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I! NASA Contractor Report 3021 A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise M. S. Howe CONTRACT NASI-14611 JUNE 1978 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780018938 2020-05-13T07:57:06+00:00Z

Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise · 2013-08-31 · I NASA Contractor Report 3021 A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise M. S. Howe Bolt Beranek ad Newmalz Inc. Cambridge,

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Page 1: Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise · 2013-08-31 · I NASA Contractor Report 3021 A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise M. S. Howe Bolt Beranek ad Newmalz Inc. Cambridge,

I !

NASA Contractor Report 3021

A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise

M. S . Howe

CONTRACT NASI-14611 JUNE 1978

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780018938 2020-05-13T07:57:06+00:00Z

Page 2: Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise · 2013-08-31 · I NASA Contractor Report 3021 A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise M. S. Howe Bolt Beranek ad Newmalz Inc. Cambridge,

I

NASA Contractor Report 3021

A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise

M. S . Howe Bolt Beranek a d Newmalz Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts

Prepared for Langley Research Center under Contract NAS 1 - 146 1 1

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Scientific and Technical Information Office

TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

1978

Page 3: Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise · 2013-08-31 · I NASA Contractor Report 3021 A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise M. S. Howe Bolt Beranek ad Newmalz Inc. Cambridge,
Page 4: Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise · 2013-08-31 · I NASA Contractor Report 3021 A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise M. S. Howe Bolt Beranek ad Newmalz Inc. Cambridge,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i PAGE x 1 SUMMARY..... ................................................ 1 I ,d SECTION 1 : I N T R O D U C T I O N .................................... 2

'P ! LIST OF SYMBOLS ............................................. 8

J SECTION 2: E D G E NOISE THEORIES BASED ON LIGHTHILL'S

ACOUSTIC ANALOGY ................................ 1 2

SECTION 3 : THEORIES BASED ON THE SOLUTION OF L I N E A R I Z E D HYDROACOUSTIC EQUATIONS ......................... 20

SECTION 4: A D HOC MODELS OF EDGE NOISE G E N E R A T I O N . . . . . . . . . . 28 $

9 SECTION 5: A UNIFIED T H E O R Y OF T R A I L I N G E D G E NOISE.. . . . . . . . 31

5 . 1 : S o l u t i o n o f t h e A c o u s t i c A n a l o g y E q u a t i o n s ...... 31

5 . 2 : T h e F a r F i e l d S o u n d ............................. 38

5 . 3 : T h e P r i n c i p a l E d g e - N o i s e D i p o l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0

5 . 4 : R e l a t i o n B e t w e e n S u r f a c e Pressure F l u c t u a t i o n s a n d t h e F a r F i e l d Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7

5 . 5 : T h e E v a n e s c e n t Wave T h e o r y o f C h a n d i r a m a n i a n d C h a s e ........................................ 53

SECTION 6: CONCLUSIONS ..................................... 58

REFERENCES .................................................. 6 0

iii

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L I S T OF FIGURES

PAGE

2 ( b ) .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6.

C o n f i g u r a t i o n of t h e h a l f - p l a n e , t h e r e c t a n g u l a r c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m ( x , , x 2 , xg 1 a n d t h e o b s e r v e r c o o r d i n a t e s ( R , e , a ) 5

- .................................. T u r b u 1 , e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t f low p a s t t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e i n a mean s h e a r f l ow _ V ( x 2 ) w h i c h makes a n a n g l e B w i t h t h e p o s i t i v e x , - a x i s , a n d wets a l e n g t h L of t h e e d g e . T h e mean flow f a r from t h e p l a t e i s a t v e l o c i t y U, i n t h e p o s i t i v e x , - d i r e c t i o n a n d s i m u l a t e s f o r w a r d f l i g h t a t t h i s s p e e d ................................................ 6

A l i n e v o r t e x o f s t r e n g t h I' t r a n s l a t e s a l o n g t h e d a s h e d - l i n e p a t h u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e of a s y s t e m o f i m a g e v o r t i c e s i n t h e p l a t e . T h e r e s u l t i n g u n s t e a d y motion i s a c c o m p a n i e d b y t h e emission of s o u n d w a v e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6

A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n r e s u l t s i n t h e s h e d d i n g of v o r i t i c i t y y of o p p o s i t e r o t a t i o n t o t h a t of t h e i n c i d e n t v o r t e x r . T h e i n t e n s i t y o f r a d i a t e d s o u n d d e p e n d s on t h e r a t e a t w h i c h t h e v o r t i c i t y t r a n s l a t e s a c r o s s t h e p a r a b o l a e Y = c o n s t a n t . 1 7

I l l u s t r a t i n g t h e mean f low c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r l i n e a r i z e d e d g e no i se t h e o r i e s ....................... 2 1

C o m p a r i s o n o f m e a s u r e d e d g e no i se s p e c t r a w i t h t h a t p r e d i c t e d b y C h a s e ( 1 9 7 5 ) f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t of S c h a r t o n e t a l . ( 1 9 7 3 ) . ........... 25 - ""

0 ( r , O ) i s t h e l o c a t i o n i n t h e f l y o v e r - p l a n e o f tRe g r o u n d - f i x e d o b s e r v e r r e l a t i v e t o t h e e d g e of t h e p l a t e a t t h e time of e m i s s i o n o f t h e s o u n d ; O A ( R , 8 ) i s t h e r e l a t i v e l o c a t i o n a t t h e time of a r r i v a l o f t h e murid ................................. 44

C o m p a r i s o n of t h e s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e spectrum n e a r t h e t r a l i n g e d g e ( a ) a n d t h e f a r f i e l d a c o u s t i c spec t rum ( b ) a t 0 = 90° f o r t h e e d g e n o i s e e x p e r - iment of Yu and Tam ( 1 9 7 7 ) ........................... 56

Page 6: Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise · 2013-08-31 · I NASA Contractor Report 3021 A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise M. S. Howe Bolt Beranek ad Newmalz Inc. Cambridge,

T h i s r e p o r t p r e sen t s a c r i t i c a l review o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e on t h e t h e o r y of t h e g e n e r a t i o n of sound by t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of l o w Mach number t u r b u l e n t f l o w w i t h t h e e d g e o f a s emi - in f in i t e r i g i d p l a t e . Three d i s t i n c t a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e s u b j e c t a r e i d e n t i f i e d , c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e o r i e s b a s e d o n ( i ) L i g h t h i l l ’ s a c o u s t i c a n a l o g y ; ( i i ) t h e s o l u t i o n o f s p e c i a l , l i n e a r i z e d h y d r o a c o u s t i c p r o b l e m s ;

a p p r o p r i a t e l y i n t e r p r e t e d , a l l r e l e v a n t t h e o r i e s produce ( i i i ) a d h o c a e r o d y n a m i c s o u r c e m o d e l s . I t i s shown t h a t , w h e n

e s s e n t i a l l y i d e n t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s i n t h e limit o f very s m a l l Mach

K u t t a c o n d i t i o n , h o w e v e r , n o r o f t h e e f f e c t o f f o r w a r d f l i g h t a n d n u m b e r s . None o f t h e t h e o r i e s d i s c u s s e s t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e

s o u r c e m o t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e . A c c o r d i n g l y t h e r e p o r t i n c l u d e s a n o u t l i n e of a redevelopment o f t h e t h e o r y w h i c h g i v e s a u n i f i e d v i e w o f t h e p r o b l e m , e x h i b i t s t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e v a r i o u s a p p r o x i m a t i o n s , a n d i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e e f f e c t o f mean motion a n d o f t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n .

Page 7: Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise · 2013-08-31 · I NASA Contractor Report 3021 A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise M. S. Howe Bolt Beranek ad Newmalz Inc. Cambridge,

SECTION 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

s h a r p - e d g e d b o d y s u c h a s a w i n g o r f l a p . T h e n o i s e g e n e r a t e d b y Sound i s p r o d u c e d when u n s t e a d y f l o w i n t e r a c t s w i t h a

t u r b u l e n c e a t t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e o f a n a i r f o i l c a n make a s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e o v e r a l l s o u n d r a d i a t e d b e l o w t h e f l i g h t p a t h o f a n a i r c r a f t ( s e e , e . g . , F e t h n e y 1 9 7 5 ; H a r d i n 1 9 7 6 ) . A n i m p o r t a n t p r a c t i c a l p r o b l e m , t h e r e f o r e , c o n c e r n s t h e deve lopment o f p r o c e d u r e s f o r p r e d i c t i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e r a d i a t e d s o u n d , s u c h a s i t s s p e c t r u m , f i e l d s h a p e a n d t h e

would want t o b e a b l e t o e x p r e s s s u c h p r e d i c t i o n s i n t e r m s o f p o s s i b l e e f f e c t s o f f o r w a r d m o t i o n o f t h e a i r c r a f t . I d e a l l y o n e

e a s i l y m e a s u r e d o r e s t i m a t e d p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e u n s t e a d y f l o w o v e r t h e w i n g a t f l i g h t Mach n u m b e r s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t a k e - o f f a n d l a n d i n g , a n d w h i c h a r e t y p i c a l l y o f o r d e r 0 . 3 o r l e s s . T h u s f l o w s o f r e l a t i v e l y l o w Mach n u m b e r s a r e o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t , a l t h o u g h , a s C r i g h t o n ( 1 9 7 5 ) h a s e m p h a s i z e d , D o p p l e r a m p l i f i c a t i o n c a n s t i l l e x e r t a s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e on t h e f i e l d s h a p e o f t h e r a d i a t e d s o u n d .

expe r imen t s i n w h i c h t h e t u r b u l e n t f l o w o v e r t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e i s Data on t h e e d g e n o i s e m e c h a n i s m h a v e been o b t a i n e d f r o m

G r o s c h e 1 9 7 0 ; S c h a r t o n , P i n k e l & W i l b y 1973; Tam & R e d d y 1 9 7 7 ; Y u p r o v i d e d e i t h e r b y a w a l l j e t ( H a y d e n , Fox 8 C h a n a u d 1 9 7 6 ;

& Tam 1 9 7 7 ) , o r b y a low Mach number open w i n d t u n n e l f l o w

u n d e r t a k e n t o de t e rmine t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e a c o u s t i c f i e l d on c o n t a i n i n g g r i d t u r b u l e n c e ( F i n k 1 9 7 5 ) . These expe r imen t s were

f l u c t u a t i n g p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e f l o w c l o s e t o t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e , and t h e s c a l i n g o f t h e spec t rum a n d o v e r a l l s o u n d pressure l e v e l ( O A S P L ) w i t h t h e mean f l o w v e l o c i t y . T h e e f f e c t o f f l i g h t on t r a i l i n g e d g e n o i s e h a s n o t b e e n e x a m i n e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y . I n p r i n c i p l e s u c h a n expe r imen t c o u l d be p e r f o r m e d i n an open w i n d t u n n e l , f o r e x a m p l e , p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e t e c h n i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n e n c o u n t e r e d i n a n a l o g o u s f l i g h t s i m u l a t i o n t e s t s on j e t m i x i n g n o i s e c a n be o v e r c o m e o r s h o w n t o be u n i m p o r t a n t ( F i s h e r & M o r f e y 1 9 7 6 ) .

T h e p r o b l e m of t r a i l i n g e d g e n o i s e a t l o w Mach numbers was f i r s t e x a m i n e d b y P o w e l l ( 1 9 5 9 ) . S i m i l a r i t y a r g u m e n t s w e r e a d v a n c e d t o e s t i m a t e t h e s t r e n g t h o f p o s t u l a t e d a e r o d y n a m i c

was d e d u c e d f rom t h i s mo e t h a t t h e e d g e n o i s e s o u n d p o w e r d i p o l e s o u r c e s l o c a t e d on t h e p l a t e n e a r t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e . I t

v a r i e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y a s U ' - ' , U b e i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f l o w v e l o c i t y , a n d t h a t t h e power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y d e c a y s i n v e r s e l y a s

w a s n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y d e t a i l e d t o p r e d i c t t h e f i e l d s h a p e o f t h e t h e c u b e of t h e f r e q u e n c y a t h i g h f r e q u e n c i e s . P o w e l l ' s t r e a t m e n t

r a d i a t i o n , n o r c o u l d t h e e f f e c t s o f f l i g h t b e c o n s i d e r e d .

been p r i n c i p a l l y i n terms of a p r o t o t y p e c o n f i g u r a t i o n w h i c h T h e s u b s e q u e n t t h e o r e t i c a l d i s c u s s i o n s o f e d g e n o i s e h a v e

c

Page 8: Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise · 2013-08-31 · I NASA Contractor Report 3021 A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise M. S. Howe Bolt Beranek ad Newmalz Inc. Cambridge,

m o d e l s t h e w i n g a n d t r a i l i n g e d g e b y a s e m i - i n f i n i t e r i g i d p l a t e , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y limits t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e c o n c l u s i o n s t o ca ses i n w h i c h t h e nominal a c o u s t i c w a v e l e n g t h is s m a l l c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e c h o r d o f t h e a i r f o i l . T h e v a r i o u s p u b l i s h e d t h e o r i e s d i f f e r m a i n l y i n t h e way i n w h i c h t h e f l u c t u a t i n g f l o w i s as sumed t o i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e t o p r o d u c e s o u n d , a n d f a l l r o u g h l y i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s :

( i ) T h e o r i e s b a s e d on t h e L i g h t h i l l ( 1 9 5 2 ) a c o u s t i c a n a l o g y . T h e s e h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d b y F f o w c s W i l l i a m s & H a l l ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; C r i g h t o n & L e p p i n g t o n ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; C r i g h t o n ( 1 9 7 2 a ) ; L e v i n e ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; Howe ( 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 6 , 1 9 7 7 ) .

( i i ) T h e o r i e s b a s e d on t h e s o l u t i o n o f s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s a p p r o x i m a t e d b y t h e l i n e a r i z e d h y d r o a c o u s t i c e q u a t i o n s : C r i g h t o n ( 1 9 7 2 b ) ; J o n e s ( 1 9 7 2 ) ; C r i g h t o n & L e p p i n g t o n ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; M o r g a n ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; C h a s e ( 1 9 7 2 ; 1 9 7 5 ) ; C h a n d i r a m a n i ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; D a v i s ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; Amiet ( 1 9 7 6 ) .

( i i i ) Ad h o c m o d e l s : t h e s e i n v o l v e p o s t u l a t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n s w h o s e s t r e n g t h s a n d m u l t i p o l e t y p e s a r e

s o u r c e

g e n e r a l l y d e t e r m i n e d e m p i r i c a l l y : H a y d e n , Fox & Chanaud ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; Tam & Yu ( 1 9 7 5 ) ; Tam & Reddy ( 1 9 7 7 ) .

d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l . I t i s s h o w n ( S e c s . 2 - 4 ) t h a t w h e n s u i t a b l I n t h i s r e p o r t t h e e d g e n o i s e t h e o r i e s l i s t e d a b o v e a r e

v i e w e d a l l r e l e v a n t t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l s l e a d t o t h e s a m e U 5 s c a l i n g law f o r t h e v e l o c i t y d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e r a d i a t e d s o u n d ,

d e p e n d e n c i e s o n t h e l e n g t h s c a l e s o f t h e t u r b u l e n t e d g e f l o w . e x h i b i t t h e s a m e s t a t i c d i r e c t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d t h e s a m e

m e c h a n i s m , h o w e v e r , i n t h a t t h o s e l i s t e d i n ( i ) d e t e r m i n e t h e None o f t h e t h e o r i e s g i v e s a n o v e r a l l p i c t u r e o f t h e e d g e no ise

t h o s e i n ( i i ) a r e c o n f i n e d t o p a r t i c u l a r f l o w m o d e l s or r e l a t e r a d i a t i o n i n terms o f a n a s s u m e d t u r b u l e n t v e l o c i t y f i e l d , w h i l e

t h e s o u n d f i e l d t o p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s on o r n e a r t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e .

c o n d i t i o n a t t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e , v i z . , w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e u n s t e a d y The i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e n a t u r e o f t h e b o u n d a r y

f l o w s h o u l d be r e q u i r e d t o l e a v e t h e e d g e t a n g e n t i a l l y i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e K u t t a - J o u k o w s k i h y p o t h e s i s , i s c o n s i d e r e d i n d e t a i l o n l y b y J o n e s ( 1 9 7 2 ) , C r i g h t o n ( 1 9 7 2 b 3 , D a v i s ( 1 9 7 5 ) , a n d Howe ( 1 9 7 6 , 1 9 7 7 ) . C r i g h t o n ' s c o n c l u s i o n , t h a t t h e i m p o s i t i o n o f t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n p r o d u c e s a d r a m a t i c i n c r e a s e i n t h e l e v e l o f t h e r a d i a t e d s o u n d , is now known t o b e i n c o r r e c t ( C r i g h t o n 1 9 7 7 , p r i v a t e c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) ; a c c o r d i n g t o H o w e ' s ( 1 9 7 6 . 1 9 7 7 ) t r e a t m e n t o f a s e r i e s o f t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l m o d e l p r o b l e m s , t h e r e m o v a l o f t h e flow s i n g u l a r i t y a t a s h a r p e d g e a l w a y s l e a d s t o a

v o r t i c i t y w h i c h m u s t t h e n b e s h e d f r o m t h e e d g e i s of t h e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e r a d i a t i o n , b e c a u s e t h e s o u n d . p r o d u c e d by t h e

