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May 1924 LICHTENBERG: AUTOMATIC SUBSTATIONS 415 Synchronous converters for automatic operation are provided with the usual automatic station protective features such as bearing and resistor temperature relays, short and long-time continued a-c. overload relays, single-phase starting preventive and harmful continued single-phase running preventive relays, low a-c. pressure starting or operating preventive relays, overspeed switches ' in combination with a shunt trip circuit breaker, leakage to ground relays, etc. Other electric power-transforming machines, such as balancers, mercury tube converters, and static trans- formers have been made completely automatic and are now in successful operation. Their design usually takes pattern after the best manual operation scheme, except that the time for the switching is generally reduced from a matter of minutes to a matter of seconds. The automatic hydroelectric plant is one of the out- standing applications of automatic switching equip- ment to industrial enterprises. Consider, for example, the many streams of moderate size but relatively uni- form flow which are found in the upper Middle West. They have been used for many generations to drive grist mills of quite good size, as well as performing many other industrial functions of varied natures. The hydro equipment which has heretofore been used is fast becoming antiquated and the output of the mills is suffering in consequence. The recent installation of automatic hydroelectric equipments in a number of these mills has wrought an important change in this section of the country. The same streams now permit not only a greater mill output in combination with the electrification of the mills, but also provide an inexpen- sive power supply to adjacent towns and villages. More important even is the fact that the electrified mill can now be connected to the large electric power supply system covering the country, and can either take power from this system during times of low water or can feed power into the network during times of high water. Automatic hydroelectric stations almost invariably use synchronous generators since they can be provided with their own exciters. They almost always have a waterwheel equipped with either an oil pressure gov- ernor, a servo-motor, or motor-operated gates. The synchronous generator is usually provided with an amortisseur winding to assist in pulling the machine into step. The starting impulse is given by any one of the familiar relays or by a push button, or may be given by making alive the station feeder from an a-c. network. Immediately after the starting impulse is completed, the waterwheel gates are opened and the waterwheel started. Then the gates are shut until only enough water passes through to bring the machine up to about 95 per cent normal speed. At this point the armature is connected to the a-c. network, either directly or through transformers and immediately thereafter the field is excited. This brings the generator into phase with the network and places load on the machine. Automatic hydroelectric stations are usually pro- vided with automatic voltage regulators and these, in combination with the hydraulic regulating equipment, adjust and maintain the desired load o n t h e equip- ment. Automatic hydroelectric stations are provided with only such protective features as are needed for the quite simple machinery involved. Excess speed, excess electric pressure, insufficient oil pressure, bearing and machine heating, short and long-time, continued over- loads, together with loss of field, each has its protective devices, which make the automatic hydroelectric sta- tion economical and safe in sizes up to 8,000 or 10,000 kw. Feeders for a-c. and d-c. networks and supply are now not only automatic tripping on overload, but also automatic reclosing. M a n y f o r m s are available, each being particularly designed for its individual application. REVISION OF CODE FOR ELECTRIC METERS The Code for Electric Meters, approved as an Ameri- can Standard by the A. E. S. C. in 1922, covers many phases of electric metering practise. It includes specifications for the test and acceptance of types of watthour and demand meters with their accessory devices, such as current and voltage transformers and shunts, and recommendations on installation, mainte- nance, and meter testing methods. This code is the basis of American practise in the manufacture of elec- tricity meters, and their use, test, and maintenance by public utility operators. Approval tests of types of meters by public utility commissions are based on the code, and the rules for periodic meter testing formulated by state commissions are in accordance with its general provisions. Revision of this Code is being made by a sectional committee under the joint sponsorship of the Bureau of Standards, the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, and the National Electric Light Associa- tion, in accordance with the procedure of the A. E. S. C. The sectional committee consists of 18 members, six representing manufacturers of electricity meters, six representing users, and six representing the general public. The sectional committee has been organized under the chairmanship of a m e m b e r of the staff of the Bureau of Standards, while the secretary is an engi- neer öf the Electrical Testing Laboratories. Four subcommittees have been formed to prepare the draft of the revision under the general direction of the sec- tional committee. The subcomittees include among their members many meter engineers of manufacturers, central-station operators, and engineers from research and university laboratories.

