Revised Insurance Code

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    MASCARDO, RENZ MARION M.

    2012-0464

    INTRODUCTION

    Leading wireless seri!es "r#ider S$ar% C#$$&ni!a%i#ns, In!. 'S$ar%( %#ge%)er wi%) $#*ilea""li!a%i#n deel#"er O+sin# In!. 'O+sin#( and %)e !#&n%rs n&$*er $i!r#ins&ran!e agen!

    Ce*&ana L)&illier Ins&ran!e S#l&%i#ns 'CLIS(, a s&*sidiar #/ .. L)&illier In!. 'LI( r#&" #/

    C#$"anies, la&n!) a er a//#rda*le $i!r#ins&ran!e "r#d&!% &sing SMS %e!)n#l#g 3a"iin# e5%

    Ins&re '3I(. 3I is &nderwri%%en * %)e !#&n%rs n&$*er 1 ins&rer, Malaan Ins&ran!e.

    )e seri!e all#ws S$ar% s&*s!ri*ers %# a""l /#r ins&ran!e "a!+ages s%raig)% /r#$ %)eir $#*ile

    ")#ne. 10 #/ l#ad is e&ialen% %# 7,800 a!!iden% ins&ran!e and 2,800 /ire !as)-assis%an!e. 9#& !an

    %#" &" 10 &" %# /ie %i$es '#r 8 &ni%s wi%) 80 "re$i&$(, re!eiing %)e !#rres"#nding a!!iden% and

    /ire ins&ran!e !#erage.

    # aail, S$ar% s&*s!ri*ers si$"l need %# %e5% 3AI al#ng wi%) %)e al&e #/ %)e ins&ran!e

    "a!+age %)e wan% 'e.g., 3AI 10 /#r 7,800 a!!iden% ins&ran!e and 2,800 /ire ins&ran!e w)i!) is

    e&ialen% %# 1 &ni%: 3AI 20 /#r %wi!e %)e ins&ran!e !#erage;18,000 a!!iden% ins&ran!e and

    8,000 /ire ins&ran!e -- #r 2 &ni%s( and send %#

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    "ers#nal and $a%erial l#ss. In line wi%) %)e g#ern$en%s ini%ia%ie %# "r#$#%e $i!r#ins&ran!e /#r

    "#er% alleia%i#n, %)e 3I is a &ni&e $#*ile ins&ran!e "r#d&!% wi%) a er a//#rda*le "re$i&$ %)a%

    will s&rel !&s)i#n %)e i$"a!% #/ %)eir l#sses?.

    >e!a&se al$#s% eer @ili"in# #wns a !ell")#ne, %)e seri!e is er a!!essi*le. i%) /inan!ial

    se!&ri% B&s% a %e5% awa, @ili"in#s !an lie se!&re, s%ress- and w#rr-/ree and re$ain #ne #/ %)e

    )a""ies% and $#s% resilien% "e#"le in %)e w#rld, een in %)e $ids% #/ disas%er,?

    )e /#ll#wing are %)e ins%r&!%i#n %# ge% ins&red &sing $#*ile ")#ne

    1.( )e "r#s"e!%ed !lien% $&s% )ae en#&g) l#ad %# !#er %)e re&ired "re$i&$.2.( )e "r#s"e!%ed !lien%s will %e5% %)e se!&ri% w#rd.

    .( Ins&ran!e Re/eren!e n&$*er will *e %)erea/%er sen% %# %)e "r#s"e!%ed !lien% and %)is is

    %)e s%ar% #/ #&r ins&ran!e !#erage %)a% will *e las%ed /#r %)ree $#n%)s.

    THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

    )is s%&d "ri$aril !#n!ern wi%) %)e ele$en%s #/ !#n%ra!% and %)e "r#!ess w)erein %)e

    ins&ran!e !an *e e//e!%ed. I% als# is&ali&=es %)e i$"#r%an!e #/ Ins&ran!e n#wadas des"i%e %)ee#ling %e!)n#l#g and re!&rren!e #/ &n/#reseen een%s %)a% greal a//e!%s %)e lies #/ %)e "e#"le.