3

Page 9: Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise · 2013-08-31 · I NASA Contractor Report 3021 A Review of the Theory of Trailing Edge Noise M. S. Howe Bolt Beranek ad Newmalz Inc. Cambridge,

a p p r o p r i a t e p h a s e a n d a m p l i t u d e t o c a n c e l m u c h o f t h a t g e n e r a t e d

w a l l j e t t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e n a t u r e o f t h e f l o w a t t h e t r a i l i n g b y t h e i n c i d e n t t u r b u l e n t f l o w . Yu and Tam ( 1 9 7 7 ) h a v e u s e d a

e d g e , a n d c o n c l u d e t h a t , a t l e a s t a t t h e r e l a t i v e l y l o w Mach n u m b e r s of i n t e r e s t i n the p re sen t d i s c u s s i o n , v o r t i c e s a r e s h e d

a s i n g u l a r e d g e f l o w b y t h e i n c i d e n t t u r b u l e n c e . i n t o t h e wake i n a manner which t e n d s t o o p p o s e t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

I n S e c . 5 , t h e d e t a i l e d c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h e d i v e r s e t h e o r i e s reviewed i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e c o n d e n s e d i n t o a s i n g l e t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l . T h i s model e x h i b i t s :

I . t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f e d g e n o i s e on t h e t u r b u l e n t v e l o c i t y f i e l d n e a r t h e e d g e ;

11. t h e r e l a t i o n between t h e a c o u s t i c s p e c t r u m a n d p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s n e a r t h e e d g e ;

111. t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f a p p l y i n g t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n ;

IV. t h e e f f e c t o f f o r w a r d f l i g h t .

T h e p r i n c i p a l c o n c l u s i o n s a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n S e c . 6 .

d i s c u s s i o n a r e d e p i c t e d i n F i g . 1 . A r i g i d h a l f - p l a n e o c c u p i e s T h e g e o m e t r y a n d c o o r d i n a t e system t o b e used i n t h e

t h e ( x , , r e g i z n ) x27 3 i s , < 0 , l o c a x $ e d i n , f l u i d w h o s e mean v e l o c i t y f a r f r o m 0 ) o f a r e c t a n g u l a r c o o r d i n a t e system

t h e p l a t e 1s Uo p a r a l l e l t o t h e p o s i t i v e x , d i r e c t i o n . T u r b u l e n c e i s c o n v e c t e d p a s t t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e i n a b o u n d a r y l a y e r o r w a l l j e t f l o w w h o s e m e a n v e l o c i t y m a k e s a n a n g l e f? w i t h t h e p o s i t i v e x l - a x i s , w h e r e !.! V ( c o s f ? , 0 , s i n g ) : ( V , 0 , I t i s a s s u m e d t h a t c l o s e t o t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e V : V ( x 2 ) . a

V 3 ) . s a y .

f u n c t i o n o f t h e d i s t a n c e x f rom t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e p l a E e , a n d t h a t t h e t u r b u l e n t f l o w we s a l e n g t h L o f t h e e d g e . Mach numbers

-

Mo, klv a r e d e f i n e d b y

"0

= - C

4

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/ / / / A / / / HALF-PLANE / / / / / / /

F I G . l ( a ) C O N F I G U R A T I O N O F T H E H A L F - P L A N E , T H E R E C T A N G U L A R C O O R D I N A T E S Y S T E M ( ~ 1 ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ 3 ) A N D T H E O B S E R V E R C O O R D I N A T E S ( R , 5 , a ) .

5

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/ / / / / HALF- / / / /

/ PL /

F I G . l ( b ) T U R B U L E N T B O U N D A R Y L A Y E R / W A L L J E T F L O W P A S T T H E T R A I L I N G E D G E I N A M E A N S H E A R F L O W ! ( x 2 ) W H I C H

WETS A L E N G T H L O F T H E E D G E . T H E M E A N FLOW F A R F R O M T H E P L A T E IS A T V E L O C I T Y U, I N T H E P O S I T I V E

S P E E D .

M A K E S A N A N G L E W I T H T H E P O S I T I V E x , - A X I S , A N D

x , - D I R E C T I O N A N D S I M U L A T E S F O R W A R D F L I G H T A T T H I S

6

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1

\

w h e r e c i s h e s eed of s o u n d , a n d a r e t a k e n t o be s u f f i c i e n t l y smal l t h a t M ’, Mv’ may be n e g l e c t e d r e l a t i v e t o u n i t y , so t h a t c may be r e g a r ! e d a s c o n s t a n t . I n t h i s r e s p e c t n o t e t h a t mean f low e f f e c t s a r i s e i n two ways : terms l i n e a r i n M a c c o u n t f o r t h e mean c o n v e c t i o n of t h e a e r o d y n a m i c s o u n d sources and of t h e emit ted r a d i a t i o n ; s e c o n d , terms q u a d r a t i c i n M d e s c r i b e t h e d y n a m i c e f f e c t of c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y on t h e m e a n f l o w . e i g n o r e t h e l a t t e r , a n d s y s t e m a t i c a l l y d i s c a r d q u a n t i t i e s o f O ( M 1 r e l a t i v e t o u n i t y . Y

T h e a u t h o r g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e s t h e b e n e f i t o f d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h K . L . C h a n d i r a m a n i , D . M . C h a s e , D . G . C r i g h t o n , J . E . F f o w c s Wil l iams, and R . E . H a y d e n d u r i n g t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t .

7

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LIST OF S Y M B O L S

Roman

a d i s t a n c e o f c l o s e s t a p p r o a c h t o edge o f p l a t e of t h e v o r t e x o f F i g u r e 2(a)

s t a g n a t i o n e n t h a l p y

s p e e d o f s o u n d C

n u m e r i c a l c o e f f i c i e n t s

n o z z l e e x i t diameter

D d i p o l e s t r e n

p s e u d o - s o u n d w a v e n u m b e r s p e c t r u m f l a m i n a r s u b l a y e r t r a n s i t i o n f u n c t i o n F

G G r e e n ' s f u n c t i o n

w a v e n u m b e r v a r i a b l e k

wetted l e n g t h of t r a i l i n g edge L

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p a c i n g o f eddies R

l e n g t h s c a l e o f t h e m e a n b o u n d a r y l a y e r / wall j e t p r o f i l e

t u r b u l e n c e c o r r e l a t i o n s c a l e i n t h e j - d i r e c t i o n

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f l o w Mach number U/c

M

M ,W

5v

M O

w/c

V / C

5

5

u o / c

u n i t v e c t o r p a r a l l e l t o V

w a v e n u m b e r v e c t o r d e f i n e d i n (5.17) 5

n

N

5

-

8

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LIST OF SYMBOLS (Cont.)

- P

P

U

uJ

UO

V ..,

2,

Greek

6

p s e u d o - s o u n d p r e s s u r e

p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n w i t h / w i t h o u t K u t t a c o n d i t i o n

r o o t m e a n s q u a r e h y d r o d y n a m i c p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n

o v e r a l l a c o u s t i c f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m d e n s i t y

m e a n d y n a m i c p r e s s u r e

v o r t i c i t y d i p o l e s t r e n g t h

F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m o f Q , q , p

a c o u s t i c p r e s s u r e f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m d e n s i t y "

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f l o w v e l o c i t y

n o z z l e e x i t v e l o c i t y

mean s t ream/f l igh t speed

v e l o c i t y

m e a n b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t v e l o c i t y

mean eddy c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y

r o o t m e a n s q u a r e t u r b u l e n c e v e l o c i t y

n e a r wake mean v e l o c i t y

r e c t a n g u l a r c o o r d i n a t e s

a n g l e b e t w e e n V - a n d x , - a x i s

v o r t e x s t r e n g t h

9

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L I S T OF SYMBOLS (Cont.)

A

*E x

T

u

w Z

x , -wavenumber componen t

t u r b u l e n c e c o r r e l a t i o n s c a l e

l a m i n a r s u b l a y e r t h i c k n e s s

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e d d y v o l u m e

rms v o l u m e of edge n o i s e s o u r c e r e g i o n

w a v e n u m b e r m a g n i t u d e i n ( 1 , 2 ) - p l a n e

w a v e n u m b e r l v e c t o r

x , - c o m p o n e n t o f shed v o r t i c i t y w a v e n u m b e r

s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e s p e c t r u m

d e n s i t y

re tarded time

w/v n u m e r i c a l c o n s t a n t

v e l o c i t y p o t e n t i a l

s p e c t r u m f u n c t i o n

s p e c t r u m f u n c t i o n

stream f u n c t i o n

r a d i a n f r e q u e n c y

P'V

v o r t i c i t y ." ,"

10

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LIST OF SYMBOLS ( C o n t . )

o b s e r v e r l o c a t i o n a t a r r i v a l time of s o u n d [ s e e F i g u r e l(a)]

o b s e r v e r l o c a t i o n a t time o f e m i s s i o n of s o u n d

11

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SECTION 2 EDGE NOISE THEORIES BASED ON LIGHTHILL'S ACOUSTIC ANALOGY

F f o w c s Will iams a n d H a l l (1970) h a v e c o n s i d e r e d t h e i n f i n i t e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r limit of L i g h t h i l l ' s (1952) e q u a t i o n i n t h e case of i s e n t r o p i c t u r b u l e n t f l o w i n which t h e a m b i e n t m e d i u m i s a t r e s t ; Uo = 0 , a n d p e r t u r b a t i o n s i n t h e p r e s s u r e p a r e r e l a t e d t o d e n s i t y f l u c t u a t i o n s p - po , by

where p , d e n o t e s t h e m e a n d e n s i t y .

The s t a r t i n g e q u a t i o n f o r t h e i r a n a l y s i s was a c c o r d i n g l y

where v i i s t h e f l u i d v e l o c i t y a n d t t h e time. T h i s e q u a t i o n was s o l v e d f o r a n a s s u m e d k n o w l e d g e of t u r b u l e n t R e y n o l d s s t ress p v - v . b y m a k i n g u s e of a G r e e n ' s f u n c t i o n C ( 5 , y , t , T I w h i c h s a t i d f i e s

t h e r a d i a t i o n c o n d i t i o n of o u t g o i n g w a v e s a t i n f i n i t y , a n d t h e r i g i d s u r f a c e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n

on t h e p l a t e ( x , < 0 , x 2 = 0 ) . I n t h e p a r t i c u l a r case o f a p l a n e , r i g i d b o u n d a r y t h e c o n d i t i o n ( 2 . 4 ) i s a l s o s a t i s f i e d b y t h e p r e s s u r e p .

By t h i s m e a n s 2t was d e d u c e d t h a t t h e f a r f i e l d mean s q u a r e s o u n d p r e s s u r e < p > p r o d u c e d by a compact t u r b u l e n t e d d y of

12

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v o l u m e A l o c a t e d well w i t h i n a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w a v e l e n g t h o f e d g e o f t h e p l a t e a n d t r a n s l a t i n g a t v e l o c i t y Y i s g i v e n b y

I n t h i s r e s u l t

D 2 mean s q u a r e t u r b u l e n t f l u c t u a t i o n v e l o c i t y ;

8 = c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t u r b u l e n c e c o r r e l a t i o n s c a l e ;

R = d i s t a n c e , : o f o b s e r v e r from t h e s o u r c e r e g i o n ;

8 = t a n " (2) , t h e " f l y o v e r " a n g l e , ( x , , x 2 , x 3 ) b e i n g -

o b s e r v e r c o o r d i n a t e s ( see F i g . 1 ) ;

t h e

( 2 . 5 )

t h e

a = a n g l e b e t w e e n t h e o b s e r v e r d i r e c t i o n a n d t h e edge o f t h e h a l f - p l a n e .

A c c o r d i n g t o ( 2 . 5 ) low M a c h n r . ~ m b e r t u r b u l e n c e n e a r t h e e d g e o f a r i g i d h a l f - p l a n e g e n e r a t e s s o u n d w h o s e i n t e n s i t y e x h i b i t s t h e u s u a l h a l f - a n g l e d e p e n d e n c e - o n t h e " f l y o v e r f f a n g e 5 , p e a k i n g i n t h e forward a r c 8 > ~ / 2 , a n d s c a l e s a s U , U b e i n g a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f l ow v e l o c i t y ; t h i s g a y be co t r a s t e d w i t h t h e w e a k e r d e p e n d e n c i e s o f r e s p e c t i v e l y U a n d U' p r e d i c t e d f o r t u r b u l e n t q u a d r u p o l e s o u r c e s l o c a t e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f a c o m p a c t s c a t t e r i n g b o d y ( C u r l e 1 9 5 5 ) a n d i n f r e e s p a c e . I n d e r i v i n g ( 2 . 5 ) n o a t t e m p t w a s made t o e s t i m a t e t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e b a c k r e a c t i o n of t h e p l a t e o n t h e t u r b u l e n t f l o w . T h e a u t h o r s a r g u e t h a t t h e p r e d i c t i o n of a f i f t h - p o w e r law i s a c o n s e q u e n c e of a p o t e n t i a l f i e l d s i n g u l a r i t y w h i c h a p p e a r s i n t h e i r t h e o r y a t t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e , a n d t h a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n c o u l d b e s u b s t a n t i a l l y m o d i f i e d i f a n y t y p e o f K u t t a c o n d i t i o n were i n t r o d u c e d t o limit i t s e f f e c t . T h e i n f i n i t e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r a s s u m p t i o n m u s t b r e a k down c l o s e t o t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e a t s u f f i c i e n t l y low f r e q u e n c i e s , a n d i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o see how t h e p r e s e n c e of a s i n g u l a r i t y c a n t h e n be j u s t i f i e d . V i s c o u s f o r c e s may b e i n v o k e d t o r e m o v e t h e s i n g u l a r i t y , b u t a s a c o n s e q u e n c e t h e r e will b e u n s t e a d y v o r t e x s h e d d i n g from t h e e d g e r e s u l t i n g i n t h e g e n e r a t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l t u r b u l e n t f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e f l o w . I n S e c . 5 t h e q u e s t i o n o f v o r t e x s h e d d i n g w i l l be e x a m i n e d i n d e t a i l , a n d i t will b c o n c l u d e d t h a t i n g e n e r a l t h e r a d i a t i o n c o n t i n u e s t o s c a l e a s U 5 when t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n is i m p o s e d .

&J

E x p r e s s i o n ( 2 . 5 ) may e a s i l y b e e x t e n d e d t o t a k e a c c o u n t of a l l o f t h e t u r b u l e n t e d d i e s i n t h e f l o w w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e edge n o i s e . Let 8, d e n o t e t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s c a l e o f a t y p i c a l e d d y

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l o c a t e d n e a r t h e e d g e of t h e h a l f - p l a n e . T h e l a t e r a l e x t e n t of a l l of t h e e e d d i e s i s e q u a l t o L , a n d t h e e f f e c t i v e mean s q u a r e v o l u m e AE ’ of a l l e d d i e s l o c a t e d w i t h i n a c o r r e l a t i o n s c a l e of t h e e d g e 1s t h e r e f o r e g i v e n b y a s u m m a t i o n o v e r L / 6 u n c o r r e l a t e d e d d i e s . T h u s we h a v e

I n a d d i t i o n , h o w e v e r , F f o w c s Will iams & H a l l ( 1 9 7 0 ) n o t e ( b u t do n o t e x p l o i t ) t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n s from e d d i e s a r r a n g e d a l o n g a l i n e p a r a l l e l t o t h e p l a t e a n d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e e d g e a r e w e i g h t e d i n i n v e r s e p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e s q u a r e r o o t s of t h e i r r e spec t ive d i s t a n c e s from t h e e d g e . T h e n e t r e s u l t o f t h i s w e i g h t i n g i s t o i n t r o d u c e i n t o t h e e f f e c t i v e volume of t h e source r e g i o n a f a c t o r p r o p o r t i o n a l t o m. T a k i n g t h i s a n d ( 2 . 6 ) i n t o a c c o u n t we o b t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e e d g e n o i s e p r e d i c t i o n f o r m u l a :

We s h a l l a r g u e below ( S e c . 5) t h a t t h i s f o r m u l a r e m a i n s e s s e n t i a l l y u n c h a n g e d w h e n a c c o u n t i s t a k e n of v o r t e x s h e d d i n g , a l t h o u g h i t does n o t i n c l u d e O(M) e f f e c t s o f a e r o d y n a m i c source m o t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e p l a t e nor o f a i r c r a f t f l i g h t .

F f o w c s W i l l i a m s a n d H a l l ( 1 9 7 0 ) a l s o o b t a i n e d a U5 d e p e n d e n c e f o r t h e c a s e i n w h i c h t h e d i s t u r b e d f low s a t i s f i e s a “ p r e s s u r e r e l e a s e ’ ’ b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n o n t h e p l a t e , t h e l a t t e r b e i n g u n a b l e t o s u p p o r t a n y n o r m a l s t ress . H o w e v e r , C r i g h t o n a n d L e p p i n g t o n ( 1 9 7 0 ) have e x a m i n e d t h e p r o b l e m f o r a r b i t r a r y s u r f a c e c o m p l i a n c e a n d t h e i r a n a l y s i s s h o w s t h a t t h i s p r e d i c t i o n f o r t h e pressure r e l e a s e c o n d i t i o n m u s t be r e g a r d e d a s s i n g u l a r . T h e y r e c o v e r e d t h e F f o w c s W i l l i a m s a n d H a l l r e s u l t ( 2 . 7 ) o n l y when t h e f l u i d l o a d i n g of t h e p l a t e w a s not s i g n i f i c a n t a n d t h e p l a t e r e l a t i v e l y r i g i d . A q u i t e d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t o b t a i n s i n c a s e s of h i g h f l u i d l o a d i n g . h e p l a t e i s now l i m p a n d t h e r a d i a t i o n i s f o u n d t o s c a l e a s U . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e e f f e c t of s u r f a c e c o m p l i a n c e i s t o weaken n e a r f i e l d s c a t t e r i n g b y t h e e d g e , b u t C r i g h t o n a n d L e p p i n g t o n s h o w t h a t i n a e r o n a u t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s o n l y t h e f i r s t case c o n s i d e r e d b y F f o w c s W i l l i a m s a n d H a l l ( 1 9 7 0 ) of a r i g i d h a l f - p l a n e i s l i k e l y t o be r e l e v a n t .

