jk à|zar {ea tkq{ka cbrz{ea%

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\n rklne k|za| jaejb z{|

trnikrb| ta|b| ke kf i{ejb jk fb|

inlrblbezrbfajbrk| TNL& k| tb|n)

ofk q{k zk kel{kezrk| fn`kraikezk

aor{iajb tbr fa laeznjaj jk lbe)

lktzb| q{k jkok| a|ninfar tara tb)

jkr jk|arrbffar z{| trb~klzb|%

K|zb k| neksnzaofk& ~a q{k

tara q{k {e trb~klzb oa|ajb ke {e

inlrblbezrbfajbr eb |ka {e crala)

|b& jkokib| jbinear zaezb kf jn)

|kb jkf lnrl{nzb kfklzrenlb lbib

fa lbeckllne jkf trb`raia q{k |k

kelaràr jk halkrfb c{elnbear%

Fa njka jkzr| jk {ea

tfala kezrkeajbra b zranekr

k| jn|tbekr jk {ea hkrrainkeza

q{k eb| atbrzk {e harjpark trb)

oajb& lbecnaofk& q{k tbjaib|

{zn f nwar l{aejb q{krkib| trboar

af`{ea tnkwa jk |bczpark& |ne ek )

lk|njaj jk lbe|zr{nr {e lnrl{nzb

k|tklnaf tara kf fb% Tbjkib| skr

a {e kezrkeajbr lbib {e trb)

~klzb {enskr|af& q{k jn|tbek jk

trlznlaikezk zbjb| fb| kfkike)

zb| q{k eklk|nzaib| tara trboar

e{k|zrb |bczpark%

%Kf TNL Z_ANEK_Halk {e tar jk ab|& l{aejb

lbikel a nezkrk|arik tbr fa kfklzr)

enla ~ fb| inlrblbezrbfajbrk|& rtnja)

ikezk ik jn l{keza q{k jn|tbekr jk

{e kezrkeajbr tbjra ahbrrarik oa|)

zaezk znkitb& ~ ksnzar cr{|zrarik laja

skw q{k jn|kaoa {e TLO tara trb)

oar af`{ea r{znea jk |bczpark ~ q{k

tbr afè ibznsb eb c{elnbeaoa%

Kxn|zke af`{eb| zranekr| jn|)

tbenofk| lbikrlnafikezk q{k |be

rkafikezk nitrk|nbeaezk|% Jn|tbeke

jk {e i{~ o{ke e{ikrb jk jn|tb|n)

znsb| be)obarj (jk|jk t{f|ajbrk| ~

FKJ| ha|za taezaffa| FLJ `racnla|.&

~ bcrklke |btbrzk tara {e e{ikrb jk

inlrblbezrbfajbrk| nelrkofkikezk

e{ikrb|b% A sklk|& nelf{|b |btbrzae

lhnt| jk jnckrkezk| caornlaezk|%

Tkrb ik tarkln q{k tbjra

atrkejkr oa|zaezk i| |n jn|kaoa

in trbtna tfala jk kezrkeainkezb% Ke

k|k ibikezb kra nelataw jk caornlar

{e TLO jk jbofk lara (lrkb q{k en |n)

q{nkra h{onk|k tbjnjb jno{garfb.& tbr

fb q{k jko |alrncnlar {ea| l{aeza|

c{elnbek| q{k neksnzaofkikezk rkq{k)

Q{nw| fa laralzkr|znlai| |bork|afnkezk

jk k|zk trb~klzb

|ka |{ ibj{farnjaj%

Kf {|b jk g{itkr| tkrinzklbecn`{rar fb| ij{fb|%

Af`{eb| ij{fb| jn|tbekejk |{ trbtnb rk`{fajbr jk sbfzagk%

""t`nea 4x1A

TZ?%4


15/33

""t`nea 4x1O


rae jk {e TLO jkia|najb lbitfkgb%

L{aejb ~a zkea {e jn|kb

rawbeaofkikezk c{elnbeaf (a{eq{k

nitfnlaoa {ea tfala jk {eb| ?4x?;

lkezikzrb|. ~ q{k tb|nofkikezk h{)

onk|k c{elnbeajb& |k ik bl{rrn q{k

tbjra |kr i{lhb i| kcnlnkezk ~ |ke)

lnffb jnsnjnr kf kezrkeajbr ke {ea |krnk

jk ij{fb|% Jk k|za iaekra& tbjra nr

lbe|zr{~ejbfb| a ikjnja q{k fb| ek)

lk|nzaoa& |ne eklk|njaj jk a|zar i{)

lhb jnekrb b znkitb jk {ea |bfa skw%

A| c{k lbib ealn kf TNL Z_A)