    NATURE AND PURPOSE

    Ins&ran!e is a "lan /#r dealing wi%) %)e ris+ #/ e!#$i! l#ss res&l%ing /r#$ %)e )a""ening #/ a/&%&re #r !#n%ingen% een% #r "as% een% &n+n#wn %# %)e "ar%ies. )e ins&red sa!ri/i!es a "resen%

    $#ne%ar l#ss in %)e /#r$ #/ "re$i&$ "a$en% in #rder %# a#id a grea%er l#ss in %)e /&%&re.

    BENEFITS OF INSURANCE

    1.( I% gies "ea!e #/ $ind.

    2.( I% +ee"s /a$ilies and *&siness %#ge%)er..( I% in!reases $arginal &%ili% #/ asse%s *e!a&se i% seres as in%er$ediar *e%ween %)#se

    w)# )ae s$all need /#r a $in#r a$#&n% #/ !a"i%al and %)#se w)# )ae grea% needs /#r

    i$$edia%e &se #/ large s&$s %# $ee% l#sses %)e )ae s&//ered.4.( I% /a!ili%a%es !redi% %ransa!%i#ns.

    8.( I% s%i$&la%es saings.

    6.( I% "r#ides ines%$en% !a"i%al.7.( I% "r#ides in!en%ies %# *&siness #r indiid&als *e!a&se %)e are relieed #/ /#r%&i%#&s

    l#sses.

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    PROHIBITIONS

    Se!. 17. N# "#li! #/ /ire ins&ran!e s)all *e "ledged, )"#%)e!a%ed, #r %rans/erred %# an "ers#n,

    /ir$ #r !#$"an w)# a!%s as agen% /#r #r #%)erwise re"resen%s %)e iss&ing !#$"an, and an s&!)"ledge, )"#%)e!a%i#n, #r %rans/er )erea/%er $ade s)all *e #id and #/ n# e//e!% ins#/ar as i% $a

    a//e!% #%)er !redi%#rs #/ %)e ins&red.

    STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESES

    )e !#n%ra!% #/ ins&ran!e is "er/e!%ed * $ere !#nsen% wi%)#&% need #/ delier #r an/#r$ali%. 3en!e, i% is "er/e!%ed * %)e $ee%ing #/ %)e $inds wi%) res"e!% %# %)e #*Be!% and

    !#nsidera%i#n #/ %)e !#n%ra!%.

    Ce*&ana L)&iller is a Ins&ran!e C#$"an wi%)in %)e $eaning #/ Ins&ran!e C#de

    Sec. 2.Whenever used in this Code, the following terms shall have the respective meanings

    hereinafter set forth or indicated, unless the context otherwise requires:

    (1 !"contract of insurance"is an agreement where#$ one underta%es for a consideration to

    indemnif$ another against loss, damage or lia#ilit$ arising from an un%nown or contingent event.

    ! contract of suret$shipshall #e deemed to #e an insurance contract, within the meaning of this

    Code, onl$ if made #$ a suret$ who or which, as such, is doing an insurance #usiness as

    hereinafter provided.

    (2 &he term"doing an insurance #usiness"or"transacting an insurance #usiness", within the

    meaning of this Code, shall include:

    (a ma%ing or proposing to ma%e, as insurer, an$ insurance contract'

    (# ma%ing or proposing to ma%e, as suret$, an$ contract of suret$ship as a vocation and not

    as merel$ incidental to an$ other legitimate #usiness or activit$ of the suret$'

    (c doing an$ %ind of #usiness, including a reinsurance #usiness, specificall$ recognied as

    constituting the doing of an insurance #usiness within the meaning of this Code'

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    (d doing or proposing to do an$ #usiness in su#stance equivalent to an$ of the foregoing in a

    manner designed to evade the provisions of this Code.

    In %)e a""li!a%i#n #/ %)e "r#isi#ns #/ %)is C#de %)e /a!% %)a% n# "r#/i% is deried /r#$ %)e $a+ing#/ ins&ran!e !#n%ra!%s, agree$en%s #r %ransa!%i#ns #r %)a% n# se"ara%e #r dire!% !#nsidera%i#n is

    re!eied %)ere/#re, s)all n#% *e dee$ed !#n!l&sie %# s)#w %)a% %)e $a+ing %)ere#/ d#es n#%

    !#ns%i%&%e %)e d#ing #r %ransa!%ing #/ an ins&ran!e *&siness.

