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9/27/2010 1 How to Teach More Ambitious Mathematics t Di K 8L to Diverse K8Learners Deborah Loewenberg Ball September 27, 2010 Educational Research Newsletter www.ernweb.com Overview and goals 1. What is the issue and why is it so pressing? 2. What is “effective instruction” and what are “highleverage practices”? 3. Zooming in on three “highleverage practices” 4. Developing practice: What is high leverage in learning teaching? 2 The urgency 1. Enormous gaps in learning opportunities and disparities in achievement (within U.S. and in international comparisons) 2. Rapidly changing school l population 3. Higher, more complex academic goals 4. High expectations for all students 3

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Page 1: Revised handout math presentation Math presentation (h).pdf · • Procedural fluency ‐skill in carrying out procedures flexibly, accurately, efficiently, and appropriately •

9/27/2010

1

How to Teach More Ambitious Mathematics 

t Di K 8 Lto Diverse K‐8 Learners

Deborah Loewenberg BallSeptember 27, 2010

Educational Research Newsletter

www.ernweb.com

Overview and goals

1. What is the issue and why is it so pressing?

2. What is “effective instruction” and what are “high‐leverage practices”?

3. Zooming in on three “high‐leverage practices”

4. Developing practice: What is high leverage in learning teaching?

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The urgency 1. Enormous gaps in learning 

opportunities and disparities in achievement (within U.S. and in international comparisons)

2. Rapidly changing school lpopulation

3. Higher, more complex academic goals

4. High expectations for all students

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Strands of mathematical proficiency• Conceptual understanding ‐ comprehension of 

mathematical concepts, operations, and relations

• Procedural fluency ‐ skill in carrying out procedures flexibly, accurately, efficiently, and appropriately

• Strategic competence ‐ ability to formulate, represent, and solve mathematical    problems

• Adaptive reasoning ‐ capacity for logical thought, reflection, explanation, and justification

• Productive disposition ‐ habitual inclination to see mathematics as sensible, useful, and worthwhile, coupled with a belief in  diligence and one’s own efficacy

Kilpatrick, J., J. Swafford, and B. Findell.  (2001).  Adding It Up:  How Children Learn Mathematics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Effective instructionMaking mathematical proficiency 

attainable by all

How teaching is typically understood

1. Child‐centered versus teacher‐centered

2. Reform teaching versus traditional teachingg

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How are fractions typically taught at the upper elementary level?

What difficulties do students frequently have?

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What fraction of the big rectangle is shaded blue?

What fraction of the big rectangle is shaded green?

What fraction of the big rectangle is shaded altogether?

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Was the teaching in this segment . . . 

• Child‐centered or teacher‐centered?

• Reform or traditional teaching?If our purpose is to learn to practiceIf our purpose is to learn to practice effectively, what is important to identify and name in this segment?

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What is “teaching”?• Teaching is what is co‐produced by 

students and teachers in contexts, around specific content and curriculum

• Teachers are the  ones uniquely ibl f i i thresponsible for increasing the 

probability that students learn important content and skills, and gain at least a school year’s worth each school year

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Effective teaching as unnatural and intricate work

1. Teaching requires teachers to do things that are more than commonsense.

2. Teaching involves some moves or orientations that are unnatural in regularorientations that are unnatural in regular adult life.

3. Teaching practice is intricate, requiring a complex combination of knowledge, skill, timing, and relational work.

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“High‐leverage” practices• Have significant power because they:

• Are central to the daily work of teaching

• Attend to considerations of equity –– effective in using and responding to differences among pupils

• High probability of making a difference in teaching quality and effectiveness for students’ learning

• Useful broadly across contexts and content

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Examples of high‐leverage practices

• Explaining ideas and processes

• Choosing and using representations, examples, and models of core content

• Setting up and managing small‐group work• Setting up and managing small‐group work

• Recognizing and identifying common patterns of student thinking

• Selecting and using specific methods to assess students’ learning on an on‐going basis

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Key practices of teaching to enable mathematics achievement

1. Expecting and enabling complex mathematical work of each student

2. Coordinating mathematical, school, and students’ language

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language3. Using contexts with sensitivity to students’ funds of 

knowledge and to the integrity of the mathematics4. Creating a respectful mathematically‐focused learning 

environment

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Enacting high expectations in mathematics instruction