6

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i I n o rder t o p r o v i d e a n e x p l i c i t t h e o r e t i c a l model of t h e I e d g e n o i s e m e c h a n i s m C r i g h t o n ( 1 9 7 2 a ) a n a l y z e d t h e 9 t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l f l o w i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 2 ( a ) , i n v o l v i n g a n

1 i d e a l i z e d t u r b u l e n t e d d y i n t h e form of a l i n e v o r t e x of s t r e n g t h 1 r a l i g n e d p a r a l l e l t o t h e e d g e o f a r i g i d h a l f - p l a n e . T h e m e a n f l o w i s a t res t r e l a t i v e t o t h e p l a t e a n d t h e v o r t e x t r a n s l a t e s a l o n g t h e d a s h e d - l i n e p a t h u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e of a s y s t e m o f image v o r t i c e s . T h e d e t a i l e d m o t i o n o f t h e v o r t e x may be d e t e r m i n e d b y a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e f low n e a r t h e e d g e s a t i s f i e s t h e e q u a t i o n s of a n i d e a l , i n c o m p r e s s i b l e f l u i d . T h e l o c a l u n s t e a d y p o t e n t i a l f l o w t h u s d e f i n e d may t h e n be m a t c h e d o n t o a n a c o u s t i c d i s t u r b a n c e w h i c h r a d i a t e s a w a y from t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e . I n t h i s way i t was f o u n d t h a t t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l s o u n d f i e l d s c a l e s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h

w h e r e 2, = r / a i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f l u c t u a t i o n v e l o c i t y , a d e n o t e s t h e d i s t a n c e of c l o s e s t a p p r o a c h o f t h e v o r t e x t o t h e e d g e of t h e h a l f - p l a n e , a n d (R,B) a r e p o l a r c o o r d i n a t e s of t h e o b s e r v e r i n t h e ( 1 , 2 ) - p l a n e . C o m p a r i s o n may be made w i t h t h e F f o w c s Wi l l i ams-Ha l l r e s u l t ( 2 . 7 ) i f i n t h e l a t t E r c a s e t h e o b s e r v e r i s assumed t o l i e i n t h e ' ' f l y o v e r " - p l a n e a = 7. a n d t h e mean t u r b u l e n t f low v e l o c i t y V i s t a k e n t o be i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e x l - a x i s (f3 = 0 ) . B o t h p r e d i c t i o n s a r e s e e n t o a g r e e a p a r t from a f a c t o r o f o r d e r M ( L / R ) w h i c h a c c o u n t s f o r t h e s p h e r i c a l s p r e a d i n g of s o u n d waves f r o m L / 6 u n c o r r e l a t e d s o u r c e s o c c u p y i n g a f i n i t e l e n g t h L p a r a l l e l t o t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e .

Howe ( 1 9 7 5 ) r e - w o r k e d t h e p r o b l e m of F i g . 2 ( a ) d i r e c t l y from t h e a c o u s t i c a n a l o g y t h e o r y o f a e r o d y n a m i c s o u n d a n d d e d u c e d t h a t a t low M a c h n u m b e r s t h e f a r f i e l d a c o u s t i c p r e s s u r e c o u l d b e e x p r e s s e d i n t h e e q u i v a l e n t form

w h e r e

Y = -q cos(;) , (2.10)

1 5

.

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RIGID HALF-PLANEl I RADIATED 1 SOUND

""Or/

F I G . 2 ( a ) A L I N E V O R T E X O F S T R E N G T H r T R A N S L A T E S A L O N G T H E D A S H E D - L I N E P A T H U N D E R T H E I N F L U E N C E OF A S Y S T E M OF I M A G E V O R T I C E S I N T H E P L A T E . T H E R E S U L T I N G U N S T E A D Y M O T I O N I S A C C O M P A N I E D BY T H E E M I S S I O N O F SOUND WAVES.

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F I G . 2 ( b ) A P P L I C A T I O N O F T H E K U T T A C O N D I T I O N R E S U L T S I N T H E S H E D D I N G O F V O R T I C I T Y y O F O P P O S I T E R O T A T I O N T O

T H E R A D I A T E D S O U N D D E P E N D S ON T H E R A T E A T W H I C H T H E V O R T I C I T Y T R A N S L A T E S A C R O S S THE P A R A G O L A E Y = C O N S T A N T .

T H A T O F T H E INCIDENT V O R T E X r . T H E INTENSITY OF

1 7

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( R o , 0 , ) a r e t h e p o l a r c o o r d i n a t e s of t h e v o r t e x , a n d [ D Y / D t l d e n o t e s t h e time r a t e of c h a n g e of Y f o l l o w i n g t h e m o t i o n of t h e v o r t e x a t t h e r e t a rded time t-R/c. T h e f u n c t i o n Y a s s u m e s c o n s t a n t v a l u e s a l o n g t h e f a m i l y of p a r a b o l i c c u r v e s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 2 ( b ) which c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e s t r e a m l i n e s .of a n i d e a l , s o u r c e f ree t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l p o t e n t i a l f l o w a b o u t t h e h a l f - p l a n e . T h i s t y p e of f low c a n ex i s t o n l y i n t h e a b s e n c e of a e r o d y n a m i c s o u r c e s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e e d g e , i . e . , when t h e e d g e i s " s i l e n t " . Eq. ( 2 . 9 ) r e v e a l s t h a t t h e edge n o i s e p r o d u c e d b y t h e v o r t e x is g o v e r n e d b y t h e degree t o which t h e a c t u a l f low n e a r t h e e d g e d e p a r t s from s u c h a s o u r c e - f r e e p o t e n t i a l f l o w , a n d t h i s i s m e a s u r e d b y t h e r a t e a t which t h e v o r t e x t r a n s l a t e s a c r o s s t h e f a m i l y of l l s i l e n t " s t r e a m l i n e s .

-

T h i s i d e a l i z e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m e c h a n i s m of e d g e n o i s e g e n e r a t i o n i n t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l f l ows l e a d s t o a simple a n d e l e g a n t v i e w o f t h e e f f e c t o f i n d u c e d v o r t e x s h e d d i n g . C o n s i d e r t h e s i t u a t i o n i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 2 ( b ) . T h e f low i n d u c e d i n a n i d e a l f l u i d a t t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e b y t h e v o r t e x I' i s i n t h e s e n s e i n d i c a t e d b y t h e d a s h e d c u r v e , a n d possesses a s i n g u l a r i t y i n v e l o c i t y a t t h e e d g e of t h e p l a t e . T h e R e y n o l d s n u m b e r based o n t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r t h i c k n e s s a t t h e e d g e i s f i n i t e , a n d i n p r a c t i c e t h e f l o w a r o u n d t h e e d g e i s impeded b y t h e s h e d d i n g o f v o r t i c i t y i n a m a n n e r wh ich t e n d s t o r e m o v e t h e v e l o c i t y s i n g u l a r i t y . T h i s r e q u i r e s t h e c i r c u l a t i o n y of t h e s h e d v o r t i c i t y t o h a v e t h e o p p o s i t e s e n s e t o t h a t of t h e i n c i d e n t v o r t e x r . Assume f o r s i m p l i c i t y t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t o f t h e s h e d v o r t i c i t y may be r e p r e s e n t e d b y a l i n e v o r t e x of s t r e n g t h y . I t t h e n fo l lows from ( 2 . 9 ) t h a t t h e t o t a l r a d i a t e d s o u n d i s g i v e n b y

(2.11)

where t h e m a t e r i a l d e r i v a t i v e s a r e e v a l u a t e d r e s p e c t i v e l y a t t h e p o s i t i o n s o f t h e i n c i d e n t a n d s h e d v o r t i c e s . B o t h t h e i n c i d e n t a n d s h e d v o r t i c i t y t r a n s l a t e a c r o s s t h e Y-parabolae i n e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same s e n s e . H e n c e t h e m a t e r i a l d e r i v a t i v e s i n ( 2 . 1 1 ) h a v e t h e same s i g n , b u t I' a n d Y a r e of o p p o s i t e s i g n s , from w h i c h we c o n c l u d e t h a t i n d u c e d v o r t e x s h e d d i n g m u s t r e d u c e t h e o v e r a l l l e v e l of t h e e d g e - n o i s e . I t will be s h o w n i n Sec. 5 t h a t t h i s i s a l s o expected t o be t h e case i n more g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n s i n v o l v i n g compact , t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l t u r b u l e n t e d d i e s .

18

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!

! 1 p r e s e n c e of a p a r a l l e l , a m b i e n t m e a n f l o w of v e l o c i t y U o ( x 2 ) .

S e v e r a l f l ow c o n f i g u r a t i o n s were c o n s i d e r e d , i n c l u d i n g t h a t i n wh ich t h e m e a n v e l o c i t y U o ( x 2 ) a s s u m e d c o n s t a n t b u t d i f f e r e n t

1 d e n s i t y p, was a l s o permit ted t o be d i f f e r e n t o n e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e p l a t e . I n a l l of t hese cases i t was f o u n d t h a t when t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n was imposed a t t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e , s o t h a t t h e 1 f l o w l e f t t h e p l a t e t a n g e n t i a l l y a n d a d d i t i o n a l v o r t i c i t y was s h e d i n t o t h e wake, t he t o t a l e d g e s c a t t e r e d r a d i a t i o n was r e d u c e d t o zero p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e i n c i d e n t v o r t e x t r a n s l a t i o n v e l o c i t y V was j u s t e q u a l t o t h a t o f t h e l o c a l mean f low i n w h i c h i t was l o c a t e d . When t h i s h a p p e n e d t h e wake v o r t i c i t y a l s o c o n v e c t e d a t v e l o c i t y V , and t h e s o u n d i t p r o d u c e d was e q u a l a n d o p p o s i t e t o t h a t g e n e r a t e d b y t h e i n c i d e n t v o r t e x I?. I n a d d i t i o n i t was shown t h a t t h e d e g r e e o f D o p p l e r a m p l i f i c a t i o n of t h e r a d i a t i o n d u e t o fo rward f l i g h t ( a n d s i m u l a t e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s b y t h e a m b i e n t m e a n f low v e l o c i t y U o ( x 2 ) ) d e p e n d e d c r i t i c a l l y o n b o t h t h e a e r o d y n a m i c s o u r c e v e l o c l t y r e l a t i v e t o t h e p l a t e a n d o n w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n was a p p l i e d . F l i g h t e f f e c t s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e edge n o i s e p r o b l e m h a v e n o t b e e n o the rwise e x a m i n e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e excep t f o r a r e c e n t p a p e r b y C r i g h t o n ( 1 9 7 5 ) i n w h i c h , h o w e v e r , n o a c c o u n t was t a k e n o f s o u r c e m o t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e .

1 v a l u e s o n e i t h e r s i d e of t h e p l a t e a n d of a v o r t e x shee t I e x t e n d i n g d o w n s t r e a m i n t o t h e w a k e ( c . f . , F i g . 3 ) . T h e m e a n f l u i d

si,;

tj

T h e r e s u l t s o f t hese v a r i o u s i d e a l i z e d problems s u g g e s t t h a t i n d u c e d v o r t e x s h e d d i n g t e n d s t o r e d u c e t h e l e v e l of t h e r a d i a t e d s o u n d b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f t h e p l a t e , i . e . , of t h e b o u n d a r y o n w h i c h t h e n o r m a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e f l u i d v a n i s h e s . More s p e c i f i c a l l y , i n t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n t h e r e i s a n i n f i n i t e l y r a p i d t r a n s i t i o n from z e r o n o r m a l v e l o c i t y t o a s i n g u l a r n o r m a l v e l o c i t y a t t h e e d g e . Vortex s h e d d i n g r e d u c e s t h e g r a d i e n t of t h i s t r a n s i t i o n , a n d , i n d e e d , i n t h e l i m i t i n g c a s e i n w h i c h i n c i d e n t a n d s h e d v o r t i c i t y c o n v e c t d o w n s t r e a m a t t h e same c o n s t a n t s p e e d , t h e n o r m a l v e l o c i t y a c t u a l l y v a n i s h e s a t a l l p o i n t s of t h e p l a t e a n d t h e wake (Howe, 1 9 7 5 , 1 9 7 7 1 , a n d n o edge n o i s e i s p r o d u c e d .

L e v i n e ( 1 9 7 5 ) h a s e x a m i n e d a s e q u e n c e of model p rob lems i n w h i c h t h e t u r b u l e n t q u a d r u p o l e s t r e n g t h p v i v was a s s u m e d t o b e c o n s t a n t i n a f rame c o n v e c t i n g a t a mean J e l o c i t y ,V i n a n a r b i t r a r y d i r e c t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e h a l f - p l a n e . I t was s h o w n t h a t a t low Mach n u m b e r s t h o s e q u a d r u p o l e s w i t h a x e s n o r m a l t o t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e g e n e r a t e s o u n d m s t e f f i c i e n t l y ( i . e . , w i t h s o u n d p r e s s u r e l e v e l s c a l i n g a s U 8 1. T h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f v o r t e x s h e d d i n g from t h e p l a t e was n o t c o n s i d e r e d ; L e v i n e ' s r e s u l t s t h e r e f o r e c o r r o b o r a t e t h e g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s which e m e r g e from t h e F f o w c s W i l l i a m s & Hal l ( 1 9 7 0 ) t h e o r y .

19

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SECTION 3 THEORIES BASED ON THE SOLUTION OF LINEARIZED HYDROACOUSTIC EQUATIONS

A v a r i e t y of i d e a l i z e d , t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l f l o w p r o b l e m s h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d b y C r i g h t o n ( 1 9 7 2 b ) , J o n e s ( 1 9 7 2 ) , C r i g h t o n a n d L e p p i n g t o n ( 1 9 7 4 ) , ' M o r g a n ( 1 9 7 4 ) a n d D a v i s ( 1 9 7 5 ) i n o r d e r t o e s t ima te t h e e f f e c t o n e d g e n o i s e of a wake e x t e n d i n g d o w n s t r e a m of t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e a n d s e p a r a t i n g u n i f o r m mean f l o w s a t v e l o c i t i e s U 1 , U2, s a y ( F i g . 3 ) . T h e a n a l y s e s were b a s e d o n t h e l i n e a r i z e d equations of m o t i o n f o r w h i c h t h e wake was modeled by a l i n e a r l y d i s t u r b e d v o r t e x s h e e t .

C r i g h t o n ( 1 9 7 2 b ) c o n s i d e r e d t h e case i n wh ich U l E 0 , and s h o w e d t h a t , i n t h e a b s e n c e of a e r o d y n a m i c s o u r c e s o u t s l d e of t h e w a k e , s o u n d c a n b e g e n e r a t e d b y t h e s h e d d i n g of v o r t i c i t y from t h e p l a t e i n t o t h e w a k e , t h e r e s u l t i n g f l u c t u a t i n g f low b e i n g s i n g u l a r a t t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e . T h e s o u n d f i e l d may be c a l c u l a t e d from E q . ( 2 . 9 ) b y s u p p o s i n g t h e wake t o c o n s i s t o f a s u c c e s s i o n of l i n e v o r t i c e s a l i g n e d p a r a l l e l t o t h e e d g e of t h e p l a t e a n d c o n v e c t i n g i n t h e d o w n s t r e a m d i r e c t i o n . F o r t h i s case t h e s o u n d p r e s s u r e l e v e l s c a l e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e g e n e r a l t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l r e s u l t q u o t e d a b o v e i n ( 2 . 8 ) . T h e v o r t e x s h e d d i n g a c t u a l l y t r i g g e r s t h e K e l v i n - H e l m h o l t z i n s t a b i l i t y of t h e v o r t e x s h e e t whose a m p l i t u d e of o s c i l l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s e x p o n e n t i a l l y w i t h d i s t a n c e d o w n s t r e a m a c c o r d i n g t o l i n e a r t h e o r y . T h i s e x p o n e n t i a l g r o w t h may be shown t o a f f e c t t h e p h a s e b u t t o h a v e no e s s e n t i a l i n f l u e n c e o n t h e a m p l i t u d e of t h e r a d i a t i o n (Howe, 1 9 7 6 1 , a n d i t i s f o r t h i s r e a s o n t h a t l i n e a r t h e o r y may be' e x p e c t e d t o g i v e a v a l u a b l e f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o t h e e d g e no i se i n t e r a c t i o n m e c h a n i s m . C r i g h t o n h a s a l s o e x a m i n e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of a p p l y i n g a K u t t a c o n d i t i o n t o remove t h e e d g e s i n g u l a r i t y a n d , f o l l o w i n g e a r l i e r work of O r s z a g a n d Crow ( 1 9 7 0 ) , o b t a i n e d a s o l u t i o n i n w h i c h c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y p l a y e d a v i t a l r o l e i n r e m o v i n g t h e s i n g u l a r i t 3 . T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s o u n d p . r e s s u r e l e v e l was f o u n d t o s c a l e a s U , a much more s ' g n i f i c a n t v e l o c i t y d e p e n d e n c e t h a n t h e p r e v i o u s l y p r e d i c t e d U 4 ' r e s u l t ( 2 . 8 ) . The c o n c l u s i o n i s e r r o n e o u s , however, s i n c e a n e x a m i n a t i o n of C r i g h t o n ' s a n a l y s i s r e v e a l s t h a t t h e p r o p o s e d s o l u t i o n d o e s n o t s a t i s f y t h e r a d i a t i o n c o n d i t i o n of o u t g o i n g w a v e s a t i n f i n i t y . T h e same error occurs i n D a v i s ' s ( 1 9 7 5 ) a p p l i c a t i o n of C r i g h t o n ' s m e t h o d t o t h e g e n e r a t i o n of h i g h f r e q u e n c y e d g e n o i s e b y a n a i r f o i l s e t a t z e r o i n c i d e n c e i n a u n i f o r m stream ( f o r w h i c h U l E U2) . F u r t h e r , i n c o n s i d e r i n g v a r i o u s c a s e s i n v o l v i n g t h e e x c l t a t l o n of a v o r t e x shee t wake b y a s t a t i o n a r y l i n e s o u r c e , J o n e s ( 1 9 7 2 ) , C r i g h t o n & L e p p i n g t o n ( 1 9 7 4 ) a n d M o r g a n ( 1 9 7 4 ) d i s c o v e r e d n o s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on t h e r a d i a t i o n of i m p o s i n g t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n . T h i s is n o t i n c o n f l i c t w i t h ou r e a r l i e r comments ( S e c . 2 ) o n t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e e d g e c o n d i t i o n , w h i c h r e l a t e d t o a e r o d y n a m i c sources i n m o t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e p l a t e .