NEK_& jkf l{af aeafnwarkib| |{ |k`{e)

ja rkkelarealne& fa skr|ne ?%4%

%Laralzkr|znla|

Q{nw| fa laralzkr|znla i|

|bork|afnkezk jk k|zk trb~klzb |ka |{

ibj{farnjaj% Ke kcklzb& |k ha jnsnjn)

jb kf kezrkeajbr ke ij{fb|& l{azrb

jk kffb| jk|zneajb| a afbgar fb| inlrb)

lbezrbfajbrk| jk 8& 18& ?8 ~ :4 tnek|

~ kf t{ajb jk lbitbekezk| q{k ek)

lk|nzae tara c{elnbear% Kf fklzbr t{k)

jk lbe|zr{nr |bfb {eb jk kffb| (kf q{k

|btbrzk kf ibjkfb jk TNL q{k jk|ka

k|z{jnar. b onke fb| l{azrb%

K|zb| ij{fb| lkezrafk|& a

fb| q{k hkib| oa{znwajb lbib TNL

Z_ANEK_ 8& TNL Z_ANEK_ 18& TNL

Z_ANEK_ ?8 ~ TNL Z_ANEK_ :4&

jn|tbeke jk {e wlafb tara afbgar af

inlrblbezrbfajbr ke l{k|zne= {e t{f)

|ajbr jk|zneajb a& ke la|b jk |kr ek)

lk|arnb& kcklz{ar kf _K\KZ jkf in|ib=

zrk| lrn|zafk| |kfkllnbeaofk| ikjnae)

zk g{itkr|& tara {znfnwar jnckrkezk|

crkl{kelna| jk zraoagb= {e rk`{fajbr

jk sbfzagk (~ lbitbekezk| a|blnajb|.

jkjnlajb a ornejarfk af TNL fb| ensk)

fk| jk zke|ne ~ lbrrnkezk q{k eklk|n)

za tara c{elnbear= {e lbeklzbr tara fa

trb`raialne NL\T= ~ af`{eb| t{f|a)

jbrk| ~ FKJ| q{k trbtbrlnbeae {ea|

tbla| feka| jk kezraja"|afnja%

Zbjb fb jki| |k ha |kta)

rajb ke ij{fb| allk|brnb|& q{k |k

lbeklzae af ibj{fb lkezraf kfk`njb

ikjnaezk laofk| tfaeb| jk 14 sa|

zkrineajb| ke lbeklzbrk| NJL% Hk

rkafnwajb {ea o{kea laeznjaj jk i)

j{fb|7 jn|tfa~| FLJ ?x13& 8 kezraja|

~ |afnja|& : { 8 rkf|& _\)?


16/33

""t`nea 4x1J


ij{fb| jkoke |kr kefawajb| lbe

i| jk {e laofk& a{eq{k k|zk k| {e

iaf ikebr%

Fa nia`ke jkf lbeklzbr eb|

i{k|zra fa c{elne jk laja {eb jk fb|

14 tnek| q{k tb|kk% Ke `kekraf& zb)

jb| fb| ij{fb| znkeke fb| lbeklzbrk|

ibezajb| |bork fb| obrjk|& jk cbria

q{k fb| laofk| jk lbekxne t{kjae

lbfblar|k clnfikezk% Fa cnfa jk tnek|

kznq{kzajb| EL q{kja halna kf fajb

jk ac{kra jkf TLO& ~ fa rae{ra trk|ke)

zk ke fa cnlha ialhb halna ajkezrb%

Fb| l{azrb tnek| EL |be fb|

q{k eb k|ze lbeklzajb|% Fb| njke)