    Ar%i!le 11F #/ %)e Ciil C#de "r#ides

    C#nsen% is $ani/es%ed * %)e $ee%ing #/ %)e #//er and %)e a!!e"%an!e &"#n %)e %)e#rand %)e !a&se w)i!) are %# !#ns%i%&%e %)e !#n%ra!%. )e #//er $&s% *e !er%ain and a!!e"%an!e is

    a*s#l&%e. A &ali/ied a!!e"%an!e !#ns%i%&%es a !#&n%er-#//er.

    A!!e"%an!e $ade * le%%er #r %elegra$ d#es n#% *ind %)e #//erer e5!e"% /r#$ %)e %i$e i% !a$e

    %# )is +n#wledge. )e !#n%ra!%, in s&!) a !ase is "res&$ed %# )ae *een en%ered in%# I %)e "la!ew)ere %)e #//er is $ade.

    INSURABLE INTEREST

    Se!. 10. Eer "ers#n )as an ins&ra*le in%eres% in %)e li/e and )eal%)

    'a( O/ )i$sel/, #/ )is s"#&se and #/ )is !)ildren:

    '*( O/ an "ers#n #n w)#$ )e de"ends w)#ll #r in "ar% /#r ed&!a%i#n #r s&""#r%, #r in w)#$ )e)as a "e!&niar in%eres%:

    '!( O/ an "ers#n &nder a legal #*liga%i#n %# )i$ /#r %)e "a$en% #/ $#ne, #r res"e!%ing "r#"er%#r seri!es, #/ w)i!) dea%) #r illness $ig)% dela #r "reen% %)e "er/#r$an!e: and

    'd( O/ an "ers#n &"#n w)#se li/e an es%a%e #r in%eres% es%ed in )i$ de"ends.

    INSURABLE INTEREST IN PROPERTY

    Se!. 1. Eer in%eres% in "r#"er%, w)e%)er real #r "ers#nal, #r an rela%i#n %)ere%#, #r lia*ili% in

    res"e!% %)ere#/, #/ s&!) na%&re %)a% a !#n%e$"la%ed "eril $ig)% dire!%l da$ni/ %)e ins&red, is an

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    ins&ra*le in%eres%.

    Se!. 14. An ins&ra*le in%eres% in "r#"er% $a !#nsis% in

    'a( An e5is%ing in%eres%:

    '*( An in!)#a%e in%eres% /#&nded #n an e5is%ing in%eres%: #r

    '!( An e5"e!%an!, !#&"led wi%) an e5is%ing in%eres% in %)a% #&% #/ w)i!) %)e e5"e!%an! arises.

    Se!. 16. A $ere !#n%ingen% #r e5"e!%an% in%eres% in an%)ing, n#% /#&nded #n an a!%&al rig)% %# %)e

    %)ing, n#r &"#n an alid !#n%ra!% /#r i%, is n#% ins&ra*le.

    Se!. 17. )e $eas&re #/ an ins&ra*le in%eres% in "r#"er% is %)e e5%en% %# w)i!) %)e ins&red $ig)%

    *e da$ni/ied * l#ss #r inB&r %)ere#/.

    ased #n Se!%i#n 1 #/ %)e Ins&ran!e !#de %)e "resen!e #/ ins&ra*le in%eres% in "r#"er% !an *e

    de%er$ined * as+ing i/ %)e ins&red )as in%eres% in "r#"er%, w)e%)er real #r "ers#nal, #r an

    rela%i#n %)ere%#, #r lia*ili% in res"e!% %)ere#/, #/ s&!) na%&re %)a% a !#n%e$"la%ed "eril $ig)%dire!%l da$ni/ %)e said ins&red.

    a.( An %i%le %#, #r in%eres% in "r#"er%, legal #r e&i%a*le, will s&""#r% a !#n%ra!% #/ "r#"er%

    ins&ran!e. Een w)ere %)e ins&red )as n# %i%le %)e !#n%ra!% will *e &")eld i/ )is in%eres% in#r )is rela%i#n %#, %)e "r#"er% is s&!) %)a% )e will, #r $a *e *ene/i%ed * i%s !#n%in&ed

    e5is%en!e #r s&//er a dire!% "e!&niar l#ss /r#$ i%s des%r&!%i#n #r inB&r.

    *.( )e %es% in de%er$ining ins&ra*le in%eres% in "r#"er% is w)e%)er #ne will derie "e!&niar*ene/i% #r adan%age /r#$ i%s "resera%i#n, #r will s&//er "e!&niar l#ss #r da$age /r#$

    i%s des%r&!%i#n, %er$ina%i#n, and inB&r * %)e )a""ening #/ %)e een% ins&red agains%.

