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ANSI/NISO Z39.18-1995 ISSN: 1041-5653 (Revision of ANSI Z39.18-1987)

Scientific and TechnicalReports — Elements,

Organization, and Design

Abstract: To facilitate information retrieval, the elements, organization, anddesign of scientific and technical reports are outlined. Guidance in organizingthe required and optional elements of the three major sections (front matter,text, and back matter) is provided. The standard establishes guidelines for theuniform presentation of visual and tabular matter, formatting, and pagina-tion. Additional suggestions for presenting numbers, formulas, equations,symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms are included.

An American National StandardDeveloped by the

National Information Standards OrganizationApproved March 21, 1995 by the

American National Standards Institute

Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.

Published byNISO PressP.O. Box 1056Bethesda, Maryland 20827

Copyright ©1995 by National Information Standards OrganizationAll rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book maybe reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy,recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from thepublisher. All inquiries should be addressed to NISO Press, P.O. Box 1056, Bethesda, Maryland 20827.

Printed in the United States of America

ISSN: 1041-5653 National Information Standards seriesISBN: 1-880124-24-6

This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNational Information Standards Organization (U.S.) Scientific and technical reports : elements, organization, and design

p. cm. -- (National information standards series, ISSN 1041-5653 ;ANSI/NISO Z39.18-1995) “Developed by the National Information Standards Organization, approved March 21,1995 by the American National Standards Institute” Includes index. ISBN 1-880124-24-6 1. Technical writing--Standards--United States. I. American National Standards Institute.II. Title. III. Series.T11.N354 1995 95-22240808'.0665--dc20 CIP

Contents

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ v

1. General Information .................................................................................................................................. 11.1 Purpose and Scope of Standard ..................................................................................................... 11.2 Definition of Scientific and Technical Reports ............................................................................. 1

2. Referenced Publications ............................................................................................................................ 12.1 American National Standards ........................................................................................................ 12.2 Other Standards ................................................................................................................................ 12.3 Other Publications ............................................................................................................................ 2

3. Elements of Reports ................................................................................................................................... 24. Organization of Reports ............................................................................................................................ 2

4.1 Front Matter ....................................................................................................................................... 24.1.1 Cover ......................................................................................................................................... 24.1.2 Title Page .................................................................................................................................. 2

4.1.2.1 Report Number ....................................................................................................... 44.1.2.2 Title and Subtitle .................................................................................................... 44.1.2.3 Authorship ..............................................................................................................44.1.2.4 Performing and Sponsoring Organizations ....................................................... 4

4.1.3 Notices ...................................................................................................................................... 44.1.4 Report Documentation Page ................................................................................................. 94.1.5 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 94.1.6 Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... 94.1.7 List(s) of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................ 134.1.8 Foreword ................................................................................................................................ 134.1.9 Preface ..................................................................................................................................... 134.1.10Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... 13

4.2 Text (Body) Matter .......................................................................................................................... 134.2.1 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 134.2.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 144.2.3 Methods, Assumptions, and Procedures .......................................................................... 144.2.4 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................ 144.2.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 144.2.6 Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 144.2.7 References............................................................................................................................... 14

4.3 Back Matter ...................................................................................................................................... 154.3.1 Appendixes ............................................................................................................................ 154.3.2 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 154.3.3 List(s) of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms .......................................................... 164.3.4 Glossary .................................................................................................................................. 164.3.5 Index........................................................................................................................................ 164.3.6 Distribution List .................................................................................................................... 16

5. Design of Reports ..................................................................................................................................... 165.1 Subordination .................................................................................................................................. 165.2 Visual and Tabular Matter ............................................................................................................. 17

5.2.1 Figures .................................................................................................................................... 175.2.2 Tables ....................................................................................................................................... 18

5.3 Page Format ..................................................................................................................................... 185.3.1 Image Area ............................................................................................................................. 185.3.2 Margins ................................................................................................................................... 195.3.3 Line Length ............................................................................................................................ 195.3.4 Typography ............................................................................................................................ 19

ANSI/NISO Z39.18-1995

(continued)


Page iv

5.3.5 Paper and Ink ........................................................................................................................ 195.3.6 Printing Equipment .............................................................................................................. 19

5.4 Pagination ........................................................................................................................................ 195.5 Units and Numbers ........................................................................................................................ 205.6 Formulas and Equations ................................................................................................................ 205.7 Footnotes or Endnotes ................................................................................................................... 215.8 References and Bibliographic Entries .......................................................................................... 215.9 Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms..................................................................................... 215.10 Glossary Entries .............................................................................................................................. 225.11 Index Entries .................................................................................................................................... 225.12 Errata ................................................................................................................................................ 22

APPENDIXESAppendix A. Selected Annotated Bibliography .................................................................................. 23

A1. General .................................................................................................................................... 23A2. Writing, Usage, Style, Grammar, and English Language Dictionaries ........................ 23A3. Style Manuals and Guides ................................................................................................... 24A4. Specialized Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks ............................................ 26A5. Technical Writing Material .................................................................................................. 27A6. Standards and Symbols ........................................................................................................ 28

A6.1 Standards ...................................................................................................................... 28A6.2 Graphic Symbols ......................................................................................................... 28A6.3 Letter Symbols .............................................................................................................29

A7. Library Reference Material .................................................................................................. 29A8. Graphic Arts ........................................................................................................................... 30

Appendix B Report Documentation Page, Standard Form (SF) 298 andInstructions for Completion. .......................................................................................... 32

INDEX ............................................................................................................................................................... 34

FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1a: Sample cover, performing and sponsoring organizations are the same ....................... 5Figure 1b: Sample title page, performing and sponsoring organizations are the same ................ 6Figure 2a: Sample cover, performing and sponsoring organizations are different ....................... 7Figure 2b: Sample title page, performing and sponsoring organizations are different ................ 8Figure 3: Sample cover with a notice of restricted distribution .................................................... 10Figure 4: Sample of completed report documentation page ......................................................... 11Figure 5: Sample table of contents page ........................................................................................... 12Figure 6: Use of graphic devices as color substitutes ..................................................................... 18Figure 7: Nomenclature for the parts of a table ............................................................................... 18

Table 1. Report elements ........................................................................................................................ 3

(Contents continued)


Page v

Foreword(This Foreword is not a part of the American National Standard for Scientific and Technical Reports —

Elements, Organization, and Design, ANSI/NISO Z39.18-1995. It is included for information only.)

This standard presents guidelines about the ele-ments, organization, and design of scientific andtechnical reports. Its purpose is to foster uniformityin such reports for ease of information retrievalwhile permitting diversity of purpose, scope, andsubject matter. The standard does not provide guid-ance on other typical technical information prod-ucts such as journal articles, proposals, technicalspecifications, or technical and consumer manuals.This publication is a standard rather than a reportand, therefore, does not follow in every particularthe report format prescribed. Moreover, the lan-guage of the standard is couched in the indicativerather than the subjunctive mood (“is,” not “shall”or “must”) which is typically used in standards.

In the development of this standard, CommitteeAH examined existing practices and conventionsfrom a wide variety of organizations, institutions,and associations, as reflected in the annotated bibli-ography (Appendix A). These sources were chosenbecause they represent a variety of report producersand are available to the report-producing public.Where practices varied, committee members re-solved the differences based on their collective expe-riences. Where appropriate, they have recommendedoptions to accommodate the widely varied needs ofreport producers. Because of this variety, not all theelements described are mandatory for a report al-though the placement and sequence of report ele-ments should be consistent. For example, federalagencies use a report documentation page, but manyacademic and industrial report producers do not.The use and placement of report documentationpages are considered optional by the standard toaccommodate local practices, therefore instructionsfor preparing them are given in Appendix B.

The standard provides explicit guidance aboutthe bibliographic data elements that appear on thecovers and title pages (and, if they are used, reportdocumentation pages) of reports if the reports areprinted or presented in image form. Compliancewith these guidelines ensures thorough, consistent,and uniform bibliographic description, and controlof data essential to libraries, abstracting services,and other technical information organizations thatacquire, store, and provide access to informationresources.

The standard also describes the scope of eachsection of a report and offers principles for the

effective communication of textual, visual, and tabu-lar material. The establishment of technical writingstandards is beyond the scope of this standard;however, the standard does provide an extensiveannotated bibliography of books about technicalwriting and language usage and style (AppendixA).

The standard includes basic requirements forpublication formats; the use of figures and tables;and the presentation of numbers and units, formu-las and equations, and symbols, abbreviations, andacronyms. It does not, however, offer specific adviceabout electronic publishing systems that enable us-ers to design and produce reports using a computer,appropriate software, and a laser or laser-qualityprinter. Because report production and reproduc-tion techniques use rapidly changing software prod-ucts that are beyond the scope of this standard, theyare not specified. Most software packages for pageand report production do provide instruction manu-als for users, however. The author(s) or other indi-viduals charged with preparing a report shouldplan to deliver both a paper copy and an electronicversion available on diskette, CD-ROM, or networkservices.

The standard supports the electronic publicationof hard (paper) copy while acknowledging thatreports are also produced, stored, and retrieved inelectronic formats. Paper and electronic documentshave different design constraints, however, that arenot easily reconciled in a single standard. Insofar asit is possible to do so, this standard establishes a defacto document-type definition (DTD), a set of rulesfor establishing the structure of reports, that may beelectronically processed through systems that in-clude document imaging, optical character recogni-tion, compression/decompression, and optical me-dia storage of full text.

Suggestions for improving this standard are wel-come. They should be sent to the National Infor-mation Standards Organization, P.O. Box 1056,Bethesda, MD 20827, telephone (301) 654-2512.

This standard was processed and approved forsubmittal to ANSI by the National Information Stan-dards Organization. NISO approval of this standarddoes not necessarily imply that all Voting Membersvoted for its approval. As the time it approved thisstandard, NISO had the following members:

(continued)


Page vi

NISO Voting Members

American Association of Law LibrariesAndrew Laurence

American Chemical SocietyRobert S. Tannehill, Jr.Leon R. Blauvelt (Alt)

American Library AssociationMyron B. ChaceGlenn Patton (Alt)

American Society for Information ScienceMark H. Needleman

American Society of IndexersPatricia S. KuhrMarie Kascus (Alt)

American Theological Library AssociationMyron B. Chace

Apple Computer, Inc.Janet VratnyRita Brennan (Alt)

Art Libraries Society of North AmericaJulie MellbyPenney DePas (Alt)

Association for Information and Dissemination CentersBruce H. Kiesel

Association for Information and Image ManagementJudy Kilpatrick

Association of Jewish LibrariesBella Hass WeinbergPearl Berger (Alt)

Association of Recorded Sound Collections

Garrett Bowles

Association of Research LibrariesDuane E. Webster

AT&T Bell LabsM.E. Brennan

Book Manufacturers’ InstituteStephen P. Snyder

CARL CorporationWard Shaw

Data Research Associates, Inc.Michael J. MellingerJames Michael (Alt)

Dialog Information ServicesRichard Boulderstone

David Loy (Alt)

The Faxon CompanyFritz Schwartz

Gaylord Information SystemsRobert RileyBradley McLean (Alt)

Geac Computers, Inc.Simon KendallB.J. Mitchell (Alt)

Indiana Cooperative Library Services AuthorityBarbara Evans MarkusonJanice Cox (Alt)

Joint Medical Library, Department of DefenseDiane ZehnpfennigBeth Knapke (Alt)

Lexis/NexisPeter Ryall

Library Binding InstituteSally Grauer

Library of CongressSally H. McCallumWinston Tabb (Alt)

Medical Library AssociationKatherine HughesCarla J. Funk (Alt)

MINITEXAnita Anker BraninWilliam DeJohn (Alt)

Music Library AssociationLenore CoralGeraldine Ostrove (Alt)

National Agricultural LibraryPamela Q. J. AndreGary K. McCone (Alt)

National Archives and Records AdministrationAlan Calmes

National Federation of Abstracting and InformationServices

John Schnepp

National Library of MedicineLois Ann Colaianni

NOTIS Systems, Inc.John Kolman

OCLC, Inc.Don Muccino

OHIONETMichael P. ButlerGreg Pronevitz (Alt)

FOREWORD


Page vii

U.S. Department of the Army, HeadquartersLouise Nyce

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standardsand Technology, Office of Information Services

Jeff HarrisonMarietta Nelson (Alt)

U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Technical InformationCenter

Gretchen A. SchlagClaire Tozier (Alt)

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and TechnicalInformation

Mary HallNancy Hardin (Alt)

U.S. National Commission on Libraries and Information SciencePeter R. Young

VTLS, Inc.Vinod Chachra

West PublishingAndy DesmondForrest Rhoads (Alt)

The H.W. Wilson CompanyGeorge I. LewickyAnn Case (Alt)

PALINETJames E. Rush

P.S.S. Tapestry, Inc.Mary Sue IddingsJanet Pingitore (Alt)

Readmore Academic ServicesSandra J. GurshmanDan Tonkery (Alt)

The Research Libraries Group, Inc.Wayne DavisonKathy Bales (Alt)

R. R. Bowker - U.S. ISBN Maintenance AgencyEmery Koltay

Society of American ArchivistsLynn Lady Bellardo

Society for Technical CommunicationJeff HibbardKevin Burns (Alt)

Special Libraries AssociationMarjorie Hlava

SUNY/OCLC NetworkGlyn T. EvansDavid Forsythe (Alt)

NISO Board of DirectorsAt the time NISO approved this standard, the following individuals served on its Board of Directors:

Michael J. Mellinger, ChairpersonData Research Associates, Inc.

Michael J. McGill, Vice-Chair/Chair-ElectUniversity of Michigan

James E. Rush, Immediate Past ChairpersonPALINET

Joel Baron, TreasurerThe Faxon Company

Patricia R. Harris, Executive DirectorNISO

Directors Representing Libraries

Nolan F. PopeUniversity of Wisconsin - Madison

Clifford LynchUniversity of California

Lennie StovelResearch Libraries Group, Inc.

Directors Representing Information Services

Rebecca LenziniCARL Corporation

John KolmanAmeritech Library Systems

Vinod ChachraVTLS, Inc.

Directors Representing Publishing

Marjorie HlavaAccess Innovations, Inc

Robert C. BadgerSpringer-Verlag, NY

Elizabeth Bole EddisonInmagic, Inc.

FOREWORD


Page viii

FOREWORD

Standards Committee AH

Standards Committee AH on Scientific and Technical Reports — Elements, Organization, and Designhad the following members at the time this standard was approved:

Walter RiceNaval Surface Warfare Center

Roland RidgewayNational Aeronautics and Space Administration

Annette D. ReillyMartin Marietta Corporation

Gretchen SchlagDefense Technical Information Center

Thomas L. WarrenOklahoma State University

Thomas E. Pinelli, Chair

NASA Langley Research Center

Rebecca O. BarclayRensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Mary C. HallU.S. Department of Energy

Dorothy McGarryUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Gopalakrishnan NairDefense Technical Information Center

Walter E. OliuU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Acknowledgements

Standards Committee AH gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the following individuals:Leanna D. Bullock and Elizabeth G. Fedors of the NASA Langley Research Center, Philip C. Murray ofElectronic Information Age, Inc., Joy Italiano, Eloise Johnson, and Lillian Werth.