zncnlajb| lbib J4%%%J< lbrrk|tbejke

a fa| feka| jk jazb|& ~ hk nezkezajb

(lbe oa|zaezk xnzb. q{k |k lbrrk|tbe)

jae a fb| tnek| 4%%%< b :%%%0 jk laja

t{krzb jk laja TNL% Tbr {fznib& -;S

~ @EJ trbtbrlnbeae afnikezalne

kflzrnla a i{lhb| jk fb| ij{fb|%

Lbib k|za lbrrnkezk trbsnkek

jk fa tfala jkf ij{fb lkezraf af q{k

|k ha~ae lbeklzajb|& ~ k| |{inen|)

zraja ikjnaezk {e rk`{fajbr jk sbf)

zagk nezk`rajb FI084; q{k |fb t{k)

jk trbtbrlnbeareb| (zkrnlaikezk. 1

Aitkr& jkokib| |kr l{njajb|b| lbe

fb| lbe|{ib|% K|za k| fa rawe jk

q{k af`{ea| tfala| zkeàe& ajki|&

{ea obrekra tara trbskkr |{ trbtna

afnikezalne& jk cbria jk ksnzar rk)

laràr kf rk`{fajbr jk sbfzagk jk fa

tfala trnelntaf%

Fa lbe|zr{llne jk fb| laofk|

eb tbjra |kr i| |kelnffa% Jajb q{k

fb| lbeklzbrk| NJL |be lrnitfka)

ofk| (k| jklnr& t{kjke atfnlar|k af

laofk |nitfkikezk trk|nbeejbfb|

c{krzkikezk lbezra f.& |bfb eb| zbia)

ra {eb| ine{zb| jn|tbekr jk {e o{ke

eikrb jk kffb|%

Zkekib| q{k rklbrjar& af ahbra

jk lbfblar fa| cnlha| |bork kf laofk tfa)

eb& q{k k|zk jkok q{kjar ariajb lbe

|{| kxzrkib| jk cbria |nizrnla (skr

cbzb|.% K|zb tkrinznr q{k |{| kxzrkib|&

a fa hbra jk ne|krzarfb| ke fb| ij{fb|&

t{kjae nezkrlaionar|k |ne trbofkia|%

Jk k|za iaekra rk|{fzar trlznlaikezk

nitb|nofk jaar afè ij{fb tbr haokr

ne|krzajb {e laofk jk cbria nelbrrklza%

Fa i{k|la q{k znkek laja lbeklzbr

nitnjk q{k af cnlha kezrk ke {ea tb|nlne

q{k eb |ka fa ajkl{aja%

%NL\TFa| tfala| jk|zneaja| a af)

okràr fb| inlrblbezrbfajbrk| (lbib

TNL Z_ANEK_ 8& TNL Z_ANEK_ 18&

TNL Z_ANEK_ ?8 ~ TNL Z_ANEK_

:4. lbib ajkfaezaib|& tb|kke {e

lbeklzbr tara fa trb`raialne NL\T

(Ne Lnrl{nz \krnaf Trb`raiine`& b Trb)

`raialne \krnaf ke lnrl{nzb.%

Kf NL\T k| kf |n|zkia {znfnwa)

jb ke fb| jn|tb|nznsb| TNL jk Inlrblhnt

tara trb`raiarfb| |ne eklk|njaj jk zk)

ekr q{k rkznrar kf lhnt jkf lnrl{nzb jkf q{k

cbria tarzk% K|za cbria jk trb`raia)

lne k| sfnja tara zbjb| fb| TNL jk fa

àia oaga& lbib t{kjk |kr kf 1?L;48

~ 1?C3?>= fb| jk fa aia ikjna& jk|jk

kf jk 13C8:A ha|za kf 13C800A= k ne)

lf{|b tara fa cainfna 18xxxx%

O|nlaikezk& |k zraza jk {e

|n|zkia jk trb`raialne |krnk |e)

lrbea ke kf q{k nezkrsnkeke ? |kafk|7

{ea jk kezraja ~ |afnja tara fa zrae|)

in|ne ~ rklktlne jk jazb|= ~ bzra jk

kezraja tara fa |nelrbenwalne jk fa

zrae|in|ne ~ rklktlne jk fb| jazb|%

Fa| feka| {znfnwaja| |k {onlae (`kek)

rafikezk. ke kf tne _O3"T@L tara fa

|kaf jk |nelrbenwalne (rkfbg. ~ ke kf

_O0"T@J tara fb| jazb|%

Kf trbzblbfb zraoaga lbe jb|

zke|nbek|& {ea jk afnikezalne (SJJ.&

l{~b rae`b jk safbrk| k|z lbitrke)

jnjb kezrk :%; ~ ;%; sbfznb|& ~ bzra jk

trb`raialne (STT. l{~b rae`b b|ln)

fa kezrk {e ienib ~ {e ixnib jk 1?