Revision of code for electric meters

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Page 1: Revision of code for electric meters

May 1924 L I C H T E N B E R G : A U T O M A T I C S U B S T A T I O N S 415

S y n c h r o n o u s c o n v e r t e r s fo r a u t o m a t i c o p e r a t i o n a r e p r o v i d e d w i t h t h e u s u a l a u t o m a t i c s t a t i o n p r o t e c t i v e f e a t u r e s s u c h a s b e a r i n g a n d r e s i s t o r t e m p e r a t u r e r e l a y s , s h o r t a n d l o n g - t i m e c o n t i n u e d a - c . o v e r l o a d r e l a y s , s i n g l e - p h a s e s t a r t i n g p r e v e n t i v e a n d h a r m f u l c o n t i n u e d s i n g l e - p h a s e r u n n i n g p r e v e n t i v e r e l a y s , l o w a - c . p r e s s u r e s t a r t i n g o r o p e r a t i n g p r e v e n t i v e r e l a y s , o v e r s p e e d s w i t c h e s ' i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h a s h u n t t r i p c i r c u i t b r e a k e r , l e a k a g e t o g r o u n d r e l a y s , e t c .

O t h e r e l e c t r i c p o w e r - t r a n s f o r m i n g m a c h i n e s , s u c h a s b a l a n c e r s , m e r c u r y t u b e c o n v e r t e r s , a n d s t a t i c t r a n s ­f o r m e r s h a v e b e e n m a d e c o m p l e t e l y a u t o m a t i c a n d a r e n o w in succes s fu l o p e r a t i o n . T h e i r d e s i g n u s u a l l y t a k e s p a t t e r n a f t e r t h e b e s t m a n u a l o p e r a t i o n s c h e m e , e x c e p t t h a t t h e t i m e fo r t h e s w i t c h i n g i s g e n e r a l l y r e d u c e d f r o m a m a t t e r of m i n u t e s t o a m a t t e r of s e c o n d s .

T h e a u t o m a t i c h y d r o e l e c t r i c p l a n t i s o n e of t h e o u t ­s t a n d i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s of a u t o m a t i c s w i t c h i n g e q u i p ­m e n t t o i n d u s t r i a l e n t e r p r i s e s . C o n s i d e r , fo r e x a m p l e , t h e m a n y s t r e a m s of m o d e r a t e s i z e b u t r e l a t i v e l y u n i ­f o r m flow w h i c h a r e f o u n d i n t h e u p p e r M i d d l e W e s t . T h e y h a v e b e e n u s e d for m a n y g e n e r a t i o n s t o d r i v e g r i s t m i l l s of q u i t e g o o d s i ze , a s w e l l a s p e r f o r m i n g m a n y o t h e r i n d u s t r i a l f u n c t i o n s of v a r i e d n a t u r e s . T h e h y d r o e q u i p m e n t w h i c h h a s h e r e t o f o r e b e e n u s e d i s f a s t b e c o m i n g a n t i q u a t e d a n d t h e o u t p u t of t h e m i l l s i s su f fe r ing i n c o n s e q u e n c e . T h e r e c e n t i n s t a l l a t i o n of a u t o m a t i c h y d r o e l e c t r i c e q u i p m e n t s i n a n u m b e r of t h e s e m i l l s h a s w r o u g h t a n i m p o r t a n t c h a n g e i n t h i s s e c t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y . T h e s a m e s t r e a m s n o w p e r m i t n o t o n l y a g r e a t e r m i l l o u t p u t i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h t h e e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n of t h e m i l l s , b u t a l s o p r o v i d e a n i n e x p e n ­s i v e p o w e r s u p p l y t o a d j a c e n t t o w n s a n d v i l l a g e s . M o r e i m p o r t a n t e v e n is t h e f a c t t h a t t h e e l ec t r i f i ed m i l l c a n n o w b e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e l a r g e e l e c t r i c p o w e r s u p p l y s y s t e m c o v e r i n g t h e c o u n t r y , a n d c a n e i t h e r t a k e p o w e r f r o m t h i s s y s t e m d u r i n g t i m e s of l o w w a t e r o r c a n f e e d p o w e r i n t o t h e n e t w o r k d u r i n g t i m e s of h i g h w a t e r .