1. Broaden what it means to be successful in math class

2. Make mathematical practices explicit

What is the work of teaching?1. ENACTING HIGH EXPECTATIONS 

DURING CLASS

2. SCAFFOLDING STUDENTS’3. Support students’ 

mathematical work both publicly and privately

4. Teach students to be “people who study mathematics”

2. SCAFFOLDING STUDENTS  EXPECTATIONS AND STANDARDS

3. CHOOSING MATHEMATICAL TASKS

1.  Enacting high expectationsduring class

What is the work of teaching?

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Enacting high expectations in mathematics instruction

1. Broaden what it means to be successful in math class2. Make mathematical practices explicit3. Support students’ mathematical work both publicly 

and privately– Listen carefully to students’ talk– Notice and improve ambiguous talk– Ask mathematical questions

4. Teaching students to be “people who study mathematics”

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During these 5 minutes00:00—Open the discussion: encourage participation by more students; establish expectation for 

explanation; use wait time; choose whom to call on; call on that child.

00:26—Mamadou gives answer of ½. Ask Mamadou to explain his reasoning; make sure other students can hear and are listening; interpret Mamadou’s explanation; recognize relationship to key mathematical idea; determine how to respond (whether to take up, whether to clarify question, whether to call on different student). 

00:47—Ask Mamadou to come to the board and explain using the diagram. Orient class toward Mamadou’s explanation: get student to repeat what Mamadou said without explaining the error; comment about listening carefully; focus students on understanding reasoning.

01:37—Mamadou uses diagram to explain his answer. Invoke the working definition of fractions: ask 

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Mamadou what he is calling the whole, how many equal parts, and how many are shaded.

02:26—Check class’ understanding and manage risk of losing rest of class: call on student to explain Mamadou’s solution; trace whole on diagram; establish correctness of Mamadou’s answer given his selection of the whole.

03:00—Clarify the whole in the original question. Validate Mamadou’s work, while establishing that the problem is asking something different. Ask student to read question and show on the diagram what is meant by “big rectangle”; ask Mamadou if he is watching; restate question and trace whole on a new copy of diagram.

04:06—Ask Mamadou to explain the difference between this question and the one he answered. Decide how to handle language “whole square” and “half the rectangle.” Elicit answer to original question.

FocusWhere are opportunities taken or missed to:

1. Broaden what it means to be successful in math class2. Make mathematical practices explicit

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3. Support students’ mathematical work both publicly and privately

4. Teach students to be “people who study mathematics”

2.  Scaffolding students’ expectations and standards

What is the work of teaching?

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Student Co ntract

I understan d that my ability to succeed in the Elementary Mathematics Laboratory class depends on m y commitments and effort this summer. The following are the commitments asked of me to participate in t he special class:

1. I will attend cl ass every day.

2. I will keep neat detailed records of my mathematical thinking in my math notebook.

3. I will complete my homework carefully e ach night.

4. I will seek help or advice from my teacher or parents/caregivers if I have

questions or concerns.

Student contract

q

5. I will give my best effort t o all the work I complete for this class. I have read, understan d and will follow through with the statements in this contract to the best of m y ability. Print studen t’s full name: ________ ____________ ___________________________ Student signature:________ __________________ _____ Date:____ _________________

Teacher contract with

Student’s name

I understand that your ability to succeed in the Elementary Mathematics Laboratory class depends on my commitments and effort this summer. The following are the commitments I make to you as your teacher in this special class:

1. I will attend our class every day.2. I will come to class prepared to teach interesting and appropriate material to you.3. I will expect you to do your very best work all the time and I will help you learn to do so.3. I will expect you to do your very best work all the time and I will help you learn to do so.4. I will make sure that you understand the mathematics and problems we work on.5. I will answer any questions or concerns that you may have about this class or our work.6. I will keep careful records of my mathematical thinking and ideas.

I have read, understand and will follow through with the statements in this contract to the best of my ability.