~ 1: sbfznb| rk|tklznsaikezk%

Fb| trb`raiajbrk| `kekraf)

ikezk tb|kke {e lbeklzbr q{k ke)

zrkà k|za| |kafk|& ~ fa| tfala| q{k

hkib| jn|kajb znkeke kf lbeklzbr

lbrrk|tbejnkezk tara rklnonrfa|% Q{k)

ja a lar`b jkf fklzbr fa zarka jk lbe|)

zr{nr {e laofk q{k snel{fk kf trb`ra)

iajbr lbe kf kezrkeajbr%

Kf tneb{z lbrrk|tbejnkezk af

lbeklzbr NL\T jk zbja| fa| tfala|

q{k cbriae tarzk jkf TNL Z_ANEK_

k| kf in|ib& ~ t{kjk skr|k ke fa cn`{)

ra lbrrk|tbejnkezk% (Skr Cn`{ra 1.

%Ij{fb| jn|tbenofk|

Ke rkafnjaj& ~ a tarznr jk fa|

k|tklncnlalnbek| t{ofnlaja| tara

laja lbeklzbr& k| tb|nofk lrkar i)

j{fb| jk kxtae|ne fninzajb| |bfb tbr

fa nia`nealne b eklk|njaj jk laja

fklzbr% Eb|bzrb| hkib| jn|kajb ib)

j{fb| lkezrafk| tara TNL| jk l{af)

q{nkr eikrb jk tnek|& aitfnalne jk

kezraja| ~ |afnja|& rkfk|& FLJ afcae{)

irnlb ~ FLJ `rcnlb& zklfajb|& lb)

ekxne _\)?


17/33


18/33

""t`nea 4x?1

K|za nia`ke a~{jar a lbfblarfb| lbitbekezk| |bork kf TLO%

K|zk k|& |kè kf trb`raia jk jn|kb&kf a|tklzb q{k zkejr ke ij{fb%

%ebza jk zata " lbezne{alne " trb~klzb| 55 TNL Zranekr ?%4

lbfblar i| jk {e g{itkr a fa skw& ~a

q{k ke k|k la|b kf inlrblbezrbfajbr

eb c{elnbear%

Hkib| kfk njb tara e{k|zrb

trbzbzntb safbrk| jk :IHw& 8 IHw ~

?4IHw& tkrb eaja nitnjk {znfnwar

bzrb| safbrk|% Kf fklzbr t{kjk lai)

onarfb| a `{|zb%

Ke la|b jk {znfnwar afè ib)

jkfb jk TNL q{k jn|tbeà jk b|lnfa)

jbr nezkreb ~ |k q{nkrae {znfnwar fb|

tnek| 1< ~ 1: jkf in|ib (lbrrk|tbe)

jnkezk|& ke `kekraf& a K< ~ K:. lbib

tnek| jk kezraja"|afnja& oa|zar lbe

eb lbfblar ene`{eb jk fb| g{itkr|

ikelnbeajb|%

Ke kf la|b jk lbecn`{rar fb| tn)

ek| 1< ~ 1: lbib kezraja"|afnja& k|zb|

|k lbitbrzare jk fa in|ia iaekra

q{k kf tne 14& lbrrk|tbejnkezk af onz ?

jkf TB_ZK% K|zb haonfnza fb| FKJ| ~

t{f|ajbrk| nelbrtbrajb| ke kf ibj{)

fb& tkrinznkejb |{ {|b lbib cbria jk

ne`rk|ar (b rktrk|kezar. jazb| a (b jk.