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    PREMIUMS

    PREMIUM REQUIRED FOR POLICY TO BE BINDING

    Se!. 77. An ins&rer is en%i%led %# "a$en% #/ %)e "re$i&$ as s##n as %)e %)ing ins&red is e5"#sed %#

    %)e "eril ins&red agains%. N#%wi%)s%anding an agree$en% %# %)e !#n%rar, n# "#li! #r !#n%ra!% #/ins&ran!e iss&ed * an ins&ran!e !#$"an is alid and *inding &nless and &n%il %)e "re$i&$ %)ere#/

    )as *een "aid, e5!e"% in %)e !ase #/ a li/e #r an ind&s%rial li/e "#li! w)eneer %)e gra!e "eri#d"r#isi#n a""lies.

    GRACE PERIOD. A gra!e "eri#d is %)e "eri#d a/%er %)e da%e %)e "re$i&$ is d&e d&ring w)i!) %)e"re$i&$ !an *e "aid wi%) n# in%eres% !)arged and %)e "#li! re$aining in /#r!e. )is e5!e"%i#n

    "res&""#ses %)a% %)e ins&ran!e "#li! )as alread )ad *een n /#r!e /#r a !er%ain "eri#d. I% !ann#%

    a""l w)en %)e ins&ran!e "#li! is /irs% %a+en.

    Se!. 227. In %)e !ase #/ indiid&al li/e #r end#w$en% ins&ran!e, %)e "#li! s)all !#n%ain in s&*s%an!e%)e /#ll#wing !#ndi%i#ns

    'a( A "r#isi#n %)a% %)e "#li!)#lder is en%i%led %# a gra!e "eri#d ei%)er #/ %)ir% das #r #/ #ne $#n%)wi%)in w)i!) %)e "a$en% #/ an "re$i&$ a/%er %)e /irs% $a *e $ade, s&*Be!% a% %)e #"%i#n #/ %)e

    ins&rer %# an in%eres% !)arge n#% in e5!ess #/ si5 "er !en%&$ "er ann&$ /#r %)e n&$*er #/ das #/

    gra!e ela"sing *e/#re %)e "a$en% #/ %)e "re$i&$, d&ring w)i!) "eri#d #/ gra!e %)e "#li! s)all!#n%in&e in /&ll /#r!e, *&% in !ase %)e "#li! *e!#$es a !lai$ d&ring %)e said "eri#d #/ gra!e *e/#re

    %)e #erd&e "re$i&$ is "aid, %)e a$#&n% #/ s&!) "re$i&$ wi%) in%eres% $a de ded&!%ed /r#$ %)e

    a$#&n% "aa*le &nder %)e "#li! in se%%le$en%:

    '*( A "r#isi#n %)a% %)e "#li! s)all *e in!#n%es%a*le a/%er i% s)all )ae *een in /#r!e d&ring %)e

    li/e%i$e #/ %)e ins&red /#r a "eri#d #/ %w# ears /r#$ i%s da%e #/ iss&e as s)#wn in %)e "#li!, #r da%e

    #/ a""r#al #/ las% reins%a%e$en%, e5!e"% /#r n#n-"a$en% #/ "re$i&$ and e5!e"% /#r i#la%i#n #/ %)e!#ndi%i#ns #/ %)e "#li! rela%ing %# $ili%ar #r naal seri!e in %i$e #/ war:

    '!( A "r#isi#n %)a% %)e "#li! s)all !#ns%i%&%e %)e en%ire !#n%ra!% *e%ween %)e "ar%ies, *&% i/ %)e!#$"an desires %# $a+e %)e a""li!a%i#n a "ar% #/ %)e !#n%ra!% i% $a d# s# "r#ided a !#" #/ s&!)

    a""li!a%i#n s)all *e ind#rsed &"#n #r a%%a!)ed %# %)e "#li! w)en iss&ed, and in s&!) !ase %)e "#li!

    s)all !#n%ain a "r#isi#n %)a% %)e "#li! and %)e a""li!a%i#n %)ere/#r s)all !#ns%i%&%e %)e en%ire

    !#n%ra!% *e%ween %)e "ar%ies:

    'd( A "r#isi#n %)a% i/ %)e age #/ %)e ins&red is !#nsidered in de%er$ining %)e "re$i&$ and %)e

    *ene/i%s a!!r&ing &nder %)e "#li!, and %)e age #/ %)e ins&red )as *een $iss%a%ed, %)e a$#&n% "aa*le&nder %)e "#li! s)all *e s&!) as %)e "re$i&$ w#&ld )ae "&r!)ased a% %)e !#rre!% age:

    'e( I/ %)e "#li! is "ar%i!i"a%ing, a "r#isi#n %)a% %)e !#$"an s)all "eri#di!all as!er%ain and

    a""#r%i#n an diisi*le s&r"l&s a!!r&ing #n %)e "#li! &nder !#ndi%i#ns s"e!i/ied %)erein:

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    '/( A "r#isi#n s"e!i/ing %)e #"%i#ns %# w)i!) %)e "#li!)#lder is en%i%led %# in %)e een% #/ de/a&l%

    in a "re$i&$ "a$en% a/%er %)ree /&ll ann&al "re$i&$s s)all )ae *een "aid. S&!) #"%i#n s)all

    !#nsis% #/

    '1( A !as) s&rrender al&e "aa*le &"#n s&rrender #/ %)e "#li! w)i!) s)all n#% *e less %)an %)e

    resere #n %)e "#li!, %)e *asis #/ w)i!) s)all *e indi!a%ed, /#r %)e %)en !&rren% "#li! ear and an

    diidend addi%i#ns %)ere%#, red&!ed * a s&rrender !)arge w)i!) s)all n#% *e $#re %)an #ne-/i/%) #/%)e en%ire resere #r %w# and #ne-)al/ "er !en%&$ #/ %)e a$#&n% ins&red and an diidend addi%i#ns

    %)ere%#:

    '2( One #r $#re "aid-&" *ene/i%s #n a "lan #r "lans s"e!i/ied in %)e "#li! #/ s&!) al&e as $a *e"&r!)ased * %)e !as) s&rrender al&e:

    'g( A "r#isi#n %)a% a% an%i$e a/%er a !as) s&rrender al&e is aaila*le &nder %)e "#li! and w)ile

    %)e "#li! is in /#r!e, %)e !#$"an will adan!e, #n "r#"er assign$en% #r "ledge #/ %)e "#li! and #ns#le se!&ri% %)ere#/, a s&$ e&al %#, #r a% %)e #"%i#n #/ %)e #wner #/ %)e "#li!, less %)an %)e !as)

    s&rrender al&e #n %)e "#li!, a% a s"e!i/ied ra%e #/ in%eres%, n#% $#re %)an %)e $a5i$&$ all#wed *

    law, %# *e de%er$ined * %)e !#$"an /r#$ %i$e %# %i$e, *&% n#% $#re #/%en %)an #n!e a ear, s&*Be!%%# %)e a""r#al #/ %)e C#$$issi#ner: and %)a% %)e !#$"an will ded&!% /r#$ s&!) l#an al&e an

    e5is%ing inde*%edness #n %)e "#li! and an &n"aid *alan!e #/ %)e "re$i&$ /#r %)e !&rren% "#li!

    ear, and $a !#lle!% in%eres% in adan!e #n %)e l#an %# %)e end #/ %)e !&rren% "#li! ear, w)i!)"r#isi#n $a /&r%)er "r#ide %)a% s&!) l#an $a *e de/erred /#r n#% e5!eeding si5 $#n%)s a/%er %)e

    a""li!a%i#n %)ere/#r is $ade:

    ')( A %a*le s)#wing in /ig&res !as) s&rrender al&es and "aid-&" #"%i#ns aaila*le &nder %)e "#li!ea!) ear &"#n de/a&l% in "re$i&$ "a$en%s, d&ring a% leas% %wen% ears #/ %)e "#li! *eginning

    wi%) %)e ear in w)i!) %)e al&es and #"%i#ns /irs% *e!#$e aaila*le, %#ge%)er wi%) a "r#isi#n %)a% in%)e een% #/ %)e /ail&re #/ %)e "#li!)#lder %# ele!% #ne #/ %)e said #"%i#ns wi%)in %)e %i$e s"e!i/ied in%)e "#li!, #ne #/ said #"%i#ns s)all a&%#$a%i!all %a+e e//e!% and n# "#li!)#lder s)all eer /#r/ei%