Page 1

Scientific and Technical Reports — Elements,Organization, and Design

1. General Information

1.1 Purpose and Scope of StandardThis standard establishes guidelines for the ele-ments, organization, and design of scientific andtechnical reports. The standard fosters uniformityin such reports, while allowing for diversity ofsubject matter, purpose, and audience. Becausethis publication is a standard rather than a report,it follows the ANSI-approved format for pub-lished standards rather than the prescribed reportformat.

1.2 Definition of Scientific and TechnicalReports

Scientific and technical reports (hereafter re-ferred to as “reports”) convey the results ofbasic or applied research and support decisionsbased on those results. A report includes theancillary information necessary for interpret-ing, applying, and replicating the results ortechniques of an investigation. The primarypurposes of such a report are to disseminate theresults of scientific and technical research andto recommend action.

A report has a unique, issuer-supplied reportnumber and may have a contract or grant numberand an accession or acquisition number. A reportalso exhibits some or all of the following charac-teristics:

1. Its readership may be limited, its distributionmay be limited or restricted, and its contentsmay include classified, proprietary, or copy-righted information.

2. It may be written for an individual or organiza-tion as a contractual requirement to recount atotal research story, including full discussionsof unsuccessful approaches.

3. It is not usually published or made availablethrough commercial publishing; it is often avail-able through a non-profit governmental entity(for example, the National Technical Informa-tion Service or the Government Printing Of-fice).

2. Referenced Standards

2.1 American National StandardsThis standard is intended for use in conjunctionwith the following American National Standards.When these standards are superseded by a revi-sion approved by the American National Stan-dards Institute, consult the revision.ANSI Z39.4-1984, Basic Criteria for IndexesANSI Z39.14-1979 (R1986), Writing AbstractsANSI/NISO Z39.23-1990, Standard Technical

Report Number (STRN) Format and CreationANSI Z39.29-1977, Bibliographic ReferencesANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992, Permanence of Paper for

Printed Publications and Documents in Librariesand Archives

ANSI/NISO Z39.72-199X, Format for Submissionof Data for Multimedia CD-ROM Mastering(draft standard)

ANSI/IEEE 268-1982 (R1992), Metric PracticeNISO/ANSI/ISO 9660, Volume and File Struc-

ture of CD-ROM for Information ExchangeNISO/ANSI/ISO 12083, Electronic Manuscript

Preparation and Markup

2.2 Other StandardsIn addition to ANSI standards, the following stan-dards provide useful information for preparingreports:ASTM E 380-1991, Standard Practice for Use of the

International System of Units (SI) (The Modern-ized Metric System)

Federal Information Processing Standards Publica-tion 152, 1988, Standard Generalized MarkupLanguage

Federal Information Processing Standards Publi-cation 29-2, Interpretation Procedures forFederal Information Processing Standards forSoftware

ISO 8879:1986, Information Processing—Text andOffice Systems—Standard Generalized MarkupLanguage

ISO 9069:1987, Information Processing—SGMLSupport Facilities—SGML Document Inter-change Format (SDIF)


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ISO 9070:1987, SGML Support Facilities—Registration Procedure for Public Text

ISO/IEC 10744:1992, International Standard forHypermedia/Time-Based Structuring Language(HyTime)

ISO/IEC 11172:1993, (MP) International Standardfor Information Technology, Coding of MovingPictures and Associated Audio for DigitalStorage Media

2.3 Other PublicationsThe following publications provide additionaluseful information for preparing reports.The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed., Chicago, IL:

University of Chicago Press, 1993.Swanson, Ellen. Mathematics into Type: Copyediting

and Proofreading of Mathematics for Editorial As-sistants and Authors. Rev. ed. Providence, RI:American Mathematical Society, 1979.

U.S. Government Printing Office. Style Manual.Rev. ed. GPO S/N 2100-0068. Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984.

Weast, Robert C. et al. (eds.). CRC Handbook ofChemistry and Physics: A Ready-Reference Book ofChemical and Physical Data, 71st ed. Boca Raton,FL: CRC Press, 1994.

3. Elements of ReportsA report contains three major sections: front mat-ter, text (also called body), and back matter. Eachsection contains individual elements that varyaccording to the subject matter and length of thereport. Each major division is part of a whole andis consistent with the other major divisions instyle and appearance.

Table 1 presents the appropriate sequence ofthe front matter, text, and back matter. Othertopical headings and subheadings, particularly inthe text (body) of a report, depend on the subjectand scope of the report.

4. Organization of ReportsThis section provides guidance on organizing therequired and optional elements of a report.

4.1 Front MatterFront matter consists of all materials precedingthe text and serves several purposes: to give thereader a general idea of the purpose and scope ofthe report; to provide background about or acontext for the report; and to list where in thereport the reader can find specific chapters, head-ings, figures, and tables. It also provides informa-tion that is needed for cataloging the report for

bibliographic databases. A discussion of the pur-pose and scope of each element of front matterfollows.

4.1.1 CoverAlthough considered an optional element of frontmatter, a cover provides physical protection forthe printed version of a report. A cover identifiesthe report number, the title, the author(s), andany distribution limitations of a report. If classi-fied or proprietary information appears in a re-port, a notice on the cover indicates that suchmaterial is included. The required data elementsof a report cover are:1. Report number2. Report title and subtitle, if one is used3. Title and numbering of series, if the report is

issued in a series4. Author, principal investigator, editor, and/or

compiler5. Publisher (the sponsoring organization that

assumes responsibility for publication of a re-port)

6. Date of publication7. Distribution limitations.

Legal or policy concerns of the sponsoringorganization may require the use of additionaldata elements.

4.1.2 Title PageThe required title page provides informationneeded for the description and bibliographic con-trol of and access to a report. These data are criticalto libraries, abstracting services, and other orga-nizations that acquire, store, and provide accessto information resources. If the performing andsponsoring organizations are different entities,the title page clearly identifies the different re-sponsibilities (that is, performance and sponsor-ship). The information on the cover and title pageis consistent; if an optional report documentationpage is used, the bibliographic data there are alsoconsistent with the information on the cover andtitle page. The required data elements of a titlepage are:1. Report number2. Report title and subtitle, if one is used3. Title and numbering of series, if the report is

issued in a series4. Author, principal investigator, editor, and/or

compiler5. Performing organization (author affiliation)6. Publication data, including place of publication,

publisher (sponsoring organization), and date

REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS


Page 3

Table 1. Report elements

Major Section Required Elements Optional Elements Explanatory Comment

FRONT MATTER Cover protects printed reportTitle Page provides information for descrip-

tion and bibliographic controlNotices used on cover and title page to

call attention to restrictions orlimitations on distribution

Report Documentation used by federal agencies forPage database building

Abstract briefly informs of purpose, scope,and findings

Table of Contents outlines organization and scope ofa report

List(s) of Figures required for 5 or more figures orand Tables tables or any combination thereof;

optional for fewer than 5Foreword provides background or context

for a reportPreface announces purpose and scope;

acknowledges contributions ofnon-authors

Acknowledgments used if acknowledgments are toolengthy to present in preface

TEXT (BODY) Summary summarizes problem, results,conclusions, recommendations

Introduction states subject, purpose, scope andplan for developing report

Methods, Assumptions, describes research methodologyand ProceduresResults and Discussion presents findings and discusses

their significanceConclusions presents substantiated findings,

discusses their implications, andpresents author’s opinion

Recommendations suggests a course of actionReferences cites sources of information used

by author(s) of reportBACK MATTER Appendixes contain supplemental information

not essential to the textBibliography lists additional sources of infor-

mation not cited in the text of areport

List(s) of Symbols, used to explain the meaning ofAbbreviations, symbols, abbreviations, andand Acronyms acronyms; needed if there are

more than 5 not readily recog-nized as standard

Glossary defines and explains unfamiliarterms

Index lists major topics alphabetically;not required in reports of fewerthan 50 pages

Distribution List gives permanent record of initialdistribution of a report

ORGANIZATION OF REPORTS


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7. Type of report and period covered, where ap-plicable

8. Contract or grant number, where applicable9. Sponsoring or issuing organization (if differ-

ent from the performing organization)Figures 1a and 1b show a sample cover and title

page of a report for which the performing andsponsoring organizations are the same. Figures 2aand 2b show a sample cover and title page for whichthe performing and sponsoring organizations aredifferent. Legal or policy concerns of the organiza-tion for which a report is prepared may require theuse of additional data elements on these pages.

4.1.2.1 Report NumberEach report requires a unique report number thatappears in an upper corner on both the cover andtitle page (and on the spine of a bound report ifspace permits so that the user will not have toremove the report from a shelf to read the num-ber). A report number is composed of an alphanu-meric report code (2-16 characters) and a numericsequential group (1-14 digits indicating the yearand sequence of report issuance). Different spon-soring and performing organizations usually as-sign separate report numbers; hence, a documentmay have multiple report numbers. These num-bers are stacked in an upper corner of both thecover and title page and at the top of the spine, ifpractical. ANSI/NISO Z39.23-1990 provides guid-ance on establishing and using standard scientificand technical report numbers.

4.1.2.2 Title and SubtitleThe title is especially important in abstracting, cata-loging, indexing, and referencing a report and forinforming potential readers of the content. The wordsof the title define and limit the topic of the report andappear on the cover, title page, and optional reportdocumentation page in exactly the same language.In creating the title of a report, an author1. Selects words that distinguish the report from

any other on the same general topic rather thanwriting “Report on . . .”

2. Uses a distinctive subtitle for clarity if the re-port is one in a series or a supplement to previ-ously published work. Information about theperiod covered by the report (for example,month, quarter, or year) is included in thesubtitle of reports in series.

3. Spells out abbreviations and acronyms. When areport consists of more than one volume (orbinding), the title is repeated on a separate titlepage, and each separate volume is identified by

an arabic number and a volume title or subtitle(for example, Interstellar and Interplanetary Dust:Volume 2, Supernova Isotopic Enrichments).

4.1.2.3 AuthorshipThe authorship of a report is reserved for theperson or persons who originated the scientific ortechnical information or the text of the report, andwho can effectively defend the content of thereport to a peer group. The primary author isalways identified first. Identifying an editor isjustified when the editor has applied subject mat-ter expertise in preparing the report.

An author’s name appears on the cover and titlepage and, if one is used, the report documentationpage, in identical form. The preferred order is firstname, middle name or initial, followed by surname.Academic degrees are not given. However, authorsor contributors can identify themselves by their jobtitles in the organization (Jane R. Doe, Cost Analyst;Jack T. Doe, Head, Research and Development Divi-sion) or by their functions as contributors to thereport (Jane R. Doe, Principal Investigator; Jack T.Doe, Compiler). In cases of multiple authorship, thenames of the authors and editors appear under theirorganizational affiliation.

4.1.2.4 Performing and SponsoringOrganizations

The performing organization conducts research; thesponsoring organization funds research and usu-ally controls report publication and distribution.The performing organization and the sponsoringorganization may be one and the same. Reports thatpresent the results of research done under contractsor grants identify both a performing and a sponsor-ing organization. In such cases, the name of thesponsoring organization, the performing organiza-tion, or other responsible unit, and the completeaddress(es) appear on the title page. If there aremultiple sponsoring organizations, each is listed,and the functions of each are identified.

4.1.3 NoticesWhen it is necessary to call attention to certainaspects of a report, such as its security classifica-tion, restricted distribution, or proprietary infor-mation, appropriate notices appear on the coverand title page. For example, a notice may alert thereader that a particular report is:1. A presentation of preliminary findings, subject

to revisions2. A formal draft or a working paper intended to

elicit comments and ideas



Page 5

Figure 1a: Sample cover, performing and sponsoring organizations are the same

Carderock DivisionNaval Surface Warfare CenterBethesda, MD 20084-5000

CARDIVNSWC–TR—93/013 December 1993

Machinery Research and Development Directorate

Technical Report

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Figure 1b: Sample title page, performing and sponsoring organizations are the same

Carderock DivisionNaval Surface Warfare Center

Bethesda, MD 20084-5000

CARDIVNSWC–TR—93/013 December 1993

Machinery Research and Development Directorate

Technical Report

DD 21A—A Capable, Affordable, Modular21st Century Destroyer

byWilliam J. Levedahl, Samual R. Shank, and William P. O'Reagan

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

byWilliam J. Levedahl, Samuel R. Shank, and William P. O’Reagan


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Figure 2a: Sample cover, performing and sponsoring organizations are different

NA

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Notice

This document is for quick release to or-ganizations participating in the NationalAero-Space Plane Program (NASP). Cus-tomary editing and review have beenwaived in order to provide rapid dissem-ination of data and preliminary results.Distribution is authorized to U.S. Govern-ment Agencies and U.S. GovernmentAgency Contractors Only to protect criticaltechnology, 30 Nov 90. Other requests forthis document shall be referred to the NASPJoint Program Office, Wright-PattersonAFB, OH.

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

Youfan Gu and Klaus D. Timmerhaus

Grant NAG3-1018

Damping of ThermalAcoustic Oscillationsin Hydrogen Systems

University of ColoradoDEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGENGINEERING CENTER, ECOT 2-6

CAMPUS BOX 424BOULDER, CO 80309


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Figure 2b: Sample title page, performing and sponsoring organizations are different

Damping of ThermalAcoustic Oscillationsin Hydrogen Systems

Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado

Prepared forNASA Lewis Research Centerunder Grant NAG3-1018

Printed byNASA Langley Research Center

September 1992

NASP Contractor Report 1137REF WBS 2.5.02

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

Youfan Gu and Klaus D. Timmerhaus

University of ColoradoDEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGENGINEERING CENTER, ECOT 2-6

CAMPUS BOX 424BOULDER, CO 80309


Page 9

3. A preprint of a report to be presented at aprofessional meeting.Figure 3 shows a sample cover with a notice of

restricted distribution.If disclaimers or similar notices are needed,

they appear on the inside front cover of a printedreport. Notices may also alert the reader to certainlegal conditions, for example, the use of brand ortrade names. Generic terms are preferable to brandor trade names if scientific or technical accuracycan be maintained using such terms. A disclaimermay or may not be appropriate for government-generated reports. It is the responsibility of eachorganization to determine the appropriate noticefor the publications that it produces, and to coor-dinate any such decisions with the appropriatelegal counsel.1

Copyrights on reports are not always formallyregistered, and material prepared for the U.S.Government is usually available for public dis-semination without copyright. For those reportsthat are copyrighted, U.S. Copyright Law speci-fies that the copyright notice appear “on the titlepage or the page immediately following” andconsist of the word “copyright” or the copyrightsymbol “©” accompanied by the year of copyrightand the name of the copyright proprietor. Theorder of appearance is not important so long as allthree elements appear. The recommended loca-tion is the verso (back) of the title page.

4.1.4 Report Documentation PageAgencies within the federal government use areport documentation page (for example, a Na-tional Technical Information Service bibliographicdata sheet or Standard Form 298) in addition to atitle page. A report documentation page is an

optional element, however, for academic and in-dustrial reports.

Figure 4 shows a sample completed reportdocumentation page containing all pertinent bib-liographic data about the report (including keywords or identifiers) necessary for librarians, in-formation specialists, and others concerned withinformation processing and handling. An abstractof 200 words or fewer is an integral part of thispage. Some federal agencies require that reportsprepared for them under contract or grant containa report documentation page and specify its loca-tion in the report. Academic and industrial reportproducers that use a report documentation pagefrequently place it as the final element of backmatter. A report documentation page is not listedin the table of contents unless it appears as backmatter; however, it is paginated whether it ap-pears as front or back matter. Instructions forcompleting a report documentation page appearin Appendix A of this standard.