A u t o m a t i c h y d r o e l e c t r i c s t a t i o n s a l m o s t i n v a r i a b l y u s e s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r s s i n c e t h e y c a n b e p r o v i d e d w i t h t h e i r o w n e x c i t e r s . T h e y a l m o s t a l w a y s h a v e a w a t e r w h e e l e q u i p p e d w i t h e i t h e r a n oi l p r e s s u r e g o v ­e r n o r , a s e r v o - m o t o r , o r m o t o r - o p e r a t e d g a t e s . T h e s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r i s u s u a l l y p r o v i d e d w i t h a n a m o r t i s s e u r w i n d i n g t o a s s i s t i n p u l l i n g t h e m a c h i n e i n t o s t e p . T h e s t a r t i n g i m p u l s e i s g i v e n b y a n y o n e of t h e f a m i l i a r r e l a y s o r b y a p u s h b u t t o n , o r m a y b e g i v e n b y m a k i n g a l i v e t h e s t a t i o n f e e d e r f r o m a n a - c . n e t w o r k . I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e s t a r t i n g i m p u l s e i s c o m p l e t e d , t h e w a t e r w h e e l g a t e s a r e o p e n e d a n d t h e w a t e r w h e e l s t a r t e d . T h e n t h e g a t e s a r e s h u t u n t i l o n l y e n o u g h w a t e r p a s s e s t h r o u g h t o b r i n g t h e m a c h i n e u p t o a b o u t 9 5 p e r c e n t n o r m a l s p e e d . A t t h i s p o i n t t h e a r m a t u r e is c o n n e c t e d t o t h e a - c . n e t w o r k , e i t h e r d i r e c t l y o r t h r o u g h t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d i m m e d i a t e l y t h e r e a f t e r t h e field is e x c i t e d . T h i s b r i n g s t h e g e n e r a t o r i n t o p h a s e w i t h t h e n e t w o r k a n d p l a c e s l o a d o n t h e m a c h i n e .

A u t o m a t i c h y d r o e l e c t r i c s t a t i o n s a r e u s u a l l y p r o ­v i d e d w i t h a u t o m a t i c v o l t a g e r e g u l a t o r s a n d t h e s e , i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h t h e h y d r a u l i c r e g u l a t i n g e q u i p m e n t , a d j u s t a n d m a i n t a i n t h e d e s i r e d l o a d o n t h e e q u i p ­m e n t .

A u t o m a t i c h y d r o e l e c t r i c s t a t i o n s a r e p r o v i d e d w i t h o n l y s u c h p r o t e c t i v e f e a t u r e s a s a r e n e e d e d for t h e q u i t e s i m p l e m a c h i n e r y i n v o l v e d . E x c e s s s p e e d , e x c e s s e l e c t r i c p r e s s u r e , i n su f f i c i en t oi l p r e s s u r e , b e a r i n g a n d m a c h i n e h e a t i n g , s h o r t a n d l o n g - t i m e , c o n t i n u e d o v e r ­l o a d s , t o g e t h e r w i t h l o s s of field, e a c h h a s i t s p r o t e c t i v e d e v i c e s , w h i c h m a k e t h e a u t o m a t i c h y d r o e l e c t r i c s t a ­t i o n e c o n o m i c a l a n d sa fe i n s i zes u p t o 8 ,000 o r 1 0 , 0 0 0 k w .

