Revision Unit 2ARevision Unit 2A

Production

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Where to find thingsWhere to find things

• In the textbook pages 57-97• In the wiki:• http://ysgol-rhyngrwyd-igcse.wikispaces.com/

Unit+2A+Production

• And • http://ysgol-rhyngrwyd-igcse.wikispaces.com/

Unit+2A%C2%A0%C2%A0+Part+2+here• Also the blog• http://lindym.wordpress.com/category/igcse/ • Takes you to all the IGCSE ones – about 3

pages – about a third is relevant to this section

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•Can you classify employment by sector?

•Can you decide how a given job should be classified?

•Can you think of others that form part of that group?

• Can you explain how each sector is defined?

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These pictures are in a particular These pictures are in a particular order because ….order because ….

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•Do you know how the sectors have varied in importance over time in the UK and why?

•Do you know how the size of each sector varies between countries which have different levels of economic development?

•Do you know why this is the case?

•Can you give examples to explain the last 2 questions – with figures maybe?

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In the UKIn the UK• Things have changed a bit over the years• This graph actually predicts a bit into the future• What do you notice about each letter?• Can you explain the changes?

A B C D

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Change it a bit, take away the Change it a bit, take away the bottom scale and put in countries bottom scale and put in countries

and ….and ….

• You can see that as countries develop they change their employment structure.

• What do you notice about their primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries.

Ethiopia Brazil Japan UKPeru

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The employment structure vary from The employment structure vary from one place to anotherone place to another

• What kind of place do you think these 3 come from? Which is similar UK before the industrial revolution really got going? While it was an industrialized society? As a post-industrial society?

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The employment structure vary from The employment structure vary from one place to anotherone place to another

• Do you know how the size of each sector varies between countries which have different levels of economic development?

• Do you know why this is the case?• Use the example below to answer these

questions

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Do you know what informal Do you know what informal employment is, where it occurs and employment is, where it occurs and

why?why?• When we look at the pie charts, this records

what the government of that country knows about the work people are doing – the formal economy

• But in every country there are people working that the government does nothing about – informal employment. They pay no tax and have no contract of employment and no-one is there to protect their safety. Any rules about hours of work and minimum pay are disregarded.

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Do you know what informal Do you know what informal employment is, where it occurs and employment is, where it occurs and

why?why?• It used to be rife in the UK and parts of Europe and was known as the ‘black economy’ – in particular it involved the building trade.

• More recently immigrants (in particular illegal ones) are taken on by ‘gangers’ who sell their labour to fruit and veg farmers. The farmers then pay the ganger who pays the team workers not very much. Usually the ganger gets the gang poor overcrowded lodging which he charges them for – so they end up with very little money.

• Does anyone remember the Morecombe Bay tragedy, when 23 Chinese drowned while picking cockles up off a dangerous sand bank?

• All such activity is now illegal and the gangers must register and provide basic pay and make sure that health safety is adhered to. However ….

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Do you know what informal Do you know what informal employment is, where it occurs and employment is, where it occurs and

why?why?• ….. In LEDCs there are many thousands who make up the informal economy. Street hawkers of snacks or simple services, such as shoe cleaning, pickers on rubbish tips who collect and sell recyclables are examples of the type of thing they do.

• Why do they do it? Because there are no regular jobs.

• It is often dangerous usually underpaid but if that is the only choice you have, you take it

Do you know how Do you know how different sorts of farming different sorts of farming

enterprise can be enterprise can be classified?classified?

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These are all geographical (key) These are all geographical (key) words about farming – which one am words about farming – which one am

I talking about?I talking about?• Agroforestry  • arable farming • commercial

farming• desertification • drought • extensive farming • genetically

modified (GM) food • Horticulture • Intensive farming.

• irrigation • mixed farming • overgrazing • pastoral farming • sedentary

agriculture • subsistence farming • shifting (or

nomadic) agriculture

• soil erosion

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•Using the EU as an example, can you explain what caused over production of food in the recent past?

•Can you give examples of ways in which these problems have been tackled?

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The Common Agricultural PolicyThe Common Agricultural Policy

• What is it and who does it affect?

• What was the main original aim of CAP?

• How did they go about it?

• Did it work? So what’s the problem? …eh well…

Price

support

mechanism

Floor/ intervention

Ceiling/ThresholdHill Farm

payments

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The Common Agricultural PolicyThe Common Agricultural Policy

• It worked a bit too well – the EU had storehouses full of unsold food – and overproduction needs to be dealt with

•What did they do?