4.1.5 AbstractAn abstract, a required element of front matter,presents a concise, informative statement (ap-proximately 200 words) of the purpose, scope,methods, and major findings of the report, includ-ing results, conclusions, and recommendations.The informative abstract retains the tone and scopeof the report but omits the details. The abstracttypically appears on a separate page between thetitle page and the table of contents although re-ports that use a report documentation page in thefront matter include the abstract as bibliographicdata entered on the form. Because abstracts arealso published by abstracting services to assistpotential readers in determining whether theymay be interested in the report, an abstract isunderstandable independent of the rest of thereport. An abstract contains no undefined sym-bols, abbreviations, or acronyms and makes noreference by number to references or illustrativematerial. ANSI Z39.14-1979 (R1986), the standardguide for preparing informative abstracts, pro-vides examples of abstracts as well as guidance onthe presentation and style of abstracts.

4.1.6 Table of ContentsThe required table of contents identifies theheading and beginning page number of eachmajor section of the front matter (excluding thetitle page and the table of contents), the text,and the back matter. A table of contents pagehelps readers understand the organization and


1 For example, the following disclaimer appears on the insidefront cover of each contractor report prepared under U.S.Government sponsorship:

“This report was prepared as an account of work spon-sored by an agency of the United States Government. Neitherthe United States Government, nor any agency thereof, norany of their employees, makes any warranty, express orimplied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for theaccuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information,apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents thatits use would not infringe privately owned rights. Referenceherein to any specific commercial product, process, or serviceby trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise doesnot necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom-mendation, or favoring by the United States Government orany agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors ex-pressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of theUnited States Government or any agency thereof.”


Page 10


NASA Technical Memorandum 4490

Highlights of NASA Swept Supercritical WingExperiments With Laminar-Flow ControlW. Don Harvey

February 1994

NOTICE

FOR EARLY DOMESTIC DISSEMINATION

Because of its significant early commercial potential, thisinformation, which has been developed under a U.S.Government program, is being disseminated within theUnited States in advance of general publication. Thisinformation may be duplicated and used by the recipientwith the express limitation that it not be published.Release of this information to other domestic parties bythe recipient shall be made subject to these limitations.

Foreign release may be made only with prior NASAapproval and appropriate export licenses. This legendshall be marked on any reproduction of this informationin whole or in part.

Date for general release February 28, 1996

Figure 3: Sample cover with a notice of restricted distribution


Page 11


Figure 4: Sample of a completed report documentation page

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of thiscollection of information, indluding suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 JeffersonDavis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved

OMB No. 0704-0188

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

6. AUTHOR(S)

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBERS

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 289 (Rev. 2-89)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18298-102

May 1993 Scientific Report No. 5

Upgraded Line-of-Sight Geometry Package and Band modelParameters for MODTRAN C

PEPRTAWU

–––––

F19628-89-C-012862101F305402AJP. K. Acharya, D. C. Robertson, and A. Berk

Spectral Sciences, Inc.99 South Bedford Street, #7Burlington, MA 01803-5169

Phillips Laboratory29 Randolph RoadHanscom AFB, MA 01731-3010

Contract Manager: Dean Kimball/GPOS

PL-TR-93-2127

Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited.

The MODTRAN atmospheric transmittance and radiance code was upgraded with newband model parameters calculated using the HITRAN-92 line atlas. The (1/d) bandmodel parameters for O3 were adjusted to give better agreement with thecorresponding line-by-line FASCOD3 calculations for long paths in the 20-50 kmaltitude region. More accurate line-of-sight (LOS) geometry routines wereincorporated for greater consistency between the geometry parameters. Furthermore,MODTRAN can now handle very short slant paths down to 0.001 km.

Band Model ParametersOzone TransmittanceRefracted

LOWTRANMODTRANFASCOD3

22

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED SAR

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)Prescribed by ANSI/NISO Std. Z39.18298-102

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gatheringand maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection ofinformation, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway,Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.


Page 12

scope of a report. Headings in the table of con-tents are numbered, worded, spelled, and punc-tuated exactly as they are in the report. Becausea table of contents outlines and provides

location of information, each level of heading(s)has at least two entries to follow accepted out-line format. Figure 5 shows a sample table ofcontents page.

Figure 5: Sample table of contents page

Contents

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... iii

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... vi

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... vii

Foreword ................................................................................................................................ viii

Preface ........................................................................................................................................ ix

Summary .................................................................................................................................... 2

Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5

Methods, Assumptions, and Procedures .............................................................................. 6

Electrofishing .............................................................................................................. 7

Sample Preparation .................................................................................................... 8

Water Analysis ............................................................................................................ 9

Statistics ...................................................................................................................... 10

Site Description ....................................................................................................................... 11

RM 38 .......................................................................................................................... 11

RM 24 .......................................................................................................................... 12

RM 19 .......................................................................................................................... 12

Results and Discussion .......................................................................................................... 13

Physical and Chemical Parameters ....................................................................... 13

Fish Parameters ......................................................................................................... 17

Species Richness .............................................................................................. 17

Species Diversity Indices ............................................................................... 19

Weight/Length Distributions ....................................................................... 21

Sampling Adequacy ....................................................................................... 23

Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 25

Recommendations .................................................................................................................. 27

References ................................................................................................................................ 29

Appendix: Weekly Fish Collection Data ............................................................................. 31

Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms............................................................................. 43

Glossary .................................................................................................................................... 45

v



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In the table of contents it is useful to include alist of subheadings at the beginning of each majorreport section that is more than 20 pages in length.Subheadings are also helpful for the understand-ing of complex material; however, not all levels ofheadings need be listed. For example, first- andsecond-level headings might suffice. If any head-ing of a given level is listed, however, all headingsof that level are included in the section table ofcontents. (See also 5.4, Pagination for an explana-tion of page numbering.)

4.1.7 List(s) of Figures and TablesIf a report contains more than five figures or fivetables or some combination totaling more thanfive, a list of figures or tables is required. If a reportcontains fewer than five figures or tables, a list isoptional. The lists of figures and tables, titled“Figures” and “Tables” respectively, follow thecontents page. If the table of contents fills only halfa page, the lists of figures and tables may followthe table of contents on the same page. If lists offigures and tables are included in a report, allfigures and tables are listed with their correspond-ing page numbers. A list of figures precedes a listof tables. If a report has many figures and fewtables or few figures and many tables, they can becombined into a single list (“Figures and Tables”)with the figures preceding the tables.

4.1.8 ForewordThe foreword is an optional introductory state-ment that presents background material or thatplaces in context a report that is part of a series. Itis written by an authority in the field other thanthe author of the report. The name and affiliationof the author of the foreword follow the lastparagraph. A foreword and a preface are notinterchangeable, and the information in them isnot redundant. A foreword precedes a preface, ifboth are included.

4.1.9 PrefaceA preface is an optional introductory statementthat announces the purpose and scope of thereport and acknowledges the contributions ofindividuals not identified as authors or editors.Sometimes a preface specifies the audience forwhom a report is intended; it may also highlightthe relationship of the report to a specific projector program. Material that is necessary for under-standing the report belongs in the introduction,not in the preface.2

A preface is usually written by the author, the

editor, or other party responsible for the report.The author’s name and affiliation do not appear atthe end of the preface unless there might be doubtabout its authorship. The preface follows the re-quired contents page, lists of figures and tables,and optional foreword and begins on a separatepage titled “Preface.”

4.1.10 AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments of technical assistance thatcontributed to the content of the report are madeat an appropriate place in the preface or in the text;however, lengthy acknowledgments are oftenmade in a special optional section titled “Ac-knowledgments.” This optional section followsthe preface, in which case the preface does notcontain acknowledgments. If there is no preface,“Acknowledgments” follows the contents page(or lists of figures and tables and foreword).

4.2 Text (Body) MatterThe text is the part of the report in which theauthor describes methods, assumptions, and pro-cedures; presents and discusses the results; anddraws conclusions and recommends actions basedon those results.

The organization of a report depends on itssubject matter and audience as well as on itspurpose. Thus, the organization of the text mayvary widely from report to report. Information onthe content of text elements follows.

4.2.1 SummaryA summary is a required element of the text ofa report. It clearly states the key points of thereport, including the problem under investiga-tion, the principal results, and conclusions, andrecommends a course of action for decisionmakers. The summary differs from an abstractin purpose, audience, and length. Because thesummary restates key points, material not in-cluded in the text does not appear in the sum-mary. Introductory material (purpose, scope,limitations), descriptive material (nature andmethod of investigation), and the most impor-tant results and conclusions are summarizedwith emphasis on the findings of the research


2 Administrative information is used in lieu of a preface incertain U.S. Department of Defense technical reports. Admin-istrative information indicates the authorization (sponsor)for the work and all funding levels through the work unitlevel. The program element, task area, and work unit num-bers are usually required; other relevant information or pro-gram information is also provided here.


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and recommendations. The length of the sum-mary typically does not exceed 2 percent of thebody of the report.

Although a summary depends on the text inthat it introduces no new information, it is inde-pendent of the text from the reader’s point ofview; therefore, all symbols, abbreviations, andacronyms are defined and unusual terms are ex-plained. A summary does not contain references.

If a report exceeds 50 pages in length, a sepa-rate executive summary is often prepared for amanagement-level audience. An executive sum-mary is a nontechnical presentation that providesan adequate level of detail for decision makerswho need a basic understanding of a researchproblem and the major findings but who do notplan to read the report in its entirety.

4.2.2 IntroductionThe required introduction provides readers withgeneral information that they need to understandmore detailed information in the rest of the report.It introduces the subject, the purpose, the scope,and the way the author plans to develop the topic.The introduction also indicates the audience forthe report: who is expected to read it and act on itsrecommendations or review its findings. The in-troduction does not, however, include findings,conclusions, or recommendations.

The statement of the subject defines the topicand associated terminology and may include thetheory behind the subject, its historical back-ground, and its significance. The statement of thepurpose indicates the reason for the investigation;the statement of the scope indicates the extent andlimits of the investigation. The author’s plan fordeveloping the report usually presents a narra-tive outline of the text.

4.2.3 Methods, Assumptions, andProcedures

The methods, assumptions, and procedures used inan investigation are succinctly described so thatreaders can evaluate the results without referringextensively to the references. The description iscomplete enough that a knowledgeable reader couldduplicate the procedures of the investigation. Thesystem of measurement (for example, metric orEnglish) is identified. If the research included appa-ratus, instruments, or reagents, a description of theapparatus, the design and precision of the instru-ments, and the nature of the reagents are explainedin this required section of text. (See also 5.5, Unitsand Numbers.)

4.2.4 Results and DiscussionA required element of the report text, results andtheir discussion are presented in the same or inseparate sections. The discussion section indi-cates the degree of accuracy and the significanceof the results of the research described in a report.Specific values used to substantiate conclusionsappear in the text. Supporting details not essentialto an understanding of the results appear in anappendix. Sometimes a section, “Presentation ofResults,” includes figures and tables and theircaptions (titles). Such figures and tables appear asclose as possible following their discussion in thetext. (See also 5.2, Visual and Tabular Matter.)

4.2.5 ConclusionsThe required conclusions section interprets find-ings that have been substantiated in the discus-sion of results and discusses their implications.The section introduces no new material other thanremarks based on these findings. It includes theauthor’s opinions. The conclusions section is writ-ten so that it can be read independently of the text.One of the following examples may be an appro-priate title for this section:1. Conclusions — if deductions independent of

specific conditions of the investigation are made2. Restatement of Results — if factual findings

specific to the particular investigation are given3. Concluding Remarks — if opinions are included

in addition to findings and conclusions.

4.2.6 RecommendationsThe optional recommendations section presents acourse of action based on the results of the study.Types of studies for which recommendations areoften made include tests and experiments, fieldtrials, specific design problems, feasibility stud-ies, and market appraisals. Recommendationsmight include additional areas for study, alter-nate design approaches, or production decisions.Specific recommendations are presented in a num-bered or bulleted list that is introduced by aninformative, lead-in sentence.

4.2.7 ReferencesThe references section appears as the last section ofthe text and begins on a new page.3 This section mayalso be called “Sources” or “Works Cited,” depend-ing on the nature of the referenced materials.


3 The “References” section is normally a required element oftext. If an author does not refer to the work(s) of others, a“References” section becomes unnecessary.


Page 15

To help readers use and assess referenced ma-terials, all references include the following ele-ments: name of author(s), title of referenced work,and publication data. If a government documentis referenced, the National Technical InformationService (NTIS) number is included in the refer-ence to facilitate user access to the governmentdocument.

References are prepared according to the ac-cepted practice of the discipline in which theprimary author of a report works. Two basicreference forms, each having its own advantage,are commonly used for reports. The number-identification system of citing material allowsreaders to locate references easily in a printeddocument. For this form, references are num-bered consecutively with arabic numbers (in or-der of their first appearance in the text), keyed toappropriate places in the text, and fully identifiedin the successively numbered list of references.

In the second form of referencing, the author-date format, authors’ names and dates of publica-tion are cited in the text in parentheses and keyedto an alphabetically arranged list of references.The author-date style helps readers to associatefacts and ideas with their originators and date oforigin.4

If figures and tables are obtained from refer-enced material, the sources are identified in sourceor credit lines that are part of the figure(s) ortable(s). A source or credit line contains adequatebibliographic data to enable readers to verify thelocation of the original figure(s) or table(s). Suchsources are not further identified in the list ofreferences unless an additional reference to themappears in the text of the report. (See also 5.2,Visual and Tabular Matter.)

4.3 Back MatterThe back matter supplements and clarifies the bodyof the report (for example, appendixes), makes thetext easier to use (for example, glossary; lists ofsymbols, abbreviations, and acronyms; and index),and shows where additional information can befound (for example, bibliography).

4.3.1 AppendixesAppendixes contain information that supple-ments, clarifies, or supports the text. These op-tional elements of back matter also contain mate-rial that might otherwise interfere with an orderly

presentation of ideas in the text because placingdetailed explanations, supporting data, or longmathematical analyses in appendixes shortensthe text and makes it easier to read. However,information essential to the purpose of the textappears in the text. For example, in a report abouta new mathematical analysis, the detailed deriva-tion of the equations belongs in the text, whereasother subjects, such as those that follow, appear inappendixes:1. Detailed explanations and descriptions of test

techniques and apparatus2. Texts of other documents (for example, stan-

dard test procedures, laws, and managementinstructions)

3. Extensive data in the form of figures or tables4. Computer listings of programs, input, and out-

put5. Mathematical analyses.

Other elements of back matter (for example,bibliographies) do not appear in appendixes.

Appendixes usually follow the references orlast section of the text. Each appendix begins on anew, right-hand page and has a title that appearsbelow the appendix designation, as in this ex-ample:

Appendix BComplementary Energy Principle

Each appendix is referred to in the text. If thereport contains more than one appendix, each isidentified with a capital letter (Appendix A, Ap-pendix B, and the like) in the order in which it ismentioned in the report. (A single appendix islabeled “Appendix.”) Similar items may be com-bined to avoid creating unnecessary appendixes.For example, several sample forms can be com-bined rather than each being identified as a sepa-rate appendix.

Although figures and tables are best integratedinto the text following their initial mention, fig-ures, tables, or other graphics of secondary im-portance that provide back-up data are combinedinto an appendix. In appendixes, figures precedetables, with both groups arranged in numericalsequence. For ease of reading, figures and tablesin appendixes are oriented vertically (portraitformat). (See also 5.2, Visual and Tabular Matter.)