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LINE SOURCE

0

RADIATED SOUND

RIGID PLATE VORTEX SHEET WAKE

F I G . 3 I L L U S T R A T I N G T H E M E A N F L O W C O N F I G U R A T I O N F O R L I N E A R I Z E D E D G E N O I S E T H E O R I E S .

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Chase ( 1 9 7 2 , 1 9 7 5 ) a n d C h a n d i r a m a n i ( 1 9 7 4 ) h a v e p roposed a n a l t e r n a t i v e t r e a t m e n t of t h e e d g e n o i s e problem w i t h t h e o b j e c t of r e l a t i n g t h e f a r f i e l d a c o u s t i c s p e c t r u m t o m e a s u r a b l e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e h y d r o d y n a m i c p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s o n or n e a r t h e t r a i l i n g edge of t h e p l a t e . Both a u t h o r s i m p l i c i t l y c o n s i d e r o n l y t h e case of a t u r b u l e n t w a l l j e t ( F i g . 1 ) which does n o t wet t h e s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e ( i . e . , s u c h t h a t t h e mean flow does n o t make c o n t a c t w i t h t h e s u r f a c e ) , a n d t a k e n o a c c o u n t o f forward f l i g h t n o r of t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of v o r t e x s h e d d i n g .

Chase ( 1 9 7 2 ) c o n s i d e r s t u r b u l e n t f low o n t h e s i d e x 2 > 0 , s a y , of t h e p l a t e . The h a l f - p l a n e G r e e n l s ' f u n c t i o n w h i c h s a t i s f i e s E q s . ( 2 . 3 , 2 . 4 ) a b o v e a n d w h i c h , i n a d d i t i o n , v a n i s h e s on t h e d o w n s t r e a m e x t e n s i o n S ( x , = 0 ) of t h e p l a t e i s u s e d , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t h e t u r b u l e n t q u a d r u p o l e s d o n o t s p i l l o v e r t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e i n t o x 2 < 0 , t o express t h e a c o u s t i c p r e s s u r e p ( x _ , t ) i n x 2 < 0 i n t h e form

t h e i n t e g r a t i o n b e i n g performed o v e r a l l time T a n d o v e r t h e h a l f - p l a n e S . I t i s a r g u e d t h a t l i n e a r d i f f r a c t i o n t h e o r y p r e d i c t s t h a t t h e s c a t t e r e d p r e s s u r e f i e l d v a n i s h e s i d e n t i c a l l y on S ( s e e , e . g . , Noble 1 9 5 8 1 , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e d o m i n a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o p ( y , . r ) i n ( 3 . 1 ) may be t a k e n t o be t h e l i n e a r c o m p o n e n t of t h e l l E s e u d o - s o u n d " p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s p r o d u c e d b y t h e t u r b u l e n c e i n t h e a b s e n c e of t h e p l a t e . If i t may be a s s u m e d t h a t t h e t u r b u l e n c e i s e f f e c t i v e l y f r o z e n d u r i n g i t s c o n v e c t i o n i n t h e mean f low p a s t t h e e d g e , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n p ( y , T) would t h e n b e e q u i v a l e n t t o o n e h a l f o f t h e p s e u d o - s o u n d p r e s s u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n d u c e d o n t h e p l a t e when t h e same t u r b u l e n c e i s l o c a t e d s e v e r a l h y d r o d y n a m i c l e n g t h s ca l e s u p s t r e a m o f t h e e d g e . T h a t p r e s s u r e f i e l d may a c c o r d i n g l y be e s t i m a t e d from known c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t u r b u l e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r f low o v e r a n e x t e n s i v e , f l a t r i g i d s u r f a c e . U s i n g ( 3 . 1 ) Chase ( 1 9 7 2 ) i s a b l e t o r e p r o d u c e t h e F f o w c s Williams & H a l l r e s u l t ( 2 . 7 ) t o w i t h i n a c o n s t a n t f a c t o r wh ich i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e p rec ise d e t a i l s o f a n a s s u m e d s p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e p s e u d o - s o u n d f i e l d p ( y , ~ > . -

C h a n d i r a m a n i ( 1 9 7 4 ) a n d Chase ( 1 9 7 5 ) s u b s e q u e n t l y r e f i n e d C h a s e ' s o r i g i n a l a r g u m e n t b y r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e p s e u d o - s o u n d p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s a s a d i s t r i b u t i o n of h a r m o n i c e v a n e s c e n t w a v e s p r o d u c e d b y c o n v e c t i n g t u r b u l e n t e l e m e n t s l o c a t e d a b o v e t h e p l a t e i n x 2 > 0 , a n d g i v e n t h e r e b y

p & , t ) = l a i ( ~ l , ~ 3 ' W ) d ~ l d ~ 3 d W = e

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I

1 s T h e phase v e l o c i t y of these w a v e s p a r a l l e l t o t h e p l a t e i s I s u b s o n i c a n d i s t a k e n t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t i e s 1 of t h e t u r b u l e n c e i n t h e w a l l j e t . T h e F o u r i e r c o e f f i c i e n t 4i B i ( u l ,P3,W) i s u n k n o w n b u t i n p r i n c i p l e may be es t imated b y f i r s t 1 s o l v i n g t h e d i f f r a c t i o n p r o b l e m of a r i g i d h a l f - p l a n e i r r a d i a t e d 1 b y t h e p l a n e h a r m o n i c w a v e : 1

i$j T h e s o l u t i o n d e t e r m i n e s b o t h t h e f a r f i e l d e d g e s c a t t e r e d u; ,I r a d i a t i o n p r o d u c e d b y t h e e v a n e s c e n t w a v e a n d a l s o t h e p r e s s u r e

d i s t r i b u t i o n o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e p l a t e , a n d c o m p a r i s o n of t h e l a t t e r w i t h s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e m e a s u r e m e n t s y i e l d s s t a t i s t i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n o n B i ( p 1 , p 3 , w ) . I n p r a c t i c e i t i s more c o n v e n i e n t t o i n t r o d u c e a n a s s u m e d form f o r t h e s p e c t r u m l l i ( p l , p 3 , w ) of t h e i n c i d e n t p s e u d o - s o u n d , w h i c h s a t i s f i e s

p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e t u r b u l e n t f l u c t u a t i o n s a r e s t a t i o n a r y r a n d o m .

The f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m d e n s i t y S ( w ) , s a y , o f t h e a c o u s t i c p r e s s u r e s a t i s f i e s

The i n t e g r a n d i s s h a r p l y p e a k e d a t t h a t v a l u e of LI. f o r w h i c h w = Tag. I n h i s a n a l y s i s of t h e e d g e n o i s e r a d i a t i o n Irom t h e wa l l j e t s t u d i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y b y S c h a r t o n , P i n k e l a n d W i l b y ( 1 9 7 3 ) ,

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Chase s e l ec t ed t h e f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n a l form f o r t h e p s e u d o - s o u n d s p e c t r u m :

i n w h i c h U , C, a r e d i m e n s i o n l e s s c o n s t a n t s , g i s a u n i t v e c t o r p a r a l l e l t o a m e a n e d d y c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g s y m b o l s h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d p r e v i o u s l y . N u m e r i c a l v a l u e s f o r t h e u n d e t e r m i n e d p a r a m e t e r s C,, v , t, , 6 a n d u were o b t a i n e d b y c o m p a r i s o n w i t h s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e m e a s u r e m e n t s . T h e a c o u s t i c p o w e r s p e c t r u m may be e x p r e s s e d i n terms o f n i a s i n ( 3 . 5 ) a n d t h e r e f o r e i n terms of t h e m e a s u r e d s t a t i s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h e s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s . O n l y a r e l a t i v e l y c r u d e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of I[ was p o s s i b l e from t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a , a l t h o u g h t h e r e p o r t e i d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d a n d p r e d i c t e d 1 / 3 - o c t a v e n o i s e s p e c t r a were l e s s t h a n 5 dB, t h e t h e o r y u n d e r e s t i m a t i n g t h e a c t u a l s p e c t r a l l e v e l s b y a t most t h i s a m o u n t a t f r e q u e n c i e s less t h a n t h e p e a k f r e q u e n c y ( w h i c h o c c u r r e d a t a S t r o u h a l n u m b e r w D / 2 T U - 0 . 3 , D a n d U b e i n g r e s p e c t i v e l y t h e n o z z l e e x i t d i a m e t e r a n d v e l o c i t y o f t h e j e t : see F i g . 4 ) . We s h a l l a r g u e below (Sec . 5 ) t h a t a n u n d e r e s t i m a t e o f t h i s s o r t i s n o t a n e n t i r e l y u n e x p e c t e d f e a t u r e o f t h e t h e o r y , a n d a r i ses b e c a u s e o f t h e u n r e a l i s t i c a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e j e t does n o t wet t h e s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e , from w h i c h t h e t h e o r y p r e d i c t s t h a t t h e f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e r e m a i n s f i n i t e a t t h e t r a i l i n g edge . I n Sec. 5 , t h e e f f e c t s of s u r f a c e w e t t i n g will b e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e t h e o r y , a n d it will be shown t h a t f i n i t e n e s s o f pressure c a n o n l y be e n s u r e d when t h e f u l l K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i s i m p o s e d . We h a v e a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d how t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s c o n d i t i o n l e a d s t o a n i n e v i t a b l e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e p r e d i c t e d r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s . I n p r a c t i c e i t i s l i k e l y t h a t , i n a p p l y i n g t h e i d e a l i z e d e d g e n o i s e t h e o r i e s d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s r e p o r t , a n edge c o n d i t i o n i n t e r m e d i a t e b e t w e e n t h e f u l l K u t t a c o n d i t i o n a n d n o K u t t a c o n d i t i o n s h o u l d a c t u a l l y b e i m p o s e d . P r e d i c t i o n s based o n a p p l y i n g t h e f u l l K u t t a c o n d i t i o n w o u l d t h e r e f o r e b e e x p e c t e d t o y i e l d lower b o u n d s f o r t h e e d g e n o i s e r a d i a t i o n .

F o r t h e g e n e r a l c a se s p e c i f i e d b y ( 3 . 6 ) t h e f o l l o w i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e m e a n s q u a r e s o u n d p r e s s u r e i n t h e f a r f i e l d c a n be d e d u c e d from C h a s e ' s ( 1 9 7 5 ) a n a l y s i s :

24

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I I I I I I I

THEORETICAL-\

I I I I I I I 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5

DIMENSIONLESS FREOUENCY, w 0 / 2 n U

F I G . 4 C O M P A R I S O N O F M E A S U R E D E D G E N O I S E S P E C T R A W I T H T H A T P R E D I C T E D B Y C H A S E ( 1 9 7 5 ) F O R T H E E X P E R I M E N T O F S C H A R T O N E T A L . ( 1 9 7 3 ) .

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where r ( z ) d e n o t e s E u l e r ' s r - f u n c t i o n a n d u m u s t be assumed t o exceed 2 . T h i s r e s u l t i s i d e n t i c a l i n form w i t h t h e Ffowcs Williams & Hall e x p r e s s i o n ( 2 . 7 ) d e r i v e d d i r e c t l y from t h e a c o u s t i c a n a l o g y t h e o r y . Chase ' s c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m u l a f o r t h e power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y s ( w ) i s g i v e n b y

t h e mean square pressure < p 2 > of ( 3 . 7 ) b e i n g o b t a i n e d b y i n t e g r a t i o n o v e r a l l p o s i t i v e r a d i a n f r e q u e n c i e s w .

Amiet ( 1 9 7 6 ) h a s p roposed a n e x t e n s i o n of C h a s e ' s t h e o r y t o i n c l u d e t h e presence o f a n a m b i e n t m e a n f low U The r a d i a t e d f i e l d w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y f i r s t e s t i m a t i n g tge s t r e n g t h of a d i s t r i b u t i o n of s u r f a c e d i p o l e s on t h e p l a t e from t h e c a l c u l a t e d l i f t f l u c t u a t i o n p r o d u c e d by t h e i n c i d e n t d i s t u r b a n c e ( 3 . 2 ) . The d i p o l e s t r e n g t h q u o t e d b y Amiet i s i n e r r o r , however, i n p a r t i c u l a r i t does n o t e x h i b i t t h e expected s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e d o u b l i n g f a r u p s t r e a m o f t h e e d g e , a n d d e t a i l e d c o n c l u s i o n s m u s t t h e r e f o r e a w a i t a f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f Amiet's t h e o r y .

T h e g e n e r a t i o n of s o u n d b y t u r b u l e n t b o u n d a r y l ayer f low p a s t a t r a i l i n g e d g e w a s modeled b y C h a n d i r a m a n i ( 1 9 7 4 1 , who chose t h e f u n c t i o n a l form o f n i ( p l 9 1 ~ ~ , w ) on t h e b a s i s o f e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a a n d t h e s i m i l a r i t y h y p o h e s i s of Corcos ( 1 9 6 4 ) f o r a t u r b u l e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r o n a n e x t e n s i v e , f l a t r i g i d s u r f a c e . T h i s t y p e o f b o u n d a r y l a y e r flow was a s sumed t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e i n c i d e n t pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n p . ( x , t ) of ( 3 . 2 ) a n d t o e x i s t on o n e s i d e ( x 2 > 0 , s a y ) o f t h e r i g i a E l a t e f o r x 1 < 0 a s well a s f o r a s h o r t d i s t a n c e ( - O(V/w)) d o w n s t r e a m o f t h e e d g e . The mean f low w a s p a r a l l e l t o t h e x l - d i r e c t i o n a n d C h a n d i r a m a n i d e d u c e d t h a t t h e s p e c t r u m o f t h e t o t a l r a d i a t e d s o u n d power P(W) d e f i n e d by

26

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t h e i n t e g r a t i o n b e i n g o v e r t h e s u r f a c e C o f a l a r g e sphere of r a d i u s R c e n t e r e d o n t h e s o u r c e r e g i o n , c a n be r e p r e s e n t e d b y

Here C i s a d i m e n s i o n l e s s c o n s t a n t a n d Q f i s t h e f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m of w a l l p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s a s m e a s u r e d b y a n i d e a l , p o i n t t r a n s d u c e r s e v e r a l l e n g t h s c a l e s u p s t r e a m o f t h e t r a i l i n g edge .

T h e r e s u l t (3 .10 ) of C h a n d i r a m a n i a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m u l a e ( 3 . 5 , 3 . 8 ) of Chase a r e i n g e n e r a l q u a l i t a t i v e a g r e e m e n t . T h e y a r e a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e s p e c i a l case i n w h i c h t h e r a d i a t e d s o u n d i s g e n e r a t e d p r i n c i p a l l y b y t hose e d d i e s l o c a t e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e " c o n v e c t i v e r i d g e ' ' of t h e t u r b u l e n c e w a v e n u m b e r - f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m . T h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y of t h e e v a n e s c e n t w a v e method i s i n n o way r e s t r i c t e d t o t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , h o w e v e r , a n d r e m a i n s v a l i d f o r a n a r b i t r a r y d i s t r i b u t i o n of e d d y c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y ( c . f . , Chase ( 1 9 7 5 ) e q u a t i o n ( 5 ) a n d Sec. 5 b e l o w ) .