e{k|zrb trb`raia% Fb| g{itkr| GT1&

GT? ~ GT< tkrinzke |kfkllnbear |n lb)

eklzaib| kf FKJ b kf t{f|ajbr af TNL%

Ke la|b jk |kfkllnbear fb|

t{f|ajbrk|& jkokib| rklbrjar q{k

k|zb| tbeke kf tne lbrrk|tbejnkezk a

;S l{aejb |be trk|nbeajb|% Inkezra|

q{k k|ze ke rktb|b& fa| kezraja| |k

iaeznkeke a @EJ a zras| jk |kejb|

rk|n|zbrk| jk 14M%

Fb| lbeklzbrk| |n`{ke fa|

in|ia| ebria| q{k kxtfnlaib| ke

kf arzl{fb aezkrnbr& a| q{k eb jk)

okra| zkekr trbofkia| a fa hbra jk

jkzkrinear fa c{elne jk laja tne%

Lbib rk`fa `kekraf& rkl{krja q{k

jk fb| tnek| kxzkrnbrk| jk laja lb)

eklzbr |bfb |k kitfka {eb (-S. ~

fb| bzrb| l{azrb k|ze |ne lbeklzar%

Jk fb lnelb nezkrnbr& {eb lbrrk|tbe)

jk a @EJ ~ fb| bzrb| : a jazb|% Eb

k| iafa njka zkekr a iaeb kf `racnlb

lbe fa c{elne jk laja tne a iaeb

l{aejb jklnja| halkr afè trb`ra)

ia tara laràr ke kf kezrkeajbr%

Fa enla kxlktlne& b jk|)

sb jk fb ebriaf& q{k t{kjk| skr

ke kf jna`raia jk fb| lbeklzbrk|

k| ke fb| tnek| lbrrk|tbejnke)

zk| a _O3 ~ _O0& ~a q{k tb|kke

{e rk|n|zbr jk ??4 bhi| ke |krnk%

L{itfke lbe fa c{elne jk tkrin)

znr trb`raiar kf TNL ikjnaezk kf

lbeklzbr NL\T |ne eklk|njaj jk

rkznrar kf laofk q{k lbeklza kf ke)

zrkeajbr lbe kf ibj{fb jk z{reb%

Tbr |{t{k|zb& |n fb jk|ka| t{kjk|

rkkitfawar k|b| jb| rk|n|zbrk|

tbr |kejb| t{kezk|& ~ a bzra lb|a%

\bfb jkokr| q{nzar kf laofk tfaeb

K|zk k| {ebjk fb| ij{fb| jk

e{k|zrb kezrkeajbr

q{k tbjraib|

lafncnlar jk

nejn|tke|aofk%

a fa hbra jk rktrb`raiar kf TNL%

Kf tne 1& q{k lbrrk|tbejk af

_K\KZ ke fb| inlrblbezrbfajbrk|

TNL jk :4 tnek| (af ikeb|& ke fb|

q{k |be lbitaznofk| lbe k|zk kezrk)

eajbr.& k|za {enjb a {e t{f|ajbr a

zras| jk {e rk|n|zbr jk :04 bhi| ~

a -S ikjnaezk bzrb jk :%0M ~ {e jnb)

jb 1E:1:8% Af trk|nbear kf t{f|ajbr&

kf inlrblbezrbfajbr |k rk|kzka% J{)

raezk kf c{elnbeainkezb ebriaf jkf

trb`raia& kf tne k|za a -S% Kf jnbjb

nitnjk fb| trbofkia| q{k tbjrae

|{r`nr kezrk fa| afnikezalnbek| jkf

ibj{fb ~ jkf trb`raiajbr af {znfnwar

kf lbeklzbr NL\T%

""t`nea 4x??


19/33

""t`nea 4x? ke f{`ar jk 4%;%

%WX \tklzr{i

Kf ?< jk aornf jk 1>8? \nelfanrfaew kf brjkeajbr q{k |k lbeskrznra ke|{ ia~br xnzb& ~ q{k hb~ k| {e bogkzb jkl{fzb7 kf WX \tklzr{i%

Af n`{af q{k |{| trkjklk|brk| c{k{e brjkeajbr jk 8 onz| oa|ajb ke kf W84&c{elnbeaejb a


33/33

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Revista Microcontrol Nº4