4.3.2 BibliographyAn optional bibliography lists additional sourcesof information that are not referenced in the text.If a bibliography is included in a report in addi-tion to the list of references (part of the text), the

4 The Chicago Manual of Style is a useful guide in matters ofstyle and format for referenced materials.



Page 16

bibliography follows the appendix(es). A bibliog-raphy is unnecessary if the references that areused constitute a complete list of sources of infor-mation. Bibliographic entries are usually arrangedalphabetically by author, but any logical ordermay be used if it is explained and is consistent. Abibliography section begins on a new page and isentitled “Bibliography.”5

4.3.3 List(s) of Symbols, Abbreviations,and Acronyms

If the symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms in areport are numerous (more than five that are notreadily recognized as standard in the field), or ifthere is a chance that readers will not understandthem, a report requires a list of all symbols, abbre-viations, and acronyms with an explanation ofwhat each stands for. The optional list of symbols,abbreviations, and acronyms begins on a newpage. (See also 5.9, Symbols, Abbreviations, andAcronyms.)

4.3.4 GlossaryA glossary is a list of terms defined and explainedto facilitate a reader’s comprehension of the re-port where numerous terms requiring definitionare used. The optional glossary is part of the backmatter. (Glossary terms are also defined at theirfirst mention in the text.) Glossary terms are ar-ranged in alphabetical order, each on a separateline followed by its definition. The glossary sec-tion, titled “Glossary,” begins on a new page.

4.3.5 IndexAn index is an alphabetical listing of all majortopics discussed in a report. An index is optionalin short reports (fewer than 50 pages), but reportsof 50 pages or more usually contain an index tohelp readers locate information. An index entrycites the page or section where the topic can befound, thus affording readers quick reference ona particular topic. An index may identify andlocate information, indicate its nature and scope,identify related entries, and clarify relationshipsbetween entries. The arrangement of an index andits level of detail are determined by the structureof the report, its target audience, and its antici-pated uses.

The most common type of index for a report isthe subject index in which subjects are presentedalphabetically. Other types of indexes (for

example, name index, number and code index)may also be used. They are placed before thesubject index in the back matter.

In preparing an index, the number and kind ofaccess points (entry locations) and the informa-tion level of indexable matter (for example, ab-stract or concrete) are determined. Each indexentry has a heading (first element) and a locator(page or section number) where information aboutthe entry will be found. Terms used as reportheadings are included in the index. The indexcontains all headings likely to be sought by theintended audience for a report. ANSI/NISO Z39.4-1995 establishes extensive guidelines for the prepa-ration of indexes.

4.3.6 Distribution ListIf included, the distribution list follows the in-dex (or glossary, if no index appears in the backmatter). The list indicates the complete mailingaddress of the individuals and organizationsreceiving copies of the report and the number ofcopies received. The Privacy Act of 1974 forbidsfederal agencies from listing the names andhome addresses of individuals, so a distribu-tion list contains business addresses only. Dis-tribution lists provide a permanent record ofinitial distribution. In the case of classified re-ports, restricted-distribution reports, and re-ports containing proprietary data, such lists areextremely valuable because they can later beused for communicating instructions regardinghandling and classification downgrading. Adistribution list is also useful if errata are dis-covered and change pages are issued to correcta report. (See also 5.12, Errata.)

5. Design of ReportsThis section establishes guidelines for ensuringconsistency in presentation; designing visual andtabular matter; formatting and paginating a re-port; presenting units, numbers, formulas, andequations; incorporating footnotes, endnotes, ref-erences, and bibliographic entries; preparing listsof symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms, glossa-ries, and indexes; and correcting errata after print-ing.

5.1 SubordinationThe subordination of ideas is indicated by the useof headings and subheadings that divide the re-port into manageable sections, call attention tomain topics, and signal changes in topics. Pri-mary headings identify major sections of the


5 The Chicago Manual of Style is a useful guide in matters ofstyle and format for bibliographic entries.


Page 17

report, and each major section equivalent beginson a new page in print. Reports that are shorterthan 50 pages in length usually require no morethan five levels of headings.

Consistency of presentation is important inshowing subordinate relationships. Many re-ports use a decimal numbering system to showsubordinate relationships and to simplify ex-tensive cross-referencing. An alternate formatfor subordination uses typographic progres-sion. (ANSI publications use a combination ofthe two formats for ease of cross-referencing.)Headings and subheadings are indicated byboldface type with initial capital letters for prin-cipal words. Primary headings are often indi-cated by a larger typeface than non-primaryheadings. Primary and secondary headings arealigned flush with the left column of text, andother headings are run in with indented text.

5.2 Visual and Tabular MatterMuch of the data in reports is presented infigures and tables. Figures provide visual rep-resentations in the form of graphs, line draw-ings, diagrams, photographs, and the like. Tablesarrange large amounts of quantitative data inan ordered space. Following these guidelineswill help ensure that figures and tables areeffectively integrated with the text of a report:

1. Each figure or table is located near but neverbefore its first mention in the text.

2. If a figure or table is central to the compre-hension of the text, it is included in the text.If figures or tables provide only supplemen-tary information, they appear in an appen-dix. Any material in an appendix is men-tioned in the text; otherwise the informationin the appendix lacks context.

3. The amount of text discussion required foreach figure or table varies with its impor-tance to the report, the level of complexity ofthe information illustrated or tabulated, andthe level of knowledge of the anticipatedreaders.

4. Figures are numbered with consecutive ara-bic numbers (for example, Figure 1, Figure 2,. . .); those pertaining only to appendixes arenumbered consecutively for each appendix(for example, Figure A1, Figure A2, . . . ,Figure B1). Tables are also numbered con-secutively (and independently of figures)with arabic numbers (for example, Table 1,Table 2, . . ., Table 8). If an appendix contains

its own tables in addition to text tables, theappendix tables are identified and numberedconsecutively after the text tables (for ex-ample, Table 22, Appendix Table A1, . . .). Ifthere is more than one appendix, table num-bers begin again in each (for example, TableA1, Table A2, . . . Table B1, Table B2).

Portrait (vertical) rather than landscape (hori-zontal) orientation is the preferred format forfigures and tables so that they can be viewedwithout turning a printed page sideways. Over-sized figures or tables that fold in should beredesigned to fit a standard 8-1/2 x 11-inchpage with portrait orientation, if possible. If thefigure or table cannot be reduced to fit a stan-dard page, redesigning it to fit two facing pagesin a printed report is recommended.

5.2.1 FiguresFigures (for example, graphs and charts, dia-grams, photographs, and schematic drawings)play a significant role in presenting and clarify-ing technical ideas. A figure emphasizes onemain idea and shows no more than is necessary.Figures have informative titles (captions) and,as needed, callouts that identify each part of thefigure clearly and concisely. The figure numberand title appear below the figure. The place-ment and alignment of callouts is consistent.Callouts are placed horizontally and unboxed,and straight lines (leaders) connect callouts tothe part(s) identified in a figure. Symbols, ab-breviations, or acronyms that appear in figures(and tables) but not in the text are explained ina key or defined in a caption.

The type of figure used depends on the typeof information to be presented. Graphs showrelationships among data. Diagrams portrayrelationships among components. Photographsrealistically depict general appearance. Draw-ings emphasize essential elements and omit un-necessary details.

The purpose of a figure, its reproducibility,and convenience of location for report readersare factors in figure preparation. Line art, origi-nal photographs, and digital image files arepreferable for reproduction. Often, color is nec-essary for comprehension. If not, its use shouldbe carefully considered because of limited re-producibility. Figure 6 shows an example ofcolor substitutes; screens, crosshatching, pat-terned lines, or similar techniques are effectivesubstitutes for color.

DESIGN OF REPORTS


Page 18

Figure 6: Use of graphic devicesas color substitutes

Gauge graphic techniques to reproduction ca-pabilities. The legibility of all symbols, letters, andlines becomes a key concern when paper copies ofa report are reproduced. Letters and numbers ongraphs and charts are positioned so that they canbe read easily from the bottom and right-handside of the graphical representation. When graphsrepresent trend curves, tick marks placed alongthe axes generally suffice for the required degreeof approximation. If highly accurate readings areneeded, grid lines may be used. Photographs arecropped and sized to show only significant de-tails. To ensure legibility, the minimum accept-able line weight for drawings is 8 points. Graphicdevices such as borders, frames, title blocks, andbackground tones are not used unless their usesignificantly improves the clarity of a figure.

5.2.2 TablesTables present detailed facts or statistics conciselyin row-and-column format. A formal table has atable number and a title that are placed above thedata. The title describes the content without giv-ing background information, results, or commentsabout the table. The row head and column headsidentify the tabulated data that appear in the bodyor cells of the table.

Footnotes to tables are identified independentlyof the text footnotes, using superscript lowercaseletters, beginning with “a” in each table. If the use oflowercase letters leads to ambiguity, such as withchemical or mathematical formulas, a sequence ofsymbols (*, †, ‡, §, ||, #, **, . . .) is used. Footnoteletters are assigned in left-to-right, top-to-bottomorder, and the footnotes are placed below the bot-tom line of the table. If a table or data in a table wereobtained from a reference source, the table also hasa source line that identifies the reference. (See also4.2.7, References.) Figure 7 shows the parts of a table.

Figure 7: Nomenclature for the parts of a table

Table 3. Table Number and Title.

Stub Head Column Heada Column Headb

Row Head Data Data Data

Source Line:

a Footnote to table appears here.b Footnote to table appears here.

If necessary, tabular columns may be contin-ued on successive pages. When a table is contin-ued, the table number and title, row head, andcolumn head are repeated and the continuationnoted. If a table is carried over, at least two rowsor columns are carried.

Units of measurement are given in the title, inthe column heads, or in a note. If presented in thecolumn heads, units and symbols appear in pa-rentheses; they are not repeated in the columns. Ifdata are unavailable for a particular cell, a dash isused to fill the vacancy.

Horizontal rules separate a table from the titleand row heading, and column heads from thebody of the table. Vertical rules may be used toseparate columns if the use of vertical rules im-proves the ease of reading tabular material.6

5.3 Page FormatThe physical appearance of a report, both text andgraphics, constitutes format. The goal of any for-mat is to enhance readability and comprehensionby providing visual uniformity and a consistentsubordination of ideas. Decisions about reportformats are based on principles of graphic design,but format choices may be limited by contractspecifications, in-house requirements, or theequipment used for publication.

5.3.1 Image AreaThe space allotted on a page for printed material(text, visual, or tabular matter) is the image area.Observing a standard image area ensures that the

DESIGN OF REPORTS

6 The U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual and TheChicago Manual of Style provide detailed guidelines for creat-ing tables.

WordFrameMakerTeX

Aeronautics Flightsystems

Space

Software Use by Directorate

WordPerfectIslandWriteAll others

Aeronautics Flight Systems Space

TeX


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information on a page will not be lost duringprinting and binding. The normal image area on8-1/2 x 11-inch paper is 7-1/8 x 9-3/16 inches, orin printing terminology, 43 x 55 picas. The imagearea includes headers and footers, if they areused, and page numbers. For lead pages(standalone material, such as the foreword ortable of contents), 1 inch is subtracted from the topof the image area.

5.3.2 MarginsMargins set off the area occupied by type. Thisarea includes headers and footers. Although theyare proportional, margins are not equal on allsides. By printing convention, the top margin isthe narrowest, usually 1 inch. The outer margin iswider. The bottom margin is wider than both topand outer margins. To accommodate binding, theinner or gutter margin is the widest of the four.The default margins for most word processingsoftware observe these printing conventions.

5.3.3 Line LengthRagged right margins are preferred for ease ofreading, but excessively ragged right margins canbe avoided by using a standard and a minimumline length. The minimum line length is 2-3 picasshorter than the standard line length. A line endswith the word falling nearest the standard lengthof a line but does not exceed the standard lengthby more than two characters. For example, a singlecolumn of text intended for continuous reading(as opposed to reference material) may be set instandard lines 40-43 picas wide. To minimizeragged right margins, a recommended minimumline length is 38 picas. If a report is set in double-column format, the image area includes the spacenecessary to separate the columns, 1-2 picas. Arecommended minimum line length for doublecolumns is 20 picas per column with 2 additionalpicas between each column (a total of 42 picas).

5.3.4 TypographyLegibility, the speed with which each character isrecognized, is a concern of type design. Readabil-ity refers to the arrangement of type for ease ofreading. A type face (size and style) should beboth legible and readable.

For report text, including mathematical no-tations, 10- or 12-point serif type is the mostcomfortable type face for readers. Smaller sizescan be used for non-text matter (for example,footnotes and indexes); however, 8 points is thesmallest acceptable size for non-text matter.

The availability and appearance of specializedcharacters for symbols, formulas, and equationsis an important consideration in selecting a typeface.

5.3.5 Paper and InkPaper copies of scientific and technical reports useacid-free paper of (U.S.) standard size (8-1/2 x 11inches). Color, smoothness, and weight are fac-tors in selecting paper for printing a report. Typeis most easily read against an off-white, uncoatedstock; however, halftone illustrations (photo-graphs) printed on coated paper are superior tothose printed on uncoated stock. To ensure leg-ibility and reproducibility, black ink is used forprinting reports.

5.3.6 Printing EquipmentA laser or laser-quality printer with a minimum300 dpi (dots per inch) resolution produces ac-ceptable camera-ready copy for text and linework. If photographs or high resolution graph-ics are included electronically in a report, aprinter with 600 dpi (or higher) resolution ispreferred.

5.4 PaginationPage numbers appear in the same place on eachpage (for example, bottom right) or in a consistentplace on mirror-image pages (for example, upper,outer corners). Hyphens, parentheses, or otherpunctuation marks are not placed around pagenumbers.

Front matter is numbered with consecutivelowercase roman numerals. Page numbers are notshown on the cover and title page, although thetitle page is considered page i. A table of contentsbegins on a new odd-numbered right-hand page.

Consecutive arabic numbers are used for pagesof the text (body), appendixes, and other backmatter, beginning with the first right-hand pageof the summary. Appendix information repro-duced from another source retains the paginationof the original source in addition to being pagi-nated for inclusion in the appendix.

If a report is divided into sections or chaptersbecause of its length or scope, the text and backmatter (exclusive of front matter) are numberedsequentially from one part to the next. The text ofeach volume of a multivolume report begins on anew page 1.

The optional use of headers and footers in thetext is governed by the structure and nature of a

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report. Headers and footers do not appear on leadpages, on the first page of the table of contents, orin the preface. Running headers are convenientfor helping users locate information in long, com-plex reports.

When running headers appear on right-handpages, the last text heading on the page is used asthe running header. When running headers ap-pear on left-hand pages, the first text heading toappear is used as the running header. If sectiontitles are used as headings, they appear as run-ning headers throughout the section. Runningheaders used for a section of notes in the backmatter show inclusive page numbers where therelevant note references can be found (for ex-ample, Notes to Pages 23-31).

5.5 Units and NumbersStandard units of measurement are presentedclearly, concisely, and consistently in reports. Thepreferred standard for units is the InternationalSystem of Units (SI). If another system is used, thecorresponding SI units may appear in parenthe-ses. If two systems of measurement are used, thesystem in which measurements were obtained isindicated in the “Methods, Assumptions, andProcedures” section and in a statement at thebeginning of the list of symbols, abbreviations,and acronyms. (See also 4.2.3, Methods, Assump-tions, and Procedures.)