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SECTION 4 AD HOC MODELS OF EDGE NOISE GENERATION

H a y d e n , F o x a n d C h a n a u d ( 1 9 7 6 ) h a ’ v e d i s c u s s e d a m e c h a n i s m of edge n o i s e g e n e r a t i o n w h i c h i s a d e v e l o p m e n t o f e a r l i e r work of H a y d e n ( 1 9 6 9 ) . U s i n g a r g u m e n t s f i r s t p r o p o s e d , b y P o w e l l ( 1 9 5 9 1 , i t i s c o n t e n d e d t h a t t h e e d g e n o i s e o r i g i n a t e s from a s y s t e m o f d i p o l e s o u r c e s l o c a t e d j u s t d o w n s t r e a m o f t h e edge . T h e d i p o l e s a r e o r i e n t a t e d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e p l a n e of t h e p l a t e a n d a r e a s s u m e d t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e h y d r o d y n a m i c i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e edge a n d i n c i d e n t t u r b u l e n c e i n c l u d i n g a n y a d d i t i o n a l e f f e c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h v o r t e x s h e d d i n g a n d / o r s h e a r l a y e r i n s t a b i l i t y .

Hayden e t a l . ( 1 9 7 6 ) a r g u e t h a t t h e p a s s a g e o f a t u r b u l e n t e d d y p a s t t h e t r a i l i n g edge r e s u l t s i n a m i s m a t c h i n t h e forces w h i c h a c t u p o n t h e e d d y , t h e s t ress exer ted b y t h e p l a t e d e c a y i n g r a p i d l y t o ze ro . A c c o r d i n g l y t h e r e i s a t e n d e n c y f o r t h e f l u i d t o a c c e l e r a t e i n a d i r e c t i o n n o r m a l t o t h e p l a t e u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e of a l o c a l i z e d f o r c e whose s t r e n g t h p e r u n i t v o l u m e may be expressed i n t h e form

p , v 2 ‘”

D = - 26 (e-, J

c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a n a c c e l e r a t i o n D / p o . I n t h i s e q u a t i o n 6 i s t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s c a l e of t h e e d d y , p t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r o o t mean s q u a r e f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e a n d q i s t h e m e a n d y n a m i c p r e s s u r e . I n t e g r a t i o n of ( 4 . 1 o v e r t h e wgole of t h e f l u i d y i e l d s t h e n e t f o rce exer ted on t h e f l u i d b y t h e p l a t e .

-

I n o rde r t o c a l c u l a t e t h e r a d i a t e d s o u n d , a n e q u i v a l e n t a c o u s t i c d i p o l e i s i n t r o d u c e d whose s t r e n g t h i s d e t e r m i n e d b y c o m p a r i n g t h e m e a n s q u a r e a c c e l e r a t i o n g i v e n b y t h e o r d e r of m a g n i t u d e f o r m u l a ( 4 . 1 ) w i t h t h a t w h i c h s u c h a d i p o l e w o u l d i n d u c e i n t h e f low a t a r a d i a l d i s t a n c e R = 6 when l o c a t e d i n f ree s p a c e . I n t h e i r c o m p a r i s o n , H a y d e n e t a l . e r r o n e o u s l y r e t a i n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e near f i e l d a c c e l e r a t i o n p r o d u c e d b y t h e a c o u s t i c d i p o l e w h i c h i n v o l v e f l u i d c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y , i . e . , terms w h i c h d e p e n d o n t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e d i p o l e t o l a u n c h a c o u s t i c w a v e s . T h e l a t t e r i s i n f l u e n c e d d r a m a t i c a l l y b y t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e h a l f - p l a n e , a n d a c o r r e c t c o m p a r i s o n o f n e a r f i e l d s w h i c h t a k e s a c c o u n t o f c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y s h o u l d p r o p e r l y i n c l u d e ( i ) t h e e f f e c t o f c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y o n t h e p o s t u l a t e d v o l u m e f o r c e ( 4 . 1 1 , a n d ( i i ) t h e e f f e c t o f t h e h a l f - p l a n e o n t h e n e a r f i e l d o f t h e a c o u s t i c d i p o l e .

2 8

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I t

T h e c o r r e c t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of H a y d e n , F o x a n d . C h a n a u d ' s t h e o r y i s t h a t t h e g r a d i e n t a D / a x c a l c u l a t e d from ( 4 . 1 ) a c t u a l l y c o n s t i t u t e s t h e l e a d i n g c o n t r i z u t i o n 50 t h e L i g h t h i l l ( 1 9 5 2 ) d o u b l e d i v e r g e n c e q u a d r u p o l e s o u r c e a ( p v i v . ) / a x i a x - ) of Eq. ( 2 . 2 ) . T h e r a d i a t e d s o u n d may t h e n be compdted i n t h e m a n n e r p r e s c r i b e d b y F f o w c s Wi l l i ams & H a l l ( 1 9 7 0 ) u s i n g t h e h a l f - p l a n e G r e e n ' s f u n c t i o n . T h u s t a k i n g ( 4 . 1 ) t o be t h e d i p o l e s t r e n g t h of a n e d d y w h o s e c e n t e r i s loca ted i n t h e w a k e a t a d i s t a n c e d from t h e edge of t h e p l a t e , we t h e n o b t a i n i n t h e f a r f i e l d

w h e r e w i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o u r c e f r e q u e n c y .

I n a p p l y i n g a r e s u l t of t h i s t y p e t o e s t i m a t e t h e e d g e n o i s e g e n e r a t e d b y a t u r b u l e n t w a l l j e t Hayden e t a l . ( 1 9 7 6 ) s e t w = V / R a n d d = 6 , where R i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s u c c e s s i v e e d d i e s of l e n g t h s c a l e 6 , and V is t h e e d d y c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y . B u t t h i s p r o c e d u r e o v e r l o o k s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e l i n e a r a c o u s t i c f i e l d f u r n i s h e d b y a t y p i c a l e d d y decreases v e r y s l o w l y a s a f u n c t i o n of i t s d i s t a n c e d from t h e e d g e , t h e d e c a y b e i n g p r o p o r t i o n a l t o l / f i ( c . f . , t h e d i s c u s s i o n of t h e F fowcs Wi l l i ams a n d H a l l t h e o r y f o l l o w i n g E q . ( 2 . 6 ) a b o v e ) . When t h i s i s t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t , b y s u m m i n g o v e r a l l e d d i e s a l o n g a l i n e p a r a l l e l t o t h e p l a t e a n d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e e d g e , a n d w h e n i n a d d i t i o n a s p a n w i s e s u m m a t i o n o v e r t h e we t t ed l e n g t h L i s p e r f o r m e d , i t i s f o u n d t h a t t h e o v e r a l l m e a n s q u a r e a c o u s t i c p r e s s u r e i s o b t a i n e d from ( 4 . 2 ) b y m u l t i p l y i n g b y a f a c t o r of o r d e r v d L / ~ 6 ~ , i n w h i c h c a s e we h a v e

u s e h a v i n g b e e n made of ( 4 . 1 ) . T h i s c o r r e c t e d form o f t h e H a y d e n , F o x a n d C h a n a u d p r e d i c t i o n f o r m u l a i s i n complete accord w i t h t h e F f o w c s W i l l i a m s a n d Ha l l r e s u l t ( 2 . 7 ) .

Tam a n d R e d d y ( 1 9 7 7 ) h a v e d i s c u s s e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e d o m i n a n t s o u r c e o f t r a i l i n g e d g e n o i s e i s n o t t h e m e c h a n i s m d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , b u t r a t h e r t h e f r ee t u r b u l e n c e g e n e r a t e d i n t h e wake a s a r e s u l t o f f l o w p a s t t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e , t h e l a t t e r b e i n g u n i m p o r t a n t a s f a r a s t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f s o u n d i s c o n c e r n e d . N u m e r i c a l c o m p u t a t i o n s p e r f o r m e d o n t h i s , b a s i s l e a d Tam a n d Red y t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e s o u n d p r e s s u r e l e v e l s c a l e s a s U . ?I

I

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T h i s a p p e a r s t o be a m i s t a k e n p r e d i c t i o n , a r i s i n g from a f a i l u r e t o r e c o g n i z e t h e q u a d r u p o l e n a t u r e of t h e t u r b u l e n t wake s o u r c e s .

N u m e r i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n performed b y Tam a n d Yu (1975) t o d e t e r m i n e . t h e d i r e c t i v i t y of a d i p o l e s o u r c e l oca t ed i n t h e wake j u s t d o w n s t r e a m of t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e of a p l a t e of f i n i t e c h o r d . The s t r u c t u r e of t h e s o u r c e was n o t d i s c u s s e d , t h e o b j e c t b e i n g t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e a s y m p t o t i c m a n n e r i n which t h e h a l f - p l a n e d i r e c t i v i t y was approached w i t h i n c r e a s i n g s o u r c e f r e q u e n c y . Not s u r p r i s i n g l y , it was f o u n d t h a t a s t h e w a v e l e n g t h of t h e s o u n d p r o g r e s s i v e l y d i m i n i s h e s , t h e d i r e c t i v i t y f l u c t u a t e s e v e r more r a p i l y w i t h a n g l e . I n t h e f l y o v e r p l a n e c1 = ~ / 2 , f o r example, t h e s i n ( 8 / 2 ) d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e F f o w c s W i l l i a m s a n d H a l l p r e d i c t i o n s h o u l d be i n t e r p r e t e d a s t h e e n v e l o p e o f t h e a c t u a l d i r e c t i v i t y .

9

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S E C T I O N 5 A U N I F I E D T H E O R Y O F T R A I L I N G EDGE NOISE

I n t h i s s e c t i o n we o u t l i n e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a t h e o r y of t r a i l i n g edge n o i s e w h i c h i n c o r p o r a t e s a s s p e c i a l cases t h e v a r i o u s a p p r o a c h e s d i s c u s s e d a b o v e . I n a d d i t i o n we s h a l l e x a m i n e how t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n a f f e c t s t h e p r e d i c t e d r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s a n d assess t h e D o p p l e r a m p l i f i c a t i o n p r o d u c e d b y s o u r c e m o t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t . h e e d g e a n d b y fo rward f l i g h t .

S E C T I O N 5 . 1 S O L U T I O N O F THE A C O U S T I C A N A L O G Y E Q U A T I O N S

T h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t f l ow i s a s s u m e d t o be i s e n t r o p i c , a t c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e . When t h e a c o u s t i c m e d i u m is i n m o t i o n i t i s c o n v e n i e n t t o t a k e t h e t o t a l o r s t a g n a t i o n e n t h a l p y B , r a t h e r t h a n t h e p r e s s u r e , a s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l a c o u s t i c v a r i a b l e (Howe 1 9 7 5 ) . I n t h e p r e s e n t c a s e t h i s i s d e f i n e d b y

O b s e r v e t h a t i n t h o s e r e g i o n s where t h e f low i s i r r o t a t i o n a l a n d c a n t h e r e f o r e be s p e c i f i e d b y a p o t e n t i a l $, B e r n o u l l i ' s e q u a t i o n i n p l i e s t h a t

T h e e q u a t i o n w h i c h g o v e r n s t h e g e n e r a t i o n of s o u n d b y d i s t r i b u t i o n s of v o r t i c i t y h a s b e e n d e r i v e d b y Howe ( 1 9 7 5 ) who shows t h a t f o r h o m e n t r o p i c f l ow L i g h t h i l l ' s a c o u s t i c a n a l o g y t h e o r y may be e x p r e s s e d i n terms o f t h e i n h o m o g e n e o u s w a v e e q u a t i o n

where w - = c u r l v - i s t h e v o r t i c i t y v e c t o r .

I n o rder t o a p p l y t h i s e q u a t i o n t o t h e e d g e n o i s e p r o b l e m we s h a l l i n t r o d u c e t h e f o l l o w i n g s i m p l i f y i n g a p p r o x i m a t i o n s .

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I . A b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t t u r b u l e n t e d d y is f r o z e n d u r i n g t h e i n t e r v a l of time - 0(6/V) i n which it c o n v e c t s p a s t t h e t r a i l i n g edge . T h i s r e q u i r e s t h e l i fe t ime 6 / v t o be l a r g e , i . e . , v << V , a n d imp l i e s t h a t w i s c o n s t a n t i n a frame c o n v e c t i n g a t t h e l o c a l v e l o c i t y y . T h e "back r e a c t i o n : ' of t h e t r a i l i n g edge o n t h e i n c i d e n t t u r b u l e n c e m u s t t he re fo re be n e g l i g i b l e ; t h i s i s more l i k e l y t o be t h e case when i n d u c e d v o r t e x s h e d d i n g o c c u r s , which t e n d s t o smooth o u t l a r g e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t s n e a r t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e .

11. T h e e d d y c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y v i s a p p r o x i m a t e d b y t h e l o c a l m e a n v e l o c i t y y ( x 2 ) , 5 f u n c t i o n of t h e p e r p e n d i c u l a r d i s t a n c e x from t h e s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e . A t low Mach n u m b e r s t2e p r i n c i p a l a e r o d y n a m i c s o u r c e term on t h e r i g h t of ( 5 . 3 ) a n d a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i n c i d e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t t u r b u l e n c e i s the re fo re t h e d i p o l e d i v ( g A y ) = d i v ( g , , V ) . T h i s i s expected t o be a n a d e q u a t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n p r o v i d G d t h a t t h e t u r b u l e n c e d i f f e r e n t i a l s c a l e i s s m a l l compared w i t h t h e l e n g t h s c a l e of t h e m e a n v e l o c i t y !!.

111. T h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n i n c i d e n t t u r b u l e n t e d d i e s w h i c h t r a n s l a t e a t d i f f e r e n t mean c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t i e s V . ...

I V . E f f e c t s of f l u i d c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y a r e u n i m p o r t a n t n e a r t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e . Terms i n t h e wave ope ra to r of ( 5 . 3 ) which i n v o l v e t h e s o u n d s p e e d c a r e s i g n i f i c a n t o n l y i n t h e p r o p a g a t i o n r e g i o n , where f l u c t u a t i o n s i n R may be l i n e a r i z e d a b o u t a c o n s t a n t m e a n v a l u e B o , s a y , a n d t h e v e l o c i t y y s e t e q u a l t o Uo i n t h e p o s i t i v e x l - d i r e c t i o n .

V . T h e i m p o s i t i o n of t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n r e s u l t s i n t h e s h e d d i n g of a d i s t r i b u t i o n g of v o r t i c i t y i n t o a wake which i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e edge i s a p p r o x i m a t e d b y a v o r t e x s h e e t . T h e s h e d v o r t i c i t y i s f r o z e n a n d c o n v e c t s a t v e l o c i t y w - = ( W , , o ,w+

V I . T h e mean shea r v e l o c i t y !((x2) a n d t h e wake c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y W a r e b o t h p a r a l l e l t o t h e u n i t v e c t o r n a n d s a t i s f y M v -2 , M u 2 << 1 , where Flu = W/c.

... ...

I n t r o d u c i n g these a p p r o x i m a t i o n s i n t o ( 5 . 3 ) we h a v e :

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r,l

-1' fa t h e terms o n t h e r i g h t r e p r e s e n t i n g i n t u r n t h e a e r o a c o u s t i c

$1 - a r e d i p o l e s w i t h a x e s p a r a l l e l r e s p e c t i v e l y t o and WAF. S i n c e j'! w a n d ,W m u s t l i e i n t h e p l a n e of t h e p l a t e , t h e w a k e d i p o l e i s

1 .

?! s o u r c e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i n c i d e n t a n d s h e d v o r t i c i t y . T h e s e

g! o r i e n t e d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e p l a t e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h H a y d e n , 4 F o x a n d C h a n a u d ' s ( 1 9 7 6 ) h y p o t h e s i s . T h e o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e

i n c i d e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t v o r t i c i t y w i s r a n d o m , h o w e v e r , a n d so t h e r e f o r e is t h e c o r r e s p 0 n d i n . g d i p o l e a x i s , a l t h o u g h i t w i l l be s h o w n t h a t t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e p r i n c i p a l c o m p o n e n t o f t h i s d i p o l e i s a g a i n p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e p l a n e o f t h e p l a t e .

Let Q d e n o t e t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e . f r o z e n i n c i d e n t d i p o l e , i . e . , set;

= g X , - V l t , X 3 - V 3 t , X 2 ) ' ( 5 . 5 )

T h e i n c i d e n t t u r b u l e n c e will be a s s u m e d t o l i e i n x 2 > 0 , so t h a t we may a l s o wr i t e :

1 J

0

a n d t h i s l i n e a r s u p e r p o s i t i o n r e d u c e s t h e p r o b l e m of s o l v i n g t h e i n h o m o g e n e o u s w a v e e q u a t i o n ( 5 . 4 ) t o t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a s e q u e n c e o f s i m p l e r a e r o a c o u s t i c p r o b l e m s i n v o l v i n g s i n g u l a r d i p o l e s o u r c e s o f s t r e n g t h Q 6 ( x 2 - z ) . T h e c o m p l e t e s o l u t i o n i s o b t a i n e d b y i n t e g r a t i o n o v e ; a l l z .