Print teacher’s full name: _______________________________________________Teacher’s signature:_______________________________ Date:___________________

FocusWhere are opportunities taken or missed to:

1. Broaden what it means to be successful in math class2. Make mathematical practices explicit

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3. Support students’ mathematical work both publicly and privately

4. Teach students to be “people who study mathematics”

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3.  Choosing mathematical tasks

What is the work of teaching?What is the work of teaching?

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Reasoning with representationsWhat fraction of the big rectangle is shaded blue?

What fraction of the big rectangle is shaded green?

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What fraction of the big rectangle is shaded altogether?

Analyzing others’ solutionsA fourth grade student did the calculations below.  For each 

one, decide whether the answer is correct or incorrect and explain how you know.  If the answer is incorrect, try to explain what the error is.

Is the answer correct or incorrect?  

How do you know? 

If the answer is incorrect, try to explain what the error is.

If the answer is incorrect, please do it correctly here:

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Reasoning with tools

Which Cuisenaire rod is three times as long as a red one?

Which rod is half as long as an orange one?

One rod is one‐fourth as long as another rod.  What colors might they be?

Which rod is one‐third as long as the dark green one?  

Which rod is five times as long as a red one?

The blue rod is how many times as big as the white Cuisenaire rod?

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Types of tasks in class and on homework:  How are they similar 

and different?SIMILAR• Involve the use of mathematical skills as well as concepts

• Routinely require explanation and reasoning

• May have more than one solution or solution strategy

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Differences between in‐class and  homework tasks

HOMEWORK

• Can be done independently

• As unambiguous as 

IN‐CLASS

• Profits from exchange with others

• Requires interpretation possible

• Structures the workspace more explicitly

• Requires more decisions about representation and recording

• Likely to yield multiple solution methods or solutions

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Homework

Is A less than or more than H?  How do you know?

Is A less than or more than X?  How do you know?  

Label what numbers go at A, X, M, and H.  Then, explain how you know what M is. 

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In‐class

What number can be written at the mark where the blue arrow is pointing?  

Circle your answer: 

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Necessary for using complex mathematical tasks with“high expectations”

• Helping students to believe they can do – and do ‐‐ hard work

• Scaffolding complex work appropriately

• Making wise judgments about what to leave open and what needs to be made explicit

• Commenting on mathematics, and mathematical productions, not features of students

• Supporting error as a fruitful site for mathematical work, and teach students to use error productively  

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Developing practice

What is the work of learning teaching?What is the work of learning teaching?

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Why is our system of teacher development so impoverished?

1. Lack of attention to teaching– Value‐added measurement that fails to investigate variation in 

teaching practices

– Orientation to “constructivist” or “student‐centered” classrooms

Belief in teaching as highly improvisational and largely– Belief in teaching as highly improvisational and largely unspecifiable

2. A confounded view of “professionalism”– Agreement on the complexity of practice

– Disdain for “prescriptiveness” and detail:  “de‐skilling” teaching (an irony)

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Key practices of teaching to enable mathematics achievement

1. Expecting and enabling complex mathematical work of each student

2. Coordinating mathematical, school, and students’ language

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language3. Using contexts with sensitivity to students’ funds of 

knowledge and to the integrity of the mathematics4. Creating a respectful mathematically‐focused learning 

environment

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What are ways to support teachers’ learning of practice?

1. Situate teachers’ opportunities to learn in the curriculum they teach

– Work on the actual content and ways to represent and explain it

– Study students’ work and thinking on the specific content

– Work on detailed lesson design

2. Work on specific instructional practices– Choose a small set of high‐leverage practices

– Provide focused time to study, rehearse, analyze, and practice these HLPs

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Thank you!

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Elementary Mathematics Laboratory

• July 25 – August 5, 2011

• Ann Arbor, Michigan

• Professional development for teachers, teacher developers, cooperating teachers, and teacher leaders

• For details: Please contact [email protected]

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A closer look: The inner circleInner circle: The children’s class

• An elementary summer school class ––27 local students entering fifth grade, wide range of mathematics achievement and dispositions

• 2.25 hours of instruction per day 

• Mathematical topics: fractions, p ,permutations, place value, number line, equivalence

• Mathematical practices: explaining, representing, proving, defining

• Practices of learning math: recording, summarizing, attending to language & precision, studying