Units used with specific numbers (for example,3.7 m) are abbreviated except where a potentialexists for misinterpretation; otherwise, units arespelled out. However, a symbol is spelled out thefirst time it is used in the text. For SI units derivedfrom proper names, the symbols are shown ininitial capital letters (for example, Hz, N); how-ever, units that are spelled out (for example, hertz,newtons) are shown in lowercase letters. SI sym-bols are written in singular form; ANSI/IEEE 268-1982 (R1992) and ASTM E380-1991 provide de-tailed information on the use of SI symbols andunits.

Arabic numbers are always used to expressunits of measurement and time in mathematicalexpressions, decimals, percentages, and pro-portions. For other expressions, the followingapply:1. If a sentence contains only one number and that

number is greater than nine, it is indicated as anumeral; if a number is nine or less, it is spelledout.

2. A number at the beginning of a sentence isalways spelled out.

3. Numerals are used for a group of two or morenumbers, if one of them is 10 or greater (forexample, a capacitor having 3 leads, 2 pairs ofcontrols, and 12 settings).

4. The same guidelines apply to ordinal numbers,but ordinals and cardinals are treated sepa-rately if they appear together (for example, the5th and 14th groups, containing six and sevenitems, respectively).

5. Arabic numbers are used for all numbering sys-tems (page and section, table, figure, and refer-ence numbers), except for roman-numeral pagi-nation of front matter (for example, page iii).

5.6 Formulas and EquationsFormulas and equations are presented in sen-tence form and punctuated for clarity and consis-tency; however, a sentence does not begin with aformula or an equation.

Complicated mathematical formulas and deri-vations are clarified by defining symbols, relatingequations to one another, and describing the physi-cal reality represented by the mathematics. Chemi-cal symbols need not be defined unless the authorchooses to do so for clarification. Marginal notesare used to identify modifications of symbols (forexample, prime marks) and to distinguish be-tween the letter “O” and “0” (zero); the letter “l”and the number “1”; the letter “x” and the multi-plication sign (×). Superscripts and subscripts arealso clearly indicated.

Brief formulas and equations are included aspart of the text if the formula or equation fits onone line. If a formula or equation is displayed (setoff from the text), it is centered or indented, de-pending on its length. In a report with extensivenotation, all equations are displayed and num-bered for consistent presentation. Formulas andequations are italicized whether included as partof the text or displayed.

Equation numbers are enclosed in parenthesesat the right-hand margin with a minimum of 1/4inch between the last term in the equation and theequation number. The equation number appearson the same line of a single-line equation and onthe last line of a multiline equation.

If a long formula or equation does not fit on asingle line, the order of preference for splitting itis:1. Before an equality or inequality sign2. Before a plus or minus sign3. Before a multiplication sign4. After a group of parentheses, brackets, or braces5. Before an integral, summation, or product sign.

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Extra line space is used between the lines whena formula or equation is carried over because of itslength. A number of computer software packagesthat support the presentation of equations auto-matically provide correct line spacing. An ex-ample of a multiline equation, split to fit on a page,follows.

a

0

b

0E(η,ξ) Nl(η,ξ) dη dξ

= –a

0

b

0

∂F∂η

∂Nl

∂η+ – KxM

∂F∂ξ

∂Nl

∂ξ~ ∂F

∂η∂Nl

∂η

+ – 3Kx Nl + Nl∂F∂ξ

∂Nl

∂ξ∂M∂η

∂F∂η

∂M∂ξ

∂F∂ξ

~

+ K2(3Kx – Kx)MFNl + K2(Kx – 1)FNl

~3 2~

– 3K2KxMFNl + K2KxM3FNl dη dξ2 3~ ~

Chemical symbols may be defined if definitionenhances their comprehension. Close spacing isused for chemical symbols, numbers, or line bondsin a formula. In the text, chemical equations maybe run in or displayed. Chemical symbols are setin roman (English) type rather than italics. Ifdisplayed, they should be numbered in sequence,and the equation numbers placed to the left of thereaction. Chemical equations are not numberedconsecutively independent of mathematical equa-tions.

If a chemical equation is too long to fit on oneline, it is broken after the arrow. The first elementof the runover line is aligned with the last elementof the preceding line. Extra line space is left be-tween the lowest part of the first line and thehighest part of the next line.7 An example of achemical equation broken after the arrow follows.

Co(NH3)63+ + 6H3O+

Co(H2O)63+ + 6NH4

+ Kc — 1020~

5.7 Footnotes or EndnotesFootnotes or endnotes are included in a reportonly to clarify information in the text and are asbrief as possible. To avoid preparing footnotes orendnotes, an author may incorporate materialinto the text by enclosing it in parentheses or byplacing it in a separate paragraph.

When used to clarify information, notes arekeyed to the text of the report with superscriptarabic numbers. Notes are numbered consecu-tively through the text; footnotes appear at thebottom of the page on which each occurs, andendnotes appear at the end of the section of textthey clarify. If a footnote runs longer than its pagemargin, the footnote is completed at the bottom ofthe subsequent page, preceding any footnote(s)for the next page. If a footnote is used to clarifytabular information, a superscript sequence oflowercase letters or symbols is used to avoidconfusion with text footnotes. (See also 5.2.2, Tabu-lar Matter.)

5.8 References and Bibliographic EntriesThe first line of a reference is indented, and subse-quent lines are aligned flush with the left margin.Entries in a bibliography are aligned flush left(without paragraph indentation). If a bibliographicentry runs longer than a single line, subsequent(runover) lines are uniformly indented.

5.9 Symbols, Abbreviations, andAcronyms

Symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms are spelledout at their first mention in the text to ensure thatreaders will understand them; however, standardmathematical notation, chemical symbols, andknown abbreviations of measurement are notdefined unless potential exists for misinterpreta-tion. An acronym is written out the first time it isused in the text, and it is also included in a list ofsymbols, abbreviations, and acronyms. Symbolsthat are standard in the discipline of a report areused. Appendix A, “Selected Annotated Bibliog-raphy,” includes standards for symbols used inmany disciplines. If no standard has been estab-lished for a concept, consult related scientific ortechnical literature for a symbol in general use.When they occur in lists, symbols, abbreviations,and acronyms are presented in descending order,as follows:1. Roman (English) alphabet capital letters2. Roman (English) alphabet lowercase letters3. Greek alphabet capital letters4. Greek alphabet lowercase letters5. Subscripts6. Superscripts7. Special notes.

If a symbol, abbreviation, or acronym has morethan one definition, the explanations are

DESIGN OF REPORTS

7 Mathematics into Type, The Chicago Manual of Style, and theCRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics present detailed infor-mation about the preparation and physical arrangement ofmathematical and chemical formulas and equations.


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separated by a semicolon, and each definition isexplained at its first use in the report.

Symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms andtheir definitions are displayed in two columnswith the abbreviations and acronyms listed inalphabetical order and aligned with the leftmargin. Each entry begins on a new line, fol-lowed in the second column by its definition.Adequate space is left between the longest sym-bol, abbreviation, or acronym and its definition,and the rest of the entries in the list(s) arealigned accordingly.

5.10 Glossary EntriesGlossary entries are arranged in alphabeticalorder and aligned with the left margin. Subse-quent lines are uniformly indented. Each defi-nition begins with a capital letter and ends witha period.

5.11 Index EntriesIndex entries customarily appear single spaced

in two-column or three-column format on apage. Main entries are capitalized only forproper names; subentries are always lowercased(unless they begin with a proper name) and areuniformly indented 1 em for each level of modi-fication. Runover lines are indented 1 em deeperthan the deepest subentry.

5.12 ErrataIf errors severe enough to cause misunderstand-ing are discovered too late for correction priorto the distribution of a report, an errata sheetthat identifies the report and the error(s) is sentto initial and subsequent recipients of the re-port. The sheet is inserted immediately follow-ing the cover. An error in the text is identifiedby line, and an error in a formula or an equationis identified by number and the correction noted.The following form is used for corrections:

Page Reads Should Read37, line 5 cosine of the angle sine of the angle

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Appendix ASelected Annotated Bibliography

(This appendix is not part of American National Standard for Scientific and Technical Reports — Elements, ␣Organization, and Design, ANSI/NISO Z39.18-1995. It is included for information only.)

A1. GeneralThis annotated bibliography is intended to help

authors and editors organize, design, and publishreports. The bibliography is extensive, but notexhaustive. The absence of a particular publica-tion is no reflection of its quality or usefulness.The list is simply a starting point from which theuser can begin to build a professional referencecollection or consult a particular source to answera question. The use of a particular source willdepend on such factors as personal preference,subject matter, and the specific needs of the user.

The bibliography is divided into seven catego-ries:1. writing, usage, style, grammar, and English

language dictionaries;2. style manuals and guides;3. specialized dictionaries, encyclopedias, and

handbooks;4. technical writing materials;5. standards and symbols;6. library reference materials; and7. graphic arts.

Reasonable attempts were made to identifyand include the classical or standard sources foreach category, or both. Several sources and nu-merous individuals were consulted in compilingthe bibliography. Each citation was verified forcorrectness, most recent edition, and availability.To the best of our knowledge, no out-of-printsources were included.

A2. Writing, Usage, Style, Grammar, andEnglish Language Dictionaries

Barzun, Jacques. Simple and Direct: A Rhetoric forWriters. Rev. ed. New York: Harper and Row,1985.A thorough discussion of faults in prose andtheir remedies. Proceeds from word choicethrough sequence and linkage, tone, meaning,structure, and revision.

Bernstein, Theodore M. The Careful Writer: A Mod-ern Guide to English Usage. New York: Ath-eneum, 1965.An alphabetically arranged list of usages, goodand bad, with a discussion of why they shouldbe embraced, tolerated, or shunned. A guidefor manuscript editors.

Bernstein, Theodore M. Miss Thistlebottom’s Hob-goblins: The Careful Writer’s Guide to the Taboos,Bugbears, and Outmoded Rules of English Usage.New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984. Reprintof 1971 ed.A discussion of invalid and outmoded rulescommonly applied to prose and usage. A guidefor both writers and editors.

DeVries, Mary A. The New American Dictionary ofAbbreviations. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.Provides extensive coverage of standard ab-breviations and their definitions.

Ebbitt, Wilma R. and Ebbitt, David R. Writer’sGuide and Index to English. 8th ed., Glenview, IL:Scott, Foresman, 1990.A comprehensive reference book that includesarticles on grammar, parts of speech, sentencestructure, diction, punctuation, mechanics,logic, rhetoric, and style. Arranged alphabeti-cally.

Follett, Wilson. Modern American Usage: A Guide.Edited and completed by Jacques Barzun andothers. New York: Avenel Books, 1980.A dictionary of usage containing essays on anumber of questions of concern to authors andeditors.

Fowler, H. W. A Dictionary of Modern English Us-age. 2nd ed. Revised by Sir Ernest Gowers. NewYork: Greenwich House, 1983.A classic work on English usage offering guid-ance to both writers and editors.

Gilman, E. Ward (ed.). The Merriam-Webster Dic-tionary of English Usage. Springfield, MA:Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1989.Provides guidance on usage as well as thehistory of the usage and criticism of it, analy-sis and examples of contemporary usage,and conclusions and recommendations aboutusage.

Hodges, John C.; Whitten, Mary E.; with Webb,Suzanne S. Harbrace College Handbook.. 11th ed.New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990.A standard college grammar book. A compre-hensive, yet concise, summary of grammar andusage.

Mager, Nathan H. and Mager, Sylvia K. Encyclope-dic Dictionary of English Usage. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974.


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A combination dictionary, grammar guide, andstyle manual. Contains over 15,000 entries listedalphabetically and gives accepted rules, styles,and usage.

McArthur, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to theEnglish Language. New York, NY: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 1992.Short articles cover virtually every aspect oflanguage such as grammar, literary terms, lin-guistics, rhetoric, style, sexist language, childlanguage acquisition, and the history of thelanguage. Covers the period from the Romanera to the 1990s.

Morris, William and Morris, Mary. Harper Dictio-nary of Contemporary Usage. 2nd ed. New York:Harper and Row, 1985.A dictionary concerning writing and speakingstyles and usage, grammar, punctuation, andidioms. A guide for both writers and editors.

Roget’s International Thesaurus. 5th ed. Revised byRobert L. Chapman. New York: Harper andRow, 1992.A classic dictionary of synonyms that covers allrelationships among words. A guide for au-thors and editors.

Soukhanov, Anne E. (ed.). The American HeritageDictionary of the English Language. 3rd ed. Bos-ton: Houghton Mifflin, 1992.A standard American dictionary that providesa thorough discussion of usage.

Strunk, William, Jr. and White, E. B. The Elementsof Style. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1979.A short classic offering practical advice onachieving a clear writing style. A good re-source for both authors and editors.

Trimmer, Joseph F. and McCrimmon, James K.Writing with a Purpose. 9th ed. Boston: HoughtonMifflin, 1987.A standard college writing book. Covers vari-ous elements of the writing process includingplanning, revising, paragraph development,sentence patterns, diction, and tone and style.

U.S. Treasury Department, Internal Revenue Ser-vice. Effective Revenue Writing 1. Training 9960-12 (8-69). GPO S/N 048-004-00036-0. Washing-ton, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969.(Reprinted 1980.)A publication used as a text for a basic writingcourse for IRS employees in writing improve-ment. Covers principles of writing, grammar,punctuation, and parts of speech.

U.S. Treasury Department, Internal Revenue Ser-vice. Effective Revenue Writing 2. By CalvinLinton. Training 9931-15 (rev 1978). GPO S/N

048-004-00037-7. Washington DC: U.S. Gov-ernment Printing Office, 1978.A publication used as a text for an advancedtraining course designed to help experienced IRSwriters and reviewers diagnose and cure writingweaknesses. Includes numerous examples ofanalyzing and revising poorly written sentences.

Webster’s Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary. Spring-field, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1993.Prepared after the parent work, the collegiaterepresents the later thinking of the editors onthe principles of word division and frequentlydeparts from the divisions given in the un-abridged version.

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of theEnglish Language. Unabridged. Springfield, MA:Merriam-Webster, 1981.A standard dictionary for the spelling of En-glish words and a basic reference for any edito-rial office or library.

A3. Style Manuals and GuidesAmerican Mathematical Society. Manual for Au-

thors of Mathematical Papers. Reprinted from theBulletin of the American Mathematical Soci-ety, vol. 68, no. 5 (September 1962).Advises mathematicians preparing papers forpublication on how to improve the readabilityand appearance of mathematical material.

American Psychological Association. PublicationManual for the American Psychological Associa-tion. 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA, 1994.A manual of editorial style for manuscriptssubmitted to journals published by the Ameri-can Psychological Association (APA) and otherjournals that use APA style. Includes publica-tion procedures and policies for APA journals,citation and reference forms, and brief com-ments on theses, dissertations, and oral presen-tations of papers.

Bishop, Elan E.; Eckel, Edwin B.; and others. Sug-gestions to Authors of the Reports of the UnitedStates Geological Survey. 6th ed. GPO S/N 024-001-03010-1. Washington, DC: U.S. Govern-ment Printing Office, 1978.A guide providing detailed information onspecific geological expressions and referencesto works in the field. Contains a short grammarsection.