F o r each c o m p o n e n t Q 6(x2 - z.1 of t h e i n c i d e n t t u r b u l e n t d i p o l e t h e r e will be a c o r r e s p o n d l n g c o m p o n e n t q 6 ( x 2 ) of t h e wake d i p o l e GAY s u c h t h a t -

Y ( 5 . 7 )

w h e r e t h e 6 - f u n c t i o n s i g n i f i e s t h a t t h e s h e d v o r t i c i t y i s c o n f i n e d t o a n i n f i n i t e l y t h i n w a k e d o w n s t r e a m of t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e . T h u s E q . ( 5 . 4 ) becomes

33

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where

m

B = I Bdz. 0

( 5 . 9 )

T h e u n s t e a d y f low i n d u c e d b y t h e d i p o l e s o u r c e s i n ( 5 . 8 ) is i r r o t a t i o n a l i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e r i g i d p l a t e , a n d ( 5 . 2 ) therefore i m p l i e s t h a t t h e c o m p o n e n t B s a t i s f i e s t h e . n o r m a l v e l o c i t y c o n d i t i o n a B / a x 2 = 0 o n ( x 2 = 0 , x 1 < 0). I n a d d i t i o n B m u s t f u l f i l l t h e r a d i a t i o n c o n d i t i o n of o u t g o i n g a c o u s t i c w a v e s a t l a r g e d i s t a n c e s from t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e . T h e t e c h n i q u e s for s o l v i n g t h e c l a s s i c a l d i f f r a c t i o n problem s p e c i f i e d i n t h i s way a r e well d o c u m e n t e d ( s ee , e . g . , Noble 1958; Bowman, S e n i o r a n d U s l e n g h i 1 9 6 9 ) a n d we s h a l l be c o n t e n t t o q u o t e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e form of s o l u t i o n v a l i d i n t h e limit of smal l b u t f i n i t e mean f l o w Mach n u m b e r , Mi << 1 .

To do t h i s , se t B = B + B Q 9 '

BQ' q B c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e s p e c t i v e l y t o t h e i n c i d e n t a n d wake d i p o l e sources on t h e r i g h t of ( 5 . 8 ) . We then have :

34

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w h e r e E * + O .

T h e v a r i o I U S q1 u a n t i t i e s a p p e a r i n g i n t h e s e f o r m u l a e h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g m e a n i n g s . F o u r i e r t r ans fo rms 6 , a r e d e f i n e d t y p i c a l l y by :

T h e c o n v e c t i v e f r e q u e n c y w z i s g i v e n by

w = w p = l J * v ( z ) = v1v1 + u3v3; - 2 - -

a f t e r w h i c h we h a v e

a c c o r d i n g a s t h e a r g u m e n t o f t h e r a d i c a l i s + / - , a n d s i m i l a r l y

T h e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l v e c t o r s 1-1, N a r e g i v e n by 5 "

35

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where

F i n a l l y t hose b r a n c h e s of , & 7 p g ,

a r e c h o s e n w h i c h a r e e i t h e r p o s i t i v e o r h a v e p o s i t i v e i m a g i n a r y p a r t s o n t h e r e a l k , p l , v 1 axes r e s p e c t i v e l y .

I n t h e s o l u t i o n s ( 5 . 1 1 1 , ( 5 . 1 2 ) t h e f i r s t o f t h e i n t e g r a l s on t h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e o f e a c h e x p r e s s i o n r e p r e s e n t s r e s p e c t i v e l y t h e e v a n e s c e n t w a v e f i e l d t h a t wou ld be g e n e r a t e d b y t h e d i p o l e s Q , .., q i n t h e a b s e n c e of t h e p l a t e , a n d a r e v a l i d a t t h e p l a t e f o r -< 0 o n l y . T h e m u l t i p l e i n t e g r a l s a c c o u n t f o r d i f f r a c t i o n b y t x E e p l a t e a n d a r e v a l i d f o r a r b i t r a r y x 2 . I n w r i t i n g down these r e s u l t s r e c a l l t h a t t h e d i p o l e s t r e n g t h Q is d e f i n e d b y t h e f r o z e n p a t t e r n of v o r t i c i t y i n t h e t u r b u l e n t b 6 u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t . T h e s t r e n g t h q of t h e wake d i p o l e i s u n k n o w n , h o w e v e r , a n d c a n be d e t e r m i n e d 6 n l y w h e n t h e p rec i se c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e a r e s p e c i f i e d . We s h a l l e x a m i n e t h e o p p o s i t e extremes i n wh ich e i the r n o v o r t e x s h e d d i n g o c c u r s a t t h e e d g e , or t h e f u l l K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i s imposed a n d v o r t e x s h e d d i n g is p e r m i t t e d i n o r d e r t o r e m o v e t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e p o t e n t i a l f l o w s i n g u l a r i t y . I n t h e f i r s t case q E O_. On t h e o t h e r hand , when t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i s a p p l i e d - t h e f l o w m u s t l e a v e t h e e d g e t a n g e n t i a l l y , a n d it f o l l o w s from ( 5 . 2 ) t h a t

ax* -E + o as x 1 -+ + o on x p = 0.

I n o r d e r t o c a l c u l a t e g from t h i s c o n d i t i o n o b s e r v e t h a t o n l y t h e m u l t i p l e - i n t e g r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s B i n ( 5 . 1 1 1 ,

0 , we h a v e ( 5 . 1 2 ) a r e s i n g u l a r , a n d t h e r e f o r e f o r s m a l l x 1 o n x 2 - -

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F o r a r b i t r a r y tj t h e n o n - e x p o n e n t i a l term i n t h e i n t e g r a n d - O ( l / f i > a s k + w, a n d t h i s i m p l i e s t h a t a B / a x - O ( l / K ) a s x 1 ++0 ( s e e , e . g . , Noble 1 9 5 8 ) . By means o f t h e c i o i c e

t h e term i n t h e c u r l y b r a c k e t s o f t h e i n t e g r a n d t e n d s t o z e r o a t l e a s t a s f a s t a s k-2 a s k -+ 00, and t h i s i s s u f f i c i e n t t o e n s u r e t h a t aB/ax -+ 0 a t t h e e d g e . F o r each z t h e d i s t u r b e d f low o n e i t h e r s i i e of t h e v o r t e x shee t wake i s i r r o t a t i o n a l a n d E q . ( 5 . 2 0 ) t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e d e f i n i t i o n ( 5 . 7 ) of g may be u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s t r e n g t h g of t h e s h e d v o r t i c i t y , a l t h o u g h t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n i s n o t r e q u i r e d i n t h e p r e s e n t d i s c u s s i o n .

37

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E q u a t i o n (5 .20) l e a d s t o a n i m p o r t a n t c o n c l u s i o n , wh ich g e n e r a l i z e s a n e a r l i e r t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l r e s u l t n o t e d b y Howe ( 1 9 7 6 1 , t h a t n o edge n o i s e is g e n e r a t e d i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r case i n which t h e i n c i d e n t a n d s h e d v o r t i c i t y c o n v e c t a t t h e same mean v e l o c i t y . To see t h i s o b s e r v e t h a t i f = Y(z1 , ( 5 . 1 8 1 i m p l i e s t h a t v1 E p 1 9 a n d t h e r e f o r e when q^ i s c h o s e n t o s a t i s f y ( 5 . 2 0 1 , t h e i n t e g r a n d of ( 5 . 1 9 ) i s i d e n t r c a l l y zero f o r a r b i t r a r y v a l u e s of k. T h u s t h e d i f f r a c t i o n a l c o m p o n e n t of B. = BQ B v a n i s h e s . When t h i s h a p p e n s t h e f i e l d d u e t o t h e s h e d v o r t l c i t g is e x a c t l y t h a t which w o u l d b e p r o d u c e d b y a n i m a g e of t h e i n c i d e n t d i p o l e Q i n a n i n f i n i t e r i g i d p l a t e , t h e n o r m a l d e r i v a t i v e a B / 3 x 2 b e i n g ze ro a t a l l p o i n t s of t h e p l a t e a n d wake. Under these c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h e r e i s n o a c o u s t i c r a d i a t i o n from t h e u n i f o r m l y c o n v e c t i n g f r o z e n t u r b u l e n c e a n d i t s i m a g e i n x 2 = 0, b e c a u s e a t s u b s o n i c c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t i e s t h e f i r s t terms o n t h e r i g h t o f each of ( 5 . 1 1 ) * ( 5 . 1 2 ) decay more r a p i d l y t h a n 1/R i n t h e f a r f i e l d .

SECTION 5.2 T h e F a r F i e l d S o u n d

The f a r f i e l d a c o u s t i c r a d i a t i o n i s o b t a i n e d b y e v a l u a t i n g t h e m u l t i p l e i n t e g r a l s o f each of ( 5 . 1 1 1 , ( 5 1 2 ) b y t h e method o f s t eepes t d e s c e n t s ( W a t s o n 1 9 6 6 p a g e 2351, t h e s a d d l e p o i n t i n t h e ( k , u 3 ) - p l a n e b e i n g l o c a t e d a t

where (R ,8 , a ) a r e t h e o b s e r v e r c o o r d i n a t e s d e f i n e d i n Sec. 2 . T h e r e m a i n i n g i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h r e spec t t o p l may be expressed a s a n i n t e g r a l o v e r a l l v a l u e s of t h e c o n v e c t i v e f r e q u e n c y w z b y means of ( 5 . 1 4 ) a n d t h e s u f f i x z i s a c c o r d i n g l y d i s c a r d e d . T h u s we o b t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f a r f i e l d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of BQ:

- i c sin(;)- B =-- ' R f l (I"MvR)( l-Mv~sina-Mv3cosa) Y 2

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I n t h i s f o r m u l a t h e n o t a t i o n [p-Q] i n d i c a t e s t h a t p*Q(pl,p3,z) i s t o be e v a l u a t e d a t

n n

" .....,

¶ ( 5 . 2 3 )

a n d M v R d e n o t e s t h e c o m p o n e n t o f t h e c o n v e c t i o n Mach number F V i n t h e o b s e r v e r d i r e c t i o n .

T o i n t e r p r e t ( 5 . 2 2 ) i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o e x p r e s s BQ i n terms of t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c o u s t i c p e r t u r b a t i o n p r e s s u r e p g . U s i n g Eqs. ( 5 . 1 ) , ( 5 . 2 ) i n t h e f a r f i e l d i t i s r e a d i l y s h o w n t h a t , a t s m a l l mean f l o w Mach n u m b e r s , M o ,

where M O R = M O ( x l / R ) i s t h e c o m p o n e n t of ( M o , O , O ) i n t h e o b s e r v e r d i r e c t i o n . T h e t o t a l a c o u s t i c p r e s s u r e p e r t u r b a t i o n p r o d u c e d b y t h e t u r b u l e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t i n t h e a b s e n c e o f v o r t e x s h e d d i n g p I , s a y , i s now o b t a i n e d b y i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h r e spec t t o z , a s i n E q . ( 5 . 9 ) . T h i s y i e l d s :

(1" ) (l-Mv sina-Mv cosa ) '/2 vR 1 3

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S i m i l a r l y , a d d i n g E q s . ( 5 . 1 1 1 , ( 5 . 1 2 ) a n d u s i n g (5 .20) we o b t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e a c o u s t i c p r e s s u r e pK i n t h e case i n which t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n ' is e n f o r c e d :

-iposin(:)E -

- - $ ImdZ 'K Rc( l+MOR) (1-QR) -Q) 0

X

(1-M )(l-Mv sina-Mv cosa) '/2 vR 1 3

b e i n g t h e c o m p o n e n t of t h e wake c o n v e c t i o n Mach number MW i n o b s e r v e r d i r e c t i o n . T h e f u n c t i o n

u ( z ) = W/V(z) ( 5 . 2 7 )

i s t h e r a t i o o f t h e wake c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y t o t h a t i n t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t f low a t a d i s t a n c e z from t h e s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e . Note i n p a r t i c u l a r t h a t t h e c o m p o n e n t of pK a t which

c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n c i d e n t a n d s h e d f r o z e n v o r t i c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s b e i n g e q u a l a n d o p p o s i t e .

a = 1 i s i d e n t i c a l l y z e r o , t h e s o u n d p r o d u c e d b y t h e

S E C T I O N 5.3 T h e P r i n c i p a l E d g e - N o i s e Dipole

C o n s i d e r now t h e p a r t i c u l a r case i n which t h e c o m p o n e n t o f t h e m e a n b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t f l ow p a r a l l e l t o t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e i s s m a l l , i . e . , t a n 6 = V3/V1 = W 3 1 /W << 1 .

40

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; i

4

f L e t @ = ( G I ,G2,G2) d e n o t e t h e F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m of t h e

? ~ p - 6 1 C ~ - $ ~ V ( Z ) I = -iG31wl

1 i n c i d e n t v o r t i c l t y w e f i n e d a s i n ( 5 . 1 3 ) , t h e n - ( 5 . 2 8 )

“ “ _

t

?’ 1; ji 1; i e $ a t low mean f low M a c h n u m b e r s . T h i s s h o w s t h a t i n t h e p r e s e n t

c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h e l e a d i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e e d g e n o i s e i s p r o v i d e d b y t h e c o m p o n e n t of v o r t i c i t y p a r a l l e l t o t h e edge o f t h e p l a t e , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c o u s t i c d i p o l e Q = ‘a,, V b e i n g p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e p l a n e o f t h e p l a t e . 5 “

I n g e n e r a l t h e wetted s p a n L o f t h e e d g e g r e a t l y e x c e e d s t h e t u r b u l e n c e c o r r e l a t i o n s c a l e , a n d i t may t h e r e f o r e be a s s u m e d t h a t w i t h i n t h e t u r b u l e n t f l ow, a n d i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d of t h e edge where t h e t u r b u l e n c e may be r e g a r d e d a s f r o z e n , t h e v o r t i c i t y w c o n s t i t u t e s a s t a t i o n a r y r a n d o m f u n c t i o n o f t h e c o o r d i n a t e < ( x 1 , x 3 ) p a r a l l e l t o t h e p l a t e . F o r t h e moment we s h a l l a l s o s u p p o s e t h a t t h e t u r b u l e n c e c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y V i s i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e d i s t a n c e z from t h e s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e .

-

A v o r t i c i t y s p e c t r u m d e n s i t y @33 may now be i n t r o d u c e d b y m e a n s o f

(5.29)

r e s p e c t i v e l y v o r t i c i t y n t h i s d e f i n i t i o n , R 1 , R R a r e : o r r e l a t i o n s c a l e s i n t h e ( ? : 2 , 3 ? - d i r e c t i o n s , a n d R o r e p r e s e n t s h e l e n g t h s c a l e o f t h e p r o f i l e of t h e m e a n b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l e t . T h e f u n c t i o n @33 i s d i m e n s i o n l e s s , a n d f o r p o i n t s ( x l , z , x 3 ) , X,,z,X ) l y i n g w i t h i n t h e t u r b u l e n t f l ow t h e v o r t i c i t y

c o r r e l a z i o n i s g i v e n b y :

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E q u a t i o n (5 .29 ) may be u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e t h e l e a d i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e a c o u s t i c s p e c t r u m SI(w) ( d e f i n e d a s i n ( 3 . 4 ) ) i n t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n of ( 5 . 2 8 ) . In t h e a b s e n c e of a K u t t a c o n d i t i o n we h a v e from (5.25):

x (;)x(? Y 0 ) \

i n which is c o n s t a n t , a n d t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y x i s g i v e n b y

03

a n d d e p e n d s o n t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t p r o f i l e .

T h e r e s u l t ( 5 . 3 1 ) g i v e s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a c o u s t i c p o w e r a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e S t r o u h a l n u m b e r wR1/V1 based o n t h e e d d y l e n g t h s c a l e a n d c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y p a r a l l e l t o t h e p l a t e a n d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e e d g e . Let c be t h e n u m e r i c a l c o e f f i c i e n t d e f i n e d by : x

4 2

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'I I

! I t h e n t h e OASPL p r e d i c t e d b y ( 5 . 3 1 ) becomes:

T h i s r e s u l t r e d u c e s t o t h e b a s i c F f o w c s Wi l l iams-Hal l p r e d i c t i o n f o r m u l a (2 .7 ) when t h e D o p p l e r f a c t o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e a m b i e n t m e a n f low a n d s o u r c e c o n v e c t i o n a r e d i s c a r d e d .

A more c o n v e n i e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t o f forward f l i g h t i s i n terms of t h e c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e f a r f i e l d o b s e r v e r r e l a t i v e t o t h e e d g e of t h e p l a t e a t t h e time of e m i s s i o n o f the s o u n d . T h e o b s e r v e r i s a s s u m e d t o be f i x e d r e l a t i v e t o t h e g r o u n d , i . e . , r e l a t i v e t o t h e a m b i e n t m e a n f low (Uo,O,O), c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o f l i g h t a t s p e e d U o i n t h e n e g a t i v e x l - d i r e c t i o n . Let ( r , O , @ ) be t h e s p h e r i c a l p o l a r c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e o b s e r v e r a t t h e e m i s s i o n t ime, 0 b e i n g measured from t h e p o s i t i v e x l - a x i s . The a p p r o p r i a t e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f c o o r d i n a t e s i s g i v e n b y

x 1 = r ( M o + c o s O )

x g = r cos@-sinO

x 3 = r sin@*sinO

( 5 . 3 5 )

a n d i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e ' ' f l y o v e r 1 I - p l a n e ( @ = 0 ) i n F i g . 5 . T h e s e f o r m u l a e may be u s e d t o express t h e o b s e r v e r d e p e n d e n t q u a n t i t i e s ( R , ~ , a ) , , M O R , M i n ( 5 . 3 4 ) i n terms of t h e e m i s s i o n time c o o r d i n a t e s . The r e s u l t i n g e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e s o u n d p r e s s u r e l e v e l a s s u m e s a s i m p l i f i e d form i n t h e f l y o v e r p l a n e , f o r w h i c h we f i n d :

c p i v 2 V 2 M (l-Mo+MV 1 )sin2(:)cos3f3 <p;> = x ( 5 . 3 6 ) 27T

4 3

" .