    )is rig)% %# sa$e * reas#n #/ )is /ail&re %# s# ele!%:

    'i( In !ase %)e "r#!eeds #/ a "#li! are "aa*le in ins%al$en%s #r as an ann&i%, a %a*le s)#wing %)e$ini$&$ a$#&n%s #/ %)e ins%al$en%s #r ann&i% "a$en%s:

    'B( A "r#isi#n %)a% %)e "#li!)#lder s)all *e en%i%led %# )ae %)e "#li! reins%a%ed a% an %i$e wi%)in%)ree ears /r#$ %)e da%e #/ de/a&l% #/ "re$i&$ "a$en% &nless %)e !as) s&rrender al&e )as *een

    d&l "aid, #r %)e e5%ensi#n "eri#d )as e5"ired, &"#n "r#d&!%i#n #/ eiden!e #/ ins&ra*ili%sa%is/a!%#r %# %)e !#$"an and &"#n "a$en% #/ all #erd&e "re$i&$s and an inde*%edness %# %)e

    !#$"an &"#n said "#li!, wi%) in%eres% ra%e n#% e5!eeding %)a% w)i!) w#&ld )ae *een a""li!a*le %#said "re$i&$s and inde*%edness in %)e "#li! ears "ri#r %# reins%a%e$en%.

    An #/ %)e /#reg#ing "r#isi#ns #r "#r%i#ns %)ere#/ n#% a""li!a*le %# single "re$i&$ #r %er$ "#li!iess)all %# %)a% e5%en% n#% *e in!#r"#ra%ed %)erein: and an s&!) "#li! $a *e iss&ed and deliered in

    %)e )ili""ines w)i!) in %)e #"ini#n #/ %)e C#$$issi#ner !#n%ains "r#isi#ns #n an #ne #r $#re #/

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    %)e /#reg#ing re&ire$en%s $#re /a#&ra*le %# %)e "#li!)#lder %)an )erein*e/#re re&ired.

    )is se!%i#n s)all n#% a""l %# "#li!ies #/ gr#&" li/e #r ind&s%rial li/e ins&ran!e.

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. )e se!#nd e5!e"%i#n is "r#ided /#r in Se!%i#n7< #/ %)e ins&ran!e

    C#de w)i!) s%a%es

    Se!. 7 Ins&ran!e Re/eren!e N&$*er? #r >IRN?%# %)e neares% *ran!) #/ Ce*&ana L)&iller.

    # a#id !#n!eal$en% in "reB&di!ial #/ %)e ins&ran!e !#$"an. )e la%%er )as designed

    $e!)anis$ in #rder %# a#id /ra&d&len% !lai$ %)r#&g) /i!%i%i#&s d#!&$en%.

    )e /#ll#wing are %)e re&ired d#!&$en% %# "resen% &"#n !lai$ing %)e ins&ran!e "r#!eeds

    1.( Ins&ran!e C#n/ir$a%i#n N&$*er 'ICN( %)a% will /a!ili%a%e "r#$"% "r#!essing #/ !lai$.

    2.( Original aranga Cer%i/i!a%e

    .( Original &rea& #/ @ire r#%e!%i#n Cer%i/i!a%e

    4.( Iden%i/i!a%i#n #/ s&*s!ri*ers

  • 8/12/2019 Revised Insurance Code

    10/10

    CONCLUSION

    In line wi%) %)e g#ern$en%s ini%ia%ie %# "r#$#%e $i!r#ins&ran!e /#r "#er%

    alleia%i#n, %)e 3I is a &ni&e $#*ile ins&ran!e "r#d&!% wi%) a er a//#rda*le "re$i&$ %)a% wills&rel !&s)i#n %)e i$"a!% #/ %)eir l#sses.

    Ins&ran!e is a "lan /#r dealing wi%) %)e ris+ #/ e!#n#$i! l#ss res&l%ing /r#$ %)e

    )a""ening #/ a /&%&re #r !#n%ingen% een% #r a "as% een% &n+n#wn %# %)e "ar%ies. )e ins&redsa!ri/i!es a "resen% $#ne%ar l#ss in %)e /#r$ #/ "re$i&$ "a$en% %# a#id a grea%er l#ss in %)e

    /&%&re.

    FOOTNOTES

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