Campbell, William G.; Ballou, Stephen V.; andSlade, Carole. Form and Style: Theses, Reports,Term Papers. 8th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,1990.Covers such topics as the elements of a thesis,

APPENDIX


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style and usage, and typing the paper. Pro-vides guidance on quotations, bibliographicformat, and references.

Cathcart, M. E. STI Handbook: Guidelines for Pro-ducing, Using, and Managing Scientific and Tech-nical Information in the Department of the Navy(A Handbook for Navy Scientists and Engineerson the Use of Scientific and Technical Informa-tion). San Diego, CA: Office of Naval Tech-nology, 1992.Provides specific guidelines for U.S. Navy au-thors on preparing reports. Prepared for theOffice of Naval Technology by the Naval Com-mand, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center,RDT&E Division, San Diego, CA.

Council of Biology Editors. Scientific Style andFormat. Edited by Edward J. Huth. 6th ed.Bethesda, MD: Council of Biology Editors,1994.A style manual including sections on gram-mar, writing style, and indexing. Especiallyuseful for authors of works in special fields ofbiology. Provides guidance on the treatment ofmathematical and statistical information andabbreviations.

Columbia Law Review Association, and others.The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. 15thed. Cambridge, MA: The Harvard Law ReviewAssociation, 1991.Provides guidance for legal writing. Gives cita-tion form for cases, statutes, government docu-ments, books, and other printed materials.

Fleischer, Eugene B. A Style Manual for CitingMicroform and Nonprint Media. Chicago: Ameri-can Library Association, 1978.Rules for citing sound recordings, maps, videorecordings, motion pictures, microforms, andother media.

Howell, John Bruce. Style Manuals of the English-Speaking World: A Guide. Phoenix, AZ: OryxPress, 1983.Describes 231 style manuals and guides of over5 pages in length. Divides them into general,subject (20 disciplines), manuals and stylesrelated to disabled people, and guidelines onavoiding sexist language.

Li, Xia; and Crane, Nancy B. Electronic Style: AGuide to Citing Electronic Information. Westport,CT: Meckler Publishing, 1993.Presents basic forms for the kinds of informa-tion being cited and recommends the types ofelements to be included and the order of theirpresentation. Covers citations of full-text andbibliographic databases, electronic conferences

and bulletin board services, electronic mail,and computer programs. Generally followsAPA style with some modifications.

Rubens, Philip. Science and Technical Writing: AManual of Style. New York, NY: Henry Holt,1992.A comprehensive style guide that covers sci-ence, technical, medical, corporate, and busi-ness writing; graphic and electronic design;and training and education.

Skillin, Marjorie E.; Gay, Robert M.; and others.Words into Type. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1974.A comprehensive manual covering the entirepublishing process from writing through print-ing and binding. Includes particularly usefulsections on grammar, word usage, and style.Extensive coverage of typography.

Swanson, Ellen. Mathematics into Type:Copyediting and Proofreading of Mathematicsfor Editorial Assistants and Authors. Rev. ed.Providence, RI: American Mathematical So-ciety, 1979.Includes instructions on all phases of produc-ing a book or an article in the field of mathemat-ics. Covers such elements as the preparationand submission of a manuscript, editing andmarking, design and typesetting, proofread-ing, and page makeup.

Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of TermPapers, Theses, and Dissertations. 5th ed. Chi-cago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.A publication based on The Chicago Manual ofStyle. Turabian’s shorter manual treats thepreparation of typed or word-processed copy.Includes guidance on footnotes, references, andquotations.

U.S. Government Printing Office. Style Manual.Rev. ed. GPO S/N 2100-0068. Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984.A general style guide for preparing gov-ernment publications. Contains details notfound elsewhere regarding treatment offoreign currency, political divisions, plantand insect names, and other specializedexpressions.

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual ofStyle. 14th ed. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1993.A widely used and referenced style manual.Includes detailed sections on mathematicalcopy, treatment of foreign languages, prepara-tion of indexes, and distinctive treatment ofwords.

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A4. Specialized Dictionaries,Encyclopedias, and Handbooks

American Society for Testing and Materials. AnnualBook of ASTM Standards. Philadelphia, PA: Ameri-can Society for Testing and Materials, 1994.The official standard of the ASTM. A referencefor the definitions used in the field of testingand materials.

Bartlett, John. Familiar Quotations: A Collection ofPassages, Phrases, and Proverbs Traced to TheirSources in Ancient and Modern Literature. Editedby Emily Morrison Beck. 16th ed. revised andenlarged. Boston: Little, Brown, 1992.The traditional source to consult in checking afamiliar quotation.

Beyer, William H. (ed.). Standard MathematicalTables and Formulae. 29th ed. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, 1991.A classical mathematical reference. Writers andeditors in need of more extensive or additionaltables and mathematical reference materialshould refer to Handbook of Mathematical Sci-ences (6th ed., 1987) and Handbook of Tables forProbability and Statistics (2nd ed., 1968) by thesame editor and publisher.

The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 10th ed. Re-vised by Gessner G. Hawley. New York: VanNostrand Reinhold, 1983.A detailed reference work on the chemicalindustry. Contains technical descriptionsof chemicals, raw materials, and processes;definitions of chemical compounds, phe-nomena, and terminology; and identifica-tion of trademarked products and theirmanufacturers.

Considine, Douglas M., ed. Van Nostrand’s Scien-tific Encyclopedia. 7th ed. New York: VanNostrand Reinhold, 1988.An alphabetical arrangement of terms used inscience and technology. A useful work for boththe scientist and the layperson. Contains ap-proximately 16,500 entries.

Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 27th ed.Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders, 1988.A traditional source for checking spelling andmeaning of medical and related terms.

Edmunds, Robert A. The Prentice-Hall Encyclope-dia of Information Technology. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987.Introduction to information terminology. Pro-vides definitions for numerous computer termsand phrases, many of which are taken from theAmerican National Dictionary for Information Pro-cessing, X3/TR-1-82.

Hampel, Clifford A.; and Hawley, Gessner G.Glossary of Chemical Terms. 2nd ed. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.Provides extensive coverage of chemical termi-nology.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.American National Standard Dictionary of Electri-cal and Electronic Terms. 3rd ed. ANSI/IEEE100. New York: ANSI, 1984.An official ANSI/IEEE dictionary defining tech-nical words and terms from every area of elec-trical engineering, electronics, and computersciences.

James, Robert C. The Mathematics Dictionary. 5thed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992.Defines mathematical terms and phrases; in-cludes tables, formulas, mathematical symbols,and vocabularies giving English equivalents ofmathematical terms in French, German, Rus-sian, and Spanish.

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.4th ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1991(Vol. 1) and 1992 (Vols. 2, 3, and 4).Contains comprehensive review of major indi-vidual chemicals, classes of chemicals, andchemical processes and technologies.

Parker, Sybil P.; et al. (eds.) McGraw-Hill Dictio-nary of Scientific and Technical Terms. 4th ed.New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.A dictionary defining over 100,000 terms fromthe sciences and engineering fields. Entries donot include syllabification, pronunciation, oretymological information. Includes several use-ful appendixes.

Parker, Sybil P.; et al. (eds.) McGraw-Hill Ency-clopedias of Chemistry (2nd ed.), Engineering(2nd ed.), Environmental Science and Engineer-ing (3rd ed.), Physics (2nd ed.), and Scienceand Technology (7th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993.Standard reference for chemistry, engineer-ing, environmental science and engineering,physics, and science and technology. Articlesare arranged alphabetically and supple-mented by drawings, graphs, charts, andphotographs.

Pedde, Lawrence D., and others. Metric Manual.U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. GPO S/N 024-003-00129-5. Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1978.Presents the basics of SI (International Systemof Units), metric conversion techniques, andexamples of engineering problems associatedwith metric conversion.

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Rosenberg, Jerry M. McGraw-Hill Dictionary ofInformation Technology and Computer Acronyms,Initials, and Abbreviations. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.Provides definitions and explanations of ter-minology related to information technologyand well-known computing applications.

Weast, Robert C.; et al. (eds). CRC Handbook ofChemistry and Physics: A Ready-Reference Book ofChemical and Physical Data. 71st ed. Boca Raton,FL: CRC Press, 1994.A classic handbook of chemistry and physics.Includes mathematical and chemical tables andtables of physical constants and organic andinorganic compounds.

A5. Technical Writing MaterialAnderson, Paul V. Technical Writing: A Reader-

Centered Approach. 2nd ed. San Diego: HarcourtBrace Jovanovich, 1991.This student text covers the writing process inseven sections: defining objectives, planning areport, drafting it, evaluating and revising it,superstructures (formats), and special activitiessuch as oral presentations. Includes a handbook.

Brusaw, Charles T.; Alred, Gerald J.; and Oliu,Walter E. Handbook of Technical Writing. 4th ed.New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.This alphabetically arranged handbook coversusage, parts of speech, types of technical writ-ing, format and graphics, writing and rhetori-cal principles, and mechanics.

Chandler, Harry E. Technical Writer’s Handbook.Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals,1983.A handy reference for preparing technical ma-terials. This book is divided into three parts:writing; customs, practices, and standards fortechnical writing; and an anthology ofstylebooks.

Clements, Wallace and Berlo, Robert. The Scien-tific Report: A Guide for Authors. Washington,DC: Society for Technical Communication, 1984.Divided into two parts: advice for the writerand aids for the writer. Includes such topics aseffective writing, the components of a report,graphics (including tables), footnotes and ref-erences, abbreviations, spelling, rules for writ-ing numbers, and rules for presenting math-ematical expressions.

Day, Robert A. How to Write and Publish a ScientificPaper. 4th ed. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, 1994.A book on writing and publishing primaryresearch papers in scholarly journals. Anec-

dotal discussion provides a biological scienceseditor’s view of articles written by profession-als already in the field.

Houp, Kenneth W. and Pearsall, Thomas E. Re-porting Technical Information. 7th ed. New York:Macmillan, 1993.Six discrete sections: Part I covers the basics;Part II treats techniques; Part III covers docu-ment design; Part IV applies principles to nu-merous correspondence and report products;Part V covers oral reports; and Part VI is ahandbook of errors and punctuation rules intechnical writing.

Lannon, John M. Technical Writing. 3rd ed. Boston:Little, Brown, 1985.An introductory text with procedural approachfor preprofessional majors in all fields, espe-cially in the biological and health sciences.Strong composition orientation with accent onacademic writing and language topics.

Mathes, John C. and Stevenson, Dwight W. De-signing Technical Reports: Writing for Audiencesin Organizations. New York: Macmillan, 1991.An advanced text with a rhetorical approach toprofessional report writing for technical per-sonnel, particularly engineers. Teaches a sys-tematic procedure for designing reports basedon functional ends for multiple, diverse read-ers. Method is applicable to all formats fromshort memos through formal reports, to mostreporting situations, and to all conventionalreport types.

Michaelson, Herbert B. How to Write and PublishEngineering Papers and Reports. 3rd ed. Phoenix,AZ: Oryx Press, 1990.Details the process of engineering writing andthe preparation of formal papers and reportsfor publication.

Sherman, Theodore A. and Johnson, Simon S.Modern Technical Writing. 5th ed. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1990.Organizes extensive coverage of technical writ-ing under four topics: concepts (for example,technical style, graphics, basic techniques ofdescription and process); applications (types,procedures, proposals); correspondence (form,types, job letters); and handbook matters.

Tichy, H. J. Effective Writing for Engineers, Manag-ers, and Scientists. 2nd ed. New York: JohnWiley and Sons, 1988.Emphasizes the writing process in five sec-tions: steps to better writing, standards of cor-rectness, style, advice on common forms, andthe role of an editor.

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Weisman, Herman M. Basic Technical Writing. 6thed. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill Publish-ing Company, 1992.Covers basic expository techniques, corre-spondence, and report writing. Separate chap-ters cover organizing data, report format el-ements, mechanics and documentation, andgraphics.

Weiss, Edmond H. The Writing System for Engi-neers and Scientists. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1982.Describes a system for writing about techni-cal information. The system is composed offive parts: the system overview, planning,design guidelines, the draft, and editing andreproduction.

Wilkinson, Antoinette M. The Scientist’s Handbookfor Writing Papers and Dissertations. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991.Begins by reviewing scientific research meth-ods and then traces the way a scientific articleevolves (introduction, methods, results, dis-cussion). Also covers many types of visualsand how to publish an article.

A6. Standards and Symbols

A6.1 StandardsAmerican Society for Testing and Materials. Stan-

dard Practice for Use of the International System ofUnits (SI) (The Modernized Metric System). ASTME380 REV A-91. Philadelphia: ASTM, 1991.

Association for Information and Image Manage-ment. American National Standard—Microfiche.ANSI/AIIM MS5-91.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.American National Standard for Metric Practice.ANSI/IEEE 268-92.

Kleinman, Joseph M. List of Specifications and Stan-dards Pertaining to Technical Publications. Wash-ington DC: Society for Technical Communica-tion, 1983.Includes a compilation of military specifica-tions and standards, including federal supplyclassifications, international standard docu-ments, and industry standards that pertain totechnical reports. The numerical listing givestitles and dates of latest issue.

National Information Standards Organization.Indexes and Related Information Retrieval Devices.ANSI/NISO Z39.4-199X (draft standard).

National Information Standards Organization.Standard Technical Report Number (STRN) For-mat and Creation. ANSI/NISO Z39.23-1990.

National Information Standards Organization.Writing Abstracts. ANSI/NISO Z39.14-1979(R1986).

Procedures for the Transfer of Federal Scientific, Tech-nical, and Engineering Information to NTIS underPublic Law 102-245, Section 108. Federal Regis-ter 59 (1), January 3, 1994.Outlines procedures for federal agencies totransfer to NTIS unclassified scientific, techni-cal, and engineering information resulting fromfederally funded research and developmentactivities.

A6.2 Graphic SymbolsAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ameri-

can National Standard Graphic Symbols for FluidPower Diagrams. ANSI Y32.10-1967 (R1987).New York: ANSI, 1987.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ameri-can National Standard Graphic Symbols for Plumb-ing Fixtures for Diagrams Used in Architectureand Building Construction. ANSI Y32.4-1977(R1987). New York: ANSI, 1987.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers.American National Standard Graphic Symbolsfor Railroad Maps and Profiles. ANSI Y32.7-1972 (R1987). New York: ANSI, 1987.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ameri-can National Standard Graphical Symbols for Pro-cess Flow Diagrams in the Petroleum and ChemicalIndustries. ANSI Y32.11-1961 (R1985). NewYork: ANSI, 1985.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ameri-can National Standard Symbols for Mechanical andAcoustical Elements as Used in Schematic Dia-grams. ANSI Y32.18-1972 (R1985). New York:ANSI, 1985.

American Welding Society. American National Stan-dard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nonde-structive Examination. ANSI/AWS A2.4-1986.New York: ANSI, 1986.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.American National Standard Graphic Symbols forElectrical Wiring and Layout Diagrams Used inArchitecture and Building Construction. ANSIY32.9-1982 (R1989). New York: ANSI, 1989.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.American National Standard Graphic Symbols forElectrical and Electronics Diagrams (Including Refer-ence Designation Class Designation Letters). ANSI/IEEE 315-1975 (R1989). New York: ANSI, 1989.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.Supplement to ANSI Graphic Symbols for Electri-cal and Electronics Diagrams. ANSI/IEEE 315-

APPENDIX


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1986. New York: ANSI, 1986.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

American National Standard Graphic Symbols forGrid and Mapping Diagrams Used in Cable Televi-sion Systems. ANSI/IEEE 623-1976 (R1988). NewYork: ANSI, 1988.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.American National Standard Graphic Symbols forLogic Functions. ANSI/IEEE 91. New York:ANSI, 1984.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.Supplement to IEEE Standard for Graphic Symbolsfor Logic Functions. ANSI/IEEE 91A-1991. NewYork: ANSI, 1991.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.American National Standard Reference Designa-tions for Electrical and Electronics Parts and Equip-ment. ANSI/IEE Y32.16-1975 (R1988). NewYork: ANSI, 1988.