Butter

Mountains

Wine LakesSet aside

Milk quota

Before 1991After 1991 After 2000

Single farm payment

Countryside stewardship

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•Do you know what physical factors can limit agricultural production?

•Do you know what the causes of food shortages are?

•Can you give named examples of ways in which these have been overcome?

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What physical factors can limit What physical factors can limit agricultural production?agricultural production?

•Rain – too much or too little

•Temperature – too hot or too cold

•Soil – not enough of the right sort – too thin, too salty, too stony, too washed away

•Pests and diseasesA bit more

about these later

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What are the What are the causescauses of famine? of famine?• Drought• Desertification – what’s that? What causes it?• Poverty/Landlessness• Wars – where?• International trade – how does that cause

famine• International debt – why is that a problem?• But do look at PP for Jan 14th on • http://ysgol-rhyngrwyd-igcse.wikispaces.com/

Unit+2A+Production

• which covers some of the issues for the food crisis from last summer

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Some solutions?Some solutions?

•The Green Revolution was thought to solve the food crisis for one area in the 1960s and 1970s

•Which area? What did they do?

•Did it work?

•Was there a downside?

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GM ArgumentGM Argument• What is genetic

modification?

• What is the major ‘success’ for GM seeds so far?

• For the future? They say they will be able provide crops that can grow in salty soil, in dry areas, that will produce medicines cheaply, but they have not done much of it so far

• Why are many people worried about GM foods?

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Farming in KenyaFarming in Kenya• Kenya has a wet and dry season.• By storing water and using it carefully, they

can extend their growing season.• Using it carefully means drip irrigation, for

example as in the example of greenhouse tomato project – what is drip irrigation and why is it a good thing?

• Also using greenhouses for tomatoes and big ones for flowers (earns foreign currency), heavy rains would damage the tomatoes/flowers, whereas greenhouses protect them for intense heat and hail damage – extends the growing season. Intensive so produces a lot from a small plot and gives year round production instead of just a few months

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•Can you explain what the factors affect the location of (a) heavy industry (b) high tech industry?

•Can you refer to a case study (named place) about the location of high tech industry?

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These are the kind of factors that affect These are the kind of factors that affect the location of industry to a greater or the location of industry to a greater or

lesser extentlesser extent

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•Can you explain why the need for energy is increasing?

•Do you know the advantages and disadvantages of a range of renewable and non-renewable sources of energy?

Thinking about energy – do we have enough in Europe at the

moment?

What about the rest of the world?

What about in the future can

we just go right on as we are?

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Sources of energySources of energy

• Which are non-renewables?• Which ones can we use again –

renewables?• Which can we replace and so

make their use sustainable?• What do each of these use to

generate power• Which ones are not reliable?• Which have limited use?

• coal, • oil, • natural gas, • fuelwood • Hydro-

electric, • tidal, • nuclear• wave• Solar• Geothermal• Wind• Biomass

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Using a named case study, can you Using a named case study, can you explain why a nuclear power station explain why a nuclear power station was sited where it is? What were the was sited where it is? What were the costs (disadvantages) and benefits costs (disadvantages) and benefits

(advantages ) of its location (advantages ) of its location

•Remember, we looked at Sizewell in Suffolk- a good idea to look at the PP of this one as it is not in the book

•Here are some things about Sizewell – why were they important

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About SizewellAbout Sizewell

•There are no big towns nearby

• It is right on the North Sea Coast

•There is a main line railway running a few miles inland from the site

•The ground is very stable with no history of earth tremors.

•What were the advantages of this site?

•What were the disadvantages of such a site?

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HomeworkHomework

• You have been given a list of key questions, similar to those that have appeared in this PowerPoint

• You may not finish all them today so you may have to delete the last few

• To get 90% indicate on the table provided you have revised ¾ of them

• AND• ask for clarification on at least 3 particular

issues that you are unsure of. This does NOT mean copying 3 of the questions – it means asking a question about an aspect that demonstrates you really have looked at it and show what you have grasped about it (see PP for example)

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HomeworkHomework

• This does NOT mean copying 3 of the questions – it means asking a question about an aspect that demonstrates you really have looked at it and show what you have grasped about .

•Example: I understand why the beef mountains/wine lakes occurred, but please could you explain how the actions that were taken later helped solve it?