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."O

RIGID PLATE "- X1

F I G . 5 O E ( r , O ) I S T H E L O C A T I O N I N T H E F L Y O V E R - P L A N E O F T H E

G R O U N D - F I X E D O B S E R V E R R E L A T I V E T O T H E E D G E OF T H E P L A T E

A T T H E T I M E OF E M I S S I O N OF T H E S O U N D ; 0 ( R y e ) IS T H E

R E L A T I V E L O C A T I O N A T T H E T I M E O F A R R I V A L OF THE SOUND. A

4 4

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I r S i m i l a r l y it may be d e d u c e d from ( 5 . 2 6 ) t h a t i n t h e

f

Iw i

!! a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f smal l B , when t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i s i m p o s e d t h e OASPL i s g i v e n b y :

5

( 5 . 3 7 )

w h e r e M W 1 = W l I c a n d u = W / V .

C o m p a r i s o n of ( 5 . 3 6 ) a n d ( 5 . 3 7 ) r e v e a l s t h a t :

( a ) A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e K u t s a c o n d i t i n r e d u c e s t h e p r e d i c t e d OASPL by a f a c t o r of ( 1 - 0 ) = ( V - W ) / V 2 . - 2

( b ) I n c r e a s i n g t h e f l i g h t Mach number M o r e d u c e s t h e S P L a t 0 = 90' b e c a u s e of t h e r e l a t i v e v e l o c i t y f a c t o r ( 1 - M O + H v l ) . A s s u m i n g t h a t a l l v e l o c i t i e s v a r y i n p r o p o r t i o n , t h l s s u g g e s t s t h a t a t h i g h e r M a c h n u m b e r s ( e . g . , - 0 . 5 , s a y ) , t h e S P L w i l l t e n d to f a l l below t h e U5 d a t u m of t h e F f o w c s W i l l i a m s & H a l l ( 1 9 7 0 ) t h e o r y . T h e r e may a l s o be a d d i t i o n a l d e p a r t u r e s from t h e f i f t h power law a r i s i n g from p o s s i b l e d e p e n d e n c i e s of t h e w e t t i n g l e n g t h L a n d t h e t r a n s v e r s e c o r r e l a t i o n s c a l e R o n v e l o c i t y . I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t , a l t h o u g h terms - 0 ( a 2 ) h a v e b e e n s y s t e m a t i c a l l y n e g l e c t e d r e l a t i v e t o u n i t y i n o b t a i n i n g t h e a b o v e r e s u l t s , t h e M a c h n u m b e r d e p e n d e n c i e s of t h e f i n a l f o r m u l a e ( 5 . 3 6 ) , ( 5 . 3 7 ) a r e i n p r e c i s e a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h o s e e x p e c t e d from a n e x a c t a n a l y s i s ( s e e Howe 1 9 7 7 ) .

( c ) F o r w a r d f l i g h t a n d s o u r c e m o t i o n e f f e c t s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y f i v e D o p p l e r f a c t o r s . I n t h e N o - K u t t a c o n d i t i o n case two a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h m o t i o n o f t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t s o u r c e s r e l a t i v e t o t h e o b s e r v e r , a n d t h r e e w i t h t h e f l i g h t v e l o c i t y U o . When t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i s i m p o s e d o n l y o n e D o p p l e r f a c t o r a r i s e s from t h e f l i g h t v e l o c i t y , b u t t h e r e a r e two e a c h from t h e i n c i d e n t a n d s h e d v o r t i c a l d i p o l e s o u r c e s .

45

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T h e order of m a g n i t u d e of t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s o u n d p r e s s u r e l e v e l s p r e d i c t e d b y (5.36) a n d (5 .37) may be es t imated i n t h e case of a n a i r f o i l , f o r w h i c h we a s s u m e t h a t c lo se t o t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e t h e e d d y c o n v e c t i o n Mach n u m b e r i n t h e u p p e r t u r b u l e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r i s g i v e n b y :

M = 0 . 7 M,, v 1

a n d i n t h e n e a r wake

Mwl = 0 .5 M, .

Let ASPL dB d e n o t e t h e a m o u n t b y which t h e N o - K u t t a - c o n d i t i o n p r e d i c t i o n (5.36) exceeds t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n p r e d i c t i o n (5 .371, i . e . ,

A t a f l i g h t Mach number of Mo = 0 . 3 t h e v a r i a t i o n of ASPL w i t h t h e f l y o v e r a n g l e 0 i s g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 .

TABLE 1. TYPICAL VARIATION WITH FLYOVER ANGLE OF ASPL = NO-KUTTA- CONDITION SPL/KUTTA-CONDITION SPL

0 180° 150° 120° 90" 60° 30° 0"

ASPL ( d B ) 12.6 1 2 . 3 11.6 1 0 . 9 1 0 . 3 9 - 9 9 . 8

46

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i T h e r e i s e v i d e n t l y a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e p r e d i c t e d

s o u n d p r e s s u r e l e v e l s o v e r t h e whole r a n g e of d i r e c t i o n s , a l t h o u g h t h e v a r i a t i o n d u e t o D o p p l e r f a c t o r d i f f e r e n c e s i s

d i f f e r e n c e s a r e a n i n d i c a t i o n of t h e w e a k n e s s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of t h e t h e o r y . I g n o r a n c e o f t h e p rec i se c o n d i t i o n t o be

: a p p l i e d a t t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e c a n a p p a r e n t l y r e s u l t i n a n u n c e r t a i n t y i n t h e p r e d i c t e d n o i s e l e v e l s w h i c h i s of t h e o rder 1 of 10 dB. T h e same d i f f i c u l t y a r i s e s when t h e e d g e n o i s e problem i s f o r m u l a t e d i n terms of t h e p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s a t o r n e a r t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e , t o wh ich we now t u r n o u r a t t e n t i o n .

s m a l l , a m o u n t i n g t o no more t h a n 3 dB. S u c h l a r g e o v e r a l l

\

SECTION 5 .4 R e l a t i o n B e t w e e n S u r f a c e P r e s s u r e F l u c t u a t i o n s a n d t he F a r F i e l d S o u n d

C o n s i d e r t h e g e n e r a l case s p e c i f i e d by t h e formal s o l u t i o n s ( 5 . 1 1 1 , ( 5 . 1 2 1 , w i t h N . 5 g i v e n b y ( 5 . 2 0 ) . We u s e t h e s e r e s u l t s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f l u c t u a t i n g p r e s s u r e o n t h e s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e .

On t h e r i g i d p l a t e t h e r e s u l t c o r r e s p o n d i n g to ( 5 . 2 4 ) w h i c h r e l a t e s pQ and B Q becomes

PO 'Q w Y Q

- " (w+iW-V)B ( 5 . 3 9 )

f o r each h a r m o n i c c o m p o n e n t of f r e q u e n c y w. T h i s i s u s e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h ( 5 . 1 1 1 , ( 5 . 1 2 ) t o express t h e s u r f a c e p ressure i n t h e form

4 7

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when t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i s imposed ( c . f . Chase 1 9 7 5 ) . I n t h i s e x p r e s s i o n t h e error f u n c t i o n c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e d i f f r a c t i o n ' b y t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e , a n d s g n ( x 2 ) . = +/- a c c o r d i n g a s t h e r i g i d s u r f a c e i s a p p r o a c h e d from p o s i t l v e or n e g a t i v e v a l u e s of x . As

f a m i l i a r p r e s s u r e d o u b l i n g of t h e p s e u d o - s o u n d p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s . On t h e lower s u r f a c e (x , = -0) t h e p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s t e n d r a p i d l y t o zero u p s t r e a m of t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e . The p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e wake ( x , = 0 , x 1 > 0) a r e a l s o g i v e n b y ( 5 . 4 0 ) when t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n from t h e error f u n c t i o n i s d i s c a r d e d a n d p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e m e a n s h e a r i n t h e wake i s s m a l l .

x1 -+ -03 o n t h e u p p e r s u r f a c e ( x , = +0) ( 5 . 4 0 ) p r e d i c z s t h e

Chase ( 1 9 7 5 ) o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e e r r o r f u n c t i o n i n ( 5 . 4 0 ) imp l i e s t h a t o n l y a t p o i n t s c lo se t o t h e e d g e of t h e p l a t e c a n a s i m p l e r e l a t i o n be e x p e c t e d t o ex i s t b e t w e e n s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s a n d t hose i n t h e a c o u s t i c f a r f i e l d . I n o r d e r t o n e g l e c t t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n from t h e e r ror f u n c t i o n a t t e n t i o n m u s t b e c o n f i n e d t o p o i n t s x 1 l o c a t e d e i t h e r i n t h e wake, o r on t h e p l a t e well w i t h i n a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c h y d r o d y n a m i c w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e e d g e . I t may t h e n be a s s u m e d t h a t t h e p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s i n d u c e d b y t h e f r o z e n v o r t i c i t y a r e a s t a t i o n a r y r a n d o m f u n c t i o n of ( x , x , t ) . I n t h i s r e g i o n a p r e s s u r e s p e c t r u m f u n c t i o n n K ( u l ,d, ,a) i s i n t r o d u c e d w h i c h s a t i s f i e s :

The n e g l e c t of t h e d i f f r a c t i o n a l error f u n c t i o n term i n ( 5 . 4 0 ) impl ies t h a t t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g w a v e n u m b e r - f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m I I K ( p l , p 3 , w ) c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e s p e c t r u m o f t h e p s e u d o - s o u n d p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s c o n s i d e r e d b y C h a n d i r a m a n i ( 1 9 7 4 ) a n d C h a s e ( 1 9 7 5 ) . Those f l u c t u a t i o n s a r e p r o d u c e d b y h a r m o n i c t u r b u l e n t e l e m e n t s o f wavenumber (v,,P2) a n d f r e q u e n c y w Z

c o n v e c t i n g a t v e l o c i t y V q(wz/p*q), Q b e i g t h e u n i t v e c t o r p a r a l l e l t o i n t r o d u c e d - i n Sec. 3 , a n d t h e i r s t a t i s t i c a l p r o p e r t i e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h o s e of , the i n c i d e n t v o r i t i c t y d i s t r i b u t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n t h e c o m p o n e n t p o Q of t h e i n t e g r a n d of ( 5 . 4 0 ) .

-

"

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m i 1 1 :I

By a n a l o g y w i t h ( 5 . 2 9 ) a b o v e a v o r t i c i t y s p e c t r u m f u n c t i o n .I! a i may be d e f i n e d b y m e a n s o f :

w h e r e a i 2 0 , i n w h i c h c a s e we

whe res cor t h e

r e u - u l t " r e l a t

same

h a v e from ( 5 . 4 1 ) :

( 5 . 4 3 )

v(z) h a s b e e n s u b s t i t u t e d f o r w z . I n w r i t i n g down t h i s we h a v e made u s e of t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t i o n c a n e x i s t b e t w e e n t u r b u l e n t e d d i e s o n l y i f t h e y h a v e

c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y V ( z ) = v(Z). S e t : - -

49

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which d e f i n e s a w a v e n u m b e r s p e c t r u m f ( p l , z ) whose m a g n i t u d e is p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e m e a n s q u a r e "3 s e u d o - s o u n d p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s n e a r t h e e d g e p r o d u c e d by a n e d d y of wavenumber ( u l , p 2 ) l oca t ed i n a p l a n e p a r a l l e l t o t h e p l a t e a n d d i s t a n t z from h e s u r f a c e .

I t fo l lows from ( 5 . 4 1 ) a n d ( 5 . . 4 3 ) t h a t t h e w a v e n u m b e r - f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m r[: of p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e wake a n d o n t h e p l a t e c lose t o t k e t r a i l i n g e d g e i s g i v e n by:

0

T h i s r e p r e s e n t s I I K a s a sum of i n d e p e n d e n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s from d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s z i n t h e t u r b u l e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t .

C o n s i d e r n e x t t h e a c o u s t i c f a r f i e l d . Let SK(w) d e n o t e t h e p r e s s u r e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y d e f i n e d a s i n ( 3 . 4 ) . The g e n e r a l s o l u t i o n ( 5 . 2 6 ) may be u s e d t o e x p r e s s sK(w) i n terms of f , a s fo l lows :

T a k i n g a d v a n t a g e of t h e & - f u n c t i o n i n ( 5 . 4 5 ) a n d u s i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

- Pl - v,o w (l-Mv c o s a )

3

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1 i;

t 6

t o express ( 5 . 4 6 ) as a n i n t e g r a l ( o r s e t of i n t e g r a l s ) w i t h [ respect t o p l , it i s e a s y t o see t h a t f ( p , p 3 , w ) c a n b e (1; e l i m i n a t e d b e t w e e n ( 5 . 4 5 1 , ( 5 . 4 6 ) t o y i e l d t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n

b e t w e e n t h e a c o u s t i c s p e c t r u m a n d t h e p s e u d o - s o u n d 1; w a v e n u m b e r - f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m :

I n p r a c t i c e ( 5 . 4 7 ) i s l i k e l y t o b e o f l i m i t e d u t i l i t y . T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e wake a r e g i v e n b y t h e i n c i d e n t e v a n e s c e n t w a v e s p e c t r u m nK(v1 ,!J3,u) i s a n a p p r o x i m a t i o n wh ich i s v a l i d o n l y when t h e s h e a r l a y e r i n t e r a c t i o n term v23V/3x2 i s n e g l i g i b l e . T h i s i s t h e c o n d i t i o n f o r ( 5 . 3 9 ) - w h i c h i s s t r i c t l y c o r r e c t o n t h e r i g i d s u r f a c e o f t h e p l a t e - t o c o n t i n u e t o b e v a l i d i n t h e w a k e . T h u s r e l i a b l e es t imates of IT m u s t be b a s e d o n s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e m e a s u r e m e n t s a l o n e , a p r o p o s i f i o n w h i c h i s i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t t h o s e m e a s u r e m e n t s be r e s t r i c t e d t o p o s i t i o n s x 1 c l o s e r t h a n a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e d d y l e n g t h s c a l e t o t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e . T h i s d i f f i c u l t y i s a b s e n t when t h e e d d y - c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y )! i s e f f e c t i v e l y c o n s t a n t a n d e q u a l t o )!, s a y . I n t h i s ca se l g * r ~ l ( = w/V) a n d t h e D o p p l e r f a c t o r s may be t a k e n o u t s i d e t h e i n t e g r a l s i g n i n ( 5 . 4 7 ) t o g i v e :

2MTL sinasin2( g)cosB n K ( p l , wcosa

51

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W r i t i n g

i t fo l lows from ( 5 . 4 1 ) t h a t

a n d a c c o r d i n g l y a n e x p e r i m e n t a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n of n! may be made from s u r f a c e pressure c o r r e l a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s a t a f i x e d d i s t a n c e - x 1 u p s t r e a m o f t h e edge of t h e p l a t e . I n o r d e r t o n e g l e c t t h e error f u n c t i o n term i n (5.40) it i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e l o c a t i o n x be c lose r t o t h e edge t h a n t h e smallest e d d y l e n g t h s c a l e oh i n t e r e s t ; i n o t h e r words, d e f i n e s t h e l a r g e s t f r e q u e n c y , - V/l x 1 i , f o r wh ich e s t i m a t e s t h t h e f a r f i e l d s o u n d a r e p o s s i b l e .

A d i f f i c u l t y a r i s e s when we a t t e m p t t o r e l a t e t h e s u r f a c e pressure s p e c t r u m n I ( l J lJ , w ) , s a y , t o t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c o u s t i c s p e c t r u m sI(w) i n t h e d ; - $ u t t a - c o n d i t i o n ca se . T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h e p r e s s u r e p e r t u r b a t i o n pI g i v e n b y Eq. ( 5 . 1 1 ) i s s i n g u l a r a t t h e edge o f t h e p l a t e . T h e pressure i s f i n i t e a t a l l p o i n t s of t h e wake ( x , > 0 , x 2 O ) , and t h e spectrum nI m u s t t h e r e f o r e b e d e f i n e d w i t h reference t o t h a t r e g i o n a l o n e .

C o n f i n i n g a t t e n t i o n t o t h e c a s e i n w h i c h t h e e d d y c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y i s e s s e n t i a l l y u n i f o r m we now o b t a i n :

2M#sina-sin wcosa

w i t h a = W/v.

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1 A c o m p a r i s o n of ( 5 . 4 8 1 , ( 5 . 5 1 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t a t s m a l l mean

4 flow Mach n u m b e r s a d i m e n s i o n l e s s f u n c t i o n F(wG*/W) may b e i i n t r o d u c e d w i t h t h e p r o p e r t i e s :

F + O a s - w 6 * -f w W

where w6*/W i s a S t r o u h a l n u m b e r based o n t h e l a m i n a r s u b l a y e r t h i c k n e s s 6" n e a r t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e . T h i s f u n c t i o n may b e t a k e n t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i s f u l f i l l e d i n p r a c t i c e , so t h a t t h e composi te low Mach number r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s u r f a c e s p e c t r u m l l ( p l , p , w ) a n d t h e a c o u s t i c s p e c t r u m s ( w ) may be e x p e c t e d t o a s s u m e t h e ?arm

SECTION 5.5 T h e E v a n e s c e n t Wave T h e o r y of C h a n d i r a m a n i a n d Chase

T h e a n a l y s e s o f C h a n d i r a m a n i ( 1 9 7 4 ) a n d Chase ( 1 9 7 5 ) d i s c u s s e d i n Sec. 3 a r e s u c h t h a t t h e p e r t u r b a t i o n p r e s s u r e r e m a i n s f i n i t e a t t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e . I t i s n a t u r a l , t h e r e f o r e , t o i d e n t i f y t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n r e s u l t S K ( w ) o f ( 5 . 4 6 ) w i t h t h e g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f t h e i r t h e o r y t o s i t u a t i o n s i n wh ich t h e mean f low wets t h e s u r f a c e of t h e p l a t e , b e c a u s e w h e n t h i s o c c u r s t h e p r e s s u r e i s f i n i t e o n l y w h e n t h e f u l l K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i s i m p o s e d .