Instrument Society of America. American NationalStandard Instrumentation Symbols and Identifica-tion. ANSI/ISA S5.1-1984 (R1992). New York:ANSI, 1992.

National Fire Protection Association. AmericanNational Standard for Symbols for Fire Safety.ANSI/NFPA 170-1991. New York: ANSI, 1991.

A6.3 Letter SymbolsAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ameri-

can National Standard Glossary of Terms Concern-ing Letter Symbols. ANSI Y10.1-1972 (R1988).New York: ANSI, 1988.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ameri-can National Standard for Selecting Greek LettersUsed as Letter Symbols for Engineering Mathemat-ics. ANSI Y10.17-1961 (R1988). New York: ANSI,1988.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers.American National Standard Letter Symbols andAbbreviations for Quantities Used in Acoustics.ANSI/ASME Y10.11-1984. New York: ANSI,1984.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ameri-can National Standard Letter Symbols for ChemicalEngineering. ANSI Y10.12-1955 (R1988). NewYork: ANSI, 1988.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ameri-can National Standard Letter Symbols for Heat andThermodynamics. ANSI Y10.4-1982 (R1988). NewYork: ANSI, 1988.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers.American National Standard Letter Symbols forIlluminating Illustrations. ANSI Y10.18-1967(R1987). New York: ANSI, 1987.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers.American National Standard Letter Symbolsfor Mechanics and Time-Related Phenomena.ANSI/ASME Y10.3M-1984. New York:ANSI, 1984.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.American National Standard Letter Symbols forQuantities Used in Electrical Science and Elec-trical Engineering. ANSI/IEEE 280-1985(R1991). New York: ANSI, 1991.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.American National Standard Letter Symbols forUnits of Measurement (SI Units, CustomaryInch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units).ANSI/IEEE 260-1978 (R1991). New York:ANSI, 1991.

A7. Library Reference MaterialAmerican Chemical Society Chemical Abstracts

Service. Chemical Abstracts Service Source In-dex, 1907-1989 Cumulative. Columbus, OH:Chemical Abstracts Service. Updated quar-terly.Lists the standard (preferred) abbreviationsfor titles of journals in the biological andphysical sciences. Gives former title, if any;language of publication; publication history;publisher’s address, price, and the like.

Books in Print. New York: R. R. Bowker. Pub-lished annually.The standard annual listing of books issuedby American publishers in author-title-seriesformats. Useful for checking bibliographiesand notes. An editorial office should haveaccess to the current edition, plus at least aselection of earlier volumes.

Borko, Harold, and Bernier, Charles L. IndexingConcepts and Methods. New York: AcademicPress, 1978.A thorough treatment of indexing principlesand practices. Combines comprehensive cov-erage of established methods with explora-tions of the use of computers.

Cremmins, Edward T. The Art of Abstracting.Philadelphia: ISI Press, 1982.Focuses on procedure for writing and editingabstracts. Also intended as a textbook onabstracting. Includes a glossary and anno-tated bibliographies on abstracting and think-ing and cognition.

Gorman, Michael, and Winkler, Paul W. (eds.)Anglo-American Cataloging Rules. 2nd ed., 1988revision. Chicago: American Library Associa-tion, 1988.

APPENDIX


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Intended for library catalogers, but is useful foreditors, especially for the forms and alphabet-ization of proper names.

Guidelines for Descriptive Cataloguing of Reports: ARevision of the COSATI Standard for DescriptiveCataloging of Government Scientific and TechnicalReports. Washington, DC: CENDI CatalogingCommittee (Commerce, Energy, NASA, De-fense Information), 1985. Available from NTIS,Springfield, VA 22161 as PB86-112349.This is an update of the COSATI guidelinesfor descriptive cataloging of scientific andtechnical reports. The COSATI guidelineshave been followed by the major federal in-formation processing agencies since the early1960s.

Cataloging Government Documents: A Manual ofInterpretation for AACR2. Chicago: AmericanLibrary Association, 1984.Addresses the rules in AACR2 regarding theirapplication to government documents. Pro-vides guidelines for aspects of governmentdocument cataloging not covered by AACR2.

Information Please Almanac Atlas and Yearbook.Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994. Publishedannually.Convenient source of information on manytopics.

Patry, William F. The Copyright Law. 6th ed.Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs,1986.A standard work on copyright law.

Strong, William S. The Copyright Book: A Practi-cal Guide. 4th ed. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T.Press, 1993.A succinct and well-written analysis of thelaw and a practical guide to its application.

Corporate Author Authority List. Springfield, VA:National Technical Information Service.Available from NTIS as PB83-156034. Issuedannually.Lists corporate authors for use in catalogingand identifying organizations. Current andformer names of organizations are included.

The United States Government Manual. GPO S/N022-003-01109-9. Washington DC: U.S. Gov-ernment Printing Office. Published annually.Focuses on the programs and activities of theagencies of the legislative, judicial, and ex-ecutive branches. Identifies officials, quasi-official agencies, boards, committees, andcommissions.

Weil, Ben H., and Polansky, Barbara Friedman(eds.) Modern Copyright Fundamentals. Rev.

2nd printing. Medford, NJ: Learned Informa-tion for the American Society for InformationScience, 1989.An analysis of copyright law and its practicalapplication.

A8. Graphic ArtsAssociation of American Publishers. Electronic

Manuscript Series. Standard for Electronic Manu-script Preparation and Markup. Washington, DC:Association of American Publishers, 1986.An SGML application conforming to Interna-tional Standard ISO 8879: Standard General-ized Markup Language for preparation of elec-tronically processed documents.

Baird, Russell B., and others. The Graphics of Com-munication: Methods, Media, and Technology. 6thed. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1993.A textbook in the graphic arts that covers allaspects of preparing documents for reading.Emphasis is on the visual elements, includingdesign, typography, images, color, print me-dia, newsletters, magazine and newspaper de-sign, public relations, and television graphics.A concluding section discusses print produc-tion and electronic desktop publishing.

Beach, Mark. Getting It Printed: How to Work withPrinters and Graphic Arts Services to Assure Qual-ity, Stay on Schedule and Control Costs. Rev. ed.Portland, OR: Coast to Coast Books, 1993.An analysis of printing production steps fromplanning through delivery. Sections focus ontopics such as typesetting, photographs, paperand ink, and printing methods. Chapters in-clude checklists designed to cut productiontime and monitor quality control and produc-tion costs.

Bivens, Thomas, and Ryan, William E. How toProduce Creative Publications: Traditional Tech-niques and Computer Applications. Lincolnwood,IL: NTC Business Books, 1991.Contains 11 chapters covering fundamentalsof writing, design, typography, and photogra-phy and illustration. Discusses layout and print-ing with a separate section for various printedforms. Each chapter is divided into basics andcomputer applications.

Blair, Raymond, ed. The Lithographer’s Manual. 7thed. Pittsburgh, PA: The Graphic Arts TechnicalFoundation, 1983.Single volume summary of concise informa-tion on all phases of lithography and relatedsubjects.

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Carter, Rob; Day, Ben; and Meggs, Phillip B. Typo-graphic Design: Form and Communication. NewYork: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985.Covers typographic heritage and fundamen-tals, problem-solving approaches, respon-sible design, legibility factors and type speci-mens.

Chicago Guide to Preparing Electronic Manu-scripts. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1987.From the editors of The Chicago Manual ofStyle. Chapters include instructions to au-thors, generic coding of electronic manu-scripts, notes to publishers, and four appen-dixes (questionnaires for authors, evaluationforms for typesetters, author checklist, andlist of codes).

International Paper Company. Pocket Pal: A GraphicArts Production Handbook. 15th ed. New York:International Paper Company, 1992.Covers most aspects of publishing from print-ing to binding in language that is easy tounderstand. Color separation, halftones, im-position, and practically every other aspectof publishing are described. Revised periodi-cally to reflect developments in the graphicarts.

Kleper, Michael L. The Illustrated Handbook of Desk-top Publishing and Typesetting. 2nd ed. BlueSummit, PA: TAB Books, 1990.A comprehensive guide (23 chapters and over900 pages) on all phases of producing mate-rial electronically. Covers type creating in-put, using electronic means to acquire mate-rial, desktop publishing, clip art, typesetting,and production methods. Mentions severalsoftware packages and offers suggestions ontheir uses.

Knuth, Donald E. The TEXbook. Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,1984.A handbook about TEX, the typesetting sys-tem intended for publications that containmathematics. Using TEX format, an authoror editor can produce computerized math-ematical copy comparable to printing.

Lem, Dean Phillip. Graphics Master 3. 3rd ed. LosAngeles: Dean Lem Associates, 1983.A comprehensive, easy-to-use, quick referencesource for print production, technical data, andworking information. Includes information ontypography and color.

Meggs, Phillip B. Type and Image: Graphic Design,Communication, Marketing, Typography and Ad-vertising Campaigns. New York: Van NostrandReinhold, 1989.Includes fundamental and advanced informa-tion about effective graphic design.

Parker, Robert C. Looking Good in Print: A Guide toBasic Design for Desktop Publishing. 2nd ed.Chapel Hill, NC: Ventana Press, 1990.A textbook that carries the reader through thedesign and production processes. Chapters ontype, graphic design, effective visuals, com-mon pitfalls, and creating a variety of printproducts.

Pickens, Judy E. The Copy-to-Press Handbook: Pre-paring Words and Art for Print. New York: JohnWiley and Sons, 1985.A comprehensive book covering all phases ofturning words and images into print. Includesdiscussion of bindings and documenting thejob. Focus is primarily on getting material readyfor offset printing.

Sanders, Norma, and Bevington, William. GraphicDesigner’s Production Handbook. Ardmore, PA:Hastings Books, 1982.This guide is divided into three categories:preprinting preparation; halftone reproductionin black and white, duotone, and full color; andlithography and finishing operations.

Seybold, John W. The World of Digital Typesetting.Media, PA: Seybold Publications, 1984.Traces the development of typesetting sys-tems. Covers such topics as the compositionprocess, photocomposition, composition andword processing, and computer-aided com-position.

Tufte, Edward R. Envisioning Information. Cheshire,CT: Graphics Press, 1990.Extensively illustrates the presentation of in-formation in graphic form.

Tufte, Edward R. The Visual Display of QuantitativeInformation. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press, 1983.Presents and illustrates the theory and practiceof graphically representing quantitative data.

Van Uchelen, Rod. Paste-Up: Production Techniquesand New Applications. New York: Van NostrandReinhold, 1976.Discusses the mechanics and function of paste-up at three major skill levels: duplication in theoffice, professional volume work, and art pro-duction. Contains numerous techniques, short-cuts, and tips for paste-up.

APPENDIX


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Appendix BReport Documentation Page, Standard Form (SF) 298

and Instructions for Completion(This appendix is not part of American National Standard for Scientific and Technical Reports — Elements,

␣ Organization, and Design, ANSI/NISO Z39.18-1995. It is included for information only.)

(continued)

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of thiscollection of information, indluding suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 JeffersonDavis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503.

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved

OMB No. 0704-0188

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank)

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

6. AUTHOR(S)

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBERS

9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 289 (Rev. 2-89)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18298-102

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)Prescribed by ANSI/NISO Std. Z39.18298-102

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of thiscollection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 JeffersonDavis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503


Page 33

APPENDIX

The Report Documentation Page (RDP) is used in announcing and cataloging reports. It is importantthat this information be consistent with the rest of the report, particularly the cover and title page.Instructions for filling in each block os the form follow. It is important to stay within the lines to meetoptical scanning requirements.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SF 298

Block 1. Agency Use Only (Leave blank).

Standard Form 289 Back (Rev. 2-89)

Block 12a. Distribution/Availability Statement.Denotes public availability or limitations. Cite anyavailability to the public. Enter additionallimitations or special markings in all capitals (e.g.NOFORN, REL, ITAR).

Block 2. Report Date. Full publication dateincluding day, month, and year, if available (e.g. 1Jan 88). Must cite at least the year.

Block 3. Type of Report and Dates Covered.State whether report is interim, final, etc. Ifapplicable, enter inclusive report dates (e.g. 10Jun 87 - 30 Jun 88).

Block 4. Title and Subtitle. A title is taken fromthe part of the report that provides the most meaningful and complete information. When areport is prepared in more than one volume,repeat the primary title, add volume number, andinclude subtitle for the specific volume. Onclassified documents enter the title classificationin parentheses.

Block 5. Funding Numbers. To include contractand grant numbers; may include programelement number(s), project number(s), tasknumber(s), and work unit number(s). Use thefollowing labels:

CGPE

---

PRTAWU

---

ContractGrantProgramElement

ProjectTaskWork UnitAccession No.

Block 6. Author(s). Name(s) of person(s)responsible for writing the report, performingthe research, or credited with the content of thereport. If editor or compiler, this should followthe name(s).

Block 7. Performing Organization Name(s) andAddress(es). Self-explanatory.

Block 8. Performing Organization ReportNumber. Enter the unique alphanumeric reportnumber(s) assigned by the organizationperforming the report.

Block 9. Sponsoring/Monitoring Agency Name(s)and Address(es). Self-explanatory.

Block 10. Sponsoring/Monitoring AgencyReport Number. (If known)

Block 11. Supplementary Notes. Enterinformation not included elsewhere such as:Prepared in cooperation with...; Trans. of...; To bepublished in.... When a report is revised, includea statement whether the new report supersedesor supplements the older report.

DOD

DOENASANTIS

-

---

See DODD 5230.24, "DistributionStatements on TechnicalDocuments."See authorities.See Handbook NHB 2200.2.Leave blank.

Block 12b. Distribution Code.

DODDOE

NASANTIS

--

--

Leave blank.Enter DOE distribution categoriesfrom the Standard Distribution forUnclassified Scientific and TechnicalReports.Leave blank.Leave blank.

Block 13. Abstract. Include a brief (Maximum200 words) factual summary of the mostsignificant information contained in the report.

Block 14. Subject Terms. Keywords or phrasesidentifying major subjects in the report.

Block 15. Number of Pages. Enter the totalnumber of pages.

Block 16. Price Code. Enter appropriate pricecodes (NTIS only).

Blocks 17. - 19. Security Classifications. Self-explanatory. Enter U.S. Security Classification inaccordance with U.S. Security Regulations (i.e.,UNCLASSIFIED). If form contains classifiedinformation, stamp classification on the top andbottom of the page.

Block 20. Limitation of Abstract. This block mustbe completed to assign a limitation to theabstract. Enter either UL (unlimited) or SAR (sameas report). An entry in this block is necessary ifthe abstract is to be limited. If blank, the abstractis assumed to be unlimited.

Appendix B continued

The Report Documentation Page (RDP) is used in announcing and cataloging reports. It is important thatthis information be consistent with the rest of the report, particularly the cover and title page. Instructionsfor filling in each block of the form follow. It is important to stay within the lines to meet optical scanningrequirements.

