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Review of the ICT Sector in Jamaica
Knowledge Society Foundation
Conference
Mona Visitors Lodge
Kingston, Jamaica
April 15, 2011
Evan W. Duggan
Mona School of Business
The ICT Landscape
Watershed Events in the History of ICT…
Dr John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed and built first computer (ABC) Dr John Von Neumann’s paper on the stored program concept Dr Grace Hopper’s “the education of a computer” Marcian Edward "Ted" Hoff, Jr. proposed the microprocessor The Emergence of the personal computer Time Magazine’s choice of the electronic computer as machine of the year instead of “person of the year”
Watershed Events in the History of ICT
Further Developments Convergence of computing and communications
technologies Digitization Protocols
Miniaturization NSFNET, and the beginning of the Internet Tim Berners-Lee invents medium for document sharing called WWW The rest is history… Cascade of ICT-enabled Innovations Dramatic Increases in Price-Performance Ratio Ubiquity
The Digital Economy
5
Implications of The Digital Economy
Markets become more “competitive” Customers are more discriminating (new expectations, more info, more choices) Creating opportunities for market efficiencies
(no middleman) Facilitating a global market (breaking down barriers)
Companies are evolving their business models with customers, intermediaries and suppliers Electronic relationships and Real-time exchange (e-commerce) Shared processes (e-supply chain, extended-integrated
enterprise) Increased globalization, 7x24 operation Increased Competition Strange Terms Mass customization Coopetition
The Changing Role of ICT
Ubiquitous Information Access
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Era I: Automation, Cost Control and Efficiency
Era II: Productivity and End-User Empowerment
Era III: Value Creation and Business Effectiveness
Internet/Network Computing
Mainframe/Midrange Computing
Client/Server Computing
IT Impact on
Organizations
Low
High
Era IV: IT Enabling New Business Models The Rules
Internally
Focused
Externally
Focused
Source: Gartner Group
Branches of Computing Studies
Computer Engineering
Computer Systems
Management Information Systems
Conflicting ICT Performance Perspectives?
Moore’s Law Moore said, in 1965, that the power of an integrated circuit
(computer chip) would double every year while the cost remained the same.
He later revised this estimate to a slightly less rapid pace: doubling every 18 months.
The IS Paradox Effectively articulated by Fred Brooks (1986)
Persisting Perception
The Productivity Paradox Productivity paradox = discrepancy between measures of investment in IT and
measures of output at the national level
Generally interpreted to mean “the failure of massive investment in information technology to boost productivity growth.”
9
Determinants of ICT Benefits...
The challenge is to identify the intervening factors
Use
Organizational capbility
Deployment effectiveness
Change management
Investments
in IT
Business
performance Conversion
effectiveness
The Jamaican Situation
On the Positive Side…
Liberalization of the Telecoms sector
Auctioning of the radio frequency spectrum
Legislation to facilitate secure electronic transaction
Decision Support with GIS
Some strides in E-government
Creation of CITO???
Creation of National ICT Strategy (2002, 2007)???
The Deficits…
Kept pace with IT trends until mid 1980s Dismantled mainframe environment Loss of human capital Loss of familiarity with software production
methods
Inadequate tertiary training
Absence of indigenous innovation Commercial of the Shelf (COTS) Software Erosion of capability
Non-participation as a software exporting nation
Perceptions of ICT and Competitiveness in Jamaica
The Digital Divide* External Divide Internal Divide
Responses Introduction of Digital Readiness Measures
Digital Readiness Indices (E-readiness ranking, Networked Readiness Index, Digital Opportunity Index, ICT Diffusion Index, and E-government readiness ranking)
ICT Infrastructural Expansion
The Networked Readiness Index
Networked Readiness Index (NRI)
Environment Readiness Usage
Individual Usage Individual Readiness
Business Usage Business Readiness
Government
Readiness Government Usage
Market Environment
Political/Regulatory
Environment
Infrastructure
Environment
Network Readiness Index
133 134 127 122 115 70
2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05
Republic of Korea 15 11 9 19 14 24
Barbados 35 36 38 40 - -
China 37 46 17 74 50 41
India 43 54 50 44 40 39
Brazil 61 59 59 53 52 46
Jamaica 66 53 46 45 54 49
Is Readiness a surrogate for Effectiveness?
Technical & Business Innovations that have Bypassed US
Business Intelligence
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Knowledge Management
Intelligent Systems
Disintermediation
Telecommuting
Free and Open Source Software
Cloud Computing
Some Recommendations
Dunn & Duggan, 2006
Jamaican Realities
Competitiveness Deficits Progressive encroachment of digitally rich Inability to reciprocate
Vulnerabilities of small island development states (SIDS) ICT viewed as Catalytic in building resilience SIDS... Including Jamaica Stake optimism in deployment & diffusion of ICT But cannot motivate the research base to support policy development and
decision-making insights Rely on Educational institutions to “voluntarily” provide the answers Do not understand “Academic freedom”
Jamaica not “research grant-friendly” ICT Research not Prevalent Many institutions consumed by objective to build human capital Few collaborative research networks Extrinsic Vs Intrinsic motivations Lower wages : Consultancy vs research
Better Targets for Jamaica… Generally Focus on digital maturity effectiveness
1. Awareness, 2. Access 3. Diffusion 4. Exploitation 5. Innovation
Specifically Develop human capital Build ICT industry Pursue indigenous innovation to…
solve pressing national problems alter ICT producer/consumer ratio participation in the global software market
Assist SMEs to use ICT effectively Implement ICT governance – national level Engage in ICT environmental scanning
23
Questions, Discussions, ….