53

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I n o rder t o e x h i b i t t h e e f f ec t of forward f l i g h t r e c a l l t h a t t h e f a r f i e l d s p e c t r u m m u s t be e x p r e s s e d i n terms o f t h e e m i s s i o n time c o o r d i n a t e s ( r , 0 , @ ) of (5 .35) . Note t h a t t h e f r e q u e n c y R o b s e r v e d r e l a t i v e t o t h e g r o u n d is r e l a t ed t o w , t h a t m e a s u r e d b y a n o b s e r v e r f i x e d w i t h respect t o t h e p l a t e , b y

w “=(1+MOR) (5 .53)

When a t t e n t i o n i s c o n f i n e d t o t h e a p p r o x i m a t e f o r m u l a e ( 5 . 4 8 1 , ( 5 . 5 1 ) v a l i d w h e n there e x i s t s a n e s s e n t i a l l y u n i f o r m e d d y c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y V(z) N V , we o b t a i n i n t h e f l y o v e r p l a n e ( @ = 0):

- -., -

( i 1 K u t t a c o n d i t i o n a p p l i e d :

2M+G(1-M0+% ) s i n 2 0 cos6 (2 1

- W

( i i ) No K u t t a c o n d i t i o n :

2M+(1-M0 tM- V - )sin2 (:)cos6

S,,(Q) = 1 \ I

nr2(1-~)2[1+Mocos0]2[l+(Mo-MV )cos0l2 1

( 5 . 5 5 )

I n t e g r a t i o n o f ( 5 . 5 4 1 , ( 5 . 5 5 ) o v e r a l l f r e q u e n c i e s 52 y i e l d s t h e p a r a m e t r i c d e p e n d e n c i e s o f t h e f a r f i e l d s o u n d o n t h e r o o t mean

54

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w h e r e fi3 i s a t r a n s v e r s e e d d y l e n g t h s c a l e a n d Q f ( w 6 / T ) i s t h e f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m of t h e s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e f l u c t u a t l o n s c l o s e t o t h e e d g e of t h e p l a t e . S u b s t i t u t i o n of ( 5 . 5 6 ) i n t o ( 5 . 5 4 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e a c o u s t i c s p e c t r u m SKr(Sd) h a s t h e s a m e s h a p e a s t h e s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e s p e c t r u m Q f , p r o v i d e d does n o t v a r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y w i t h W . T h i s i s i n accord w i t h n i n t e r e s t i n g s e t of e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y Yu a n d Tam ( 1 3 7 7 ) u s i n g a h i g h a s p e c t r a t i o w a l l j e t . O b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h i s q u a s i - t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l flow r e v e a l e d t h e p r e s e n c e of l a r g e s c a l e v o r t i c a l s t r u c t u r e s c e n t e r e d i n t h e u p p e r t u r b u l e n t s h e a r l a y e r , a n d t r a n s l a t i n g a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0 . 6 U J , UJ b e i n g t h e n o z z l e e x i t v e l o c i t y . T h e i n t e r a c t i o n of t hese v o r t i c e s w i t h t h e t r a i l i n g edge i n d u c e d v o r t e x s h e d d i n g , i n a m a n n e r c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n , a c c o m p a n i e d b y t h e p r o d u c t i o n of a f a i r l y c o h e r e n t s o u n d f i e l d w h o s e d i r e c t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s resembled t h a t p r e d i c t e d f o r a h a l f - p l a n e . F i g u r e 6 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e s t r o n g s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e o b s e r v e d s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m c l o s e t o t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e a n d t h a t i n t h e f a r f i e l d a t 0 = 90'.

fi2

T h e f o r m u l a t i o n p r o p o s e d b y Chase ( 1 9 7 5 ) c o r r e s p o n d s t o a d o p t i n g a n a s s u m e d f u n c t i o n a l form f o r t h e w a v e n u m b e r s p e c t r u m f ( w 1 , p 3 , z ) o f t h e a e r o d y n a m i c s o u r c e s , v i z .

( 5 . 5 7 )

I n t h i s e x p r e s s i o n cu i s a n u r n e r i c a l c o e f f i c i e n t a n d 2 v / g - Y i s t h e e f f e c t i v e i n n e r l e n g t h s c a l e , p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e p l a n e o f t h e p l a t e , of a n e d d y of wavenumber u . ... I t i s assumed t h a t v / V < < l ,

5 5

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I I I I I I 1 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 1 0

KHz KHz

F I G . 6 . C O M P A R I S O N O F T H E S U R F A C E P R E S S U R E S P E C T R U M N E A R T H E T R A I L I N G E D G E ( a ) A N D T H E F A R F I E L D A C O U S T I C S P E C T R U M ( b ) A T 0 = 90' F O R T H E E D G E N O I S E E X P E R I M E N T OF YU A N D T A M ( 1 9 7 7 ) .

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9 2 s o t h a t f i s s h a r p l y p e a k e d at t h e l e v e l z = h i n t h e b o u n d a r y '~ l a y e r . S u b s t i t u t i o n of ( 5 . 5 7 ) i n t o ( 5 . 4 6 ) y i e l d s t h e r e s u l t ( 3 . 6 )

p o s t u l a t e d b y C h a s e f o r n i ( p , p 3 , w ) , a n d u s e of t h i s i n t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n s p e c t r u m f o r m u l a ( 5 . 4 8 ) g i v e s t h e f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l i z a t i o n of C h a s e ' s ( 1 9 7 5 ) t h e o r y t o i n c l u d e e f f e c t s o f

& s o u r c e motion a n d f o r w a r d f l i g h t : i

S[~(l+MoCOSB),r,B](l-Mo+Mp )

S,,(n> = 1

Y ( 5 . 5 8 ) [l+(M,-MW ) C O S ~ ] ~ [ ~ + ( M ~ - M ~ COS^]^

1 1

w h e r e S ( w , R , - 8 ' ) i s t h e n e g l i g i b l e Mach number r e s u l t d e f i n e d by t h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e o f ( 3 . 8 ) a t a = ~ r / 2 ( f l y o v e r p l a n e ) .

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SECTION 6 CONCLUSIONS

1 . T h e edge n o i s e p r e d i c t i o n s of t h e v a r i o u s theor ies d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s repor t a r e e s s e n t i a l l y i d e n t i c a l when e x p r e s s e d i n terms of a common system of flow parameters . T h e e x t e n d e d t h e o r y of Sec. 5 i n d i c a t e s t h a t a t r i g h t a n g l 5 s t o t h e f l i g h t p a t h t h e e d g e n o i s e s c a l e s a s LL V ( l - M o - M v l ) , where L is t h e wetted s p a n , t h e co r e l a t i o n s ca l e p a r a l l e l t o t h e e d g e , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e d d y c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y , Mo t h e f l i g h t Mach n u m b e r , a n d M v l t h e c o m p o n e n t of t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t Mach n u m b e r p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e e d g e . When t h e e f f e c t s of f i n i t e Mach number a r e d i s c o u n t e d , t h i s r e s u l t i s p r e d i c t e d by t h e t h e o r i e s o f : F f o w c s Will iams & H a l l ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; C r i g h t o n ( 1 9 7 2 a ) ; C h a n d i r a m a n i ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; Chase (1972, 1 9 7 5 ) ; H a y d e n e t a l . ( 1 9 7 6 ) ; Howe ( 1 9 7 7 )

3 '4 t h e

2 . T h e q u e s t i o n of w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n s h o u l d be a p p l i e d i n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l i n g of t h e e d g e n o i s e m e c h a n i s m r e m a i n s u n r e s o l v e d . T h e SPL p r e d i c t e d b y t h e N o - K u t t a c o n d i t i o n f o r m u l a t i o n exceeds t h a t p r e d i c t e d when s h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n i s imposed b y a f a c t o r ( 1 - W/V)' , where W i s t h e n e a r wake v e l o c i t y a n d V t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e d d y c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y i n t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t , a d i f f e r e n c e which c a n a m o u n t t o 1 0 dB o r more. T h i s c r i t i c a l d e p e n d e n c e o n t h e e d g e c o n d i t i o n p o i n t s t o a n u r g e n t n e e d f o r a n e x p e r i m e n t a l c l a r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e p rec ise c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g a t t h e e d g e o v e r t h e r e l e v a n t r a n g e s of Mach number and f r e q u e n c y . C h a s e ' s ( 1 9 7 5 ) a n a l y s i s a n d t h e e x p e r i m e n t s o f Yu & Tam ( 1 9 7 7 ) s u g g e s t t h a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o n d i t i o n i s w e i g h t e d m a r g i n a l l y t owards t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n case .

3 . F o r w a r d f l i g h t a n d a e r o d y n a m i c s o u r c e m o t i o n a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a d e p e n d e n c e of t h e SPL o n f i v e Doppler f a c t o r s . I n t h e N o - K u t t a - c o n d i t i o n case th ree a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e f l i g h t Mach number M o , a n d two w i t h t h e m o t i o n o f t h e b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t s o u r c e s . I n t h e K u t t a c o n d i t i o n c a s e , t he re i s o n e Dopp le r f a c t o r d u e t o f l i g h t , a n d two each f o r t h e m o t i o n o f t h e i n c i d e n t a n d s h e d v o r t i c i t y s o u r c e s .

4 . A s i m p l e p r a c t i c a l r e l a t i o n ex is t s b e t w e e n t h e f a r f i e l d a c o u s t i c s p e c t r u m a n d t h e m e a s u r a b l e h y d r o d y n a m i c s u r f a c e p r e s s u r e s p e c t r u m c lose t o t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e - t h e l a t t e r o b t a i n e d from c o r r e l a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o time a n d t o s p a t i a l s e p a r a t i o n s p a r a l l e l t o t h e e d g e o f t h e p l a t e - o n l y w h e n t h e e d d y c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y of t h e i n c i d e n t b o u n d a r y l a y e r / w a l l j e t t u r b u l e n c e i s

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e f f e c t i v e l y c o n s t a n t , a l t h o u g h t h a t v e l o c i t y n e e d n o t e q u a l t h e n e a r wake c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y o f t h e s h e d v o r t i c i t y . I n most cases i t seems l i k e l y t h a t t he re will be a p r e d o m i n a n t e d d y c o n v e c t i o n v e l o c i t y , a n d a n e x p e r i m e n t a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e w a v e n u m b e r - f r e q u e n c y s p e c t r u m II* ( u 3 , u > of E q s . ( 5 . 4 9 , 5 .50) w o u l d t h e n p e r m i t t h e a c o u s t i c s p e c t r u m t o be es t imated v i a E q . ( 5 . 4 8 ) . E x i s t i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a ( c . f . Hayden e t a l . 1976) a r e n o t i d e a l f o r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e o r y s i n c e t h e y i n v o l v e s u r f a c e s which a r e a poor a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o t h e s e m i - i n f i n i t e g e o m e t r y a n d f o r wh ich t h e f low f i e l d s h a v e g e n e r a l l y b e e n i n a d e q u a t e l y s p e c i f i e d , a n d c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n i n t e r r e l a t e d pa rame te r s h a v e n o t a l w a y s b e e n made.

5 . T h e t h e o r y d e s c r i b e d i n Sec. 5 i s e x p e c t e d t o be v a l i d e v e n a t h i g h s u b s o n i c Mach n u m b e r s p r o v i d e d t h a t it i s permissible t o n e g l e c t compress ib l e e f f e c t s i n t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n of t h e a e r o a c o u s t i c s o u r c e s . T h i s Mach n u m b e r r a n g e i s o f c o n s i d e r a b l e p r a c t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e , a n d i t would now seem t o be a p p r o p r i a t e t o a t t e m p t t o e x a m i n e t h e a d d i t i o n a l e f f e c t o f c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y b o t h t h e o r e t i c a l l y a n d b y m e a n s of a s e q u e n c e o f d e f i n i t i v e e x p e r i m e n t s .

59

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Bowman, J . J . , S e n i o r , T . B . A . & Uslengh i , P . L . E . ( 1 9 6 g ) , E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c and A c o u s t i c S c a t t e r i n g by Simple Shapes North Holland.

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C r i g h t o n , D . G . & Leppington , F.G. (19701 , "Sca t t e r ing o f Aerodynamic Noise by a , S e m i - I n f i n i t e C o m p l i a n t P l a t e , " J . -___ F l u i d Mech. 4 3 , 721-736.

C r i g h t o n , D . G . & Leppington , F.G. ( 1 9 7 4 1 , " R a d i a t i o n P r o p e r t i e s of t h e Semi - In f in i t e Vor t ex Shee t : t h e I n i t i a l Value Problem," - J . . F l u i d "" Mech. ._ 64, 393-414.

C u r l e , N . (19551, "The In f luence o f So l id Boundar i e s upon Aerodynamic Sound,lI . Proc . - Roy. SOC. . Lond. A231, 505-514.

Dav i s , S.A. ( 1 9 7 5 ) , ' ITheory of Discrete Vortex Noise,: ' A I A A J . 1 3 , 375-380.

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H a y d e n , R . E . ( 1 9 6 9 1 , " S o u n d G e n e r a t i o n b y T u r b u l e n t W a l l J e t F l o w o v e r a T r a i l i n g E d g e , ' ! M.S. T h e s i s , P u r d u e U n i v e r s i t y .

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. . - . . . -. . . . - . - -

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Noble, B. (19581, Methods based on t h e Wiener-Hopf Technique Oxford: Pergamon.

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S c h a r t o n , T . , P i n k e l , B. & W i l b y , 3 . (19731, IIA S t u d y o f T r a i l i n g Edge Blowing as a Means of Reducing Noise Generated by t h e I n t e r a c t i o n o f Flow w i t h a S u r f a c e , t 1 NASA CR-132270.

Tam, C . K . W . & R e d d y , V i c i n i t y of t h e F l a p , " - J. - . Sound -. - .- " & -

Tam, C . K . W . & Yu, J .C. - N O . 75-489.

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Yu, J.C. & Tam, C . K . W . ( 1 9 7 7 ) , !'An E x p e r i m e n t a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e T r a i l i n g Edge Noise Mechanism," A I A A paper "" No. 77-1291. ."

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1111. 1

1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No.

NASA CR-3021 I 4. Title and Subtitle

A Review of t h e Theory of T r a i l i n g Edge Noise

7. Authods)

M. S. Howe

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc . 50 Moulton Street Cambridge, MA 02138

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546

15. Supplementary Notes

Langley Technical Monitor: Donald L. Lansing Topical Report

3. Recipient's C a t a l o g No. ~ "

5. Report Date

June 1978 6. Performing Organization Code

8. Performing Organlzation Report No.

BBN Report No. 3679 10. Work Unit No.

1 1 . Contract or Grant No.

NAS1-14611-10 13. Type of Report and Period Covered

Contractor Report 7/77 - 12 /77

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

16. Abstract

This r e p o r t p r e s e n t s a c r i t i c a l r e v i e w o f t he l i t e r a tu re on t he t heo ry o f t he gene ra t ion o f sound by t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of low Mach number turbulen t f low wi th the edge of a semi - in f in i t e r i g id p l a t e . Three d i s t i nc t app roaches t o t he sub jec t are i d e n t i f i e d , c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e o r i e s b a s e d on ( i ) L i g h t h i l l ' s a c o u s t i c a n a l o g y ; ( i i ) t h e s o l u t i o n of spec ia l , l i nea r i zed hydroacous t i c p rob lems ; ( i i i ) ad hoc aerodynamic source models. It is shown t h a t , when a p p r o p r i a t e l y i n t e r p r e t e d , a l l r e l e v a n t t h e o r i e s p r o d u c e e s s e n t i a l l y i d e n t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s i n t h e l i m i t of very small Nach numbers. None of t he t heo r i e s d i scusses t he imp l i ca t ions o f t he Ku t t a cond i t ion , however , no r o f t he e f f ec t o f fo rward f l i gh t and sou rce mo t ion r e l a t ive to t he t r a i l i ng edge . Accord ing ly t he r epor t i nc ludes an ou t l i ne o f a redevelop- ment of the theory which gives a uni f ied v iew of t h e p r o b l e m , e x h i b i t s t h e s i g n i f i - cance o f the var ious approximat ions , and incorpora tes the e f fec t o f mean motion and of the Kut ta condi t ion .

7. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s)l

Edge Noise Kutta Condi t ion F l i g h t E f f e c t s Aerodynamic Noise

18. Distribution Statement

Unclas s i f i ed - Unlimited

Subject Category 71

9. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this p a g e )

Unclass i f ied Unclass i f ied

* For sale by the National Technical Information Servlce, Spr lngf le ld, Virglnla 22161 NASA-Langley, 1978