Standard Form 298 Back (Rev. 2-89)


Page 34

INDEX

callouts, 5.2.1capitalization

in appendixes, 4.3.1in glossaries, 5.10of headings and subheadings, 5.1, 5.11in indexes, 5.11of Roman numerals in pagination, 5.4of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms, 5.5,

5.9in tables, 5.2.2

captions, 5.2.1cardinal numbers, 5.5chapters. see sectionscharts. see figureschemical notation and analysis. see scientific nota-

tion and analysisclassified information, 1.2, 4.1.1, 4.1.3, 4.3.6color, 5.2.1, 5.3.5

substitutes, 5.2.1substitutes, sample, f. 6

columns, 5.2.2, 5.3.3, 5.9column heads, 5.2.2

compilers, 4.1.1, 4.1.2. see also authorscomputer-generated listings, 4.3.1conclusions, t. 1, 4.2, 4.2.4, 4.2.5

in abstracts, 4.1.5in summaries, 4.2.1

contents pages, t. 1, 4.1.4, 4.1.6, 4.1.7, 5.3.1pagination on, 5.4sample, f. 5

contract- and grant-funded research and reports,1.2, 4.1.2, 4.1.2.4, 4.1.3(n. 1), 4.1.4. see alsogovernment- generated research and reports

numbering, 1.2, 4.1.2copyrighted information, 1.2, 4.1.3covers, t. 1, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 5.4

authors’ names on, 4.1.2.3notices on, 4.1.3report numbers on, 4.1.2.1samples, f. 1a, f. 2a, f. 3titles on, 4.1.2.2

credit lines, 4.2.7, 5.2.2

ANSI standards, 2.1abbreviations and acronyms, 5.5, 5.9

in abstracts, 4.1.5in figures, 5.2.1lists, t. 1, 4.3.3, 5.5in summaries, 4.2.1in titles, 4.1.2.2

abstracts, t. 1, 4.1.5, 4.2.1on report documentation pages, 4.1.4

academic degrees of authors. see authors, aca-demic degrees and affiliations

accession numbers, 1.2acknowledgements, t. 1, 4.1.10

in preface, 4.1.9acquisition numbers, 1.2acronyms. see abbreviations and acronymsadministrative information, 4.2.1(n. 2)affiliations of authors. see authors, academic de-

grees and affiliationsAmerican National Standards, 2.1analysis. see scientific notation and analysisapparatus. see scientific apparatus and instru-

mentsappendixes, t. 1, 4.2.4, 4.3.1, 5.2, 5.4Arabic numbers, 4.1.2.2, 4.2.7, 5.2, 5.4, 5.5, 5.7arrangement. see numbering; organization; pagi-

nationassumptions. see methods, assumptions, and pro-

ceduresaudience, 1.2, 4.1.9, 4.2, 4.2.2. see also publication

and distributionof abstracts and summaries, 4.2.1impact on figures and tables, 5.2impact on indexes, 4.3.5

authors. see also performing organizationsacademic degrees and affiliations, 4.1.2., 4.1.2.3of forwards, 4.1.8of references, 4.2.7of reports, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.2.3, 4.1.9

back matter, t. 1, 3, 4.3-4.3.6, 5.4. see also appen-dixes; bibliographies; glossaries; indexes;lists, distribution lists; lists, of symbols, ab-breviations, and acronyms

bibliographies, t. 1, 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 5.8body of reports. see text matter

This is a subject index to the conceptual and practical terms of report organization and design.It covers only the standard itself. The front matter and appendixes are not indexed. The index refersreaders to section, figure (f.), table (t.), and footnote (n.) numbers, not page numbers. Section numbersreferring to passages of significant interest or length are set in bold face type.Compiled by Patricia J. Case


Page 35

data elements. see elements of reportsdates of publication, 4.1.1, 4.1.2. see also publica-

tion datadecimal numbers, 5.1, 5.5design of reports, 5-5.12. see also abbreviations

and acronyms; bibliographies; endnotes;equations; errata; figures; footnotes; formu-las; glossaries; graphic techniques; indenta-tion and spacing; indexes; lists, of refer-ences; numbers; orientation of figures andtables; page format; pagination; symbols;tables; units of measurement

diagrams. see figuresdisclaimers, 4.1.3discussion. see results and discussiondistribution. see audience; publication and distri-

butiondraft reports, 4.1.3

editors, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.2.3, 4.1.9. see also authorselements of reports, t. 1, 3. see also abstracts;

acknowledgements; appendixes; bibliogra-phies; conclusions; contents pages; covers; for-wards; glossaries; indexes; introductions; lists,distribution lists; lists, of figures and tables;lists, of references; lists, of symbols, abbrevia-tions, and acronyms; methods, assumptions,and procedures; notices; prefaces; recommen-dations; report documentation pages; resultsand discussion; summaries; title pages

optional and required, t. 1, 4-4.3.6endnotes, 5.7. see also footnotesequations, 4.3.1, 5.3.4, 5.6. see also formulasequipment. see printing equipment; scientific ap-

paratus and instrumentserrata, 4.3.6, 5.12executive summaries, 4.2.1

figures, 4.2.4, 4.2.7, 4.3.1, 5.2-5.2.1. see also tableslegibility and reproducibility, 5.2.1, 5.3.6lists, t. 1, 4.1.7numbering, 5.2oversized, 5.2sample, f. 6use of color in, 5.2.1

footnotes, 5.2.2, 5.7. see also endnotesformat. see design of reports; page formatformulas, 5.3.4, 5.6. see also equationsforeword, t. 1, 4.1.8, 5.3.1front matter, t. 1, 3, 4.1-4.1.10, 5.3.1, 5.4. see also

abstracts; acknowledgements; contentspages; covers; forwards; lists, of figures andtables; notices; prefaces; report documenta-tion pages; title pages

glossaries, t. 1, 4.3.4, 5.10government-generated research and reports, 1.2.

see also contract- and grant-funded researchand reports

administrative information, 4.2.1(n. 2)distribution lists, 4.3.6notices, 4.1.3numbering, 4.2.7report documentation pages, 4.1.4

grant-funded research and reports. see contract-and grant- funded research and reports

graphic techniques, 5.2.1, 5.2.2. see also typogra-phy

sample, f. 6graphs. see figures

headers and footers, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.4headings and subheadings, 3, 4.1.6, 4.3.5, 5.1, 5.2.2,

5.4. see also indexes; sections; subject matter;terms

illustrations. see figuresimage area, 5.3.1indentation and spacing, 5.1, 5.3.1.-5.3.3. see also

image area; lines; margins; typographyin bibliographies and references, 5.8in footnotes and endnotes, 5.7in formulas and equations, 5.6in glossaries, 5.10in indexes, 5.11

indexes, t. 1, 4.3.5, 5.11. see also headings andsubheadings

ink, 5.3.5instruments. see scientific apparatus and instru-

mentsInternational System of Units (SI), 5.5introductions, t. 1, 4.1.9, 4.2.2investigators, 4.1.1, 4.1.2. see also authors

landscape orientation, 4.3.1, 5.2laser printers, 5.3.6legibility, 5.2.1, 5.3.4, 5.3.5. see also page formatlength. see also size

of formulas and equations, 5.6of lines, 5.3.3of reports, 3, 4.1.6, 4.3.5, 5.1of summary, 4.2.1

lines, 5.2.1, 5.3.3, 5.6lists

distribution lists, t. 1, 4.3.6of figures and tables, t. 1, 4.1.7of recommendations, 4.2.6of references, t. 1, 4.2.7, 4.3.2, 5.8of subheadings, 4.1.6


Page 36

lists (continued)of symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms, t. 1,

4.3.3, 5.5of terms, 4.3.4

margins, 5.3.2, 5.3.3mathematical notation and analysis, 4.3.1, 5.2.2,

5.3.4, 5.5, 5.6. see also scientific notation andanalysis

measurement. see units of measurementmethods, assumptions, and procedures, t. 1, 4.2,

4.2.3in abstracts, 4.1.5in summaries, 4.2.1units of measurement used in, 5.5

multi-volume sets, 4.1.2.2

National Technical Information Service (NTIS)numbers, 4.2.7

notation. see scientific notation and analysisnotices, t. 1, 4.1.3

sample, f. 3numbering, 5.5. see also organization; pagination

appendixes, 4.3.1figures and tables, 5.2, 5.2.1, 5.2.2footnotes, 5.7formulas and equations, 5.6government-generated reports, 4.2.7headings and subheadings, 5.1multi-volume sets, 4.1.2.2recommendations, 4.2.6references, 4.2.7reports, 1.2, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.2.1, 4.2.7series, 4.1.1, 4.1.2

numbers. see Arabic numbers; cardinal numbers;decimal numbers; numbering; ordinal num-bers; Roman numerals

opinions, 4.2.5optional elements, t. 1, 4-4.3.6ordinal numbers, 5.5organization. see also numbering; pagination

of appendixes, 4.3.1of bibliographies, 4.3.2of figures and tables, 5.2of formulas and equations, 5.6of glossaries, 4.3.4, 5.10of headings and subheadings, 5.1of indexes, 4.3.5of references, 4.2.7of reports, t. 1, 3, 4-4.3.6. see also back matter;

front matter; subordination; text matterof symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms, 5.9

orientation of figures and tables, 4.3.1, 5.2

page format, 5.3-5.3.6. see also image area; inden-tation and spacing; ink; legibility; lines; mar-gins; paper; printing equipment; readabil-ity; reproducibility; typography

pagination, 4.1.4, 4.1.6, 5.3.1, 5.4, 5.5. see also num-bering; organization

paper, 5.3.5percentages, 5.5performing organizations, 4.1.2, 4.1.2.1, 4.1.2.3,

4.1.2.4. see also sponsoring organizationsphotographs. see figuresportrait orientation, 4.3.1, 5.2prefaces, t. 1, 4.1.8, 4.1.9, 4.1.10preliminary reports and preprints, 4.1.3printing equipment, 5.3.6Privacy Act of 1974, 4.3.6procedures. see methods, assumptions, and pro-

ceduresproprietary information, 4.1.1, 4.1.3publication and distribution, 1.2, 4.1.2.4. see also

audience; government-generated researchand reports; sponsoring organizations

distribution lists, t. 1, 4.3.6distribution notices, 4.1.1, 4.1.2., 4.1.3distribution notices, sample, f. 3restricted distribution, t. 1, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.3,

4.3.6publication data, 4.1.1., 4.1.2, 4.2.7purposes, 4.1. see also scope; subject matter

in abstracts, 4.1.5in introductions, 4.2.2in prefaces, 4.1.9in summaries, 4.2.1

readability, 5.3.4. see also page formatreadership. see audience; publication and distri-

butionreagents, 4.2.3. see also scientific apparatus and

instrumentsrecommendations, t. 1, 1.2, 4.2, 4.2.6

in abstracts, 4.1.5in summaries, 4.2.1

references, 4.2.7, 5.2.2, 5.8in appendixes, 4.3.1in bibliographies, 4.3.2lists, t. 1, 4.2.7, 4.3.2, 5.8

report documentation pages, t. 1, 4.1.4, 4.1.5authors’ names on, 4.1.2.3, 4.1.2.4sample, f. 4titles on, 4.1.2.2

report numbers, 1.2, 4.1.1, 4.1.2.1, 4.2.7reports. see scientific and technical reportsreproducibility, 5.2.1, 5.3.5. see also page formatrequired elements, t. 1, 4-4.3.6


Page 37

research, 1.2. see also conclusions; contract- andgrant- funded research and reports; govern-ment-funded research and reports; meth-ods, assumptions, and procedures; perform-ing organizations; recommendations; resultsand discussion; scientific apparatus and in-struments; scientific notation and analysis;sponsoring organizations; test techniques

restricted distribution. see publication and distri-bution

results and discussion, t. 1, 1.2, 4.2, 4.2.4in abstracts, 4.1.5in conclusions, 4.2.5in summaries, 4.2.1

Roman numerals, 5.4, 5.5rows, 5.2.2

row heads, 5.2.2

SI units, 5.5schematic drawings. see figuresscientific and technical reports. see also contract-

and grant-funded research and reports; de-sign of reports; elements of reports; govern-ment-generated research and reports; orga-nization, of reports

defined, 1.2numbering, 1.2, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.2.1, 4.2.7other publications useful in preparing, 2.3other standards useful in preparing, 2.1-2.2standard for, 1.1

scientific apparatus and instruments, 4.2.3, 4.3.1scientific notation and analysis, 4.3.1, 5.2.2, 5.5,

5.6, 5.9. see also mathematical notation andanalysis; units of measurement

scope, 3, 4.1, 4.1.6. see also purposes; subject matterin abstracts, 4.1.5in introductions, 4.2.2in prefaces, 4.1.9in summaries, 4.2.1

sections, 4.1.6, 4.2-4.2.7, 5.1, 5.4. see also headingsand subheadings; text matter

series, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.8size. see also length

of figures and tables, 5.2of image area, 5.3.1of margins, 5.3.2of paper, 5.3.5of type, 5.1, 5.2.1, 5.3.3, 5.3.4

sources of information. see bibliographies; lists, ofreferences; references

spacing. see indentation and spacingspines, 4.1.2.1sponsoring organizations, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.2.1,

4.1.2.4

Standard Form-298, 4.1.4sample, f. 4

subject matter, 3, 4.1.6, 4.2-4.2.2, 4.3.5, 5.1. see alsoheadings and subheadings; purposes; scope;terms

in abstracts, 4.1.5subordination, 5.1. see also design of reportssummaries, t. 1, 4.2.1superscripts and subscripts, 5.2.2, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9symbols, 5.3.4, 5.5, 5.9

in abstracts, 4.1.5in figures, 5.2.1in formulas and equations, 5.6lists, t. 1, 4.3.3, 5.5in summaries, 4.2.1in units of measurement, 5.5

tables, 4.2.4, 4.2.7, 4.3.1, 5.2, 5.2.2. see also figuresfootnotes to, 5.7lists, t. 1, 4.1.7numbering, 5.2oversized, 5.2sample, f. 7

tables of contents. See contents pagesterms, 3, 4.1.6, 5.1, 5.4. see also headings and sub-

headings; subject matterin glossaries, 4.3.4in indexes, 4.3.5in introductions, 4.2.2

test techniques, 4.3.1text matter, t. 1, 3, 4.2-4.2.7, 5.4. see also conclu-

sions; introductions; lists, of references;methods, assumptions, and procedures; rec-ommendations; results and discussion; sec-tions; summaries

in figures and tables, 5.2title pages, t. 1, 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 5.4

authors’ names on, 4.1.2.3, 4.1.2.4organization names on, 4.1.2.3, 4.1.2.4samples, f. 1b, f. 2btitles on, 4.1.2.2

titles and subtitlesof figures and tables, 5.2.1, 5.2.2of references, 4.2.7of reports, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.2.2of series, 4.1.1, 4.1.2

topics. see headings and subheadings; subjectmatter; terms

typography, 5.1, 5.2.1, 5.3.4, 5.6. see also graphictechniques; image area; indentation andspacing; legibility; lines; margins; readabil-ity; superscripts and subscripts

type faces, 5.3.4type size, 5.1, 5.2.1, 5.3.3, 5.3.4


Page 38

units of measurement, 4.2.3, 5.2.2, 5.5, 5.9. see alsoscientific notation and analysis

visual matter. see figuresvolumes, 4.1.2.2

working papers, 4.1.3