F e e d e r s for a - c . a n d d - c . n e t w o r k s a n d s u p p l y a r e n o w n o t o n l y a u t o m a t i c t r i p p i n g o n o v e r l o a d , b u t a l s o a u t o m a t i c r e c l o s i n g . M a n y f o r m s a r e a v a i l a b l e , e a c h b e i n g p a r t i c u l a r l y d e s i g n e d for i t s i n d i v i d u a l a p p l i c a t i o n .

REVISION OF CODE FOR ELECTRIC METERS

T h e C o d e fo r E l e c t r i c M e t e r s , a p p r o v e d a s a n A m e r i ­c a n S t a n d a r d b y t h e A . E . S . C . i n 1 9 2 2 , c o v e r s m a n y p h a s e s of e l e c t r i c m e t e r i n g p r a c t i s e . I t i n c l u d e s s p e c i f i c a t i o n s for t h e t e s t a n d a c c e p t a n c e of t y p e s of w a t t h o u r a n d d e m a n d m e t e r s w i t h t h e i r a c c e s s o r y d e v i c e s , s u c h a s c u r r e n t a n d v o l t a g e t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d s h u n t s , a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o n i n s t a l l a t i o n , m a i n t e ­n a n c e , a n d m e t e r t e s t i n g m e t h o d s . T h i s c o d e is t h e b a s i s of A m e r i c a n p r a c t i s e i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r e of e l ec ­t r i c i t y m e t e r s , a n d t h e i r u s e , t e s t , a n d m a i n t e n a n c e b y p u b l i c u t i l i t y o p e r a t o r s . A p p r o v a l t e s t s of t y p e s of m e t e r s b y p u b l i c u t i l i t y c o m m i s s i o n s a r e b a s e d o n t h e c o d e , a n d t h e r u l e s fo r p e r i o d i c m e t e r t e s t i n g f o r m u l a t e d b y s t a t e c o m m i s s i o n s a r e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h i t s g e n e r a l p r o v i s i o n s .

R e v i s i o n of t h i s C o d e i s b e i n g m a d e b y a s e c t i o n a l c o m m i t t e e u n d e r t h e j o i n t s p o n s o r s h i p of t h e B u r e a u of S t a n d a r d s , t h e A s s o c i a t i o n of E d i s o n I l l u m i n a t i n g C o m p a n i e s , a n d t h e N a t i o n a l E l e c t r i c L i g h t A s s o c i a ­t i o n , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e of t h e A . E . S . C . T h e s e c t i o n a l c o m m i t t e e c o n s i s t s of 18 m e m b e r s , s ix r e p r e s e n t i n g m a n u f a c t u r e r s of e l e c t r i c i t y m e t e r s , s ix r e p r e s e n t i n g u s e r s , a n d s ix r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c . T h e s e c t i o n a l c o m m i t t e e h a s b e e n o r g a n i z e d u n d e r t h e c h a i r m a n s h i p of a m e m b e r of t h e s taff of t h e B u r e a u of S t a n d a r d s , w h i l e t h e s e c r e t a r y is a n e n g i ­n e e r öf t h e E l e c t r i c a l T e s t i n g L a b o r a t o r i e s . F o u r s u b c o m m i t t e e s h a v e b e e n f o r m e d t o p r e p a r e t h e d r a f t of t h e r e v i s i o n u n d e r t h e g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n of t h e s ec ­t i o n a l c o m m i t t e e . T h e s u b c o m i t t e e s i n c l u d e a m o n g t h e i r m e m b e r s m a n y m e t e r e n g i n e e r s of m a n u f a c t u r e r s , c e n t r a l - s t a t i o n o p e r a t o r s , a n d e n g i n e e r s f r o m r e s e a r c h a n d u n i v e r s i t y l a b o r a t o r i e s .